China
-
- 22 Oct 1862 - 10 Nov
1872 War Ensign
|
-
- 10 Nov 1872 - 1890
|
-
- 1890 - 12 Feb 1912; 1 Jul
1917 - 12 Jul 1917
|
-
- 1 Jan 1912 - 22 Dec 1915;
- 22 Mar 1916 - 1 Jul 1917;
- 12 Jul 1917 - 8 Oct
1928
|
-
- 22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916
-
-
-
|
-
- 8 Oct 1928 - 1 Oct 1949
-
|
-
- Adopted 1 Oct 1949
|
-
-
|
-
|
Map
of China
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Yiyonggjun Jinxingqu"
(The March of the
Volunteers)
Adopted 27 Sep 1949
(provisional to 4 Dec
1982)
|
Former
de facto Anthem
"Dongfang Hong"
(The East is
Red)
(1966 - c.1978)
|
Constitution
(4 Dec 1982)
-----------------------------------
Chinese
Soviet Republic
Constitution
(1931-1934)
|
China
Military Regions Map
|
Ethno-linguistic
Map of China
|
Japanese
Occupation Map
|
Civil
War Map (1945-1949)
|
Capital:
Beijing
|
Currency:
Yuan (CNY)
|
National
Holiday: 1 Oct (1949)
Guoqing Jie
(National Day)
|
Population:
1,384,688,986
(20178) |
GDP: $23.21
trillion (2017)
|
Exports:
$2.21 trillion (2017)
Imports: $1.74
trillion (2017)
|
Ethnic groups:
Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other
(includes Hui 0.79%, Manchu 0.78%,
Uighur 0.75%, Miao 0.70%,
Yi 0.65%, Tujia 0.62%, Tibetan 0.47%,
Mongol 0.44%, Dong
0.21%, Buyei 0.21%, Yao 0.20%, Bai
0.14%, Korean 0.13%,
Hani 0.12%, Li 0.10%, Kazakh 0.10%,
Dai 0.9%, and
other nationalities) 7.1% (2010)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 2,285,000 (2010)
Declared Nuclear
Power (1964): est. 270 weapons (2017)
Merchant marine:
4,287 ships (2017)
|
Religions:
Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim
1.8%,
folk religion 21.9%, Hindu 0.1%,
Jewish 0.1%, other 0.7%
(includes Daoist [Taoist]), unaffiliated
52.2% (2010)
note: state is officially
atheist |
International
Organizations/Treaties
(since 1949): AC (observer), ADB, AfDB
(nonregional), AIIB, ANT (consultative),
APA, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue
partner), BIS, BRICS, BTWC, CDB
(nonregional), CICA,
CTBT (signatory),
CWC, EAS, EBRD, ECOWAS (partner), ENMOD,
ESCR (signatory), FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24
(observer), G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO,
ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM
(observer), NDB, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS
(observer), OECD (partner), OPCW, OST, PA
(observer), Paris Club
(associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC
(observer), SCO, SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS,
UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNSC (permanent), UNWTO, UPU,
WADB (nonregional), WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO, ZC
|
China
Index
|
Chronology
c.2000 BC - c.1500
BC
Partly legendary Xia (Hsia) dynasty.
c.1600 BC - 23 May
1046 BC Shang (Yin) dynasty.
1046 BC - 256
BC
Zhou (Chou)
dynasty.
551 BC - 479
BC
Lifetime of Kong Fuzi (Confucius).
476 BC - 221
BC
Period of the Warring States,
fragmentation of
the Zhou kingdom.
22 Dec 221
BC
Qin (Ch'in) dynasty, from which modern
China
derives its name, founded.
221 BC -
10 Sep 210 BC
First Emperor Qin Shi Huang
(Ch'in Shih Huang)
(b.
260 BC - d. 210 BC) reigns.
206 BC -
10 Dec 220 AD
Han dynasty (9 - 24 AD, briefly
interrupted).
10 Dec 220
- 10 Jul 420 Era of
disunity under Warlords. China not
unified
under any one power. Huns, Turks, and
nomadic
tribes invade the north.
10 Jul 420
- 12 Feb 589 Divided
under Northern and Southern dynasties.
4
Mar 581 - 23 May 618
Re-unification under the Sui dynasty.
18 Jun 618
– 1 Jun 907 Tang
dynasty.
1 Jun 907 - 3
Jun 979 Era of the Five
Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (Wu
[907-937]; Wuyue [907-978]; Min
[909-945]; Chu
[907-951]; Southern Han [917-971];
Former Shu
[907-925]; Later Shu [934-965];
Jingnan [924-963];
Southern Tang [937-975]; Northern
Han [951-979]).
4
Feb 960
Song
(Sung) dynasty inaugurated.
28 Jan 1115
- 9 Feb 1234 Great
Jin (Jurchen) dynasty in Northern
China.
18 Dec 1271
Great Yuan (Yüan) Empire founded by
the Mongols.
19 Mar
1279
Mongols defeat last
Song forces at Battle of Yamen.
28 Jan
1368
Great Ming Realm inaugurated (elements
continue
in
dissidence in southern China to Jan
1659).
15 May
1636
Great Qing (Ch'ing) Empire inaugurated
(taking
Beijing on 6 Jun 1644).
28 May
1858
Left bank of Amur River annexed by
Russia.
14 Nov
1860
Right bank of Amur, below Ussuri
junction, annexed
by
Russia.
4
Jul 1871 - 24 Feb 1881 Russia
briefly annexes Ili.
2 Jun
1895 - 25 Oct 1945 Taiwan
annexed by Japan.
14 Jul 1900 - 7
Sep 1901 France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, Russia, U.K., U.S.,
and Austria-Hungary occupy Tientsin
(Tianjin)
(14 Jul 1900) and Peking (Beijing)(15
Aug 1901)
and
other areas during the anti-colonial
"Boxer
Rebellion" (Yihetuan Movement) 2 Nov
1899 -
7 Sep 1901.
10 Oct
1911
Revolution begins.
1 Jan
1912
Republic of China
Jan 1913 - 7
Oct 1951 Tibet
de facto independent.
1 Dec
1911
(Outer) Mongolia
declares independence.
1 Jul
1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Restoration
of Great Qing Empire.
19 Feb 1920 - 3
Feb 1921 Mongolia briefly
re-incorporated.
10 Sep 1931 - 15 Aug
1945 Japanese occupy Manchuria
(see Manchukuo).
1 Dec
1931 - 15 Oct 1934 Communists
declare Chinese
Soviet Republic (in
dissidence, in Jiangxi
province).
Aug 1937 - Sep
1945
Japanese occupation of Northeastern
China, the Yellow
River
valley and the coastal provinces.
1 Oct
1949
People's Republic of China (from 8 Dec
1949,
Republic of China continues on Taiwan
only.
1 Jul
1997
Re-integration of the former British
colony
of Hong
Kong.
20 Dec
1999
Re-integration of the former
Portuguese colony
of Macau.
|
People's
Republic of
China
|
Administrative
Divisions
|
Former
Colonies
& Concessions
|
Chinese Empire
Rebellions
(1851-1874)
Taiping
Shengping
Cheng
Pingnan
Guo
|
Warlord Period
(1911-1928)
|
Nationalist
China
(1917-1949)
|
Alternative
Governments
(1927-1934)
|
Japanese
Occupation
(1937-1945)
|
Manchukuo
(1932-1945)
|
Inner
Mongolia
(1936-1945)
|
Kashgaria
(1693-1877)
------------------
East
Turkestan
(1933-1946)
|
Dörben Oyirad
(1626-1757)
-------------------
Qomul
(1698-1931)
|
Tibet
(before
1950)
|
Historical
Maps
of
China
|
Transliteration note:
Names are given in Hanyu Pinyin romanization,
with tone-marking diacritics omitted
(the first edition of Hanyu
Pinyin was approved and adopted by China
on 11 Feb 1958, but not by Taiwan
until 2009). Beginning
in the early 1980's, Western publications
began using the Hanyu Pinyin romanization
system instead of earlier romanization systems.
Names prior
to 1979 are given with the Wade-Giles
romanization in
parentheses, i.e. Li Yuanhong (Li
Yüan-hung).
|
Imperial China
Map
of Chinese Empire
|
National
Anthem
"Li Zhong Tang
Yue"
(Li Chung T'ang Yüeh)
(Tune of Li Chung Tang)
(1896-1911) (semi-official)
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Gong Jin'ou"
(Kung Chin-ou)
(Cup of Solid Gold)
(4 Oct 1911-12 Feb 1912
and 1-12 Jul 1917)
|
Constitution
(none adopted)
|
Capital: Beijing (Peking)
(Ming: Nanjing 1368-1421,
1644-1645, Beijing 1421-1644;
Qing: Shengjing 1636-1644)
|
Currency: Chinese
Silver
Tael (CST)
|
National Holiday
1908-1912:
7 Feb (1906)
Emperor's Birthday
|
Population:
431,735,400 (1900)
|
Note: Emperors are
listed with their personal name (ming),
followed by their temple name (miaohao),
posthumous name (shi), and the
era name (nianhao) roughly
coextensive with the particular reign (note that the
overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in
"Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao
(i.i., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a
former emperor by his miaohao,
perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (i.e., Qing
Dezong).
Emperors
- Ming -
19 Jul 1572 - 18 Aug 1620 Zhu Yijun (Chu
I-chün)
(b. 1563 - d.
1620)
miaohao: Shenzong (Shen-tsung)/ shi:
Xian huangdi
nianhao 2 Feb 1573 - 27 Aug 1620:
Wanli (Wan-li)
28 Aug 1620 - 28 Sep 1620 Zhu
Changluo
(b. 1582 - d.
1620)
miaohao: Guangzong (Kuang-tsung)/
shi: Zhen huangdi
nianhao 28 Aug 1620 - 21 Jan
1621: Taichang (T'ai-ch'ang)
1 Oct 1620 - 30 Sep 1627 Zhu Youjiao
(Chu Yu-chiao) (b. 1605
- d. 1627)
miaohao: Xizong (Hsi-tsung)/ shi:
Zhe huangdi
nianhao 22 Jan 1621 - 4 Feb 1628:
Tianqi (T'ien-ch'i)
2 Oct 1627 - 25 Apr 1644 Zhu Youjian
(Chu
Yu-chien)
(b. 1611 - d. 1644)
miaohao: Sizong (Szu-tsung)/ shi:
Lie huangdi
nianhao 5 Feb 1628 - 25 Apr 1644:
Chongzhen (Ch'ung-chen)
1642 - 1645
Li Zicheng (Li
Tzu-ch'eng)
(b. 1606 - d. 1645)
(in rebellion, starting in Xiangfan)
nianhao 8 Feb 1644 - 5 Jun 1644:
Yongchang (Yung-ch'ang)
1644 - Jun 1645
Zhu Yousong (Chu Yu-sung)
(b.
