China
 

22 Oct 1862 - 10 Nov 1872  War Ensign	10 Nov 1872 - 1890	1890 - 12 Feb 1912; 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917
1 Jan 1912 - 22 Dec 1915; 22 Mar 1916 - 1 Jul 1917; 12 Jul 1917 -  8 Oct 1928	22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916	8 Oct 1928 - 1 Oct 1949
Adopted 1 Oct 1949

Map of China Hear National Anthem "Yiyonggjun Jinxingqu" (The March of the Volunteers) Adopted 27 Sep 1949 (provisional to 4 Dec 1982) Former de facto Anthem "Dongfang Hong" (The East is Red) (1966 - c.1978) Constitution   (4 Dec 1982) ----------------------------------- Chinese Soviet Republic Constitution (1931-1934) China Military Regions Map Ethno-linguistic Map of China Japanese Occupation Map Civil War Map (1945-1949) Capital: Beijing Currency: Yuan (CNY)  National Holiday: 1 Oct (1949) Guoqing Jie (National Day) Population: 1,384,688,986 (20178) GDP: $23.21 trillion (2017)  Exports: $2.21 trillion (2017) Imports: $1.74 trillion (2017)  Ethnic groups: Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui 0.79%, Manchu 0.78%, Uighur 0.75%, Miao 0.70%, Yi 0.65%, Tujia 0.62%, Tibetan 0.47%, Mongol 0.44%, Dong 0.21%, Buyei 0.21%, Yao 0.20%, Bai 0.14%, Korean 0.13%, Hani 0.12%, Li 0.10%, Kazakh 0.10%, Dai 0.9%, and other nationalities) 7.1% (2010) Total Active Armed Forces: 2,285,000 (2010) Declared Nuclear Power (1964): est. 270 weapons (2017) Merchant marine: 4,287 ships (2017) Religions: Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, folk religion 21.9%, Hindu 0.1%, Jewish  0.1%, other 0.7% (includes Daoist [Taoist]), unaffiliated 52.2% (2010) note: state is officially atheist  International Organizations/Treaties (since 1949): AC (observer), ADB, AfDB (nonregional), AIIB, ANT (consultative), APA, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BTWC, CDB (nonregional), CICA, CTBT (signatory), CWC, EAS, EBRD, ECOWAS (partner), ENMOD, ESCR (signatory), FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), NDB, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD (partner), OPCW, OST, PA (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNSC (permanent), UNWTO, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC China Index Chronology   c.2000 BC - c.1500 BC      Partly legendary Xia (Hsia) dynasty. c.1600 BC - 23 May 1046 BC Shang (Yin) dynasty. 1046 BC - 256 BC           Zhou (Chou) dynasty. 551 BC - 479 BC            Lifetime of Kong Fuzi (Confucius). 476 BC - 221 BC            Period of the Warring States, fragmentation of                               the Zhou kingdom. 22 Dec 221 BC              Qin (Ch'in) dynasty, from which modern China                              derives its name, founded. 221 BC - 10 Sep 210 BC     First Emperor Qin Shi Huang (Ch'in Shih Huang)                               (b. 260 BC - d. 210 BC) reigns. 206 BC - 10 Dec 220 AD     Han dynasty (9 - 24 AD, briefly interrupted). 10 Dec 220 - 10 Jul 420    Era of disunity under Warlords. China not unified                              under any one power. Huns, Turks, and nomadic                              tribes invade the north. 10 Jul 420 - 12 Feb 589    Divided under Northern and Southern dynasties.  4 Mar 581 - 23 May 618    Re-unification under the Sui dynasty. 18 Jun 618 –  1 Jun 907    Tang dynasty.  1 Jun 907 -  3 Jun 979    Era of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (Wu                             [907-937]; Wuyue [907-978]; Min [909-945]; Chu                             [907-951]; Southern Han [917-971]; Former Shu                             [907-925]; Later Shu [934-965]; Jingnan [924-963];                              Southern Tang [937-975]; Northern Han [951-979]).  4 Feb 960                 Song (Sung) dynasty inaugurated. 28 Jan 1115 -  9 Feb 1234  Great Jin (Jurchen) dynasty in Northern China. 18 Dec 1271                Great Yuan (Yüan) Empire founded by the Mongols.  19 Mar 1279                Mongols defeat last Song forces at Battle of Yamen. 28 Jan 1368                Great Ming Realm inaugurated (elements continue                              in dissidence in southern China to Jan 1659). 15 May 1636                Great Qing (Ch'ing) Empire inaugurated (taking                              Beijing on 6 Jun 1644). 28 May 1858                Left bank of Amur River annexed by Russia. 14 Nov 1860                Right bank of Amur, below Ussuri junction, annexed                              by Russia.  4 Jul 1871 - 24 Feb 1881  Russia briefly annexes Ili.  2 Jun 1895 - 25 Oct 1945  Taiwan annexed by Japan. 14 Jul 1900 -  7 Sep 1901  France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, U.K., U.S.,                              and Austria-Hungary occupy Tientsin (Tianjin)                              (14 Jul 1900) and Peking (Beijing)(15 Aug 1901)                              and other areas during the anti-colonial "Boxer                              Rebellion" (Yihetuan Movement) 2 Nov 1899 -                              7 Sep 1901. 10 Oct 1911                Revolution begins.  1 Jan 1912                Republic of China Jan 1913 -  7 Oct 1951     Tibet de facto independent.  1 Dec 1911                (Outer) Mongolia declares independence.  1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire. 19 Feb 1920 -  3 Feb 1921  Mongolia briefly re-incorporated. 10 Sep 1931 - 15 Aug 1945  Japanese occupy Manchuria (see Manchukuo).  1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934  Communists declare Chinese Soviet Republic (in                               dissidence, in Jiangxi province). Aug 1937 - Sep 1945        Japanese occupation of Northeastern China, the Yellow                              River valley and the coastal provinces.  1 Oct 1949                People's Republic of China (from 8 Dec 1949,                              Republic of China continues on Taiwan only.  1 Jul 1997                Re-integration of the former British colony                               of Hong Kong. 20 Dec 1999                Re-integration of the former Portuguese colony                               of Macau. People's Republic of China Administrative Divisions Former Colonies & Concessions Chinese Empire Rebellions (1851-1874) Taiping Shengping Cheng Pingnan Guo  Warlord Period (1911-1928) Nationalist China  (1917-1949) Alternative Governments (1927-1934) Japanese Occupation  (1937-1945) Manchukuo (1932-1945) Inner Mongolia (1936-1945) Kashgaria (1693-1877) ------------------ East Turkestan (1933-1946) Dörben Oyirad (1626-1757) ------------------- Qomul (1698-1931) Tibet (before 1950) Historical Maps of China Transliteration note: Names are given in Hanyu Pinyin romanization, with tone-marking diacritics omitted (the first edition of Hanyu Pinyin was approved and adopted by China on 11 Feb 1958, but not by Taiwan until 2009). Beginning in the early 1980's, Western publications began using the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system instead of earlier romanization systems.  Names prior to 1979 are given with the Wade-Giles romanization in parentheses, i.e. Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung).

Imperial China
 

Map of Chinese Empire	National Anthem "Li Zhong Tang Yue" (Li Chung T'ang Yüeh) (Tune of Li Chung Tang) (1896-1911) (semi-official)	Hear National Anthem "Gong Jin'ou" (Kung Chin-ou) (Cup of Solid Gold) (4 Oct 1911-12 Feb 1912 and 1-12 Jul 1917)	Constitution   (none adopted)
Capital: Beijing (Peking) (Ming: Nanjing 1368-1421, 1644-1645, Beijing 1421-1644; Qing: Shengjing 1636-1644)	Currency: Chinese Silver Tael (CST)	National Holiday 1908-1912: 7 Feb (1906) Emperor's Birthday	Population: 431,735,400 (1900)

Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (i.i., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (i.e., Qing Dezong). 

Emperors
- Ming -
19 Jul 1572 - 18 Aug 1620  Zhu Yijun (Chu I-chün)             (b. 1563 - d. 1620)
                             miaohao: Shenzong (Shen-tsung)/ shi: Xian huangdi
                             nianhao 2 Feb 1573 - 27 Aug 1620: Wanli (Wan-li)
28 Aug 1620 - 28 Sep 1620  Zhu Changluo                       (b. 1582 - d. 1620) 
                             miaohao: Guangzong (Kuang-tsung)/ shi: Zhen huangdi
                             nianhao 28 Aug 1620 - 21 Jan 1621: Taichang (T'ai-ch'ang)
 1 Oct 1620 - 30 Sep 1627  Zhu Youjiao (Chu Yu-chiao)         (b. 1605 - d. 1627)
                             miaohao: Xizong (Hsi-tsung)/ shi: Zhe huangdi
                             nianhao 22 Jan 1621 - 4 Feb 1628: Tianqi (T'ien-ch'i)
 2 Oct 1627 - 25 Apr 1644  Zhu Youjian (Chu Yu-chien)         (b. 1611 - d. 1644)
                             miaohao: Sizong (Szu-tsung)/ shi: Lie huangdi
                             nianhao 5 Feb 1628 - 25 Apr 1644: Chongzhen (Ch'ung-chen)
1642 - 1645                Li Zicheng (Li Tzu-ch'eng)         (b. 1606 - d. 1645)
                           (in rebellion, starting in Xiangfan)
                             nianhao 8 Feb 1644 - 5 Jun 1644: Yongchang (Yung-ch'ang) 
1644 - Jun 1645            Zhu Yousong (Chu Yu-sung)          (b. 1607 - d. 1646)
                           (in dissidence, in Southern China)
                             miaohao: Anzong (An-tsung)/ shi: Jian huangdi
                             nianhao 1645: Hongguang (Hung-kuang)
21 Jul 1645 –  6 Oct 1646  Zhu Yujian (Chu Yü-chien)          (b. 1602 - d. 1646)
                           (in dissidence, in Fuzhou)
                             miaohao: Shaozong (Shao-tsung)/ shi: Xiang huangdi
                             nianhao Aug 1645 – Oct 1646: Longwu (Lung-wu)
Dec 1646 – Jan 1647        Zhu Yuyue (Chu Yü-yüeh)            (d. 1647)
                           (in dissidence, in Guangzhou)
                             miaohao: Wenzong (Wen-tsung)
                             nianhao Dec 1646 – Jan 1647: Shaowu (Shao-wu)
24 Dec 1646 - Jan 1659     Zhu Youlang (Chu Yu-lang)          (b. 1624 - d. 1662)
                           (in dissidence, in Southern China and Yunnan)
                             miaohao: Zhaozong (Chao-tsung)/ shi: Kuang huangdi
                             nianhao 24 Dec 1646 -  1 Jun 1662: Yongli (Yung-li)
- Qing (in dissidence to 1644)-
17 Feb 1616 - 30 Sep 1626  Nu'erhachi (Nu-er-ha-chi)          (b. 1559 - d. 1626)
                             miaohao: Taizu (T'ai-tsu)/ shi: Gao huangdi
                             nianhao 17 Feb 1616 - 15 Feb 1627: Tianming (T'ien-ming)
20 Oct 1626 - 21 Sep 1643  Hong Taiji (Huang T'ai-chi)        (b. 1592 - d. 1643)
                             miaohao: Taizong (T'ai-tsung)/ shi: Wen huangdi 
                             nianhao 16 Feb 1627 - 14 May 1636: Tiancong (T'ien-ts'ung)
                                     15 May 1636 - 7 Feb 1644: Chongde (Ch'ung-te)
 8 Oct 1643 -  5 Feb 1661  Fulin (Fu-lin)                     (b. 1638 - d. 1661)
                             miaohao: Shizu (Shih-tsu)/ shi: Zhang huangdi
                             nianhao 8 Feb 1644 - 18 Feb 1662: Shunzhi (Shun-chih)
 8 Oct 1643 - 31 Dec 1650  Regents
                           - Dorgon (or Duoergun)             (b. 1612 - d. 1650)
                           - Jirhalang (or Jirgalang)(to 1647)(b. 1599 - d. 1655)
                           - Dodo (1647 - 29 Apr 1649)        (b. 1614 - d. 1649)
 7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722  Xuanye (Hsüan-yeh)                 (b. 1654 - d. 1722)
                             miaohao: Shengzu (Sheng-tsu)/ shi: Ren huangdi
                             nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723: Kangxi (K'ang-hsi)
 7 Feb 1661 - May 1669     Regents
                           - Sukesaha (or Suksaha) (to 1667)  (d. 1667)
                           - Suoni (or Sonin)(to 1667)        (b. 1601 - d. 1667)
                           - Aobai (or Oboi)                  (b. c.1610 - d. 1669)
                           - Ebilong (to 1667)                (d. 1673)
10 Jul 1706 - 1707         Wei Zhiye (Wei Chih-yeh)(in rebellion)
                             nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing (Wen-hsing)
1707 - 1708                Zhu Cihuan (Chu Tz'u-haun)         (b. 1633 - d. 1708)
                            (styled Ding wang, heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm,
                             in rebellion)
26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721  Zhu Yigui (Chu I-kuei)             (b. 1689/90 - d. 1721)
                            (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)
                             nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe (Yung-ho)
27 Dec 1722 -  8 Oct 1735  Yinzhen (Yin-chen)                 (b. 1678 - d. 1735)
                             miaohao: Shizong (Shih-tsung)/ shi: Xian huangdi
                             nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746: Yongzheng (Yung-cheng)
18 Oct 1735 -  9 Feb 1796  Hongli (Hung-li)                   (b. 1711 - d. 1799)
                             niaohao Gaozong (Kao-tsung)/ shi: Chun huangdi
                             nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796: Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung)
Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788     Lin Shuangwen (Lin Shuang-wen)     (b. 1756 - d. 1788)
                             (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)
                             nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian (Shun-t'ien)
 9 Feb 1796 -  2 Sep 1820  Yongyan (Yung-yen)                 (b. 1760 - d. 1820)
                             niaohao: Renzong (Jen-tsung)/ shi: Rui huangdi
                             nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Jiaqing (Chia-ch'ing)
Mar 1797 - 1797            Li Shu (in rebellion)
                             nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing (Ta-ch'ing)
 3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850  Minning (Min-ning)                 (b. 1782 - d. 1850)
                             niaohao: Xuanzong (Hsüan-tsung)/ shi: Cheng huangdi
                             nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Daoguang (Tao-kuang)
 9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861  Yizhu (I Chu)                      (b. 1831 - d. 1861)
                             miaohao: Wenzong (Wen-tsung)/ shi: Xian huangdi
                             nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Xianfeng (Hsien-feng)
22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875  Regents
                           - Empress Dowager Cian (Tz'u-an)(f)(b. 1837 - d. 1881)
                           - Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz'u-hsi)  (b. 1835 - d. 1908)
                             (f)(1st time)
                           - Prince Gong (Kung)               (b. 1833 - d. 1898)
11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875  Zaichun (Tsai-ch'un)               (b. 1856 - d. 1875)
                             miaohao: Muzong (Mu-tsung)/ shi: Yi huangdi
                             nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: Tongzhi (T'ung-chih)
25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908  Zaitian (Tsai-t'ien)               (b. 1872 - d. 1908)
                             miaohao: Dezong (Te-tsung)/ shi: Jing huangdi
                             nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Guangxu (Kuang-hsü)
                             (15 Aug 1900 - 7 Jan 1902 in refuge at Xi'an)
25 Feb 1875 -  4 Mar 1889  Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz'u-hsi)(f) (s.a.)
                            (2nd time) -Regent 
                            (de facto a 3rd time 20 Sep 1898 - 2 Dec 1908;
                             15 Aug 1900 - 7 Jan 1902 in refuge at Xi'an)
 2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912  Puyi (P'u-i) (1st time)            (b. 1906 - d. 1967)
                             nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Xuantong (Hsüan-t'ung)
 2 Dec 1908 -  6 Dec 1911  Prince Zaifeng (Tsai-feng) -Regent (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
 6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912  Empress Dowager Longyu (Lung-yü)(f)(b. 1868 - d. 1913)
                            (holder of the Imperial seal) 
 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Puyi (P'u-i) (2nd time)            (s.a.)
                            (12 Feb 1912/12 Jul 1917 - 5 Nov 1924,
                             Emperor only inside the Forbidden City¹)
 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün) -Regent     (b. 1854 - d. 1923)