1607 - d. 1646)
(in dissidence, in Southern China)
miaohao: Anzong (An-tsung)/
shi: Jian huangdi
nianhao 1645: Hongguang (Hung-kuang)
21 Jul 1645 – 6 Oct 1646
Zhu Yujian (Chu Yü-chien)
(b. 1602 - d. 1646)
(in dissidence, in Fuzhou)
miaohao: Shaozong
(Shao-tsung)/ shi: Xiang
huangdi
nianhao Aug
1645 – Oct 1646: Longwu (Lung-wu)
Dec 1646 – Jan
1647 Zhu Yuyue
(Chu Yü-yüeh)
(d. 1647)
(in dissidence,
in Guangzhou)
miaohao: Wenzong
(Wen-tsung)
nianhao Dec
1646 – Jan 1647: Shaowu (Shao-wu)
24 Dec 1646 - Jan 1659
Zhu Youlang (Chu Yu-lang)
(b. 1624 - d. 1662)
(in dissidence, in Southern China and Yunnan)
miaohao: Zhaozong (Chao-tsung)/
shi: Kuang huangdi
nianhao 24
Dec 1646 - 1 Jun 1662: Yongli (Yung-li)
- Qing (in dissidence
to 1644)-
17 Feb 1616 - 30 Sep 1626 Nu'erhachi
(Nu-er-ha-chi)
(b. 1559 - d. 1626)
miaohao: Taizu (T'ai-tsu)/
shi: Gao huangdi
nianhao 17 Feb 1616 - 15 Feb 1627:
Tianming (T'ien-ming)
20 Oct 1626 - 21 Sep 1643 Hong Taiji
(Huang T'ai-chi)
(b. 1592 - d. 1643)
miaohao: Taizong (T'ai-tsung)/
shi: Wen huangdi
nianhao 16 Feb 1627 - 14 May 1636:
Tiancong (T'ien-ts'ung)
15 May 1636 - 7 Feb 1644: Chongde (Ch'ung-te)
8 Oct 1643 - 5 Feb 1661 Fulin
(Fu-lin)
(b. 1638 - d. 1661)
miaohao: Shizu (Shih-tsu)/
shi: Zhang huangdi
nianhao 8 Feb 1644 - 18 Feb 1662: Shunzhi
(Shun-chih)
8 Oct 1643 - 31 Dec 1650 Regents
- Dorgon
(or Duoergun)
(b. 1612 - d. 1650)
- Jirhalang (or
Jirgalang)(to 1647)(b. 1599 - d. 1655)
- Dodo (1647 - 29 Apr 1649)
(b. 1614 - d. 1649)
7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722 Xuanye (Hsüan-yeh)
(b. 1654 - d. 1722)
miaohao: Shengzu (Sheng-tsu)/
shi: Ren huangdi
nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723: Kangxi
(K'ang-hsi)
7 Feb 1661 - May 1669
Regents
- Sukesaha (or Suksaha) (to 1667) (d. 1667)
- Suoni (or Sonin)(to 1667)
(b. 1601 - d. 1667)
- Aobai (or Oboi)
(b. c.1610 - d. 1669)
- Ebilong (to 1667)
(d. 1673)
10 Jul 1706 -
1707 Wei
Zhiye (Wei Chih-yeh)(in rebellion)
nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing (Wen-hsing)
1707 -
1708
Zhu Cihuan (Chu Tz'u-haun)
(b. 1633 - d. 1708)
(styled Ding wang, heading
Great Ming [or Shining] Realm,
in rebellion)
26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721 Zhu Yigui (Chu
I-kuei)
(b. 1689/90 - d. 1721)
(in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)
nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe
(Yung-ho)
27 Dec 1722 - 8 Oct 1735 Yinzhen (Yin-chen)
(b. 1678 - d. 1735)
miaohao: Shizong (Shih-tsung)/
shi: Xian huangdi
nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746:
Yongzheng (Yung-cheng)
18 Oct 1735 - 9 Feb 1796 Hongli (Hung-li)
(b. 1711 - d. 1799)
niaohao Gaozong (Kao-tsung)/
shi: Chun huangdi
nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796:
Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung)
Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788
Lin Shuangwen (Lin
Shuang-wen) (b. 1756 - d. 1788)
(in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)
nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian
(Shun-t'ien)
9 Feb 1796 - 2 Sep
1820 Yongyan (Yung-yen)
(b. 1760 - d. 1820)
niaohao: Renzong (Jen-tsung)/
shi: Rui huangdi
nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Jiaqing
(Chia-ch'ing)
Mar 1797 -
1797
Li Shu (in rebellion)
nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing (Ta-ch'ing)
3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850
Minning (Min-ning)
(b. 1782 - d. 1850)
niaohao: Xuanzong (Hsüan-tsung)/
shi: Cheng huangdi
nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851:
Daoguang (Tao-kuang)
9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861
Yizhu (I Chu)
(b. 1831 - d. 1861)
miaohao: Wenzong (Wen-tsung)/
shi: Xian huangdi
nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862:
Xianfeng (Hsien-feng)
22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Regents
- Empress Dowager Cian
(Tz'u-an)(f)(b. 1837 - d. 1881)
- Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz'u-hsi)
(b. 1835 - d. 1908)
(f)(1st time)
- Prince Gong
(Kung)
(b. 1833 - d. 1898)
11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Zaichun (Tsai-ch'un)
(b. 1856 - d. 1875)
miaohao: Muzong (Mu-tsung)/
shi: Yi huangdi
nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: Tongzhi
(T'ung-chih)
25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908 Zaitian (Tsai-t'ien)
(b. 1872 - d. 1908)
miaohao: Dezong (Te-tsung)/
shi: Jing huangdi
nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Guangxu
(Kuang-hsü)
(15 Aug 1900 - 7 Jan 1902 in refuge at Xi'an)
25 Feb 1875 - 4 Mar 1889 Empress
Dowager Cixi (Tz'u-hsi)(f) (s.a.)
(2nd time) -Regent
(de facto a 3rd time 20 Sep 1898 - 2 Dec 1908;
15 Aug 1900 - 7 Jan 1902 in refuge at Xi'an)
2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912
Puyi (P'u-i) (1st
time)
(b. 1906 - d. 1967)
nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912:
Xuantong (Hsüan-t'ung)
2 Dec 1908 - 6 Dec
1911 Prince Zaifeng (Tsai-feng)
-Regent (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Empress
Dowager Longyu (Lung-yü)(f)(b.
1868 - d. 1913)
(holder of the Imperial seal)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917
Puyi (P'u-i) (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(12 Feb 1912/12 Jul 1917 - 5 Nov 1924,
Emperor
only inside the Forbidden City¹)
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917
Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün) -Regent
(b. 1854 - d. 1923)
Grand Secretaries (Da
Xueshi)(serving jointly)
Jun 1682 - Nov
1701 Wang Xi
(Wang Hsi)
(b. 1628 - d. 1703)
Dec 1682 - Mar
1683 Huang Ji
(Huang Chi)
(b. 1611 -
d. 1686)
Dec 1682 - Feb
1687 Wu
Zhengzhi (Wu Cheng-chih)
(b. 1618 - d. 1691)
Sep 1684 -
1687
Song Deyi (Sung Te-i)
(b.
1626 - d. 1687)
Apr 1687 - Feb
1688 Yu
Guozhou (Yü Kuo-chou)
Sep 1687 - Feb
1688 Li
Zhifang (Li Chih-fang)
(b.
1622 - d. 1694)
Feb 1688 -
1691
Liang Qingbao (Liang Ch'ing-pao) (b. 1620 -
d. 1691)
Feb 1688 - Jan
1703 Yisang'a
(I-san-ka)
(b. 1638 - d. 1703)
Jul 1689 -
1699
Alantai (A-lan-t'ai)
(d. 1699)
Jul 1689 -
1690
Xu Yuanwen (Hsü Yüan-wen)
(b.
1634 - d. 1691)
Aug 1690 - Aug
1698 Zhang
Yushu (Chang
Yü-shu)
(b. 1642 - d. 1711)
(1st time)
Dec 1692 -
1699
Li Tianfu (Li T'ien-fu)
(b. 1635 - d. 1699)
Sep 1698 -
1705
Wu Dian (Wu Tien)
(b. 16.. - d. 1705)
Dec 1699 - Jun
1703 Xiong
Cilü (Hsiung Tz'u-lü)
(b. 1635 - d. 1709)
(2nd time)
Dec 1699 - May
1700 Folun
(Fo-lun)
(b. 16.. - d. 1701)
Dec 1699 - Jun
1709 Maqi
(Ma-ch'i)(1st
time)
(b. 1651/52 - d. 1739)
Dec 1699 -
1701
Zhang Ying (Chang Ying)
(b. 1638 - d. 1708)
Dec 1701 - Jul
1711 Zhang
Yushu (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Dec 1702 - Feb
1708 Sihana
(or Xihana) (Szu-ha-na)
Jun 1703 -
1712
Cheng Tingjing (Ch'eng T'ing-ching)(b. 1639 - d. 1712)
(1st time)
Dec 1705 -
1718
Li Guangdi (Li Kuang-ti)
(b.
1642 - d. 1718)
Jan 1708 -
1716
Wenda (Wen-ta)
(b. 16.. - d. 1716)
Jan 1711 - Jan
1723 Xiao
Yongzao (Hsiao Yung-tsao) (b. 1644 -
d. 1729)
Jul 1711 -
1712
Chen Tingjing (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
May 1712 - Jan
1723 Songzhu
(Sung-chu)(1st time) (b.
1657 - d. 1735)
May 1712 - Feb
1723 Wang
Shan
(b. 1645 - d. 1728)
Jun 1716 - Nov
1735 Maqi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Sep 1718 -
1725
Wang Xuling (Wang Hsü-ling)
(b. 1642 - d. 1725)
Jan 1723 - Aug
1725 Bai Huang
(Pai Huang)(1st time) (b. 1660 - d.
1737)
Jan 1723 -
1728
Funing'an (Fu-ning-an)
(d. 1728)
Mar 1723 -
1725
Zhang Pengge (Chang P'eng-ke)
(b. 1649 - d. 1725)
May 1725 - Dec
1749 Zhang
Tingyu (Chang T'ing-yü)
(b. 1672 - d. 1755)
Aug 1725 - Jan
1727 Gao Qiwei
(Kao Ch'i-wei)
(b. 1646 - d. 1727)
Oct 1725 -
1736
Zhu Shi (Chu Shih)
(b. 1665 - d. 1736)
May 1728 - Feb
1731 Jiang
Tingxi (Chiang T'ing-hsi) (b. 1669 - d.
1732)
Oct 1728 - Sep
1733 Ma'ersai
(Ma-erh-sai)
(d. 1733)
Feb 1729 - Sep
1733 Chen
Yuanlong (Ch'en Yüan-lung)
(b. 1652 - d. 1736)
Feb 1729 -
1738
Yintai (Yin-t'ai)
(b. 1651 - d. 1738/39)
Feb 1732 -
1745
Ortai (O-er-t'ai)
(b. 1680 - d. 1745)
Jun 1733 -
1739
Ji Zengyun (Chi Tseng-yün)
(b. 1671 - d.
1739)
Sep 1735 - Apr
1747 Jalangga
(or
Chalang'a)
(b. af.1680 - d. 1747)
(Ch'a-lang-ka)
Sep 1735 - Jan
1738 Maizhu
(Mai-chu)
(b. 1670 - d. 1738)
Dec 1736 - Aug
1744 Xu Ben
(Hsü Pen)
(b. 1683 - d. 1747)
Feb 1738 - Feb
1746 Fumin
(Fu-min)
(b. 1673 - d. 1756)
Feb 1739 -
1741
Zhao Guolin (Chao Kuo-lin)
Sep 1741 - Feb
1749 Chen
Shiguan (Ch'en Shih-kuan) (b.
1680 - d. 1758)
(1st time)
Feb 1744 - Jul
1755 Shi Yizhi
(Shih I-chih)(1st time) (b. 1682 - d. 1736)
Jul 1745 -
1748
Noqin (No-ch'in)
Feb 1746 - Feb
1747 Dong
Qinfu (Tung Ch'in-fu)
(d. 1749)
May 1747 -
1755
Gao Bin (Kao Pin)
(b. 1683 - d. 1755)
Feb 1748 -
1764
Laibao (Lai-pao)
(d. 1755)
Nov 1748 -
1770
Fuheng (Fu-heng)
(b. 1721 - d. 1770)
Feb 1750 - May
1751 Zhang
Yunsui (Chang Yün-sui)
Feb 1751 - Jun
1758 Chen
Shiguan (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Jul 1755 -
1759
Huang Tinggui (Huang T'ing-kuei) (b. 1691 - d.
1759)
Feb 1759 -
1761
Jiang Bo (Chiang Po)
(b. 1708 - d. 1761)
Jul 1761 -
1773
Liu Tongxun (Liu T'ung-hsün)
(b. 1700 - d. 1773)
Aug 1763 - Dec
1763 Liang
Shizheng (Liang Shih-cheng) (b. 1697 - d. 1763)
Dec 1763 -
1764
Yang Tingzhang (Yang T'ing-chang) (b. 1688 - d.
1772)
Jun 1764 -
1771
Yinjishan (Yin-chi'shan)
(b. 1696 - d. 1771)
Sep 1764 -
1767
Yang Yinju (Yang Yin-chü)
(d.
1767)
May 1767 - Apr
1771 Chen
Hongmou (Ch'en Hung-mou) (b.
1696 - d. 1771)
Nov 1770 - Jan
1772 A'ertai
(A-er-t'ai)
(d. 1773)
Apr 1771 -
1773
Liu
Lun
(b. 1711 - d. 1773)
Jul 1771 - Feb
1779 Gao Jin
(Kao Chin)
(b. 1707 - d. 1770)
Jan/Feb 1772-Jun/Aug 1773 Winfu
(Win-fu)
(d. 1773)
Aug 1773 -
1777
Shuhede (Shu-ho-te)
(b. 1711 - d. 1777)
Oct 1772 -
1780
Yu Minzhong (Yü Min-chung)
(b. 1714 - d.