Grand Secretaries (Da Xueshi)(serving jointly)
Jun 1682 - Nov 1701        Wang Xi (Wang Hsi)                 (b. 1628 - d. 1703)
Dec 1682 - Mar 1683        Huang Ji (Huang Chi)               (b. 1611 - d. 1686)
Dec 1682 - Feb 1687        Wu Zhengzhi (Wu Cheng-chih)        (b. 1618 - d. 1691)
Sep 1684 - 1687            Song Deyi (Sung Te-i)              (b. 1626 - d. 1687)
Apr 1687 - Feb 1688        Yu Guozhou (Yü Kuo-chou)
Sep 1687 - Feb 1688        Li Zhifang (Li Chih-fang)          (b. 1622 - d. 1694)
Feb 1688 - 1691            Liang Qingbao (Liang Ch'ing-pao)   (b. 1620 - d. 1691)
Feb 1688 - Jan 1703        Yisang'a (I-san-ka)                (b. 1638 - d. 1703)
Jul 1689 - 1699            Alantai (A-lan-t'ai)               (d. 1699)
Jul 1689 - 1690            Xu Yuanwen (Hsü Yüan-wen)          (b. 1634 - d. 1691)
Aug 1690 - Aug 1698        Zhang Yushu (Chang Yü-shu)         (b. 1642 - d. 1711)
                             (1st time) 
Dec 1692 - 1699            Li Tianfu (Li T'ien-fu)            (b. 1635 - d. 1699)
Sep 1698 - 1705            Wu Dian (Wu Tien)                  (b. 16.. - d. 1705)
Dec 1699 - Jun 1703        Xiong Cilü (Hsiung Tz'u-lü)        (b. 1635 - d. 1709)
                             (2nd time)
Dec 1699 - May 1700        Folun (Fo-lun)                     (b. 16.. - d. 1701)
Dec 1699 - Jun 1709        Maqi (Ma-ch'i)(1st time)           (b. 1651/52 - d. 1739)
Dec 1699 - 1701            Zhang Ying (Chang Ying)            (b. 1638 - d. 1708)
Dec 1701 - Jul 1711        Zhang Yushu (2nd time)             (s.a.)
Dec 1702 - Feb 1708        Sihana (or Xihana) (Szu-ha-na)
Jun 1703 - 1712            Cheng Tingjing (Ch'eng T'ing-ching)(b. 1639 - d. 1712)
                             (1st time) 
Dec 1705 - 1718            Li Guangdi (Li Kuang-ti)           (b. 1642 - d. 1718)
Jan 1708 - 1716            Wenda (Wen-ta)                     (b. 16.. - d. 1716)
Jan 1711 - Jan 1723        Xiao Yongzao (Hsiao Yung-tsao)     (b. 1644 - d. 1729)
Jul 1711 - 1712            Chen Tingjing (2nd time)           (s.a.)
May 1712 - Jan 1723        Songzhu (Sung-chu)(1st time)       (b. 1657 - d. 1735)
May 1712 - Feb 1723        Wang Shan                          (b. 1645 - d. 1728)
Jun 1716 - Nov 1735        Maqi (2nd time)                    (s.a.)
Sep 1718 - 1725            Wang Xuling (Wang Hsü-ling)        (b. 1642 - d. 1725)
Jan 1723 - Aug 1725        Bai Huang (Pai Huang)(1st time)    (b. 1660 - d. 1737)
Jan 1723 - 1728            Funing'an (Fu-ning-an)             (d. 1728)
Mar 1723 - 1725            Zhang Pengge (Chang P'eng-ke)      (b. 1649 - d. 1725)
May 1725 - Dec 1749        Zhang Tingyu (Chang T'ing-yü)      (b. 1672 - d. 1755)
Aug 1725 - Jan 1727        Gao Qiwei (Kao Ch'i-wei)           (b. 1646 - d. 1727)
Oct 1725 - 1736            Zhu Shi (Chu Shih)                 (b. 1665 - d. 1736)
May 1728 - Feb 1731        Jiang Tingxi (Chiang T'ing-hsi)    (b. 1669 - d. 1732)
Oct 1728 - Sep 1733        Ma'ersai (Ma-erh-sai)              (d. 1733)
Feb 1729 - Sep 1733        Chen Yuanlong (Ch'en Yüan-lung)    (b. 1652 - d. 1736)
Feb 1729 - 1738            Yintai (Yin-t'ai)                  (b. 1651 - d. 1738/39)
Feb 1732 - 1745            Ortai (O-er-t'ai)                  (b. 1680 - d. 1745)
Jun 1733 - 1739            Ji Zengyun (Chi Tseng-yün)         (b. 1671 - d. 1739)
Sep 1735 - Apr 1747        Jalangga (or Chalang'a)            (b. af.1680 - d. 1747)
                             (Ch'a-lang-ka)
Sep 1735 - Jan 1738        Maizhu (Mai-chu)                   (b. 1670 - d. 1738)
Dec 1736 - Aug 1744        Xu Ben (Hsü Pen)                   (b. 1683 - d. 1747)
Feb 1738 - Feb 1746        Fumin (Fu-min)                     (b. 1673 - d. 1756)
Feb 1739 - 1741            Zhao Guolin (Chao Kuo-lin)
Sep 1741 - Feb 1749        Chen Shiguan (Ch'en Shih-kuan)     (b. 1680 - d. 1758)
                             (1st time)  
Feb 1744 - Jul 1755        Shi Yizhi (Shih I-chih)(1st time)  (b. 1682 - d. 1736)
Jul 1745 - 1748            Noqin (No-ch'in)
Feb 1746 - Feb 1747        Dong Qinfu (Tung Ch'in-fu)         (d. 1749)
May 1747 - 1755            Gao Bin (Kao Pin)                  (b. 1683 - d. 1755)
Feb 1748 - 1764            Laibao (Lai-pao)                   (d. 1755)
Nov 1748 - 1770            Fuheng (Fu-heng)                   (b. 1721 - d. 1770)
Feb 1750 - May 1751        Zhang Yunsui (Chang Yün-sui)
Feb 1751 - Jun 1758        Chen Shiguan (2nd time)            (s.a.)
Jul 1755 - 1759            Huang Tinggui (Huang T'ing-kuei)   (b. 1691 - d. 1759)
Feb 1759 - 1761            Jiang Bo (Chiang Po)               (b. 1708 - d. 1761)
Jul 1761 - 1773            Liu Tongxun (Liu T'ung-hsün)       (b. 1700 - d. 1773)
Aug 1763 - Dec 1763        Liang Shizheng (Liang Shih-cheng)  (b. 1697 - d. 1763)
Dec 1763 - 1764            Yang Tingzhang (Yang T'ing-chang)  (b. 1688 - d. 1772)
Jun 1764 - 1771            Yinjishan (Yin-chi'shan)           (b. 1696 - d. 1771)
Sep 1764 - 1767            Yang Yinju (Yang Yin-chü)          (d. 1767)
May 1767 - Apr 1771        Chen Hongmou (Ch'en Hung-mou)      (b. 1696 - d. 1771)
Nov 1770 - Jan 1772        A'ertai (A-er-t'ai)                (d. 1773)
Apr 1771 - 1773            Liu Lun                            (b. 1711 - d. 1773)
Jul 1771 - Feb 1779        Gao Jin (Kao Chin)                 (b. 1707 - d. 1770)
Jan/Feb 1772-Jun/Aug 1773  Winfu (Win-fu)                     (d. 1773)
Aug 1773 - 1777            Shuhede (Shu-ho-te)                (b. 1711 - d. 1777)
Oct 1772 - 1780            Yu Minzhong (Yü Min-chung)         (b. 1714 - d. 1780)
Jan 1774 - 1777            Li Siyao (Li Szu-yao)              (d. 1788)
Jul 1777 - 1797            Agui (A-kuei)                      (b. 1717 - d. 1797)
Feb 1779 - 1784            Sanbao (San-pao)                   (d. 1784)
Jan 1780 - Oct 1780        Chen Jingyi (Ch'en Ching-i)        (d. 1786)
Jun 1780 - 1783            Yinglian (Ying-lien)               (b. 1707 - d. 1783)
Sep 1780 - 1794            Ji Huang (Chi Huang)               (b. 1711 - d. 1794)
Sep 1783 - Jun 1785        Cai Xin (Ts'ai Hsin)               (b. 1707 - d. 1800)
Sep 1784 - 1786            Wumitai (Wu-mi-t'ai)               (b. 1713 - d. 1786)
Jul 1785 - 1787            Liang Guozhi (Liang Kuo-chih)      (b. 1723 - d. 1787)
Sep 1786 - 1799            Hoshen (Ho-shen)                   (b. 1750 - d. 1799)
Feb 1787 - Sep 1800        Wang Jie (Wang Chieh)              (b. 1725 - d. 1805)
Oct 1792 - 1796            Fukang'an (Fu-k'ang-an)            (d. 1796)
Oct 1792 - 1796            Sun Shiyi (Sun Shih-i)             (b. 1720 - d. 1796)
Dec 1796 - May 1797        Dong Gao (Tung Kao) (1st time)     (b. 1740 - d. 1818)
1797 - 1805                Liu Yong (Liu Yung)                (b. 1720 - d. 1805)
Nov 1797 - 1805            Suling'a (Su-ling)
Feb 1799 - 1806            Baoning (Pao-ning)                 (b. 17.. - d. 1808)
May 1799 - 1813            Qinggui (Ch'ing-kuei)              (b. 1735 - d. 1816)
Jul 1799 - 1818            Dong Gao (2nd time)                (s.a.)
Feb 1805 - 1807            Zhu Gui (Chu Kuei)                 (b. 1733 - d. 1807)
Dec 1806 - Aug 1811        Fukang (Fu-k'ang)                  (b. 17.. - d. 1816)
1807 - Jan 1810            Fei Chun (Fei Ch'un)               (b. 1739 - d. 1811)
Feb 1810 - Nov 1814        Feimo Lebao (Fei-mo Le-pao)        (b. c.1740 - d. 1819)
Jul 1810 - 1811            Dai Quheng (Tai Ch'ü-heng)         (b. 1756 - d. 1811)
Jul 1811 - 1813            Liu Quanzhi (Liu Ch'üan-chih)      (b. 1739 - d. 1818/22)
Nov 1813 - 1835            Cao Zheyong (Ts'ao Che-yung)       (b. 1756 - d. 1835)
Nov 1813 - Jul 1817        (Malate) Songyun (Sung-yün)        (b. 1752 - d. 1835)
Oct 1814 - Dec 1831        Tuojin (T'o-chin)                  (b. 1755 - d. 1835)
Aug 1817 - Jun 1821        Mingliang (Ming-liang)             (b. 1735 - d. 1822)
May 1818 - 1820            Zhang Xu (Chang Hsü)               (d. 1824)
Apr 1820 - May 1824        Dai Junyuan (Tai Chün-yüan)        (b. 1746 - d. 1840)
Aug 1821 - 1822            Bolin (Po-lin)
Aug 1822 - Mar 1835        Changling (Ch'ang-ling)            (b. 1758 - d. 1835)
Sep 1824 - 1825            Sun Yuting (Sun Yü-t'ing)          (b. 1753 - d. 1834)
Aug 1825 - Nov 1830        Jiang Youxian (Chiang Yu-hsien)    (b. 1766 - d. 1830/31)
Nov 1830 - Apr 1833        Liu Yingbo (Liu Ying-po)           (b. 1760 - d. 1835)
Jan 1832 - 1834            Fujun (Fu-chün)                    (b. 1749 - d. 1834)
May 1833 - Jul 1850        Pan Shi'en (P'an Shih-en)          (b. 1770 - d. 1854)
Mar 1835 - 1838            Ruan Yuan (Juan Yüan)              (b. 1764 - d. 1849)
Mar 1835 - Aug 1836        Wenfu (Wen-fu)                     (d. 1841)
Sep 1836 - 1852            Muzhang'a (Mu-chang)               (b. 1782 - d. 1856)
May 1838 - Feb 1841        Qishan (Ch'i-shan)                 (b. 1790 - d. 1854)
Jul 1838 - 1842            Wang Ding (Wang Ting)              (b. 1768 - d. 1842)
Mar 1841 - 1848            Jueluo Baoxing                     (b. 1776 - d. 1848)
                             (Chüeh-luo Pao-hsing)
Jan 1845 - 1855            Zhuo Bingtian (Cho Ping-t'ien)     (b. 1782 - d. 1855)
Dec 1848 - Dec 1850        Jiying (or Kiying)(Chi-ying)       (b. 1790 - d. 1858)
Jul 1850 - Jan 1855        Qi Junzao (Ch'i Chün-tsao)         (b. 1793 - d. 1866)
Feb 1851 - Oct 1852        Saishanga (Sai-shang-a)            (d. 1875)
Oct 1852 - Jan 1854        Narjinga (or Na'erjing'e)
                             (Nar-chin-ka) 
Dec 1852 - 1858            Yucheng (Yü-ch'eng)                (d. 1858)
Jan 1855 - Jul 1856        Jia Zhen (Chia Chen) (1st time)    (b. 1798 - d. 1874)
Oct 1855 - 1856            Wenqing (Wen-ch'ing)               (b. 1796 - d. 1856)
Jan 1856 - Jan 1857        Ye Mingzhen (Yeh Ming-chen)        (b. 1807 - d. 1859)
Nov 1856 - Oct 1860        Peng Yunzhang (P'eng Yün-chang)    (b. 1792 - d. 1862)
Jan 1857 - 1862            Guiliang (Kuei-liang)              (b. 1785 - d. 1862)
Oct 1858                   Bojun (Po-chün)                    (d. 1859)
Oct 1858 - Jun 1859        Weng Xincun (Weng Hsin-ts'un)      (b. 1791 - d. 1862)
                             (1st time) 
Feb 1859 - Oct 1860        Ruilin (Jui-lin) (1st time)        (d. 1874)
Nov 1859 - 1867            Jia Zhen (2nd time)                (s.a.)
Feb 1861 - 1871            Guanwen (Kuan-wen) (1st time)      (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
Feb 1861 - 1867            Zhou Zupei (Chou Tsu-p'ei)         (b. 1793 - d. 1867)
Dec 1861 - 1862            Weng Xincun (2nd time)             (s.a.)
Oct 1862 - 1871            Woren (Wo-jen)                     (b. af.1800 - d. 1871)
15 Feb 1867 - 1871         Guanwen (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
10 Jun 1867 - 1871         Zeng Guofan (Tseng Kuo-fan)        (b. 1811 - d. 1872)
Apr 1868 - 1872            Zhu Fengbiao (Chu Feng-piao)       (d. 1873)
Apr 1871 - 1872            Ruichang (Jui-ch'ang)              (d. 1872)
Aug 1871 - 1874            Ruilin (2nd time)                  (s.a.)
10 Aug 1872 - 1876         Wen Xiang (Wen Hsiang)             (b. 1818 - d. 1876)
16 Aug 1872 - 1901         Li Hongzhang (Li Hung-chang)       (b. 1823 - d. 1901)
 1 Oct 1872 - 1874         Dan Moaqian (Tan Moa-ch'ien)       (d. 1880)
18 Oct 1874 - 1885         Zuo Zongtang (Tso Tsung-t'ang)     (b. 1812 - d. 1885)
Jul 1874 - 1884            Baoyun (Pao-yün)                   (b. 1807 - d. 1891)
Feb 1877 - 1878            Yingghui (Ying-hui)                (b. 1798 - d. 1878/9)
 5 Jul 1878 - 24 Oct 1880  Zailing (Tsai-ling)                (d. 1883)
23 Dec 1880 - 20 Oct 1881  Quanqing (Ch'üan-ch'ing)           (b. c.1820 - d. 1882/83)
26 Dec 1881 - 1885         Linggui (Ling-kuei)                (d. 1885)
23 Jun 1884 - 28 Nov 1884  Wen Yu (Wen Yü)                    (d. 1884)
Nov 1884 - 15 Apr 1896     Olohubu (or Elehuobu)              (b. 1826 - d. 1901)
                             (O-lo-hu-p'u)
Jan 1886 - 1892            Encheng (En-ch'eng)                (d. 1892)
Jan 1886 - 23 Aug 1888     Yan Jingming (Yen Ching-ming)      (b. 1817 - d. 1892)
Jan 1889 - 20 Oct 1896     Zhang Zhiwan (Chang Chih-wan)      (b. 1811 - d. 1897)
Oct 1892 - 26 Jun 1895     Fukun (Fu-k'un)                    (b. af.1830 - d. 1895)
17 Aug 1895 - 1898         Linshu (Lin-shu)                   (d. 1898)
14 Jun 1896 - 1903         Kun'gang (K'un-kang)               (b. 18.. - d. 1907)
 9 Dec 1896 - 1900         Xu Tong (Hsü T'ung)                (b. 1819 - d. 1900)
15 Jun 1898 - 1903         Ronglu (Jung-lu)                   (b. 1836 - d. 1903)
 6 Jan 1900 - 21 Jun 1907  Wang Wenshao (Wang Wen-shao)       (b. 1830 - d. 1908)
31 Jan 1902 - 1909         Sun Jianai (Sun Chien-nai)         (b. 1827 - d. 1909)
Oct 1903 - 16 Oct 1904     Jingxin (Ching-hsin)               (b. 18.. - d. 1908)
15 Oct 1903 - 29 Jun 1905  Chongli (Ch'ung-li)                (b. 18.. - d. 1908)
 9 Nov 1905 - 28 Oct 1906  Yüde (Yü-te)                       (b. 18.. - d. 1906)
10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911  Shi Xu (Shih Hsü)                  (b. 1852 - d. 1921)
10 Jan 1905 - 1911         Natong (Na-t'ung)                  (b. 1856 - d. 1925)
10 Aug 1907 - 1909         Zhang Zhidong (Chang Chih-tung)    (b. 1837 - d. 1909)
 6 Nov 1909 - 1910         Lu Zhuanlin (Lu Chuan-lin)         (b. 1836 - d. 1910)
Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911     Lu Runyang (Lu Jun-yang)           (b. 1841 - d. 1913)
Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911     Xu Shichang (Hsü Shih-ch'ang)      (b. 1858 - d. 1939)
Premiers
 8 May 1911 -  1 Nov 1911  Prince Yiguang (I-kuang)           (b. 1839 - d. 1917)
 2 Nov 1911 - Mar 1912     Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shih-k'ai)       (b. 1859 - d. 1916)  Mil
 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün)             (s.a.)               Mil