1780)
Jan 1774 -
1777
Li Siyao (Li Szu-yao)
(d. 1788)
Jul 1777 -
1797
Agui (A-kuei)
(b. 1717 - d. 1797)
Feb 1779 -
1784
Sanbao (San-pao)
(d. 1784)
Jan 1780 - Oct
1780 Chen
Jingyi (Ch'en Ching-i) (d.
1786)
Jun 1780 -
1783
Yinglian (Ying-lien)
(b. 1707 - d. 1783)
Sep 1780 -
1794
Ji Huang (Chi Huang)
(b. 1711 - d. 1794)
Sep 1783 - Jun
1785 Cai Xin
(Ts'ai Hsin)
(b. 1707 - d. 1800)
Sep 1784 -
1786
Wumitai (Wu-mi-t'ai)
(b. 1713 - d. 1786)
Jul 1785 -
1787
Liang Guozhi (Liang Kuo-chih)
(b. 1723 - d. 1787)
Sep 1786 -
1799
Hoshen (Ho-shen)
(b. 1750 - d. 1799)
Feb 1787 - Sep
1800 Wang Jie
(Wang Chieh)
(b. 1725 - d. 1805)
Oct 1792 -
1796
Fukang'an (Fu-k'ang-an)
(d. 1796)
Oct 1792 -
1796
Sun Shiyi (Sun Shih-i)
(b. 1720 - d. 1796)
Dec 1796 - May
1797 Dong Gao
(Tung Kao) (1st time) (b. 1740 -
d. 1818)
1797 -
1805
Liu Yong (Liu Yung)
(b. 1720 - d. 1805)
Nov 1797 -
1805
Suling'a (Su-ling)
Feb 1799 -
1806
Baoning (Pao-ning)
(b. 17.. - d. 1808)
May 1799 -
1813
Qinggui (Ch'ing-kuei)
(b. 1735 - d. 1816)
Jul 1799 -
1818
Dong Gao (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Feb 1805 -
1807
Zhu Gui (Chu Kuei)
(b. 1733 - d. 1807)
Dec 1806 - Aug
1811 Fukang
(Fu-k'ang)
(b. 17.. - d. 1816)
1807 - Jan
1810
Fei Chun (Fei Ch'un)
(b. 1739 - d. 1811)
Feb 1810 - Nov
1814 Feimo
Lebao (Fei-mo Le-pao)
(b. c.1740 - d.
1819)
Jul 1810 -
1811
Dai Quheng (Tai Ch'ü-heng)
(b. 1756 - d.
1811)
Jul 1811 -
1813
Liu Quanzhi (Liu Ch'üan-chih) (b.
1739 - d. 1818/22)
Nov 1813 -
1835
Cao Zheyong (Ts'ao Che-yung)
(b. 1756 - d. 1835)
Nov 1813 - Jul
1817 (Malate)
Songyun (Sung-yün)
(b. 1752 - d. 1835)
Oct 1814 - Dec
1831 Tuojin
(T'o-chin)
(b. 1755 - d. 1835)
Aug 1817 - Jun
1821 Mingliang
(Ming-liang)
(b. 1735 - d. 1822)
May 1818 -
1820
Zhang Xu (Chang Hsü)
(d. 1824)
Apr 1820 - May
1824 Dai
Junyuan (Tai Chün-yüan)
(b. 1746 - d. 1840)
Aug 1821 -
1822
Bolin (Po-lin)
Aug 1822 - Mar
1835 Changling
(Ch'ang-ling)
(b. 1758 - d. 1835)
Sep 1824 -
1825
Sun Yuting (Sun Yü-t'ing)
(b.
1753 - d. 1834)
Aug 1825 - Nov
1830 Jiang
Youxian (Chiang Yu-hsien) (b. 1766 - d.
1830/31)
Nov 1830 - Apr
1833 Liu
Yingbo (Liu Ying-po)
(b. 1760 - d. 1835)
Jan 1832 -
1834
Fujun (Fu-chün)
(b. 1749 - d. 1834)
May 1833 - Jul
1850 Pan
Shi'en (P'an Shih-en)
(b.
1770 - d. 1854)
Mar 1835 -
1838
Ruan Yuan (Juan Yüan)
(b. 1764 - d. 1849)
Mar 1835 - Aug
1836 Wenfu
(Wen-fu)
(d. 1841)
Sep 1836 -
1852
Muzhang'a (Mu-chang)
(b. 1782 - d.
1856)
May 1838 - Feb
1841 Qishan
(Ch'i-shan)
(b. 1790 - d. 1854)
Jul 1838 -
1842
Wang Ding (Wang Ting)
(b. 1768 - d. 1842)
Mar 1841 -
1848
Jueluo
Baoxing
(b. 1776 - d. 1848)
(Chüeh-luo Pao-hsing)
Jan 1845 -
1855
Zhuo Bingtian (Cho Ping-t'ien) (b. 1782 -
d. 1855)
Dec 1848 - Dec
1850 Jiying
(or Kiying)(Chi-ying) (b.
1790 - d. 1858)
Jul 1850 - Jan
1855 Qi Junzao
(Ch'i Chün-tsao)
(b. 1793 - d.
1866)
Feb 1851 - Oct
1852 Saishanga
(Sai-shang-a)
(d. 1875)
Oct 1852 - Jan
1854 Narjinga
(or Na'erjing'e)
(Nar-chin-ka)
Dec 1852 -
1858
Yucheng (Yü-ch'eng)
(d. 1858)
Jan 1855 - Jul
1856 Jia Zhen
(Chia Chen) (1st time) (b. 1798 - d.
1874)
Oct 1855 -
1856
Wenqing (Wen-ch'ing)
(b. 1796 - d. 1856)
Jan 1856 - Jan
1857 Ye
Mingzhen (Yeh Ming-chen)
(b. 1807 - d. 1859)
Nov 1856 - Oct
1860 Peng
Yunzhang (P'eng Yün-chang)
(b. 1792 - d. 1862)
Jan 1857 -
1862
Guiliang (Kuei-liang)
(b. 1785 - d. 1862)
Oct
1858
Bojun (Po-chün)
(d. 1859)
Oct 1858 - Jun
1859 Weng
Xincun (Weng Hsin-ts'un) (b. 1791 -
d. 1862)
(1st time)
Feb 1859 - Oct
1860 Ruilin
(Jui-lin) (1st time) (d.
1874)
Nov 1859 -
1867
Jia Zhen (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Feb 1861 -
1871
Guanwen (Kuan-wen) (1st time)
(b. 1798 - d. 1871)
Feb 1861 -
1867
Zhou Zupei (Chou Tsu-p'ei)
(b. 1793 - d. 1867)
Dec 1861 -
1862
Weng Xincun (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Oct 1862 -
1871
Woren (Wo-jen)
(b. af.1800 - d. 1871)
15 Feb 1867 -
1871
Guanwen (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
10 Jun 1867 -
1871
Zeng Guofan (Tseng Kuo-fan)
(b. 1811 - d. 1872)
Apr 1868 -
1872
Zhu Fengbiao (Chu Feng-piao)
(d. 1873)
Apr 1871 -
1872
Ruichang (Jui-ch'ang)
(d. 1872)
Aug 1871 -
1874
Ruilin (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
10 Aug 1872 -
1876 Wen
Xiang (Wen Hsiang)
(b. 1818 - d. 1876)
16 Aug 1872 -
1901 Li
Hongzhang (Li Hung-chang)
(b. 1823 - d. 1901)
1 Oct 1872 -
1874 Dan
Moaqian (Tan Moa-ch'ien)
(d. 1880)
18 Oct 1874 -
1885 Zuo
Zongtang (Tso Tsung-t'ang) (b. 1812 -
d. 1885)
Jul 1874 -
1884
Baoyun (Pao-yün)
(b. 1807 - d. 1891)
Feb 1877 -
1878
Yingghui (Ying-hui)
(b. 1798 - d. 1878/9)
5 Jul 1878 - 24 Oct 1880
Zailing (Tsai-ling)
(d. 1883)
23 Dec 1880 - 20 Oct 1881
Quanqing (Ch'üan-ch'ing)
(b. c.1820 - d. 1882/83)
26 Dec 1881 -
1885
Linggui (Ling-kuei)
(d. 1885)
23 Jun 1884 - 28 Nov 1884 Wen Yu
(Wen Yü)
(d. 1884)
Nov 1884 - 15 Apr
1896 Olohubu (or
Elehuobu)
(b. 1826 - d. 1901)
(O-lo-hu-p'u)
Jan 1886 -
1892
Encheng (En-ch'eng)
(d. 1892)
Jan 1886 - 23 Aug
1888 Yan Jingming (Yen
Ching-ming) (b. 1817 - d. 1892)
Jan 1889 - 20 Oct
1896 Zhang Zhiwan (Chang
Chih-wan) (b. 1811 - d. 1897)
Oct 1892 - 26 Jun
1895 Fukun (Fu-k'un)
(b. af.1830 - d. 1895)
17 Aug 1895 -
1898
Linshu (Lin-shu)
(d. 1898)
14 Jun 1896 -
1903
Kun'gang (K'un-kang)
(b. 18.. - d. 1907)
9 Dec 1896 -
1900 Xu
Tong (Hsü T'ung)
(b. 1819 - d. 1900)
15 Jun 1898 -
1903
Ronglu (Jung-lu)
(b. 1836 - d. 1903)
6 Jan 1900 - 21 Jun 1907
Wang Wenshao (Wang Wen-shao)
(b. 1830 - d. 1908)
31 Jan 1902 -
1909 Sun
Jianai (Sun Chien-nai)
(b. 1827 - d.
1909)
Oct 1903 - 16 Oct
1904 Jingxin (Ching-hsin)
(b. 18.. - d. 1908)
15 Oct 1903 - 29 Jun 1905
Chongli (Ch'ung-li)
(b. 18.. - d. 1908)
9 Nov 1905 - 28 Oct 1906
Yüde (Yü-te)
(b. 18.. - d. 1906)
10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911 Shi Xu
(Shih Hsü)
(b. 1852 - d. 1921)
10 Jan 1905 -
1911
Natong (Na-t'ung)
(b. 1856 - d. 1925)
10 Aug 1907 -
1909
Zhang Zhidong (Chang Chih-tung) (b.
1837 - d. 1909)
6 Nov 1909 -
1910 Lu
Zhuanlin (Lu Chuan-lin)
(b. 1836 - d. 1910)
Sep 1910 - 30 Oct
1911 Lu Runyang (Lu Jun-yang)
(b. 1841 - d.
1913)
Sep 1910 - 30 Oct
1911 Xu Shichang (Hsü
Shih-ch'ang) (b. 1858 - d. 1939)
Premiers
8 May 1911 - 1 Nov
1911 Prince Yiguang (I-kuang)
(b. 1839 - d. 1917)
2 Nov 1911 - Mar
1912 Yuan Shikai (Yüan
Shih-k'ai)
(b. 1859 - d. 1916) Mil
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul
1917 Zhang Xun (Chang
Hsün)
(s.a.)
Mil
¹According
to the treaty signed between the Qing (Ch'ing)
court and government of the Republic of China, Puyi
(P'u-i)(s.a.) retained the title Emperor, received an
annual payment from the Republic of China government,
had the right to live in the Forbidden City, to be
protected by imperial troops, to grant noble and
honorary titles, and to maintain certain government
organs in the Forbidden City (mainly for management of
the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of
imperial families, etc). Inside the Forbidden City the
flag of the Qing dynasty was
flown. People in the Forbidden City continued to wear
the Qing official dress and used
the Qing calendar system. On 1
Dec 1922, the Emperor married and his wife was called
Empress. On 5 Nov 1924, Puyi was
forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the
army of the Republic of China and the above mentioned
privileges were ended.
Polities Rebelling against the Qing
(Ch'ing) Empire 1851-1872
Taiping
![[Taiping Heaven and Earth Society Flag,
simplified from a flag in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Museum in Nanjing (China)] [Taiping Heaven and Earth
Society Flag, simplified from a flag in the Taiping
Heavenly Kingdom Museum in Nanjing (China)]](cn-Taiping.png)
11 Jan
1851
Taiping tianguo/T'ai-p'ing t'ien-kuo (Heavenly
Realm
of Great Peace) inaugurated.
25 Oct
1864
Extinguished by Qing empire.
Heavenly Kings
11 Jan 1851 - 1 Jun 1864 Hong Xiuquan
(Hung Hsiu-ch'üan) (b.
1813 - d. 1864)
1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864 Hong
Tianguifu (Hung T'ien-kuei-fu)(b. 1849
- d. 1864)
Shengping
9 Oct
1854
Shengping tianguo/Shen-p'ing t'ien-kuo (Heavenly
Realm of
Ascending Peace) inaugurated.