  ¹According to the treaty signed between the Qing (Ch'ing) court and government of the Republic of China, Puyi (P'u-i)(s.a.) retained the title Emperor, received an annual payment from the Republic of China government, had the right to live in the Forbidden City, to be protected by imperial troops, to grant noble and honorary titles, and to maintain certain government organs in the Forbidden City (mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial families, etc). Inside the Forbidden City the flag of the Qing dynasty was flown. People in the Forbidden City continued to wear the Qing official dress and used the Qing calendar system. On 1 Dec 1922, the Emperor married and his wife was called Empress. On 5 Nov 1924, Puyi was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned privileges were ended.

11 Jan 1851                Taiping tianguo/T'ai-p'ing t'ien-kuo (Heavenly Realm
                             of Great Peace) inaugurated.
25 Oct 1864                Extinguished by Qing empire.

Heavenly Kings
11 Jan 1851 -  1 Jun 1864  Hong Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-ch'üan)    (b. 1813 - d. 1864)
 1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864  Hong Tianguifu (Hung T'ien-kuei-fu)(b. 1849 - d. 1864)

 9 Oct 1854                Shengping tianguo/Shen-p'ing t'ien-kuo (Heavenly Realm of
                             Ascending Peace) inaugurated.
24 Jul 1858                Extinguished by Qing empire.

Heavenly Kings
 9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858  Hu Youlu (Hu Yu-lu) (to Oct 1855) (d. 1855)
                           + Zhu Hongying (Chu Hung-ying)    (d. 1874)

27 Sep 1855                Great Cheng Realm inaugurated.
21 Aug 1861                Extinguished by Qing empire.

Kings
27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861  Chen Kai (Ch'en K'ai)             (b. 1822 - d. 1861)
                             (styled Ping Xun wang) 
                           + Li Wenmao (Li Wen-mao)(to 1858) (d. 1858)

1856 - 26 Dec 1872         Pingnan Guo/P'ing-nan Kuo ("Pacified South State") is a major
                             Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province, it
                             is also referred to as the Panthay rebellion.

Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader of the Community of Muslims)
(usually referred to in foreign sources as "Sultan")
1856 - 26 Dec 1872         Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman       (b. 1823 - d. 1872)
                             (= Du Wenxiu [Tu Wen-hsiu])

Map of China	Hear National Anthem "Zhong Guo Xiong Li Yu Zhou Jian" (Chung Kuo Hsiung Li Yü Chou Chien) (China Heroically Stands in the Universe) (Jun 1915-5 Jun 1916) (5 Jun 1916 - 1921: No Anthem)	Hear National Anthem "Qing Yun Ge"  (Ch'ing Yün Ke) (The Song to the Auspicious Cloud)  (Jul 1921-1928 and 1937-1945 by pro-Japan govt.)	Provisional Constitution   (11 Mar 1912 - 1 May 1914, 10 Sep 1917 - 10 Oct 1923)
Map of Warlord Control	Capital: Beijing (Peking) (2 Apr 1912-4 Jun 1928) (Nanjing [Nanking] 1 Jan 1912 - 2 Apr 1912;)	Currency: Yuan (CND) ------------------------------------- National Holiday: 10 Oct (1911)  Guoqing Jie (National Day)	Population: 485,598,900 (1925)

10 Oct 1911                 Revolution begins.
 1 Jan 1912                 Republic of China proclaimed.
22 Dec 1915                 Empire of China
22 Mar 1916                 Republic of China
 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917   Brief restoration of the Great Qing Empire (s.a.).

Note: The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November.

Military governors
- Hubei (Hupe) -
11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung)         (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
- Hunan -
23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911  Jiao Dafeng (Chiao Ta-feng)        (b. 1887 - d. 1911)
31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)         (b. 1879 - d. 1930)
- Shaanxi (Shensi) -
23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Zhang Fenghui (Chang Feng-hui)     (b. 1881 - d. 1958)
- Jiangxi (Kiangsi) -
24 Oct 1911 -  2 Nov 1911  Ma Yubao (Ma Yü-pao)               (b. 1864 - d. 1933)
 2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911  Wu Jiezhang (We Chieh-chang)       (b. 1875 - d. 1926)
12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Peng Chengwan (P'eng Ch'eng-wan)   (b. 1880 - d. 1978)
- Shanxi (Shansi) -
29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Yan Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan)          (b. 1883 - d. 1960)
- Yunnan -
30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Cai E (Ts'ai O)                    (b. 1882 - d. 1916)
- Shanghai (actually called itself Military Government of the Republic of China) -
 4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Chen Qimei (Ch'en Ch'i-mei)        (b. 1878 - d. 1916)
- Chekiang (Zhejiang) -
 4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Tang Shouqian (T'ang Shou-ch'ien)  (b. 1856 - d. 1917)
- Guizhou (Kweichow) -
 5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Yang Jincheng (Yang Chin-ch'eng)   (b. 1880 - d. 1922)
- Jiangsu (Kiangsu) -
 5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Cheng Dequan (Ch'eng Te-ch'üan)    (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
- Anhui (Anhwei) -
 8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911  Zhu Jiabao (Chu Chia-pao)          (b. 1880 - d. 1923)
28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Yuyun (Sun Yü-yün)             (b. 1869 - d. 1924)
- Guangxi (Kwangsi) -
 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Shen Bingkun (Shen Ping-k'un)      (b. 1862 - d. 1913)
- Fujian (Fukien)-
 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Daoren (Sun Tao-jen)           (b. 1867 - d. 1935)
- Guangdong (Kwangtung) -
 9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Hu Hanmin (Hu Han-min)             (b. 1879 - d. 1936)
- Shandong (Shantung) -
13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Baoqi (Sun Pao-ch'i)           (b. 1867 - d. 1931)
- Sichuan (Szechwan) -
22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911  Zhang Peijue (Chang P'ei-chüeh)    (b. 1879 - d. 1915)
27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Pu Dianjun (P'u Tien-chün)         (b. 1875 - d. 1934)