24 Jul
1858
Extinguished by Qing empire.
Heavenly Kings
9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858 Hu Youlu (Hu
Yu-lu) (to Oct 1855) (d. 1855)
+ Zhu Hongying (Chu Hung-ying) (d. 1874)
Cheng
27 Sep
1855
Great Cheng Realm inaugurated.
21 Aug
1861
Extinguished by Qing empire.
Kings
27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861 Chen
Kai (Ch'en K'ai)
(b. 1822 - d. 1861)
(styled Ping Xun wang)
+ Li Wenmao (Li Wen-mao)(to 1858) (d. 1858)
Kashghar: see under Sinkiang
Pingnan Guo
1856 - 26 Dec
1872 Pingnan
Guo/P'ing-nan Kuo ("Pacified South
State") is a major
Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province, it
is also referred to as the Panthay
rebellion.
Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin (Leader
of the Community of Muslims)
(usually referred to in
foreign sources as "Sultan")
1856 - 26 Dec
1872
Sulayman ibn `Abd
ar-Rahman (b. 1823 -
d. 1872)
(= Du Wenxiu [Tu Wen-hsiu])
Warlord China
-
- 1 Jan 1912 - 22 Dec 1915;
- 22 Mar 1916 - 1 Jul 1917;
- 12 Jul 1917 - 8 Oct
1928
|
-
- 22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916
|
-
- 1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917
|
Map
of China
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Zhong Guo Xiong Li
Yu Zhou Jian"
(Chung Kuo Hsiung Li
Yü Chou Chien)
(China Heroically Stands
in the
Universe)
(Jun 1915-5 Jun 1916)
(5 Jun 1916 - 1921: No Anthem)
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Qing Yun Ge"
(Ch'ing
Yün Ke)
(The Song to the
Auspicious Cloud)
(Jul 1921-1928 and
1937-1945 by pro-Japan govt.)
|
Provisional Constitution
(11 Mar 1912 - 1 May 1914,
10 Sep 1917 - 10 Oct 1923)
|
Map
of Warlord Control
|
Capital: Beijing (Peking)
(2 Apr 1912-4 Jun 1928)
(Nanjing [Nanking]
1 Jan 1912 - 2 Apr 1912;)
|
Currency: Yuan (CND)
-------------------------------------
National Holiday:
10 Oct (1911)
Guoqing Jie
(National Day) |
Population: 485,598,900 (1925)
|
10 Oct
1911
Revolution begins.
1 Jan
1912
Republic of China proclaimed.
22 Dec
1915
Empire of China
22 Mar
1916
Republic of China
1 Jul 1917
- 12 Jul 1917 Brief restoration of the Great
Qing Empire (s.a.).
Note: The following provincial
military governments proclaimed their independence from
the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in
gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central
Military Government at the end of November.
Military governors
- Hubei (Hupe)
-
11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Li Yuanhong (Li
Yüan-hung)
(b. 1864 - d. 1928)
- Hunan -
23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911 Jiao Dafeng
(Chiao Ta-feng) (b.
1887 - d. 1911)
31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Tan Yankai
(T'an Yen-k'ai) (b.
1879 - d. 1930)
- Shaanxi (Shensi)
-
23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Zhang Fenghui
(Chang Feng-hui) (b. 1881 - d. 1958)
- Jiangxi (Kiangsi)
-
24 Oct 1911 - 2 Nov 1911 Ma Yubao
(Ma Yü-pao)
(b. 1864 - d. 1933)
2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911
Wu Jiezhang (We Chieh-chang)
(b. 1875 - d. 1926)
12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Peng Chengwan
(P'eng Ch'eng-wan) (b. 1880 - d. 1978)
- Shanxi (Shansi)
-
29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Yan Xishan (Yen
Hsi-shan)
(b.
1883 - d. 1960)
- Yunnan -
30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Cai E (Ts'ai O)
(b. 1882 - d. 1916)
- Shanghai (actually called
itself Military Government of the Republic of China) -
4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911
Chen Qimei (Ch'en Ch'i-mei)
(b. 1878 - d. 1916)
- Chekiang (Zhejiang) -
4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911
Tang Shouqian (T'ang
Shou-ch'ien) (b. 1856 -
d. 1917)
- Guizhou (Kweichow)
-
5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911
Yang Jincheng (Yang Chin-ch'eng) (b. 1880 - d.
1922)
- Jiangsu (Kiangsu)
-
5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911
Cheng Dequan (Ch'eng Te-ch'üan)
(b. 1860 - d. 1930)
- Anhui (Anhwei)
-
8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911
Zhu Jiabao (Chu Chia-pao)
(b. 1880 - d. 1923)
28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Yuyun (Sun
Yü-yün)
(b. 1869 - d. 1924)
- Guangxi (Kwangsi)
-
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911
Shen Bingkun (Shen Ping-k'un)
(b. 1862 - d. 1913)
- Fujian (Fukien)-
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911
Sun Daoren (Sun Tao-jen)
(b.
1867 - d. 1935)
- Guangdong (Kwangtung)
-
9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911
Hu Hanmin (Hu Han-min)
(b. 1879 - d. 1936)
- Shandong (Shantung)
-
13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Sun Baoqi (Sun
Pao-ch'i)
(b. 1867 - d. 1931)
- Sichuan (Szechwan)
-
22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911 Zhang Peijue
(Chang P'ei-chüeh)
(b. 1879 - d. 1915)
27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911 Pu Dianjun (P'u
Tien-chün)
(b. 1875 - d. 1934)
Military governor (Central Military
Government of the Republic of China)
30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Li Yuanhong (Li
Yüan-hung)
(s.a.)
Mil
Presidents
1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912 Sun
Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
(b.
1866 - d. 1925) Tong
(provisional)
10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915 Yuan Shikai
(Yüan Shih-k'ai)
(s.a.)
Mil/Beiyang
(1st time)(provisional to 10 Oct 1913)
Emperor
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Yuan Shikai
(Yüan Shih-k'ai) (s.a.)
nianhao 1 Jan - 22 Mar 1916:
Hongxian (Hung-hsien)
note:
This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shikai
was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and
there are questions about its actual significance.
Presidents
22 Mar 1916 - 6 Jun 1916 Yuan
Shikai (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Beiyang
7 Jun 1916 - 1 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong
(1st time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Prog
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917
Restoration of Great Qing Empire
12 Jul 1917 - 14 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Prog
14 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918 Feng Guozhang (Feng
Kuo-chang) (b. 1859 -
d. 1919) Mil/Zhili
10 Oct 1918 - 2 Jun 1922 Xu
Shichang (Hsü Shih-ch'ang)
(b. 1855 - d. 1939) Anhui
2 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922
Zhou Ziqi (Chao Tzu-ch'i)(acting)
(b. 1871 - d. 1923) Comm
11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923 Li Yuanhong
(3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Res
13 Jun 1923 - 9 Sep 1923 Zhang
Shaozeng (Chang Shao-tseng) (b.
1879 - d. 1928) Mil
(acting)
9 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923
Gao Lingwei (Kao Ling-wei)(acting) (b.
1868 - d. 1943) Non-party
10 Oct 1923 - 2 Nov 1924 Cao Kun (Ts'ao
K'un)
(b. 1862 - d. 1938) Mil/Zhili
2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924
Huang Fu
(acting)
(b. 1880 - d. 1936) Mil
24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926 Duan Qirui (Tuan
Ch'i-jui)
(b. 1865 - d. 1936) Mil/Anhui
(provisional chief executive)
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (Hu
Wei-te) (acting)
(b. 1863 - d. 1933) Non-party
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (Yen
Hui-ch'ing)
(b. 1877 - d. 1950) Non-party
("W.W. Yen") (acting)
22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (Tu
Hsi-kuei) (acting) (b. 1875 -
d. 1933) Mil/Zhili
1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927
Gu Weijun (Ku Wei-chün)(acting)
(b. 1887 - d. 1985) Non-party
("V.K. Wellington Koo")
18 Jun 1927 - 4 Jun 1928 Zhang
Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin)
(b. 1873 - d. 1928) Mil/Fengtian
(Generalissimo of the Military Government of China)
Premiers
13 Mar 1912 - 29 Jun 1912 Tang
Shaoyi (T'ang Shao-i)
(b. 1860 - d. 1938) Beiyang
29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912 Lu
Zhengxiang (Lu Cheng-hsiang)
(b. 1870 - d. 1949) Beiyang
25 Sep 1912 - 1 May 1913
Zhao Bingjun (Chao Ping-chün)
(b. 1859 - d. 1914) Beiyang
1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913
Duan Qirui (acting)
(s.a.)
Mil/Beiyang
31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Xiong
Xiling (Hsiung Hsi-ling) (b. 1870 -
d. 1941) Beiyang
12 Feb 1914 - 1 May 1914
Sun Baoqi (acting)
(s.a.)
Beiyang
Secretaries of state
1 May 1914 - 21 Dec 1915
Xu Shichang (acting)
(s.a.)
Beiyang
21 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Lu
Zhengxiang (acting)
(s.a.)
Non-party
22 Mar 1916 - 22 Apr 1916 Xu
Shichang (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Beiyang
22 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916 Duan
Qirui
(s.a.)
Mil/Beiyang
Premiers
29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917 Duan
Qirui (1st time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Prog
23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917 Wu
Tingfang (Wu T'ing-fang)(acting)(b. 1842 - d. 1922)
Prog
28 May 1917 - 2 Jun 1917
Li Jingxi (Li Ching-hsi)(1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1925)
Prog
2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917
Xu Shichang
(s.a.)
Non-party
12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917 Jiang
Zhaozong (Chiang Chao-tsung) (b. 1861
- d. 1943) Mil
(acting)
25 Jun 1917 - 1 Jul 1917
Li Jingxi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Prog
1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917 Restoration
of Great Qing Empire
12 Jul 1917 - 22 Nov 1917 Duan
Qirui (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Zhili
22 Nov 1917 - 30 Nov 1917 Wang
Daxie (Wang Ta-hsieh)
(b. 1859 - d. 1929) Zhili
(1st time) (acting)
30 Nov 1917 - 20 Feb 1918 Weng Shizhen
(Weng Shih-chen) (b. 1861 - d.
1930) Mil/Zhili
(acting)
20 Feb 1918 - 23 Mar 1918
Qiang Nengxun (Ch'iang Neng-hsün)
(b. 1869 - d. 1924) Zhili
(1st time)
23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918 Duan Qirui (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Mil
10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 Qiang
Nengxun (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Zhili
13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919 Gong Xinzhan (Kung
Hsin-chan) (b.
1871 - d. 1943) Anfu
(acting)
24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 Jin
Yunpeng (Chin Yün-p'eng)
(b. 1877 - d. 1925) Mil/Anfu
(1st time) (acting to 5 Nov 1919)
14 May 1920 - 9 Aug 1920
Sa Zhenbing (Sa Chen-ping) (acting)(b.
1859 - d. 1952) Mil/Anfu
9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921
Jin Yunpeng (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
Mil/Anfu
18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921 Yan
Huiqing (Yen Hui-ch'ing)
(s.a.)
Anfu
("W.W. Yen") (1st time) (acting)
24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 Liang
Shiyi (Liang Shih-i)
(b. 1869 - d. 1933) Comm
25 Jan 1922 - 8 Apr 1922
Yan Huiqing (2nd time) (acting)
(s.a.)
Anfu
8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922
Zhou Ziqi (Chao Tzu-ch'i) (acting)
(s.a.)
Anfu
11 Jun 1922 - 5 Aug
1922 Yan Huiqing (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Anfu
5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922
Wang Chonghui (Wang Ch'ung-hui)
(b. 1881 - d. 1958) KMT
(acting to 19 Sep 1922)
29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922 Wang
Daxie (2nd time) (acting)
(s.a.)
Zhili
11 Dec 1922 - 4 Jan 1923 Wang
Zhengting (Wang Cheng-t'ing) (b.
1882 - d. 1961) KMT
(acting)
4 Jan 1923 - 12 Oct 1923 Zhang
Shaozeng
(s.a.)
Mil/Beiyang
12 Oct 1923 - 12 Jan 1924 Gao Lingwei (acting)
(s.a.)
Non-party
12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924 Sun
Baoqi
(s.a.)
Beiyang
14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924 Yan
Huiqing (4th time)
(s.a.)
Anfu
31 Oct 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Huang
Fu
(acting)
(s.a.)
KMT
27 Nov 1924 - 26 Dec 1925 Duan
Qirui (4th time)
(s.a.)