Military governor (Central Military Government of the Republic of China)
30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911  Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung)         (s.a.)               Mil
Presidents
 1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912  Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)           (b. 1866 - d. 1925)  Tong
                             (provisional)
10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915  Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shih-k'ai)       (s.a.)               Mil/Beiyang
                             (1st time)(provisional to 10 Oct 1913)
Emperor
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916  Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shih-k'ai)       (s.a.)
                             nianhao 1 Jan - 22 Mar 1916: Hongxian (Hung-hsien)
                           note: This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shikai
                             was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and
                             there are questions about its actual significance.
Presidents
22 Mar 1916 -  6 Jun 1916  Yuan Shikai (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Mil/Beiyang
 7 Jun 1916 -  1 Jul 1917  Li Yuanhong (1st time)             (s.a.)               Mil/Prog
 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire    
12 Jul 1917 - 14 Jul 1917  Li Yuanhong (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Mil/Prog
14 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918  Feng Guozhang (Feng Kuo-chang)     (b. 1859 - d. 1919)  Mil/Zhili
10 Oct 1918 -  2 Jun 1922  Xu Shichang (Hsü Shih-ch'ang)      (b. 1855 - d. 1939)  Anhui
 2 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922  Zhou Ziqi (Chao Tzu-ch'i)(acting)  (b. 1871 - d. 1923)  Comm  
11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923  Li Yuanhong (3rd time)             (s.a.)               Mil/Res
13 Jun 1923 -  9 Sep 1923  Zhang Shaozeng (Chang Shao-tseng)  (b. 1879 - d. 1928)  Mil
                             (acting)
 9 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923  Gao Lingwei (Kao Ling-wei)(acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1943)  Non-party
10 Oct 1923 -  2 Nov 1924  Cao Kun (Ts'ao K'un)               (b. 1862 - d. 1938)  Mil/Zhili
 2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Huang Fu (acting)                  (b. 1880 - d. 1936)  Mil
24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926  Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui)         (b. 1865 - d. 1936)  Mil/Anhui
                             (provisional chief executive)
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926  Hu Weide (Hu Wei-te) (acting)      (b. 1863 - d. 1933)  Non-party
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926  Yan Huiqing (Yen Hui-ch'ing)       (b. 1877 - d. 1950)  Non-party
                             ("W.W. Yen") (acting)
22 Jun 1926 -  1 Oct 1926  Du Xigui (Tu Hsi-kuei) (acting)    (b. 1875 - d. 1933)  Mil/Zhili
 1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927  Gu Weijun (Ku Wei-chün)(acting)    (b. 1887 - d. 1985)  Non-party
                             ("V.K. Wellington Koo")
18 Jun 1927 -  4 Jun 1928  Zhang Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin)       (b. 1873 - d. 1928) Mil/Fengtian
                             (Generalissimo of the Military Government of China)

Premiers
13 Mar 1912 - 29 Jun 1912  Tang Shaoyi (T'ang Shao-i)         (b. 1860 - d. 1938)  Beiyang
29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912  Lu Zhengxiang (Lu Cheng-hsiang)    (b. 1870 - d. 1949)  Beiyang
25 Sep 1912 -  1 May 1913  Zhao Bingjun (Chao Ping-chün)      (b. 1859 - d. 1914)  Beiyang
 1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913  Duan Qirui (acting)                (s.a.)               Mil/Beiyang
31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914  Xiong Xiling (Hsiung Hsi-ling)     (b. 1870 - d. 1941)  Beiyang
12 Feb 1914 -  1 May 1914  Sun Baoqi (acting)                 (s.a.)               Beiyang
Secretaries of state
 1 May 1914 - 21 Dec 1915  Xu Shichang (acting)               (s.a.)               Beiyang
21 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916  Lu Zhengxiang (acting)             (s.a.)               Non-party 
22 Mar 1916 - 22 Apr 1916  Xu Shichang (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Beiyang
22 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916  Duan Qirui                         (s.a.)               Mil/Beiyang
Premiers
29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917  Duan Qirui (1st time)              (s.a.)               Mil/Prog
23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917  Wu Tingfang (Wu T'ing-fang)(acting)(b. 1842 - d. 1922)  Prog
28 May 1917 -  2 Jun 1917  Li Jingxi (Li Ching-hsi)(1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1925)  Prog
 2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917  Xu Shichang                        (s.a.)               Non-party
12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917  Jiang Zhaozong (Chiang Chao-tsung) (b. 1861 - d. 1943)  Mil  
                             (acting)
25 Jun 1917 -  1 Jul 1917  Li Jingxi (2nd time)               (s.a.)               Prog
 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire    
12 Jul 1917 - 22 Nov 1917  Duan Qirui (2nd time)              (s.a.)               Mil/Zhili
22 Nov 1917 - 30 Nov 1917  Wang Daxie (Wang Ta-hsieh)         (b. 1859 - d. 1929)  Zhili
                             (1st time) (acting)
30 Nov 1917 - 20 Feb 1918  Weng Shizhen (Weng Shih-chen)      (b. 1861 - d. 1930)  Mil/Zhili
                             (acting)
20 Feb 1918 - 23 Mar 1918  Qiang Nengxun (Ch'iang Neng-hsün)  (b. 1869 - d. 1924)  Zhili
                             (1st time)
23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918  Duan Qirui (3rd time)              (s.a.)               Mil
10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919  Qiang Nengxun (2nd time)           (s.a.)               Zhili
13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919  Gong Xinzhan (Kung Hsin-chan)      (b. 1871 - d. 1943)  Anfu
                             (acting)
24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920  Jin Yunpeng (Chin Yün-p'eng)       (b. 1877 - d. 1925)  Mil/Anfu 
                             (1st time) (acting to 5 Nov 1919)
14 May 1920 -  9 Aug 1920  Sa Zhenbing (Sa Chen-ping) (acting)(b. 1859 - d. 1952)  Mil/Anfu
 9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921  Jin Yunpeng (2nd time) (acting)    (s.a.)               Mil/Anfu
18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921  Yan Huiqing (Yen Hui-ch'ing)       (s.a.)               Anfu
                             ("W.W. Yen") (1st time) (acting)
24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922  Liang Shiyi (Liang Shih-i)         (b. 1869 - d. 1933)  Comm
25 Jan 1922 -  8 Apr 1922  Yan Huiqing (2nd time) (acting)    (s.a.)               Anfu
 8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922  Zhou Ziqi (Chao Tzu-ch'i) (acting) (s.a.)               Anfu
11 Jun 1922 -  5 Aug 1922  Yan Huiqing (3rd time)             (s.a.)               Anfu
 5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922  Wang Chonghui (Wang Ch'ung-hui)    (b. 1881 - d. 1958)  KMT
                             (acting to 19 Sep 1922)
29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922  Wang Daxie (2nd time) (acting)     (s.a.)               Zhili
11 Dec 1922 -  4 Jan 1923  Wang Zhengting (Wang Cheng-t'ing)  (b. 1882 - d. 1961)  KMT
                             (acting)
 4 Jan 1923 - 12 Oct 1923  Zhang Shaozeng                     (s.a.)               Mil/Beiyang
12 Oct 1923 - 12 Jan 1924  Gao Lingwei (acting)               (s.a.)               Non-party
12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924  Sun Baoqi                          (s.a.)               Beiyang
14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924  Yan Huiqing (4th time)             (s.a.)               Anfu
31 Oct 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Huang Fu (acting)                  (s.a.)               KMT
27 Nov 1924 - 26 Dec 1925  Duan Qirui (4th time)              (s.a.)               Mil
26 Dec 1925 -  4 Mar 1926  Xu Shiying (Hsü Shih-ying)         (b. 1873 - d. 1964)  Non-party
 4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926  Jia Deyao (Chia Te-yao)            (b. 1880 - d. 1940)  Mil
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926  Hu Weide (acting)                  (s.a.)               Non-party
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926  Yan Huiqing (5th time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
22 Jun 1926 -  1 Oct 1926  Du Xigui (acting)                  (s.a.)               Mil
 1 Oct 1926 - 20 Jun 1927  Gu Weijun (acting)                 (s.a.)               Non-party
20 Jun 1927 -  4 Jun 1928  Pan Fu (P'an Fu)                   (b. 1883 - d. 1936)  Non-party

Military governors
- Jiangsu (Kiangsu) -
15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913  Cheng Dequan (Ch'eng Te-ch'üan)    (s.a.)
- Anhui (Anhwei) -
17 Jul 1913 -  7 Aug 1913  Bo Wenwei (Po Wen-wei)             (b. 1875 - d. 1947)
- Guangdong (Kwangtung) -
18 Jul 1913 -  3 Aug 1913  Chen Jiongming (Ch'en Chiung-ming) (b. 1878 - d. 1933)
- Hunan -
25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913  Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)         (s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1916

Military governors
- Yunnan -
 1 Jan 1916 -  8 May 1916  Tang Jiyao (T'ang Chi-yao)         (b. 1881 - d. 1927)
- Guizhou (Kweichow) -
27 Jan 1916 -  8 May 1916  Liu Xianshi (Liu Hsien-shih)       (b. 1870 - d. 1927)
- Guangxi (Kwangsi) -
15 Mar 1916 -  8 May 1916  Lu Rongting (Lu Jung-t'ing)        (b. 1856 - d. 1927)
- Guangdong (Kwangtung) -
 6 Apr 1916 -  8 May 1916  Long Jiguang (Lung Chi-kuang)      (b. 1860 - d. 1921)
- Zhejiang (Chekiang) -
12 Apr 1916 -  8 May 1916  Lu Gongwang (Lu Kung-wang)         (b. 1879 - d. 1954)

These came together under an umbrella government:

Chairman of the Military Affairs Council
 8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916  Tang Jiyao (T'ang Chi-yao)         (s.a.)

"Independent" military governments in 1917

Military governors
- Anhui (Anhwei) -
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Ni Sichong (Ni Szu-ch'ung)         (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
- Shaanxi (Shensi) -
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Chen Shufan (Ch'en Shu-fan)        (b. 1885 - d. 1949)
- Fengtian -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Zhang Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin)       (s.a.)
- Shandong (Shantung) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Zhang Huaizhi (Chang Huai-chih)    (b. 1860 - d. 1934)
- Fujian (Fukein) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Li Houji (Li Hou-chi)              (b. 1869 - d. 1942)
- Henan (Honan) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Zhao Ti (Chao T'i)                 (b. 1871 - d. 1933)
- Zhejiang (Chekiang) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Yang Shande (Yang Shan-te)         (b. 1873 - d. 1919)
- Zhili (Chihli) -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917     Cao Kun (T'sao K'un)               (s.a.)

Party/Faction abbreviations: Anhui = Wan xijunfa/Wan hsi-run-fa (Anhui Clique, 1919-1920, split from Beiyang); Anfu = Anfu Club (Peace and Happiness Club, political wing of the Anhui clique, 1918-26, split from Beiyang clique); Beiyang = Beiyang clique (supported Beiyang army, conservative, 1911-1928); Comm = Jiaotongxi/Chiao-t'ung-hsi (Communications Clique, powerful interest group of politicians, bureaucrats, technocrats, businessmen, engineers, and labor unionists in Beiyang government 1912-1928, also called Cantonese clique); Fengtian = Fengxi/Feng-hsi (Fengtian clique (Feng Xi, 1919-1928, split from Beiyang led by Zhang Zuolin); KMT = Zhongguo Guomindang/Chung-kuo Kuo-min Tang (Chinese National People's Party, "Kuomintang", Chinese nationalist, republican, conservative, 1912-Nov 1913, re-est.1919); Mil = Military; Prog = Jinbudang/Chin-pu Tang (Progressive Party, center-right, 1913-1916); Res = Constitution Research Clique (split from Prog, 1918-1924); Tong = Tongmenghui/T'ung-meng-hui (Chinese United League, 1905-Aug 1912, merged into KMT); Zhili = Zhili Xijunfa/Chihli Hsi-run-fa (Zhili Clique, 1916-1926, clique's base of power Zhili province, split from Beiyang clique)

Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital Nanjing (Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime). During the Sino-Japanese war the capital is moved to Chongqing (Nov 1937 - May 1946). On 8 Dec 1949 the capital is moved to Taipei, Taiwan. Coverage of the Republic of China from that point continues under Taiwan.
 