Mil
26 Dec 1925 - 4 Mar 1926
Xu Shiying (Hsü Shih-ying)
(b. 1873 - d. 1964) Non-party
4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926
Jia Deyao (Chia Te-yao)
(b. 1880 - d.
1940) Mil
20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926 Hu
Weide (acting)
(s.a.)
Non-party
13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926 Yan
Huiqing (5th time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
22 Jun 1926 - 1 Oct 1926
Du Xigui (acting)
(s.a.)
Mil
1 Oct 1926 - 20 Jun 1927
Gu Weijun (acting)
(s.a.)
Non-party
20 Jun 1927 - 4 Jun 1928 Pan Fu
(P'an Fu)
(b. 1883 - d.
1936) Non-party
"Independent"
military governments in 1913
Military governors
- Jiangsu (Kiangsu)
-
15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913 Cheng Dequan
(Ch'eng Te-ch'üan) (s.a.)
- Anhui (Anhwei) -
17 Jul 1913 - 7 Aug 1913 Bo Wenwei
(Po Wen-wei)
(b. 1875 - d. 1947)
- Guangdong (Kwangtung)
-
18 Jul 1913 - 3 Aug 1913 Chen
Jiongming (Ch'en Chiung-ming) (b. 1878 - d. 1933)
- Hunan -
25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913 Tan Yankai (T'an
Yen-k'ai)
(s.a.)
"Independent"
military governments in 1916
Military governors
- Yunnan -
1 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Tang
Jiyao (T'ang Chi-yao)
(b. 1881 - d.
1927)
- Guizhou (Kweichow)
-
27 Jan 1916 - 8 May 1916 Liu Xianshi
(Liu Hsien-shih) (b. 1870
- d. 1927)
- Guangxi (Kwangsi) -
15 Mar 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Rongting
(Lu Jung-t'ing) (b.
1856 - d. 1927)
- Guangdong (Kwangtung)
-
6 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Long
Jiguang (Lung Chi-kuang) (b.
1860 - d. 1921)
- Zhejiang (Chekiang)
-
12 Apr 1916 - 8 May 1916 Lu Gongwang
(Lu Kung-wang)
(b. 1879 - d.
1954)
These came together under an umbrella government:
Chairman of the Military Affairs Council
8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916 Tang Jiyao (T'ang
Chi-yao)
(s.a.)
"Independent"
military governments in 1917
Military governors
- Anhui (Anhwei)
-
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Ni Sichong (Ni
Szu-ch'ung)
(b. 1868 - d. 1924)
- Shaanxi (Shensi)
-
29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917 Chen Shufan
(Ch'en Shu-fan) (b.
1885 - d. 1949)
- Fengtian -
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917
Zhang Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin)
(s.a.)
- Shandong (Shantung)
-
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917
Zhang Huaizhi (Chang Huai-chih) (b. 1860 -
d. 1934)
- Fujian (Fukein)
-
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917
Li Houji (Li Hou-chi)
(b. 1869 - d. 1942)
- Henan (Honan)
-
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917
Zhao Ti (Chao T'i)
(b. 1871 - d. 1933)
- Zhejiang (Chekiang)
-
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917
Yang Shande (Yang Shan-te)
(b. 1873 - d.
1919)
- Zhili (Chihli)
-
May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917
Cao Kun (T'sao K'un)
(s.a.)
Party/Faction abbreviations:
Anhui = Wan
xijunfa/Wan hsi-run-fa (Anhui Clique,
1919-1920, split from Beiyang); Anfu
= Anfu Club (Peace and Happiness
Club, political wing of the Anhui
clique, 1918-26, split from Beiyang clique); Beiyang
= Beiyang clique
(supported Beiyang army, conservative, 1911-1928);
Comm = Jiaotongxi/Chiao-t'ung-hsi
(Communications Clique, powerful interest group
of politicians, bureaucrats, technocrats, businessmen,
engineers, and labor unionists in Beiyang government
1912-1928, also called Cantonese clique); Fengtian
= Fengxi/Feng-hsi (Fengtian clique
(Feng Xi, 1919-1928, split from Beiyang led by Zhang
Zuolin); KMT =
Zhongguo Guomindang/Chung-kuo Kuo-min
Tang (Chinese
National People's Party, "Kuomintang", Chinese
nationalist, republican, conservative, 1912-Nov 1913,
re-est.1919); Mil = Military;
Prog = Jinbudang/Chin-pu
Tang (Progressive Party, center-right, 1913-1916);
Res = Constitution Research Clique (split
from Prog, 1918-1924); Tong =
Tongmenghui/T'ung-meng-hui (Chinese
United League, 1905-Aug 1912, merged into KMT); Zhili
= Zhili Xijunfa/Chihli Hsi-run-fa (Zhili
Clique, 1916-1926, clique's base of power Zhili province,
split from Beiyang clique)
Nationalist China
Note: The name of the polity is still
Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity
of that name, has a different flag and government
system, and eventually a different capital Nanjing
(Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing,
meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise
of the "warlord" regime). During the Sino-Japanese war
the capital is moved to Chongqing (Nov 1937 - May 1946).
On 8 Dec 1949 the capital is moved to Taipei, Taiwan.
Coverage of the Republic of China from that point
continues under Taiwan.
-
- 10 Sep 1917 - 5 May 1921
-
|
-
- 5 May 1921 - 1 Oct 1949
-
|
Map
of China |
Hear
National Anthem
"Zhonghua minguo guoge"
(Chung-hua min-kuo
kuo-ke)
(National Anthem of the Republic of China)
or "San Min Chu-i"
(The Three
Principles of
the People) |
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 16
Jun 1937
(proposed 24
Mar 1930)
|
Constitution
(25 Dec 1947)
--------------------------------
Provisional Constitution
(10 Sep 1917 - 1 Jun 1931;
in German)
|
Capital:
Nanjing (Nanking)
(18 Apr 1927-17 Nov 1937
and 5 May 1946-23 Apr 1949)
(Guangzhou [Canton]
10 Sep 1917-18 Apr 1927; Hankou [Hankow]
17-20 Nov 1937;
Chongqing [Chungking]
20 Nov 1937 - 5 May 1946
and 11 Oct - 28 Nov 1949;
Chengdu 28 Nov - 8 Dec 1949)
|
Hear
Provisional Anthem
"Guomin Geming Ge"
(Kuo-min Ke-ming Ke)
(Revolution of the Citizens)
(1926/28-16 Jun 1937)
|
Currency:
Chinese Dollar/
Yuan (CND)
----------------------------------
National Holiday:
Guoqing Jie
(National Day)
10 Oct (1911)
|
Population:
481,151,700 (1936)
|
Generalissimo of the Military Government
10 Sep 1917 - 5 Jul 1918 Sun
Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
(s.a.)
5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918 Governing
Committee of the Military Government
- Sun Yixian
(s.a.)
- Tang Shaoyi (T'ang Shao-i)
(s.a.)
- Wu Tingfang (Wu T'ing-fang)
(s.a.)
- Cen Chunxuan (Ts'en Ch'un-hsüan) (b. 1861 - d.
1933) Non-party
- Lu Rongting (Lu Jung-t'ing)
(s.a.)
Mil
- Tang Jiyao (T'ang Chi-yao)
(s.a.)
Mil
- Lin Baoyi (Lin Pao-i)
(b. 1863 - d.
1927) Mil
21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920 Cen
Chunxuan
(s.a.)
Mil
(chairman Governing Committee of the Military
Government)
24 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1921 Governing
Committee of the Military Government
- Sun Yixian
(s.a.)
KMT
- Tang Shaoyi
(s.a.)
KMT
- Wu Tingfang
(s.a.)
KMT
- Tang Jiyao
(s.a.)
Mil/KMT
Extraordinary President
5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun
Yixian (Sun
Yat-sen)
(s.a.)
KMT
Generalissimos of the National Government
2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925 Sun
Yixian
(s.a.)
KMT
12 Mar 1925 - 1 Jul 1925 Hu Hanmin
(Hu Han-min)
(acting)
(s.a.)
KMT
Chairmen of the National Government
1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926
Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)
(b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT
16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927 Tan
Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)
(s.a.)
KMT
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the
National Government
20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927 Wang Jingwei
(s.a.)
KMT
17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928 Tan
Yankai
(s.a.)
KMT
Chairmen of the National Government
10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Jiang
Jieshi (= Chiang Kai-shek) (b. 1887 - d.
1975) Mil/KMT
(1st time)
15 Dec 1931 - 1 Aug 1943 Lin Sen
(acting to 1 Jan 1932) (b. 1867 - d.
1943) KMT
1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948 Jiang
Jieshi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Mil/KMT
(acting to 10 Oct 1943)
Presidents
20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949 Jiang
Jieshi
(s.a.)
KMT
21 Jan 1949 - 1 Mar 1950 Li Zongren
(Li Tsung-jen)(acting¹) (b. 1890 - d.
1969) KMT
(from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan)
Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers)
25 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan
Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai)
(s.a.)
KMT
22 Sep 1930 - 24 Nov 1930 Song
Ziwen (Sung Tzu-wen)(1st time)(b. 1894
- d. 1971) KMT
("T.V. Soong") (acting)
24 Nov 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 Jiang
Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
(s.a.)
KMT
(1st time)
15 Dec 1931 - 1 Jan 1932 Chen Mingshu (Ch'en
Ming-shu) (b. 1890 - d.
1965) KMT
(acting)
1 Jan 1932 - 29
Jan 1932 Sun Fo (1st time)
(b. 1895 - d. 1973) KMT
29 Jan 1932 - 12 Dec 1935 Wang
Jingwei
(s.a.)
KMT
30 Aug 1932 - 17 Mar 1933 Song
Ziwen (acting for Wang)
(s.a.)
KMT
12 Dec 1935 - 1 Jan 1938 Jiang
Jieshi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
KMT
(prisoner of Zhang Xueliang 12-25 Dec 1936)
13 Dec 1936 - 28 Dec 1936 Kong
Xiangxi (Kung Hsiang-hsi)
(b. 1880 - d. 1967) KMT
("H.H.
Kung")(acting for Chiang)
1 Jan 1938 - 11 Dec 1939 Kong
Xiangxi
(s.a.)
KMT
11 Dec 1939 - 25 Jun 1945 Jiang
Jieshi (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
KMT
25 Jun 1945 - 1 Mar 1947
Song Ziwen (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
KMT
27 Jun 1945 - 17 Jul 1945 Weng
Wenhao (Weng Wen-hao)
(b. 1889 - d. 1971) KMT
("W.H. Wong")(acting for Song)
5 Aug 1945 - 6 Oct 1945 Weng
Wenhao (acting for Song)
(s.a.)
KMT
1 Mar 1947 - 23 Apr 1947 Jiang
Jieshi (4th time)
(s.a.)
KMT
23 Apr 1947 - 1 Jun 1948
Zhang Qun (Chang Ch'ün)
(b. 1889 - d. 1990) KMT
1 Jun 1948 - 23 Dec 1948
Weng Wenhao
(s.a.)
KMT
23 Dec 1948 - 24 Mar 1949 Sun Fo
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
KMT
24 Mar 1949 - 13 Jun 1949 He
Yingqin (Ho Ying-ch'in)
(b. 1889 - d. 1987) KMT
13 Jun 1949 - 15 Mar 1950 Yan
Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan)
(s.a.)
Mil/KMT
(from 8 Dec 1949 on Taiwan)
¹The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation
leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy
or a substitution for
Chiang.
Party Abbreviations: KMT =
Zhongguo Guomindang/Chung-kuo Kuo-min Tang
(Chinese National People's Party, "Kuomintang", Chinese
nationalist, republican, conservative, 1912-Nov 1913,
re-est.1919); Mil = Military
Alternative governments of the Republic of
China:
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National
Government (at Nanjing)
18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927 Jiang
Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
(s.a.)
KMT
26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927 Tan Yankai (T'an
Yen-k'ai)
(s.a.)
KMT
Chairman of the Committee of the National
Government (at Beiping)
1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930 Yan Xishan (Yen
Hsi-shan)
(s.a.)
Mil/KMT
Chairman of the National Government (at
Guangzhou [Kuang-chou])
1 Jul 1931 - 1 Jan 1932 Wang
Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei)
(b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT
Chairman of the People's Government (at
Fuzhou [Fu-chou])
21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934 Li Jishen (Li
Chi-shen)
(b. 1884 - d. 1959) KMT
Chairman of the East Hebei Autonomous Anti-Communist
Council (at Tongzhou [T'ung-chou])
25 Nov 1935 – 14 Dec 1937 Yin Rugeng (Yin
Ju-keng) (b.