10 Sep 1917 - 5 May 1921

5 May 1921 - 1 Oct 1949

Map of China	Hear National Anthem "Zhonghua minguo guoge" (Chung-hua min-kuo kuo-ke) (National Anthem of the Republic of China) or "San Min Chu-i" (The Three Principles of  the People)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 16 Jun 1937 (proposed 24 Mar 1930)	Constitution (25 Dec 1947) -------------------------------- Provisional Constitution   (10 Sep 1917 - 1 Jun 1931; in German)
Capital: Nanjing (Nanking) (18 Apr 1927-17 Nov 1937 and 5 May 1946-23 Apr 1949) (Guangzhou [Canton]  10 Sep 1917-18 Apr 1927; Hankou [Hankow] 17-20  Nov 1937; Chongqing [Chungking]  20 Nov 1937 - 5 May 1946 and 11 Oct - 28 Nov 1949; Chengdu 28 Nov - 8 Dec 1949)	Hear Provisional Anthem "Guomin Geming Ge" (Kuo-min Ke-ming Ke) (Revolution of the Citizens) (1926/28-16 Jun 1937)	Currency: Chinese Dollar/ Yuan (CND) ---------------------------------- National Holiday: Guoqing Jie (National Day) 10 Oct (1911)	Population: 481,151,700 (1936)

Generalissimo of the Military Government
10 Sep 1917 -  5 Jul 1918  Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)           (s.a.)           
 5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918  Governing Committee of the Military Government
                           - Sun Yixian                       (s.a.)             
                           - Tang Shaoyi (T'ang Shao-i)       (s.a.)          
                           - Wu Tingfang (Wu T'ing-fang)      (s.a.)            
                           - Cen Chunxuan (Ts'en Ch'un-hsüan) (b. 1861 - d. 1933)  Non-party
                           - Lu Rongting (Lu Jung-t'ing)      (s.a.)               Mil
                           - Tang Jiyao (T'ang Chi-yao)       (s.a.)               Mil
                           - Lin Baoyi (Lin Pao-i)            (b. 1863 - d. 1927)  Mil
21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920  Cen Chunxuan                       (s.a.)               Mil
                           (chairman Governing Committee of the Military Government)
24 Oct 1920 -  4 May 1921  Governing Committee of the Military Government
                           - Sun Yixian                       (s.a.)               KMT
                           - Tang Shaoyi                      (s.a.)               KMT
                           - Wu Tingfang                      (s.a.)               KMT
                           - Tang Jiyao                       (s.a.)               Mil/KMT
Extraordinary President
 5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922  Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)           (s.a.)               KMT
Generalissimos of the National Government
 2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925  Sun Yixian                         (s.a.)               KMT
12 Mar 1925 -  1 Jul 1925  Hu Hanmin (Hu Han-min) (acting)    (s.a.)               KMT
Chairmen of the National Government
 1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926  Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)      (b. 1883 - d. 1944)  KMT
16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927  Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)         (s.a.)               KMT
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government
20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927  Wang Jingwei                       (s.a.)               KMT
17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928  Tan Yankai                         (s.a.)               KMT
Chairmen of the National Government
10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931  Jiang Jieshi (= Chiang Kai-shek)   (b. 1887 - d. 1975)  Mil/KMT
                             (1st time)
15 Dec 1931 -  1 Aug 1943  Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932)     (b. 1867 - d. 1943)  KMT
 1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948  Jiang Jieshi (2nd time)            (s.a.)               Mil/KMT
                             (acting to 10 Oct 1943) 
Presidents
20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949  Jiang Jieshi                       (s.a.)               KMT
21 Jan 1949 -  1 Mar 1950  Li Zongren (Li Tsung-jen)(acting¹) (b. 1890 - d. 1969)  KMT
                             (from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan)

Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers)
25 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930  Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)         (s.a.)               KMT
22 Sep 1930 - 24 Nov 1930  Song Ziwen (Sung Tzu-wen)(1st time)(b. 1894 - d. 1971)  KMT
                             ("T.V. Soong") (acting) 
24 Nov 1930 - 15 Dec 1931  Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)     (s.a.)               KMT
                             (1st time)
15 Dec 1931 -  1 Jan 1932  Chen Mingshu (Ch'en Ming-shu)      (b. 1890 - d. 1965)  KMT
                             (acting) 
 1 Jan 1932 - 29 Jan 1932  Sun Fo (1st time)                  (b. 1895 - d. 1973)  KMT
29 Jan 1932 - 12 Dec 1935  Wang Jingwei                       (s.a.)               KMT
30 Aug 1932 - 17 Mar 1933  Song Ziwen (acting for Wang)       (s.a.)               KMT
12 Dec 1935 -  1 Jan 1938  Jiang Jieshi (2nd time)            (s.a.)               KMT
                             (prisoner of Zhang Xueliang 12-25 Dec 1936)
13 Dec 1936 - 28 Dec 1936  Kong Xiangxi (Kung Hsiang-hsi)     (b. 1880 - d. 1967)  KMT
                             ("H.H. Kung")(acting for Chiang)
 1 Jan 1938 - 11 Dec 1939  Kong Xiangxi                       (s.a.)               KMT
11 Dec 1939 - 25 Jun 1945  Jiang Jieshi (3rd time)            (s.a.)               KMT
25 Jun 1945 -  1 Mar 1947  Song Ziwen (2nd time)              (s.a.)               KMT
27 Jun 1945 - 17 Jul 1945  Weng Wenhao (Weng Wen-hao)         (b. 1889 - d. 1971)  KMT
                             ("W.H. Wong")(acting for Song)          
 5 Aug 1945 -  6 Oct 1945  Weng Wenhao (acting for Song)      (s.a.)               KMT
 1 Mar 1947 - 23 Apr 1947  Jiang Jieshi (4th time)            (s.a.)               KMT
23 Apr 1947 -  1 Jun 1948  Zhang Qun (Chang Ch'ün)            (b. 1889 - d. 1990)  KMT
 1 Jun 1948 - 23 Dec 1948  Weng Wenhao                        (s.a.)               KMT
23 Dec 1948 - 24 Mar 1949  Sun Fo (2nd time)                  (s.a.)               KMT
24 Mar 1949 - 13 Jun 1949  He Yingqin (Ho Ying-ch'in)         (b. 1889 - d. 1987)  KMT
13 Jun 1949 - 15 Mar 1950  Yan Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan)          (s.a.)               Mil/KMT
                             (from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan)

 ¹The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy
or a substitution for Chiang.

Party Abbreviations: KMT = Zhongguo Guomindang/Chung-kuo Kuo-min Tang (Chinese National People's Party, "Kuomintang", Chinese nationalist, republican, conservative, 1912-Nov 1913, re-est.1919); Mil = Military

Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government (at Nanjing)
18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927  Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)     (s.a.)               KMT
26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927  Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)         (s.a.)               KMT

Chairman of the Committee of the National Government (at Beiping)
 1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930  Yan Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan)          (s.a.)               Mil/KMT

Chairman of the National Government (at Guangzhou [Kuang-chou])
 1 Jul 1931 -  1 Jan 1932  Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)      (b. 1883 - d. 1944)  KMT

Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou [Fu-chou])
21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934  Li Jishen (Li Chi-shen)            (b. 1884 - d. 1959)  KMT

Chairman of the East Hebei Autonomous Anti-Communist Council (at Tongzhou [T'ung-chou])
25 Nov 1935 – 14 Dec 1937  Yin Rugeng (Yin Ju-keng)           (b. 1885 - d. 1947)  KMT

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Central Government and Acting Chairman
of the Provisional National Government (at Beiping)
14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940  Wang Kemin (Wang K'o-min)          (b. 1873 - d. 1945)  Non-party
President of Executive Yuan and Acting Chairman of Reformed National Government (at Nanjing)
28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940  Liang Hongzhi (Liang Hung-chih)    (b. 1883 - d. 1946)  Non-party
                             (acting to 29 Jul 1938)
Chairmen of the National Government and Presidents of the Executive Yuan (at Nanjing)
30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944  Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)      (b. 1883 - d. 1944)  KMT-WC
                             (acting to 29 Nov 1940; in Japan from 22 Mar 1944)
22 Mar 1944 - 16 Aug 1945  Chen Gongbo (Ch'en Kung-po)        (b. 1892 - d. 1946)  KMT-WC
                             (acting [representing Wang to 10 Nov 1944])

Japanese Commanders of Shanghai Expeditionary Army
15 Aug 1937 -  2 Dec 1937  Iwane Matsui                       (b. 1878 - d. 1948) 
 2 Dec 1937 - 14 Feb 1938  Prince Yasuhiko Asaka              (b. 1887 - d. 1981)
Commanders of China Expeditionary Army
22 Sep 1939 -  1 Mar 1941  Nishio Toshizō (Nishio Juzo)       (b. 1881 - d. 1960)
 1 Mar 1941 - 23 Nov 1944  Shūnroku Hata                      (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
23 Nov 1944 -  9 Sep 1945  Yasuji Okamura                     (b. 1884 - d. 1964)
Commander of Central China Area Army
30 Oct 1937 - 14 Feb 1938  Iwane Matsui                       (s.a.) 
Commanders of Central China Expeditionary Army
14 Feb 1938 - 14 Dec 1938  Shunroku Hata                      (b. 1879 - d. 1962) 
15 Sep 1938 - 23 Dec 1939  Otozō Yamada                       (b. 1881 - d. 1965) 
Commanders of Central District Army
 2 Aug 1937 - 26 Aug 1937  Kesago Nakajima                    (b. 1881 - d. 1945)
26 Aug 1937 - 28 Dec 1937  Shigeru Hasunama                   (b. 1883 – d. 1954)
28 Dec 1937 -  1 Aug 1939  Hisao Tani                         (b. 1882 - d. 1947)
 1 Aug 1939 -  9 Mar 1940  Waichirō Sonobe (Ichiro Sonobe)    (b. 1883 – d. 1963)
 9 Mar 1940 - 20 Jun 1941  Yoshio Iwamatsu                    (b. 1886 – d. 1958)
20 Jun 1941 - 17 Aug 1942  Yōji Fujii                         (b. 1887 – d. 1945)
17 Aug 1942 - 21 Feb 1944  Jun Ushiroku                       (b. 1884 - d. 1973)  
21 Feb 1944 -  1 Dec 1944  Shōjirō Iida                       (b. 1888 - d. 1980) 
 1 Dec 1944 -  7 Apr 1945  Masakazu Kawabe                    (b. 1886 - d. 1965) 
 7 Apr 1945 - 30 Sep 1945  Eitarō Uchiyama                    (b. 1887 - d. 1973)
Commanders of Northern China Area Army 
26 Aug 1937 -  9 Dec 1938  Count Hisaichi Terauchi            (b. 1879 - d. 1946) 
 9 Dec 1938 - 12 Sep 1939  Hajime Sugiyama                    (b. 1880 - d. 1945)
12 Sep 1939 -  7 Jul 1941  Hayao Tada                         (b. 1882 - d. 1948)
 7 Jul 1941 - 25 Aug 1944  Yasuji Okamura                     (s.a.)
25 Aug 1944 - 22 Nov 1944  Noasaburō Okabe                    (b. 1886 - d. 1946) 
22 Nov 1944 - 19 Aug 1945  Sadamu Shimomura                   (b. 1887 - d. 1968)
19 Aug 1945 -  2 Sep 1945  Hiroshi Nemoto                     (b. 1891 - d. 1961) 
Commanders of Southern Area Army
10 Feb 1940 -  5 Oct 1940  Rikichi Andō                       (b. 1884 - d. 1946) 
 5 Oct 1940 - 26 Jun 1941  Jun Ushiroku                       (s.a.) 
 6 Nov 1941 - 12 Sep 1945  Count Hisaichi Terauchi            (s.a.)

Party Abbreviations: KMT = Zhongguo Guomindang/Chung-kuo Kuo-min Tang (Chinese National People's Party, "Kuomintang", Chinese nationalist, republican, conservative, 1912-Nov 1913, re-est.1919); KMT-WC = Kuo-min Tang - Wang Ching-wei (Chinese National People's Party - Wang Ching-wei personalist faction, pro-Japanese puppet government party, 1940-1945); Mil = Military

Transliteration note: Names are given in Hanyu Pinyin romanization (the first edition of Hanyu Pinyin was approved and adopted on 11 Feb 1958 and it was officially adopted by the People's Republic on 1 Jan 1979). Prior to 1979, names are given in parentheses in the older Wei Tuoma or Weishi Pinyin (Wade-Giles) romanization, i.e. Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung).

Note: Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing)(b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970's to the early 1990's. He did not take over the chairmanship of the State, the Government or the General Secretary of the Party, but from 1978 to his death in 1997 he was the unquestionable Paramount Leader. From Jun 1981 he was Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. It is impossible to provide exact dates; he rose to power after being rehabilitated in Jul 1977 and became more and more frail in the 1990's (he last appeared in public 9 Feb 1994).

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
18 Jun 1928 - 24 Jun 1931  Xiang Zhongfa (Hsiang Chung-fa)    (b. 1880 - d. 1931)
1931 - Sep 1932            Wang Ming (acting de facto)        (b. 1904 - d. 1974)
Sep 1932 - Jan 1935        Bo Gu (Po Ku)(acting)              (b. 1907 - d. 1946)
Jan 1935 - 20 Mar 1943     Zhang Wentian (Chang Wen-t'ien)    (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
                             (acting)  
Chairmen of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 
20 Mar 1943 -  9 Sep 1976  Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)          (b. 1893 - d. 1976)
 9 Sep 1976 - 29 Jun 1981  Hua Guofeng (Hua Kuo-feng)         (b. 1921 - d. 2008)
                             (acting to 9 Oct 1976)
29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982  Hu Yaobang (Hu Yao-pang)           (b. 1915 - d. 1989)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
(top party post from 12 Sep 1982)
29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987  Hu Yaobang                         (s.a.)
16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989  Zhao Ziyang (acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1919 - d. 2005) 
24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002  Jiang Zemin                        (b. 1926)
15 Nov 2002 - 15 Nov 2012  Hu Jintao                          (b. 1942)
15 Nov 2012 -              Xi Jinping                         (b. 1953)

Chairman of the All-China Central Executive Committee
of the Soviets of the Chinese Soviet Republic
 1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934  Mao Zedong                         (s.a.)               CPC 
Chairman of the People's Government of North China
19 Aug 1948 -  1 Oct 1949  Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu)             (b. 1886 - d. 1975)  CPC
Chairman of the People's Government of the North-East
27 Aug 1949 -  1 Oct 1949  Gao Gang (Kao Kang)                (b. 1895 - d. 1954)  CPC
Chairman of the Central People's Government
 1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954  Mao Zedong                         (s.a.)               CPC
Chairmen²
27 Sep 1954 - 27 Apr 1959  Mao Zedong                         (s.a.)               CPC
27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968  Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i)         (b. 1898 - d. 1969)  CPC
31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972  Dong Biwu                          (s.a.)               CPC
                           + Song Qingling (f)                (b. 1893 - d. 1981)  CPC
                             (Sung Ch'ing-ling)
                           (acting)
24 Feb 1972 - 17 Jan 1975  Dong Biwu (acting)                 (s.a.)               CPC
Chairmen of the Permanent Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
17 Jan 1975 -  6 Jul 1976  Zhu De (Chu Te)                    (b. 1886 - d. 1976)  CPC
 6 Jul 1976 -  5 Mar 1978  Vacant³
 5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983  Ye Jianying (Yeh Chien-ying)       (b. 1897 - d. 1986)  CPC
Presidents²
18 Jun 1983 -  8 Apr 1988  Li Xiannian                        (b. 1909 - d. 1992)  CPC
 8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993  Yang Shangkun                      (b. 1907 - d. 1998)  CPC
27 Mar 1993 - 15 Mar 2003  Jiang Zemin                        (s.a.)               CPC
15 Mar 2003 - 14 Mar 2013  Hu Jintao                          (s.a.)               CPC
14 Mar 2013 -              Xi Jinping                         (s.a.)               CPC

Chairman of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government
 1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954  Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai)           (b. 1898 - d. 1976)  CPC  
Premiers
27 Sep 1954 -  8 Jan 1976  Zhou Enlai                         (s.a.)               CPC
 8 Jan 1976 -  2 Feb 1976  Vacant⁴
 2 Feb 1976 - 10 Sep 1980  Hua Guofeng (acting to 7 Apr 1976) (s.a.)               CPC
10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987  Zhao Ziyang                        (s.a.)               CPC
24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998  Li Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988)     (b. 1928)            CPC
17 Mar 1998 - 16 Mar 2003  Zhu Rongji                         (b. 1928)            CPC
16 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2013  Wen Jiabao                         (b. 1942)            CPC
15 Mar 2013 -              Li Keqiang                         (b. 1955)            CPC

 ²The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-1975 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi) that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.

  ³Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the vacancy: Wu De (b. 1914 - d. 1995), Song Qingling (f) (s.a.), Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d. 1986), Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), Saifuding Aizezi (Seypidin)(b. 1915 - d. 2003), Chen Yun (b. 1905 - d. 1995), Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 - d. 1983), Li Jingquan (b. 1909 - d. 1989), Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988), Guo Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), Xu Xiangqian (b. 1901 - d. 1990), Nie Rongzhen (b. 1899 - d. 1992), Zhang Dingcheng (b. 1898 - d. 1981), Cai Chang (f) (b. 1900 - d. 1990), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910 - d. 2009), Zhou Jianren (b. 1888 - d. 1984), Xu Deheng (b. 1890 - d. 1990), Hu Juewen (b. 1895 - d. 1989), Li Suwen (f) (b. 1933), Yao Lianwei (b. 1935 - d. 2012), and, from 2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao (f) (b. 1904 - d. 1992). 

 ⁴Vice-premiers of the State Council acting during the vacancy: Deng Xiaoping (s.a.), Li Xiannian (s.a.), Chen Xilian (b. 1915 - d. 1999), Ji Dengkui (b. 1923 - d. 1988), Hua Guofeng (s.a.), Chen Yonggui (b. 1915 - d. 1986), Wu Guixian (f)(b. 1938), Wang Zhen (b. 1908 - d. 1993), Yu Qiuli (b. 1914 - d. 1999), Gu Mu (b. 1914 - d. 2009), and Sun Jian (b. 1936 - d. 1997).

Party Abbreviations: CPC = Zhongguo Gongchan Dang (Communist Party of China, communist, authoritarian, est.1921, state party since 1 Oct 1949); Mil = Military

Territorial Disputes: Continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in Mar 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and in 23 Nov 2013 China's declaration of an "air defense identification zone" in an area that includes islands and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests; Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in Mar 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong plans to reduce its 2,800-hectare Frontier Closed Area (FCA) to 400 hectares by 2015.

18 Sep 1931                Japanese invasion and occupation of Manchuria (Heilongjiang,
                             Jilin, and Liaoning provinces) begins.
 9 Mar 1932                Great Manchu State (Japanese: Manchukuo [Chinese: Manzhouguo])
                             (not internationally recognized¹).
21 Jan 1933                Jehol (Rhehe) annexed.
 1 Mar 1934                Great Manchu Empire
 1 Dec 1937                Japan renounces extraterritoriality in Manchukuo.
 9 Aug 1945                Soviet forces begin invasion.
15 Aug 1945 - May 1946     Occupied by the Soviet Union.

Japanese Military Governor
18 Sep 1931 -  9 Mar 1932  Jirō Minami                         (b. 1874 - d. 1957)
Chief Executive
 9 Mar 1932 -  1 Mar 1934  Puyi (P'u-i)                        (b. 1906 - d. 1967)
                             nianhao: Datong (Ta-t'ung) 
Emperor
 1 Mar 1934 - 18 Aug 1945  Puyi                                (s.a.)
                             nianhao: Kangde (K'ang-te)
Soviet Commander-in-chief
15 Aug 1945 - May 1946     Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Vasilevskiy  (b. 1895 - d. 1977)

Presidents of the State Council (Premiers)
10 Mar 1932 - 20 May 1935  Zheng Xiaoxu (Cheng Hsiao-hsü)      (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
21 May 1935 - 18 Aug 1945  Zhang Jinghui (Chang Ching-hui)     (b. 1871 - d. 1959)

Japanese Ambassadors and Commanders of the Kwantung Army
 1 Aug 1931 -  8 Aug 1932  Baron Shigeru Honjō                 (b. 1876 - d. 1945) 
 8 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul 1933  Baron Nobuyoshi Mutō                (b. 1868 - d. 1933)
29 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 1934  Takashi Hishikari                   (b. 1871 - d. 1952)
10 Dec 1934 -  6 Mar 1936  Jirō Minami                         (s.a.)
 6 Mar 1936 -  7 Sep 1939  Kenkichi Ueda                       (b. 1875 - d. 1962)
 7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul 1944  Yoshijirō Umezu                     (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
18 Jul 1944 - 11 Aug 1945  Otozō Yamada                        (b. 1881 - d. 1965) 

 ¹Manchukuo was only recognized by the following countries: Japan (14 Sep 1932), El Salvador (3 Mar 1934), Italy (20 Nov 1937), Spain (2 Dec 1937), Germany (12 May 1938), Hungary (14 Jan 1939), Slovakia (1 Jun 1939), Poland (19 Oct 1939), Rumania (3 Dec 1940), Bulgaria (14 May 1941), Finland (19 Jul 1941), Denmark (Aug 1941), Thailand (1 Aug 1941) and Croatia (2 Aug 1941); along with the Japanese sponsored - Wang Jingwei's China National Government at Nanjing (30 Nov 1940), Philippine Republic of José Laurel (1943) and the Provisional Government of Free India (1944). The Holy See sent a representative ad tempus (18 Apr 1934), but it did not formally recognize Manchukuo. 

1935 - 1945                Chahar, Suiyuan and northern Shanxi provinces under Japanese
                             occupation.
12 May 1936                Mongolian Military Government established in Jabsar (Huade) by
                             pro-Japanese elements.
28 Jun 1936                Japanese form Mengjiang (Meng-chiang) Joint Committee in
                             Chahar and Suiyuan provinces.
22 Nov 1937                United Mongolian Autonomous Committee (UMAC) formed by the
                             association of South Chahar (Chanan) autonomous government, North
                             Shanxi (Jinbei) autonomous government and the Mongol United
                             Autonomous Government (in Mongol: Mongol Obesbeen Jasaha Uls; in
                             Chinese: Menggu zizhi bang [Meng-ku Tzu-chih Pang], also called
                             "Menggu/Mengkukuo").
 1 Sep 1939                Mongolian Border Region Unified Autonomous Government (also
                             called Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government; referred
                             to internally as "Autonomous Nation of Mongolia) by unification
                             of the United Mongolian Autonomous Committee.
 4 Aug 1941 - 19 Aug 1945  Mongolian Autonomous Federation, as an autonomous part of the
                             Japanese sponsored National Government China at Nanjing.

Chairman of the Mongolian Military Government
12 May 1936 - 28 Oct 1937  Yun Wang (= Yondonwangchug)       (b. 1871 - d. 1938)
Chairmen of the Mongol United Autonomous Government
28 Oct 1937 - 24 Mar 1938  Yun Wang (Yün Wang)               (s.a.)          
24 Mar 1938 -  1 Sep 1939  Dewang (Te Wang)                  (b. 1902 - d. 1966)
                             (acting to Jul 1938)
Chairman of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government
 1 Sep 1939 - 19 Aug 1949  Dewang (= Demcuk Dongrup)         (s.a.)
                             (Chinese prisoner Oct 1945 - 1949)

Vice Chairman of the Executive Council
 8 Jan 1936 - 28 Oct 1937  Dewang                            (s.a.)
Vice President of the Mongol United Autonomous Government
28 Oct 1937 - 24 Mar 1938  Dewang                            (s.a.)
Presidents of the State Council
 1 Sep 1939 - Jun 1941     Jodbajab (Shih Hai [Jodovjav])    (b. 1873/77 - d. 1945?)
Jun 1941 - 1944            Ünenbayan (Wu Heling [Wu Ho-ling])(b. 1896 - d. 1980)
1944 - Aug 1945            Dewang                            (s.a.)

Japanese Supreme Advisers
1937 - 27 Nov 1941         Shōji Kanai (= Altan Khudagh)     (b. 1886 - d. 1967)
27 Nov 1941 -  3 Sep 1942  Tadakazu Ohashi                   (b. 1893 - d. 1975)
26 Feb 1945 - Aug 1945     Shōichi Kanki                     (b. 1897 - d. 19..)

Commanders of the Japanese Mongolia Garrison Army
28 Dec 1937 - 31 Aug 1939  Shigeru Hasunuma                  (b. 1883 - d. 1954)
31 Aug 1939 - 12 Sep 1939  Hajime Sugiyama                   (b. 1880 - d. 1945)
12 Sep 1939 - 29 Sep 1940  Noasaburō Okabe                   (b. 1886 - d. 1946) 
29 Sep 1940 - 20 Jan 1941  Masataka Yamawaki                 (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
20 Jan 1941 -  2 Mar 1942  Shigetaro Amakasu                 (b. 1887 - d. 1958)
 2 Mar 1942 - 28 May 1943  Ichirō Shichida                   (b. 1886 - d. 1957)
28 May 1943 - 22 Nov 1944  Yoshio Kōzuki                     (b. 1886 - d. 1971)
22 Nov 1944 - 19 Aug 1945  Hiroshi Nemoto                    (b. 1891 - d. 1961)

1514                       Khanate of Kashgaria founded part of Djagataide Khanate.
17th cent.                 Divided into several minor khanates without importance, real 
                             power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic Islamic religious
                             leaders.
c.1678                     Hidayat Allah Hazrat Apaq of the Aqtaghlik, with the help of the
                             Dzungars, deposed the last Djagataide Khan and ousted the rival 
                             Qartaghlik, becoming the real ruler of Kashgaria under Dzungar
                             (Dörben Oyirad) protection.
1694 - 1720                Occupied by Dörben Oyirad.
Jul 1759 - May 1826        Occupied by Qing Empire.
1820 - 1828                Aqtaghliq rebellion.
1864                       Detached from the Qing Empire Kingdom of Qäshqäriyä (Kashgaria).
1870                       Polity renamed Jiti Shahar.
 4 Jul 1871 - Feb 1881     Ghulja (Ili) basin occupied by Russia under Gerasim Alexeyevich
                             Kolpakovskiy (b. 1819 - d. 1896)(Ili subordinated to Russian
                             Turkestan).
28 Dec 1877                Re-incorporated into Qing empire.
1888                       Eastern Turkestan formally annexed to Qing Empire,
                             renamed Xinjiang (Sinkiang).
1928 - 16 Jun 1946         De facto autonomous from central Chinese government.
12 Dec 1933 -  6 Feb 1934  Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (in rebellion)
                            (also known as Uighuristan or Turkish Islamic Republic of 
                             East Turkestan).
 6 Feb 1934                Re-incorporation into China declared.
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946  East Turkestan Republic (in rebellion)
16 Jun 1946                Re-incorporated into China.
 1 Oct 1955                Creation of Xinjiang Ughur Autonomous Region.

Khans
c.1693 - 1720              Ahmed Khan                         (d. af.1720)
1720 - 1754                Daniyal Khwaja (2nd time)
1754 - 1757                Yusuf ibn Daniyal
1757                       `Abd Allah Badshah Khwaja ibn Yusuf
1757 - Jul 1759            Burhan ad-Din ibn Ahmad            (d. 1760)
1820 - 1828                Jahangir Hodja (in rebellion)      (b. 1783? - d. 1828)
Sep 1830 - Dec 1830        Muhammad Yusuf Hodja (in rebellion)
May 1857 - Aug 1857        Wali Khan (in rebellion)
1864 - Feb 1865            Qutlugh Beg
Feb 1865 - 1866            Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan 
                             (1st time)
1866                       Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir Khan
1866 - 1867                Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
                             (2nd time)
1867 -  6 Dec 1873         Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir        (b. c.1820 - d. 1877)
                             Muhammad Mirza 
Amir Khans
 6 Dec 1873 - 29 May 1877  Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn Pir        (s.a.)
                             Muhammad Mirza 
29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877  Quli Beg ibn Muhammad Ya`qub Beg   (b. 1821 - d. 1877)
President of the Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan
12 Dec 1933 -  6 Feb 1934  Xoca Niyaz Haci                    (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
President of East Turkestan Republic
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946  Alikhan Tore                       (b. 1884 - d. 1976)

Prime minister
12 Dec 1933 -  6 Feb 1934  Abdul Bakr Sha Biti                (b. 1883 - d. 1934)
                             (Sabit Damolla Abdulbakr)

162.                       Dörben Oyirad (Oirat)("Four Confederates") or Dzungar Kalmyk
                             Khanate covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern
                             Kazakhstan, and western Mongolia.
1755 - 1755                Chinese occupation.
 4 Oct 1755 -  4 Oct 1757  In rebellion against Chinese suzerainty.
Mar 1756                   Annexed by China. 