1885 - d. 1947) KMT
China under Japanese occupation:
-
- 14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940
- National Government
|
-
- 11 Apr 1940 - 24 Feb 1941
|
-
- 24 Feb 1941 - 3 Feb 1943
- Outdoor State Flag
|
-
- 24 Feb 1941 - 16 Aug 1945
- (In-door only until 3 Feb
1943)
|
-
- 3 Feb 1943 - 16 Aug 1945
- Out-door State Flag
|
|
|
|
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Central
Government and Acting Chairman
of the Provisional National Government (at
Beiping)
14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940 Wang Kemin
(Wang K'o-min)
(b. 1873 - d. 1945)
Non-party
President of Executive Yuan and Acting
Chairman of Reformed National Government
(at Nanjing)
28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940 Liang Hongzhi
(Liang Hung-chih) (b. 1883 -
d. 1946) Non-party
(acting to 29 Jul 1938)
Chairmen of the National Government and Presidents of
the Executive Yuan (at Nanjing)
30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Jingwei
(Wang Ching-wei)
(b. 1883 - d. 1944) KMT-WC
(acting to 29 Nov 1940; in Japan from 22 Mar 1944)
22 Mar 1944 - 16 Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo
(Ch'en
Kung-po) (b.
1892 - d. 1946) KMT-WC
(acting [representing Wang to 10 Nov 1944])
Japanese Commanders of Shanghai Expeditionary Army
15 Aug 1937 - 2 Dec 1937 Iwane
Matsui
(b. 1878 - d. 1948)
2 Dec 1937 - 14 Feb 1938
Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
(b. 1887 - d. 1981)
Commanders of China Expeditionary Army
22 Sep 1939 - 1 Mar 1941 Nishio
Toshizō (Nishio Juzo)
(b. 1881 - d. 1960)
1 Mar 1941 - 23 Nov 1944 Shūnroku
Hata
(b. 1879 - d. 1962)
23 Nov 1944 - 9 Sep 1945 Yasuji
Okamura
(b. 1884 - d. 1964)
Commander of Central China Area Army
30 Oct 1937 - 14 Feb 1938 Iwane
Matsui
(s.a.)
Commanders of Central China Expeditionary
Army
14 Feb 1938 - 14 Dec 1938 Shunroku
Hata
(b. 1879 - d. 1962)
15 Sep 1938 - 23 Dec 1939 Otozō
Yamada
(b. 1881 - d. 1965)
Commanders of Central District Army
2 Aug 1937 - 26 Aug 1937
Kesago Nakajima
(b. 1881 - d. 1945)
26 Aug 1937 - 28 Dec 1937
Shigeru Hasunama
(b. 1883 – d. 1954)
28 Dec 1937 - 1 Aug 1939
Hisao Tani
(b. 1882 - d. 1947)
1 Aug 1939 - 9 Mar 1940
Waichirō Sonobe
(Ichiro Sonobe)
(b. 1883 – d. 1963)
9 Mar 1940 - 20 Jun 1941 Yoshio
Iwamatsu
(b. 1886 – d. 1958)
20 Jun 1941 - 17 Aug 1942 Yōji
Fujii
(b. 1887 – d. 1945)
17 Aug 1942 - 21 Feb 1944 Jun
Ushiroku
(b. 1884 - d. 1973)
21 Feb 1944 - 1 Dec 1944 Shōjirō
Iida
(b. 1888 - d. 1980)
1 Dec 1944 - 7 Apr
1945 Masakazu Kawabe
(b. 1886 - d.
1965)
7 Apr 1945 - 30 Sep 1945 Eitarō
Uchiyama
(b. 1887 - d. 1973)
Commanders of Northern China Area Army
26 Aug 1937 - 9 Dec 1938 Count
Hisaichi
Terauchi
(b. 1879 - d. 1946)
9 Dec 1938 - 12 Sep 1939
Hajime
Sugiyama
(b. 1880 - d. 1945)
12 Sep 1939 - 7 Jul 1941 Hayao
Tada
(b. 1882 - d. 1948)
7 Jul 1941 - 25 Aug 1944
Yasuji
Okamura
(s.a.)
25 Aug 1944 - 22 Nov 1944 Noasaburō
Okabe
(b. 1886 - d. 1946)
22 Nov 1944 - 19 Aug 1945 Sadamu
Shimomura
(b. 1887 - d. 1968)
19 Aug 1945 - 2 Sep 1945 Hiroshi
Nemoto
(b. 1891 - d. 1961)
Commanders of Southern Area Army
10 Feb 1940 - 5 Oct 1940 Rikichi
Andō
(b. 1884 - d. 1946)
5 Oct 1940 - 26 Jun 1941
Jun
Ushiroku
(s.a.)
6 Nov 1941 - 12 Sep 1945
Count Hisaichi
Terauchi
(s.a.)
Party Abbreviations: KMT
= Zhongguo Guomindang/Chung-kuo
Kuo-min Tang (Chinese National People's
Party, "Kuomintang", Chinese nationalist, republican,
conservative, 1912-Nov 1913, re-est.1919);
KMT-WC = Kuo-min
Tang - Wang Ching-wei (Chinese
National People's Party - Wang Ching-wei personalist
faction, pro-Japanese puppet government party,
1940-1945); Mil = Military
People's Republic of China
-
- 1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934
|
-
- Adopted 1 Oct 1949
|
Transliteration note:
Names are given in Hanyu Pinyin romanization
(the first edition of Hanyu Pinyin was
approved and adopted on 11 Feb 1958 and it was
officially adopted by the People's Republic on 1 Jan
1979). Prior to 1979, names
are given in parentheses in the
older Wei Tuoma or Weishi
Pinyin (Wade-Giles) romanization,
i.e. Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung).
1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct
1934 Chinese Soviet Republic (sometimes
called Soviet Republic of
China, or the Jiangxi Soviet Republic; in
Jiangxi,
in rebellion against Nationalist China).
19 Aug
1948
People's Government of North China
1 Oct
1949
People's Republic of China
8 Dec
1949
Final remnants of Nationalist government flee to Taiwan.
Note: Deng Xiaoping (Teng
Hsiao-p'ing)(b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from
the late 1970's to the early 1990's. He did not take
over the chairmanship of the State, the Government or
the General Secretary of the Party, but from 1978 to his
death in 1997 he was the unquestionable Paramount
Leader. From Jun 1981 he was Chairman of the Military
Affairs Committee. It is impossible to provide exact
dates; he rose to power after being rehabilitated in Jul
1977 and became more and more frail in the 1990's (he
last appeared in public 9 Feb 1994).
General Secretaries of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China
18 Jun 1928 - 24 Jun 1931 Xiang Zhongfa
(Hsiang Chung-fa) (b. 1880 - d. 1931)
1931 - Sep 1932
Wang Ming (acting de facto)
(b. 1904 - d. 1974)
Sep 1932 - Jan 1935
Bo Gu (Po Ku)(acting)
(b. 1907 - d. 1946)
Jan 1935 - 20 Mar 1943 Zhang
Wentian (Chang Wen-t'ien) (b. 1900
- d. 1976)
(acting)
Chairmen of the
Central Committee of the Communist Party
of China
20 Mar 1943 - 9 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong
(Mao
Tse-tung)
(b. 1893 - d. 1976)
9 Sep 1976 - 29 Jun 1981
Hua Guofeng (Hua
Kuo-feng)
(b. 1921 - d. 2008)
(acting to 9 Oct 1976)
29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982 Hu Yaobang (Hu
Yao-pang)
(b. 1915 - d. 1989)
General Secretaries
of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of China
(top party post from 12 Sep 1982)
29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu
Yaobang
(s.a.)
16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang
(acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1919 - d. 2005)
24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002 Jiang
Zemin
(b. 1926)
15 Nov 2002 - 15 Nov 2012 Hu
Jintao
(b. 1942)
15 Nov 2012 -
Xi Jinping
(b. 1953)
Chairman of the All-China Central Executive
Committee
of the Soviets of the Chinese Soviet
Republic
1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934
Mao Zedong
(s.a.)
CPC
Chairman of the People's Government of North
China
19 Aug 1948 - 1 Oct 1949 Dong Biwu
(Tung
Pi-wu)
(b. 1886 - d. 1975) CPC
Chairman of the People's Government of the
North-East
27 Aug 1949 - 1 Oct 1949 Gao Gang
(Kao Kang)
(b. 1895 - d. 1954) CPC
Chairman of the Central People's Government
1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954
Mao
Zedong
(s.a.)
CPC
Chairmen²
27 Sep 1954 - 27 Apr 1959 Mao
Zedong
(s.a.)
CPC
27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 Liu Shaoqi (Liu
Shao-ch'i)
(b. 1898 - d. 1969) CPC
31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972 Dong
Biwu
(s.a.)
CPC
+ Song Qingling (f)
(b. 1893 - d. 1981) CPC
(Sung Ch'ing-ling)
(acting)
24 Feb 1972 - 17 Jan 1975 Dong Biwu
(acting)
(s.a.)
CPC
Chairmen of the Permanent Standing Committee
of the National People's Congress
17 Jan 1975 - 6 Jul 1976 Zhu De
(Chu Te)
(b. 1886 - d. 1976) CPC
6 Jul 1976 - 5 Mar
1978 Vacant³
5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983
Ye Jianying (Yeh Chien-ying)
(b. 1897 - d. 1986)
CPC
Presidents²
18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Li
Xiannian
(b. 1909 - d. 1992) CPC
8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993
Yang
Shangkun
(b. 1907 - d. 1998) CPC
27 Mar 1993 - 15 Mar 2003 Jiang
Zemin
(s.a.)
CPC
15 Mar 2003 - 14 Mar 2013 Hu
Jintao
(s.a.)
CPC
14 Mar 2013
-
Xi Jinping
(s.a.)
CPC
Chairman of the Government Administration Council
of the Central People's Government
1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954
Zhou Enlai (Chou
En-lai)
(b. 1898 - d. 1976) CPC
Premiers
27 Sep 1954 - 8 Jan
1976 Zhou Enlai
(s.a.)
CPC
8 Jan 1976 - 2
Feb 1976 Vacant4
2 Feb 1976 - 10 Sep 1980 Hua Guofeng
(acting to 7 Apr 1976)
(s.a.)
CPC
10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987 Zhao
Ziyang
(s.a.)
CPC
24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998 Li
Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988) (b.
1928)
CPC
17 Mar 1998 - 16 Mar 2003 Zhu
Rongji
(b.
1928)
CPC
16 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2013 Wen
Jiabao
(b.
1942)
CPC
15 Mar 2013
-
Li
Keqiang
(b. 1955)
CPC
²The title "chairman" for the heads of
state in 1954-1975 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi)
that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of
state after 1983.
³Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee
during the vacancy: Wu De (b. 1914 - d. 1995),
Song Qingling (f) (s.a.), Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d.
1986), Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), Saifuding Aizezi
(Seypidin)(b. 1915 - d. 2003), Chen Yun (b.
1905 - d. 1995), Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 - d. 1983), Li
Jingquan (b. 1909 - d. 1989), Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d.
1988), Guo Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), Xu Xiangqian (b.
1901 - d. 1990), Nie Rongzhen (b. 1899 - d. 1992), Zhang
Dingcheng (b. 1898 - d. 1981), Cai Chang (f) (b. 1900 -
d. 1990), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910 - d. 2009), Zhou
Jianren (b. 1888 - d. 1984), Xu Deheng (b. 1890 - d.
1990), Hu Juewen (b. 1895 - d. 1989), Li Suwen (f) (b.
1933), Yao Lianwei (b. 1935 - d. 2012), and, from 2 Dec
1976, Deng Yingchao (f) (b. 1904 - d. 1992).
4Vice-premiers of
the State Council acting during the vacancy:
Deng Xiaoping (s.a.), Li Xiannian (s.a.), Chen
Xilian (b. 1915 - d. 1999), Ji Dengkui (b. 1923 - d.
1988), Hua Guofeng (s.a.), Chen Yonggui (b. 1915 - d.
1986), Wu Guixian (f)(b. 1938), Wang Zhen (b. 1908 - d.
1993), Yu Qiuli (b. 1914 - d. 1999), Gu Mu (b. 1914 - d.
2009), and Sun Jian (b. 1936 - d. 1997).