Khans (from 1679, Boshugtu Khan)
162. - 1653                Erdeni Batur                        (d. 1653)
1653 - 1671                Sengge                              (d. 1671)
1671 - 1676                Tseten Khan
1676 -  3 May 1697         Choros Erdeniin Galdan              (b. 1644 - d. 1697)
1697 - 1727                Tsewang Rabdan (Arabtan)            (b. 1663 - d. 1727)
1727 - Aug/Sep 1745        Galdan Tseren                       (b. 1695 - d. 1745)
1745 - 1750                Tsewang Dorji Namrgyal (Bayan Khan) (d. 1750)
1750 - 1753                Lamdarjaa (Lama Dardjaa)            (d. 1753)
1753 - 1755                Dawaachi (Dawa Qi)                  (d. 1759)
1755                       Bandi (Pan-ti)-Chinese Commissioner (d. 1755)
1755 -  4 Oct 1757         Amursana                            (b. 1722 - d. 1757)

Qomul (Kumul)

168. - 1715                Vassal of the Dörben Oyirad.
1715 - 1757                Vassal of the Qing dynasty (called "Hami" by the Chinese).
1757                       Incorporated into China, khans continue to rule.
1931                       Khanate abolished by Xinjiang provinical government.
20 Feb 1931 - Jul? 1934    Rebellion against provincial government.

Khans (with the title Jasak Darhan)
1698 - 1709                Abdullah
1709 - 1711                Gopa Beg
1711 - 1739                Amin
1739 - 1767                Yusuf
1767 - 1779                Ishaq
1779 - 1813                Ardashir
1813 - 1866                Baighir
1866                       Ishaq Khvagha
1866 - 1881/1908           Mahmud
1881/1908 - Mar 1930       Maqshud Shah Shamahusute            (b. 1864 - d. 1930)
1930 - 1931                Nazhar
1931 - 1934                Yulbars Khan (in rebellion)         (b. 1888 - d. 1971)

Vizier
1922 - Mar 1930            Yulbars Khan                        (s.a.)

c.600                      Tibetan state formed.
842 - 1216                 Era of fragmentation, central authority collapses.
1247 - 1368                Under Mongol (from 1271, Yuan dynasty) rule.
1641 -  2 Dec 1717         Under suzerainty of the Qoshot (Khoshut) Khanate.
1642                       Güshi Khan formally recognizes the Fifth Dalai Lama's authority,
                             effectively made him the temporal ruler of all Tibet.
 2 Dec 1717 - 24 Sep 1720  Under suzerainty of the Dörben Oyirad (Dzungar Khanate).
24 Sep 1720                Under suzerainty of the  Qing (Ch'ing)(Chinese) Empire.
24 Mar 1856 -  7 Sep 1904  Makes tributary payments to Nepal.
 3 Aug 1904 - 23 Sep 1904  Lhasa occupied by British forces under Francis E. Younghusband
                             (b. 1863 - d. 1942).
 7 Sep 1904                Treaty of Lhasa allows the U.K to trade in Yadong (Yatung),
                             Gyantse, and Gartok while Tibet is to pay a large indemnity,
                             with the Chumbi Valley occupied (to 8 Feb 1908) by U.K. until
                             payment is received. Tibet is prevented from having relations
                             with any other foreign powers.
27 Apr 1906                U.K. agrees not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the
                             administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to permit any
                             other foreign state to interfere within the territory of Tibet.
31 Aug 1907                Anglo-Russian Convention bound both the contracting countries to
                             respect the territorial integrity of Tibet and to abstain from
                             interference in its internal administration (ratified 23 Sep
                             1907).
12-25 Feb 1910             Chinese General Zhao Erfeng (Chao Erh-feng) conquers Eastern Tibet
                             and occupies Lhasa, expelling the Dalai Lama and overthrowing
                             the Tibetan government.
Dec 1911                   Chinese forces are driven eastward from Lhasa following the Chinese
                             revolution and the Dalai Lama returns from exile in Jun 1912.
 4 Apr 1912                Kingdom of Tibet declares its independence from the newly formed
                             Republic of China.
17 Aug 1912                In Memorandum to the Chinese government, the U.K. accepts Chinese
                             suzerainty over Tibet if China repudiates all claims that Tibet
                             is an integral part of China and agrees not to station troops.
 2 Feb 1913                Treaty of friendship and alliance between the governments of
                             Mongolia and Tibet signed.
 3 Jul 1914                Simla Convention initialed by delegations from U.K., Tibet, and
                             China. The U.K. agreed to recognize Chinese suzerainty over all
                             of Tibet. Tibet is to be divided into Outer Tibet, which is to
                             be autonomous and China would refrain from interference in its
                             administration; and Inner Tibet (eastern Kham and Amdo) where
                             Lhasa would retain control of religious matters only. The
                             McMahon Line is agreed to as the effective boundary between
                             China and India (China refuses to ratify the convention).
Nov 1946                   Tibetan delegates refuse to sign Chinese Constitution of 1947.
20 Jul 1949                Tibet ejects the representative of Nationalist China.
 7 Oct 1950                Chinese intervention.
23 May 1951                Re-incorporation into China (see Tibetan region).

Note: Although the dates are firm in the Tibetan calendar, the correspondence between the Tibetan and the Gregorian calendars is only approximate, as are, consequently, the dates
given here.

Secular rulers (title Junwang, usually translated king)
1642 - 14 Jan 1655         Güshi (Gushri) Khan                (b. 1582 - d. 1655)
1656 - 12 Mar 1668         Dayan Khan                         (d. 1668)
1668 - 1671                Dali Khung Taiji Dashi             (d. 1714)
                             Batur -Regent
1671 - 1700                Gonchug Dalai Khan                 (d. 1700) 
1701 - 1703                sDe-srid Sangs rgyas-rgya-mtsho    (b. 1653 - d. 1705)
                            (= Sanggye Gyatso) -Regent
1703 -  2 Dec 1717         'Lha-bzang Khan                    (d. 1717)
 2 Dec 1717 - 24 Sep 1720  sTag-rtse-pa lha-rgyal-rab-brtan   (d. 1720)
                             (regent)(= Tagtsepa Lhagyel Raben)
1728 - 12 Mar 1747         Pho-lha-nas bSod-nams-stobs-rgyas  (b. c.1689 - d. 1747)
                             "Mi-dbang Pho-lha"
                             (= Miwang Pholhanas Sönam Tobgye)
                             (administrator to 11 Jan 1740)
1747 - 11 Nov 1750         Pho-lha-nas 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal   (d. 1750)
                             "Ta-la'i-ba-dur" (= Gyurme Namgyel)
Dalai Lamas
14 Jul 1679 - 1703         sDe-srid Sangs rgyas-rgya-mtsho    (s.a.)
                            (= Sanggye Gyatso)
                            (adminstrator to 1683, then regent)
 8 Dec 1697 - 27 Jun 1706  Rin-chen-blo-bzang-rig-'dzins-
                             tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho
                             (6th Dalai Lama)                 (b. 1683 - d. 1706)
1703 - 1706                sDe-srid Ngag-dbang Rin-chen -Regent
                            (= Ngawang Rinchen)
27 Jun 1706 - 1707         Vacant
1707 - 1717                Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-rgya-mtsho      (b. 1681/5 - d. 1723)
                             (usurping Dalai Lama)
1717 - 24 Sep 1720         sTag-rtse-zhabs-drung -Regent   
                             (= Taktse Shabdrung)
24 Sep 1720 - 1721         Yanxin -Chinese military commander
                             (Yen-hsin)
16 Oct 1720 - 22 Mar 1757  rGyal-dbang-blo-bzang-bskal-
                            bzang-rgya-mtsho (7th Dalai Lama) (b. 1708 - d. 1757)
                            (ritually presumed to have ruled from 1708)
22 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1757  Council of Ministers
29 Apr 1757 - 28 Aug 1762  De-mo sprul-sku Ngag-dbang-'jam-   (d. 1770)
                             dpal-bde-legs-rgya-mtsho -Regent
28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804  Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho
                             (8th Dalai Lama)                 (b. 1758 - d. 1804)
1804 -  5 Mar 1808         Kun-bde-gling rTa-tshag-rje-drung- (d. 1810)
                             sprul-sku Ye-shes-blo-bzang-
                             bstan-pa'i-mgon-po -Regent
 5 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815  Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho
                             (9th Dalai Lama)                 (b. 1806 - d. 1815)
1815 - 28 Mar 1819         De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub-
                             bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-            (d. 1819)
                             mtsho -Regent 
30 Mar 1819 -  6 Feb 1822  mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku         (d. 1844)
                             Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims
                             (1st time) -Regent
 6 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837  Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho
                             (10th Dalai Lama)                (b. 1816 - d. 1837)
30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841  mTsho-smon-gling sPrul-sku         (s.a.)
                             Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims
                             (2nd time) -Regent
29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856  Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho
                             (11th Dalai Lama)                (b. 1838 - d. 1856)
31 Jan 1856 - 1856         Council of Ministers
1856 - 26 Feb 1858         Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang-   (d. 1888)
                             ye-shes-tshul-khrims-rgyal-
                             mtshan -Regent
26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875  Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-las-
                             rgya-mtsho (12th Dalai Lama)     (b. 1856 - d. 1875)
25 Apr 1875 - 1875         Council of Ministers
1875 - 12 Feb 1878         Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshag- (d. 1886)
                             rje-drung-ngag-dbang-dpal-ldan-
                             chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan -Regent
12 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933  Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstan-
                             rgya-mtsho-'jigs-bral-dbang-phyug-
                             phyogs-las-rnam-rgyal
                             (13th Dalai Lama)                (b. 1876 - d. 1933)
                           (30 Jul 1904 - Dec 1909 in Mongolia, later China exile;
                            25 Feb 1910 - Jun 1912 in India exile)
30 Jul 1904 - 1910         Ganden Tripa Rinpoche Lobsang      (b. 1840 - d. 19..)
                             Gyaltsen -Administrator
                             (for exiled Dalai Lama) 
23 Feb 1910 - 1913         Gaden Tripa Ngawang Lobsang        (b. 1844 - d. 1919?)
                             Gyaltsen Tenpey -Administrator
                             (for exiled Dalai Lama) 
17 Dec 1933 - Jan 1934     Council of Ministers
Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939     Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Thub-bstan-   (b. 1911 - d. 1947)
                            'jam-dpal-ye-shes-rgyal-mtshan -Regent
                            (regent [for the Dalai Lama to 16 Jan 1941])
25 Aug 1939 -              rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang-
                             blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin-
                             rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama)     (b. 1935)
                            (Head of state Mar 1951 - Mar 1959)
                            (from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala, India])
16 Jan 1941 - 1950         Stag-brag ngag-dbang gsung-rab -Regent
                            (=Taktra Rimpoche Sungrab Ngawang)(b. 1874 - d. 1952) 
31 Mar 1959 - Dec 1964     Bskal-bzang Tshe-brtan -Head of state
                            (10th Panchen Lama)               (b. 1938 - d. 1989)
Chinese Military Commander-in-chief
Jan 1951 - Feb 1967        Zhang Guohua (Chang Kuo-hua)       (b. 1914 - d. 1972)

Chief ministers (Lönchen)
1907 - 1920                Changkhyim                         (b. 18.. - d. 1920)
                            (= Ngawang Khyenrab Palsang)
                            (ngag-dbang mkhyen-rab dpal-bzang)
1907 - 1919                Shatra Paljor Dorje                (b. c.1860 - d. 1919)
                            (bshad-Sgra dpal 'byor-rdo-rje)
1907 - 1925                Sholkhang Thondup Phuntso          (b. 1862 - d. 1925)
                            (Sho-kang Lzhol-khang)
Ministers of state (Silön)
1926 - Apr 1939           Yapshi Langdun Kunga Wangchuk       (b. 1906 - d. 1980)
                            (yab-gzhis glang-mdun gung)
Dec 1950 - May 1952        Losang Tashi (blo-bzang bkra-shis) (b. 1897 - d. 1966)
                           + Lukhangwa (= Tsewang Rabden)     (b. 1895 - d. 1966)
                             (klu-khang-ba tshe-dbang rab-brtan)
Commissioner and Administrator of Civil and Military Affairs for Tibet
1951 - 1965                Zhang Jingwu (Chang Ching-wu)      (b. 1906 - d. 1971)  