Party Abbreviations: CPC
= Zhongguo Gongchan Dang (Communist Party of
China, communist, authoritarian, est.1921,
state party since 1 Oct 1949); Mil
= Military
Territorial Disputes: Continuing
talks and confidence-building measures work toward
reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains
militarized with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and
Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern
Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding
historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India
continue their security and foreign policy dialogue
started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of
their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of
India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas;
lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and
China continue negotiations to establish a common
boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes
arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the
largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the
Chumbi salient; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to
the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias
tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to
periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in
China; Chinese maps show an international boundary
symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the
South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese
hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over
Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan,
and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the
Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002
Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the
legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties;
Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of
facilities in the Spratlys and in Mar 2005, the national
oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam
signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in
the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel
Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and
Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the
uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and
in 23 Nov 2013 China's declaration of an "air defense
identification zone" in an area that includes islands and
Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the
East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon
exploration and exploitation; certain islands in the
Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea;
North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to
China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and
oppression, by building a fence along portions of the
border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China;
China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed
islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the
Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement;
China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised
boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the
decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land
boundary was completed in 2009; citing environmental,
cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered
construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but
energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand,
remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams
downstream despite regional and international protests;
Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in Mar 2008 to
resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen
River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau
Loop; Hong Kong plans to reduce its 2,800-hectare
Frontier Closed Area (FCA) to 400 hectares by 2015.
Manchukuo
Map
of Manchukuo
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Manzhou diguo
guoge"
(Man-chou ti-kuo kuo-ke)
(National Anthem of the
Manchukuo Empire)
(5 Sep 1942 - 15 Aug 1945)
|
Hear
Former Anthem
"Jian guoge"
(Chien kuo-ke)
(Nation's Founding Song)
(24 Feb 1933 - 5 Sep 1942)
|
Constitution
(1 Mar 1934; in German)
|
Capital: Shengjing
(Xingjing
[Hsinking])
(Tonghua [Linjiang]
9-18 Aug 1945)
|
Currency: 1932-1945
Manchukuo Yuan (CNMY)
|
National Holidays:
1 Mar (1934)
State Foundation
Celebration Day
----------------------------------
7 Feb (1906)
Emperor's Birthday
|
Population: 43,233,954
(1940)
30,880,00 (1934)
|
GNP:
4.73 billion Yen (1944)
|
Exports:
$148.9 million (1937)
Imports: $221.7 million
(1937)
note: excluding trade with
the rest of China
|
Ethnic groups: Chinese and Manchu 94.65%, Japanese
(and Korean) 5.18%, other
(Russian, Mongolian, etc.)
0.16% (1940)
|
Total Armed Forces: 111,044
(1934)
Japanese Troops: est. 1,000,000
(1945)
Merchant marine: N/A
|
Religions: Buddhist, Taoist,
Roman
Catholic, Shinto, Russian Orthodox,
Jewish
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: None |
18 Sep
1931
Japanese invasion and occupation of Manchuria (Heilongjiang,
Jilin, and Liaoning provinces) begins.
9 Mar
1932
Great Manchu State (Japanese: Manchukuo
[Chinese: Manzhouguo])
(not internationally recognized¹).
21 Jan
1933
Jehol (Rhehe) annexed.
1 Mar
1934
Great Manchu Empire
1 Dec 1937
Japan renounces
extraterritoriality in Manchukuo.
9 Aug
1945
Soviet forces begin invasion.
15 Aug 1945 - May 1946
Occupied by the Soviet Union.
Japanese Military Governor
18 Sep 1931 - 9 Mar 1932 Jirō
Minami
(b. 1874 - d.
1957)
Chief Executive
9 Mar 1932 - 1 Mar 1934 Puyi
(P'u-i)
(b. 1906 - d. 1967)
nianhao: Datong (Ta-t'ung)
Emperor
1 Mar 1934 - 18 Aug 1945
Puyi
(s.a.)
nianhao: Kangde (K'ang-te)
Soviet Commander-in-chief
15 Aug 1945 - May 1946
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Vasilevskiy (b. 1895 - d.
1977)
Presidents of the State Council (Premiers)
10 Mar 1932 - 20 May 1935 Zheng
Xiaoxu (Cheng Hsiao-hsü)
(b. 1860 - d. 1938)
21 May 1935 - 18 Aug 1945 Zhang
Jinghui (Chang Ching-hui)
(b. 1871 - d. 1959)
Japanese Ambassadors and
Commanders of the Kwantung Army
1 Aug 1931 - 8
Aug 1932 Baron Shigeru Honjō
(b. 1876 - d. 1945)
8 Aug 1932 - 27 Jul
1933 Baron Nobuyoshi Mutō
(b. 1868 - d. 1933)
29 Jul 1933 - 10 Dec 1934 Takashi
Hishikari
(b. 1871 - d. 1952)
10 Dec 1934 - 6 Mar 1936 Jirō
Minami
(s.a.)
6 Mar 1936 - 7
Sep 1939 Kenkichi
Ueda
(b. 1875 - d. 1962)
7 Sep 1939 - 18 Jul
1944 Yoshijirō
Umezu
(b. 1882 - d. 1949)
18 Jul 1944 - 11 Aug 1945 Otozō
Yamada
(b. 1881 - d. 1965)
¹Manchukuo was only recognized
by the following countries:
Japan (14 Sep 1932), El Salvador (3 Mar 1934),
Italy (20 Nov 1937), Spain (2 Dec
1937), Germany (12 May 1938), Hungary
(14 Jan 1939), Slovakia (1 Jun 1939), Poland
(19 Oct 1939), Rumania (3 Dec 1940),
Bulgaria (14 May 1941), Finland (19 Jul 1941),
Denmark (Aug 1941), Thailand
(1 Aug 1941) and Croatia (2 Aug 1941); along
with the Japanese sponsored - Wang
Jingwei's China National Government
at Nanjing (30 Nov 1940), Philippine Republic
of José Laurel
(1943) and the Provisional
Government of Free India (1944). The Holy See
sent a representative ad
tempus (18 Apr 1934),
but it did not formally recognize Manchukuo.
Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang)
-
- 28 Jun 1936
- 29 Oct 1937
|
-
- 29 Oct 1937
- 1 Sep 1939
|
-
- 1 Sep 1939
- 19 Aug 1945
|
Capital: Kalgan (Zhangjiakou) 1939-1945
(Hohhot [Guisui] 1937-1939)
|
Currency
1938-1945:
Meng-chiang
Yuan (CNPM)
|
Articles of
Corporation
(1 Sep 1939)
|
Population:
7,174,200 (1936)
|
1935 -
1945
Chahar, Suiyuan and northern Shanxi provinces under
Japanese
occupation.
12 May 1936
Mongolian Military Government
established in Jabsar (Huade) by
pro-Japanese elements.
28 Jun
1936
Japanese form Mengjiang (Meng-chiang) Joint Committee in
Chahar and Suiyuan provinces.
22 Nov 1937
United Mongolian
Autonomous Committee (UMAC) formed by
the
association of South Chahar (Chanan)
autonomous government, North
Shanxi (Jinbei) autonomous government
and the Mongol United
Autonomous Government (in Mongol: Mongol
Obesbeen Jasaha Uls; in
Chinese:
Menggu zizhi bang [Meng-ku
Tzu-chih Pang], also called
"Menggu/Mengkukuo").
1 Sep 1939
Mongolian
Border Region Unified Autonomous Government (also
called Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Government; referred
to internally as "Autonomous Nation of Mongolia) by
unification
of the United Mongolian
Autonomous Committee.
4 Aug 1941 - 19 Aug 1945 Mongolian
Autonomous Federation, as an autonomous part
of the
Japanese
sponsored National Government China at Nanjing.
Chairman of the Mongolian Military Government
12 May 1936 - 28 Oct 1937 Yun Wang (=
Yondonwangchug) (b.
1871 - d. 1938)
Chairmen of the Mongol United Autonomous Government
28 Oct 1937 - 24 Mar 1938 Yun Wang (Yün Wang)
(s.a.)
24 Mar 1938 - 1 Sep 1939 Dewang (Te
Wang)
(b. 1902 - d. 1966)
(acting to Jul 1938)
Chairman of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government
1 Sep 1939 - 19 Aug 1949 Dewang (=
Demcuk Dongrup)
(s.a.)
(Chinese
prisoner Oct 1945 - 1949)
Vice Chairman of the Executive Council
8 Jan 1936 - 28 Oct 1937
Dewang
(s.a.)
Vice President of the Mongol United Autonomous
Government
28 Oct 1937 - 24 Mar 1938
Dewang
(s.a.)
Presidents of the State Council
1 Sep 1939 - Jun 1941 Jodbajab (Shih Hai [Jodovjav])
(b. 1873/77 - d. 1945?)
Jun 1941 - 1944
Ünenbayan (Wu Heling [Wu Ho-ling])(b. 1896
- d. 1980)
1944 - Aug 1945
Dewang
(s.a.)
Japanese Supreme Advisers
1937 - 27 Nov 1941
Shōji Kanai (= Altan Khudagh)
(b. 1886 - d. 1967)
27 Nov 1941 - 3 Sep 1942 Tadakazu
Ohashi
(b. 1893 - d. 1975)
26 Feb 1945 - Aug 1945 Shōichi
Kanki
(b. 1897 - d. 19..)
Commanders of the Japanese Mongolia Garrison Army
28 Dec 1937 - 31 Aug 1939 Shigeru
Hasunuma
(b. 1883 - d. 1954)
31 Aug 1939 - 12 Sep 1939 Hajime
Sugiyama
(b. 1880 - d. 1945)
12 Sep 1939 - 29 Sep 1940
Noasaburō
Okabe
(b. 1886 - d. 1946)
29 Sep 1940 - 20 Jan 1941
Masataka
Yamawaki
(b. 1886 - d. 1974)
20 Jan 1941 - 2 Mar 1942
Shigetaro
Amakasu
(b. 1887 - d. 1958)
2 Mar 1942 - 28 May 1943 Ichirō
Shichida
(b. 1886 - d. 1957)
28 May 1943 - 22 Nov 1944 Yoshio
Kōzuki
(b. 1886 - d. 1971)
22 Nov 1944 - 19 Aug 1945
Hiroshi
Nemoto
(b. 1891 - d. 1961)
Kashgaria/East
Turkestan
-
- 1864/66 - 28 Dec 1877
- Kashgaria Kingdom
|
-
- 12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934
- Islamic Republic of Eastern
Turkestan
|
-
- 12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946
- East Turkestan Republic
|
Capital: Ghulja (1762-1888,
1944-1946)
(Kashgar 1865-1877, 1933-1934)
|
National Anthem
"Qozghal, Birlesh" (March, Unite)
(1933-1934) |
Population: 4,360,000 (1943)
|
1514
Khanate of Kashgaria founded part of Djagataide Khanate.
17th
cent.
Divided into several minor khanates without importance,
real
power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic Islamic
religious
leaders.
c.1678
Hidayat Allah Hazrat Apaq of the Aqtaghlik, with the
help of the
Dzungars, deposed the last Djagataide Khan and ousted
the rival
Qartaghlik, becoming the real ruler of Kashgaria under
Dzungar
(Dörben Oyirad) protection.
1694 -
1720
Occupied by Dörben Oyirad.
Jul 1759 - May
1826 Occupied
by Qing Empire.
1820 -
1828
Aqtaghliq rebellion.
1864
Detached from the Qing Empire Kingdom of Qäshqäriyä
(Kashgaria).
1870
Polity renamed Jiti Shahar.
4 Jul 1871 - Feb 1881
Ghulja (Ili) basin occupied by Russia
under Gerasim Alexeyevich
Kolpakovskiy (b. 1819 - d. 1896)(Ili subordinated to
Russian
Turkestan).
28 Dec
1877
Re-incorporated into Qing empire.
1888
Eastern Turkestan formally annexed to Qing Empire,
renamed Xinjiang (Sinkiang).
1928 - 16 Jun
1946 De
facto autonomous from central Chinese government.
12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Islamic
Republic of Eastern Turkestan (in rebellion)
(also known as Uighuristan or Turkish Islamic Republic
of
East Turkestan).
6 Feb 1934
Re-incorporation into China declared.
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 East Turkestan
Republic (in rebellion)
16 Jun
1946
Re-incorporated into China.
1 Oct
1955
Creation of Xinjiang
Ughur Autonomous Region.
Khans
c.1693 -
1720
Ahmed
Khan
(d. af.1720)
1720 -
1754
Daniyal Khwaja (2nd time)
1754 -
1757
Yusuf ibn Daniyal
1757
`Abd Allah Badshah Khwaja ibn Yusuf
1757 - Jul
1759
Burhan ad-Din ibn
Ahmad
(d. 1760)
1820 -
1828
Jahangir Hodja (in
rebellion) (b. 1783? - d.