Chinese ambans (representatives of the emperors at the court of the Dalai Lama)
1709 - 1711                Ho Shou (Ho-shou) -Envoy           (d. 1719)
1711 - 1720                Vacant
24 Sep 1720 - 1721         Yanxin (Yen-hsin) -Military commandant
1721 - 1723                Ts'eban Norbu -Military commandant
1723 - 1724                Orai (O-lai)
1724 - 1726                Vacant
1726                       Oci (O-t'zu)
                           + Bandi (Pan-ti)(1st time)         (d. 1755)
1726 - 1727                Vacant
1727 - 1733                Sengko (or Sengge)(Seng-ke)
                           + Mala (Ma-la) (to 1728)
                           + Mailu (Mai-lu) (from 1728)
1727 - 1728                Jalangga -Military commandant      (b. af.1680 - d. 1747)
                             (Ch'a-lang-ka)
1733 - 1734                Qingbu (Ch'ing-p'u)
                           + Miaoshou (Miao-shou)
1734                       Arxun (or A'erxun)(A-erh-hsün)
                           + Nasutai (Na-su-t'ai)(1st time)
1734 - 1737                Nasutai (2nd time)
1737 - 1739                Hangyilu (Hang-i-lu)
1739 - 1742                Jishan (Chi-shan) (1st time)
1742 - 1745                Suobai (So-pai) (1st time)
1745 - 1747                Fuqing (or Fujing)(Fu'ch'ing)      (d. 1750)
                             (1st time) 
1747 - 1748                Suobai (2nd time)
                           + Fuqing (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1748                       Suobai (3rd time)
1748 - 1749                Labdon (= La-bu-dun) (La-pu-tun)   (b. 1703 - d. 1750)
1749 - 1750                Jishan (2nd time)
1750                       Fuqing (3rd time)                  (s.a.)
1750                       Jishan (3rd time) 
1750 - 1751                Vacant
1751                       Bandi (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
1751                       Ts'ebin -Commissioner
1751 - 1752                Bandi (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
                           + rNamrgyal (Namuzhale)
1752 - 1754                Duo'erji (or Zhaohui) (To-erh-chi) (b. 1708 - d. 1764)
1754 - 1757                Salashan (Sa-la-shan) 
1757 - 1761                Guanbao (Kuan-pao)(1st time)
1761 - 1764                Funai (Fu-nai)
1764 - 1766                Aminertu (or Amiletu)(A-min-erh-t'u)
1766 - 1767                Guanbao (2nd time)
1767 - 1773                Manggulai (Mang-ku-lai)
1773 - 1775                Wumitai (Wu-mi-t'ai)               (b. 1713 - d. 1786)
1775 - 1779                Liubaozhu (Liu-pao-chu)(1st time)
1779 - 1780                Suolin (So-lin)                    (d. 1780)
1780 - 1785                Boqing'e (or Boqing)(Pao-ch'ing)   (b. 1721 - d. 1785) 
1785 - 1786                Liubaozhu (2nd time)
1786 - 1788                Qingli (Ch'ing-li)
1788 - 1789                Fozhi (Fo-chih)
1788 - 1790                Shulian (Shu-lien)
                           + Bazhong (Pa-chung)(to 1789) 
1790                       Pufu (P'u-fu) 
1790 - 1791                Bao-tai (Pao-t'ai) 
1791 - 1792                Ehui (O-hui)
1792                       Eledengbao (O-le-teng-pao)         (b. 1748 - d. 1805)
1792 - 1794                Chengde (Ch'eng-te) 
                           + Helin (or Heliyen)(Ho-lin)       (b. 1753 - d. 1796) 
1794 - 1799                Songyun (Sung-yün)                 (b. 1752 - d. 1835) 
1799 - 1803                Yingshan (Ying-shan)
1803 - 1804                Funing (Fu-ning)
1804 - 1805                Cebake (Ts'e-pa-k'e) 
1805 - 1808                Yuning (Yü-ning)
1808 - 1810                Wenbi (Wen-pi)
1810 - 1812                Yangchun (Yang-ch'un)
1812 - 1814                Hutuli (Hu-t'u-li)                 (d. 1814) 
1814 - 1817                Ximing (Hsi-ming)
1817 - 1820                Yulin (Yü-lin)                     (d. 1833) 
1820 - 1823                Wen-gan (or Wenning) (Wen-kan)
1823 - 1827                Songting (Sung-t'ing)
1827 - 1830                Huixian (Hui-hsien)
1830 - 1833                Xingke (Hsing-k'o) 
1833 - 1834                Longwen (Lung-wen) 
1834 - 1835                Wenwei (Wen-wei)
1835 - 1836                Qinglu (Ch'ing-lu)
1836 - 1839                Guanshengbao (Kuan-sheng-pao) 
1839 - 1842                Mengbao (Meng-pao)
1842 - 1843                Haipu (Hai-p'u)
1843 - 1847                (Borzigit) Qishan (Ch'i-shan)      (b. c.1790 - d. 1854)
1847 - 1848                Binliang (Pin-liang)
1848 - 1852                Muteng'e (Mu-t'eng-o)
1852 – 1853                Baoqing (Pao-ch'ing)               (d. 1853)
1853 - 1855                Zhunling (Chun-ling)
1855 - 1857                Hetehe (Ho-t'e-ho)                 (d. 1857) 
1857 - 1861                Manqing (Man-ch'ing)
1861 - 1869                Jingwen (Ching-wen)
1869 - 1872                Enlin (En-lin)
1872 - 1874                Chengji (Ch'eng-chi)
1874 - 1879                Songgui (Sung-kuei)                (b. 1833 - d. 1907) 
1879 - 1885                Seleng'e (Se-leng-o)
1885 - 1888                Wenshi (Wen-shih)
1888 - 1890                Changgeng (Ch'ang-keng)
1890 - 1892                Shengtai (Sheng-t'ai)
1893 - 1897                Kuihan (K'uei-han)
23 Mar 1896 - 1900         Wenhai (Wen-hai)                   (b. 1832? - d. 1900)
28 Oct 1900 - 1902         Yugang (Yü-kang) 
 2 Dec 1902 -  5 Dec 1906  Yutai (Yü-t'ai)                    (b. 1846? - d. 1910)
 5 Dec 1906 - 1912         Wang Lianyu (Wang Lien-yü)         (b. 1858? - d. 19..)
                           + Zhao Erfeng (Chao Erh-feng)      (b. 1845 - d. 1911)
                              (6 Mar 1908 - 20 Apr 1911)
Chinese Special Envoys to Tibet
 9 May 1912 -  2 Apr 1914  Zhong Ying (Chung Ying)            (b. 1887 - d. 1915)
 2 Apr 1914 - 16 May 1924  Lu Xingqi (Lu Hsing-ch'i)
 2 Mar 1916 - 16 May 1924  Li Jiazhe (Li Chia-che)
                             (acting for Lu)
Chinese Ambassadors
Nov 1934 - Jan 1935        Liu Puchen (Liu Pa-ch'en)          (b. 1882 - d. 1935)
Jan 1935 - Jan 1938        Jiang Zhiyu (Chiang Chi-yu)
Directors of the Tibetan Affairs Commission in Lhasa
May 1938                   Gao Changzhu (Kao Ch'ang-chu)      (b. 1902 - d. 1979)
                             (acting)
Aug 1938 - Mar 1940        Zhang Weibai (Chang Wei-pai)
                             (acting)
 1 Apr 1940 -  8 Oct 1943  Kong Qingzong (K'ung Ch'ing-tsung) (b. 1895 - d. 1981)
 8 Oct 1943 - Jul 1947     Shen Zonglian (Shen Tsung-lien)    (b. 1898 - d. 1978)
Jul 1947 - 20 Jul 1949     Chen Xizhang (Ch'en Hsi-chang)     (b. 1919)
                             (acting)
British Trade Agents in Gyantse
(subordinated to the British Residents in Sikkim)
 1 Oct 1904 - 23 Dec 1905  William Frederick Travers O'Connor (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
                             (1st time)
23 Dec 1905 - 15 Dec 1906  Frederick Marshman Bailey          (b. 1882 - d. 1967)
                             (1st time) (acting)
15 Dec 1906 - 18 Jul 1907  William Frederick Travers O'Connor (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
18 Jul 1907 - 27 Jul 1907  Frederick Marshman Bailey          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
27 Jul 1907 -  1 Aug 1907  William Frederick Travers O'Connor (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
 1 Aug 1907 -  5 Jun 1909  Frederick Marshman Bailey          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
 5 Jun 1909 - 13 Dec 1909  Robert Siggins Kennedy (acting)    (b. 1882 - d. 19..)
13 Dec 1909 - 23 Jan 1911  James Leslie Rose Weir (1st time)  (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
23 Jan 1911 -  1 Apr 1911  David Macdonald (1st time)(acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1962)
 1 Apr 1911 - 10 Aug 1911  James Leslie Rose Weir (2nd time)  (s.a.)     
10 Aug 1911 - 30 Dec 1911  David Macdonald (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
30 Dec 1911 - 15 Feb 1912  James Leslie Rose Weir (3rd time)  (s.a.)
15 Feb 1912 -  4 May 1912  David Macdonald (3rd time)(acting) (s.a.)
 4 May 1912 - 31 Mar 1913  Basil John Gould                   (b. 1883 - d. 1956)
31 Mar 1913 - 24 Feb 1916  David Macdonald (4th time)(acting) (s.a.)
24 Feb 1916 - 31 Mar 1918  William Lachlan Campbell           (b. 1880 - d. 1937)
31 Mar 1918 - 20 Jun 1924  David Macdonald (5th time)         (s.a.)
20 Jun 1924 - 31 May 1926  Frederick Williamson               (b. 1891 - d. 1935)
31 May 1926 -  3 Jan 1927  Robert Lancelot Vance (acting)     (b. 1890 - d. 1961)
 3 Jan 1927 - 30 Apr 1928  Arthur John Hopkinson              (b. 1894 - d. 1953)
30 Apr 1928 -  1 Mar 1929  Herbert Gordon Rivett-Carnac       (b. 1892 - d. 1962)
                             (1st time)
 1 Mar 1929 - 18 May 1929  William James Leslie Neal (acting) (b. 1903 - d. c.1960) 
18 May 1929 - 18 Sep 1929  Herbert Gordon Rivett-Carnac       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
18 Sep 1929 - 19 Nov 1929  Daniel Richard Smith               (b. 1897 - d. 19..)
19 Nov 1929 - 19 Nov 1931  Edward Walter Fletcher             (b. 1899 - d. 1958)
19 Nov 1931 - 18 Apr 1933  Alexander Alfred Russell           (b. 1898 - d. 1967)
18 Apr 1933 -  1 Dec 1933  Meredith Worth                     (b. 1905 - d. ....)
 1 Dec 1933 - 20 Jun 1935  Philip Coates Hailey               (b. 1903 - d. 1980)
20 Jun 1935 - 20 Jul 1936  Richmond Keith Molesworth Battye   (b. 1905 - d. 1958)
20 Jul 1936 - Feb 1937     Hugh Edward Richardson             (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
Heads of British Mission in Lhasa
Feb 1937 - Jul 1937        Hugh Edward Richardson (1st time)  (s.a.)
Jul 1937 - Oct 1938        Norbu Dhondup (1st time)           (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
Oct 1938 - Oct 1939        Hugh Edward Richardson (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Oct 1939 - Apr 1942        Norbu Dhondup (2nd time)           (s.a.)
Apr 1942 - Apr 1943        Frank Ludlow                       (b. 1885 - d. 1972)
Apr 1943 - Jun 1944        George Sheriff (1st time)          (b. 1898 - d. 1967)
Jun 1944 - Sep 1944        Hugh Edward Richardson (3rd time)  (s.a.)
Sep 1944 - Apr 1945        George Sheriff (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Apr 1945 - Apr 1946        Pemba Tsering (1st time)           (b. 1905 - d. 1954)
Apr 1946 - 14 Aug 1947     Hugh Edward Richardson (4th time)  (s.a.)       
Chiefs of the Mission of India to Lhasa
15 Aug 1947 - Sep 1947     Hugh Edward Richardson (1st time)  (s.a.)     
Sep 1947 - Dec 1947        Pemba Tsering                      (s.a.)
Dec 1947 - 1950            Hugh Edward Richardson (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1950                       Surendra Mohan Krishnatry          (b. 1921)
Aug 1950 - Sep 1952        Sumal Sinha                        (b. 1920 - d. 1983)

Tibet Government in Exile: Tibetan Administration

28 Apr 1959                Central Tibetan Administration
31 May 2011                Renamed Tibetan Administration.

Dalai Lama
25 Aug 1939 -              rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang-
                             blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin-
                             rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama)     (s.a.)
                          (from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in Dharamsala,
                           India]; political role ended 31 May 2011)

Chairmen of the Cabinet (Kalon Tripa; from 26 Sep 2012, Sikyong)(in exile)
1959 - 1960                Jangsa Tsang                                            Non-party
1960 - 1965                Zurkhang Ngawang Gelek             (b. 1910 - d. 1977)  Non-party
1965 - 1970                Shenkha Gurmey Topgyal                                  Non-party
1970 - 1975                Garang Lobsang Rigzin              (b. 1905 - d. 19..)  Non-party
1975 - 1980                Kunling Woeser Gyaltsen            (b. 1915 - d. 2001)  Non-party
1980 - 1985                Wangdue Dorjee                     (b. 1919)            Non-party
1985 - May 1990            Juchen Thupten Namgyal             (b. 1929 - d. 2011)  Non-party
May 1990 - Aug 1991        Kelsang Yeshi (1st time)           (b. 1941)            Non-party
Aug 1991 - Feb 1993        Gyalo Thondup                      (b. 1928)            Non-party
Feb 1993 -  4 Jun 1996     Tenzin Namgyal Tethong             (b. 1947?)           Non-party
 4 Jun 1996 - Apr 1997     Kelsang Yeshi (2nd time)           (s.a.)               Non-party
Apr 1997 -  5 Sep 2001     Sonam Topgyal                      (b. 1934 - d. 2012)  Non-party
 5 Sep 2001 -  8 Aug 2011  Samdhong Rinpoche (=Lobsang Tenzin)(b. 1939)            Non-party
 8 Aug 2011 -              Lobsang Sangay                     (b. 1968)            Non-party

Note: No political parties existed prior to the 7 Oct 1950 Chinese invasion.