1828)
Sep 1830 - Dec
1830 Muhammad
Yusuf Hodja (in rebellion)
May 1857 - Aug
1857 Wali Khan
(in rebellion)
1864 - Feb
1865
Qutlugh Beg
Feb 1865 -
1866
Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
(1st time)
1866
Muhammad Amin ibn Jahangir Khan
1866 -
1867
Buzurg Khwaja ibn Jahangir Khan
(2nd time)
1867 - 6 Dec
1873
Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn
Pir (b. c.1820
- d. 1877)
Muhammad Mirza
Amir Khans
6 Dec 1873 - 29 May 1877
Muhammad Ya`qub Beg ibn
Pir (s.a.)
Muhammad Mirza
29 May 1877 - 28 Dec 1877 Quli Beg ibn
Muhammad Ya`qub Beg (b. 1821 - d. 1877)
President of the Islamic Republic of Eastern
Turkestan
12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934 Xoca Niyaz
Haci
(b. 1887 - d. 1938)
President of East Turkestan Republic
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Jun 1946 Alikhan
Tore
(b. 1884 - d. 1976)
Prime minister
12 Dec 1933 - 6 Feb 1934
Abdul Bakr Sha
Biti
(b. 1883 - d. 1934)
(Sabit Damolla Abdulbakr)
Dörben Oyirad (Dzungaria)
162.
Dörben Oyirad (Oirat)("Four Confederates") or Dzungar
Kalmyk
Khanate covering Xinjiang
region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern
Kazakhstan, and western Mongolia.
1755 - 1755
Chinese occupation.
4 Oct 1755 - 4
Oct 1757 In rebellion against Chinese suzerainty.
Mar
1756
Annexed by China.
Khans (from 1679, Boshugtu Khan)
162. - 1653
Erdeni Batur
(d. 1653)
1653 - 1671
Sengge
(d. 1671)
1671 - 1676
Tseten Khan
1676 - 3 May 1697
Choros Erdeniin Galdan
(b. 1644 - d. 1697)
1697 -
1727
Tsewang Rabdan (Arabtan)
(b. 1663 - d. 1727)
1727 - Aug/Sep
1745 Galdan
Tseren
(b. 1695 - d. 1745)
1745 -
1750
Tsewang Dorji Namrgyal (Bayan Khan) (d. 1750)
1750 -
1753
Lamdarjaa (Lama Dardjaa)
(d. 1753)
1753 -
1755
Dawaachi (Dawa Qi)
(d. 1759)
1755
Bandi (Pan-ti)-Chinese
Commissioner (d. 1755)
1755 - 4 Oct
1757
Amursana
(b. 1722 - d. 1757)
Qomul (Kumul)
168. - 1715
Vassal of the Dörben
Oyirad.
1715 - 1757
Vassal of the
Qing dynasty (called "Hami" by the Chinese).
1757
Incorporated into China, khans
continue to rule.
1931
Khanate abolished by Xinjiang
provinical government.
20 Feb 1931 - Jul? 1934
Rebellion against provincial government.
Khans (with the title Jasak
Darhan)
1698 - 1709
Abdullah
1709 -
1711
Gopa Beg
1711 -
1739
Amin
1739 -
1767
Yusuf
1767 -
1779
Ishaq
1779 -
1813
Ardashir
1813 -
1866
Baighir
1866
Ishaq Khvagha
1866 - 1881/1908
Mahmud
1881/1908 - Mar
1930 Maqshud Shah
Shamahusute (b.
1864 - d. 1930)
1930 - 1931
Nazhar
1931 - 1934
Yulbars Khan (in rebellion)
(b. 1888 - d. 1971)
Vizier
1922 - Mar 1930
Yulbars Khan
(s.a.)
Tibet (before 1950)
-
- 1920 - c.1925
|
-
- c.1925 - 7 Oct 1950
|
c.600
Tibetan state formed.
842 - 1216
Era of fragmentation, central authority collapses.
1247 - 1368
Under Mongol
(from 1271, Yuan dynasty) rule.
1641 - 2 Dec 1717
Under suzerainty of the Qoshot (Khoshut)
Khanate.
1642
Güshi Khan formally recognizes the Fifth
Dalai Lama's authority,
effectively made him the temporal ruler of all Tibet.
2 Dec 1717 - 24 Sep 1720 Under suzerainty of
the Dörben Oyirad
(Dzungar Khanate).
24 Sep
1720
Under suzerainty of the Qing
(Ch'ing)(Chinese) Empire.
24 Mar 1856 - 7 Sep 1904 Makes
tributary payments to Nepal.
3 Aug 1904 - 23 Sep 1904 Lhasa
occupied by British forces under Francis E.
Younghusband
(b. 1863 - d. 1942).
7 Sep
1904
Treaty of Lhasa allows the U.K to trade in Yadong
(Yatung),
Gyantse, and Gartok while Tibet is to pay a large
indemnity,
with the Chumbi Valley occupied (to 8 Feb
1908) by U.K. until
payment is received. Tibet is prevented from having
relations
with any other foreign powers.
27 Apr
1906
U.K. agrees not to annex Tibetan territory or to
interfere in the
administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to
permit any
other foreign state to interfere within the territory of
Tibet.
31 Aug
1907
Anglo-Russian Convention bound both the contracting
countries to
respect the territorial integrity of Tibet and to
abstain from
interference in its internal administration (ratified
23 Sep
1907).
12-25 Feb 1910
Chinese General Zhao Erfeng (Chao
Erh-feng) conquers Eastern Tibet
and occupies Lhasa, expelling the Dalai Lama and
overthrowing
the Tibetan government.
Dec
1911
Chinese forces are driven eastward from Lhasa
following the Chinese
revolution and the Dalai Lama returns from exile in
Jun 1912.
4 Apr
1912
Kingdom of Tibet declares its independence from the
newly formed
Republic of China.
17 Aug
1912
In Memorandum to the Chinese government, the U.K.
accepts Chinese
suzerainty over Tibet if China repudiates all claims
that Tibet
is an
integral part of China and agrees not to station troops.
2 Feb
1913
Treaty of friendship and alliance between the
governments of
Mongolia
and Tibet signed.
3 Jul
1914
Simla Convention initialed by delegations from U.K.,
Tibet, and
China.
The U.K. agreed to recognize Chinese suzerainty over all
of
Tibet. Tibet is to be divided into Outer Tibet, which is
to
be autonomous and China would refrain from interference
in its
administration; and Inner Tibet (eastern Kham and Amdo)
where
Lhasa would retain control of religious matters only.
The
McMahon Line is agreed to as the effective boundary
between
China and India (China refuses to ratify the
convention).
Nov 1946
Tibetan
delegates refuse to sign Chinese Constitution of 1947.
20 Jul
1949
Tibet ejects the representative of
Nationalist China.
7 Oct
1950
Chinese intervention.
23 May
1951
Re-incorporation into China (see Tibetan
region).
Note: Although the dates are firm in
the Tibetan calendar, the correspondence between the
Tibetan and the Gregorian calendars is only approximate,
as are, consequently, the dates
given here.
Secular rulers (title Junwang, usually
translated king)
1642 - 14 Jan 1655
Güshi (Gushri) Khan
(b. 1582 - d. 1655)
1656 - 12 Mar 1668
Dayan Khan
(d. 1668)
1668 - 1671
Dali Khung Taiji Dashi
(d. 1714)
Batur -Regent
1671 - 1700
Gonchug Dalai
Khan
(d. 1700)
1701 - 1703
sDe-srid Sangs
rgyas-rgya-mtsho (b. 1653 - d. 1705)
(= Sanggye Gyatso) -Regent
1703 - 2 Dec
1717
'Lha-bzang Khan
(d.
1717)
2 Dec 1717 - 24 Sep 1720 sTag-rtse-pa
lha-rgyal-rab-brtan (d. 1720)
(regent)(= Tagtsepa Lhagyel Raben)
1728 - 12 Mar 1747
Pho-lha-nas bSod-nams-stobs-rgyas (b. c.1689 - d.
1747)
"Mi-dbang Pho-lha"
(=
Miwang Pholhanas Sönam Tobgye)
(administrator to 11 Jan 1740)
1747 - 11 Nov
1750
Pho-lha-nas 'Gyur-med-rnam-rgyal (d. 1750)
"Ta-la'i-ba-dur" (= Gyurme Namgyel)
Dalai Lamas
14 Jul 1679 -
1703
sDe-srid Sangs rgyas-rgya-mtsho
(s.a.)
(= Sanggye
Gyatso)
(adminstrator to 1683, then regent)
8 Dec 1697 - 27 Jun 1706
Rin-chen-blo-bzang-rig-'dzins-
tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho
(6th Dalai
Lama)
(b. 1683 - d. 1706)
1703 -
1706
sDe-srid Ngag-dbang Rin-chen -Regent
(= Ngawang Rinchen)
27 Jun 1706 -
1707
Vacant
1707 -
1717
Ngag-dbang-ye-shes-rgya-mtsho
(b. 1681/5 - d. 1723)
(usurping Dalai Lama)
1717 - 24 Sep
1720
sTag-rtse-zhabs-drung -Regent
(= Taktse Shabdrung)
24 Sep 1720 -
1721
Yanxin -Chinese military commander
(Yen-hsin)
16 Oct 1720 - 22 Mar 1757
rGyal-dbang-blo-bzang-bskal-
bzang-rgya-mtsho (7th Dalai Lama) (b. 1708 - d. 1757)
(ritually presumed to have ruled from 1708)
22 Mar 1757 - 29 Apr 1757 Council of
Ministers
29 Apr 1757 - 28 Aug 1762 De-mo sprul-sku
Ngag-dbang-'jam- (d. 1770)
dpal-bde-legs-rgya-mtsho -Regent
28 Aug 1762 - 19 Nov 1804
Blo-bzang-'jam-dpal-rgya-mtsho
(8th Dalai
Lama)
(b. 1758 - d. 1804)
1804 - 5 Mar
1808
Kun-bde-gling rTa-tshag-rje-drung- (d. 1810)
sprul-sku Ye-shes-blo-bzang-
bstan-pa'i-mgon-po -Regent
5 Mar 1808 - 26 Mar 1815
Blo-bzang-lung-rtogs-rgya-mtsho
(9th Dalai
Lama)
(b. 1806 - d. 1815)
1815 - 28 Mar
1819
De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub-
bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-
(d. 1819)
mtsho -Regent
30 Mar 1819 - 6 Feb 1822
mTsho-smon-gling
sPrul-sku
(d. 1844)
Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims
(1st time) -Regent
6 Feb 1822 - 30 Sep 1837
Blo-bzang-tshul-khrims-rgya-mtsho
(10th Dalai
Lama)
(b. 1816 - d. 1837)
30 Sep 1837 - 29 Sep 1841 mTsho-smon-gling
sPrul-sku
(s.a.)
Ngag-dbang-'jam-dpal-tshul-khrims
(2nd time) -Regent
29 Sep 1841 - 31 Jan 1856
Blo-bzang-mkhas'-grub-rgya-mtsho
(11th Dalai
Lama)
(b. 1838 - d. 1856)
31 Jan 1856 -
1856
Council of Ministers
1856 - 26 Feb
1858
Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Ngag-dbang- (d. 1888)
ye-shes-tshul-khrims-rgyal-
mtshan -Regent
26 Feb 1858 - 25 Apr 1875
Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-'phrin-las-
rgya-mtsho (12th Dalai Lama) (b.
1856 - d. 1875)
25 Apr 1875 -
1875
Council of Ministers
1875 - 12 Feb
1878
Kun-bde-gling sPrul-sku rTa-tshag- (d. 1886)
rje-drung-ngag-dbang-dpal-ldan-
chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan -Regent
12 Feb 1878 - 17 Dec 1933
Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-thub-bstan-
rgya-mtsho-'jigs-bral-dbang-phyug-
phyogs-las-rnam-rgyal
(13th Dalai
Lama)
(b. 1876 - d. 1933)
(30 Jul 1904 - Dec 1909 in Mongolia, later China exile;
25 Feb 1910 - Jun 1912 in India exile)
30 Jul 1904 -
1910
Ganden Tripa Rinpoche Lobsang
(b. 1840 - d. 19..)
Gyaltsen -Administrator
(for exiled Dalai Lama)
23 Feb 1910 -
1913
Gaden Tripa Ngawang Lobsang
(b. 1844 - d. 1919?)
Gyaltsen Tenpey -Administrator
(for exiled Dalai Lama)
17 Dec 1933 - Jan 1934 Council
of Ministers
Jan 1934 - 25 Aug 1939
Rva-sgreng sPrul-sku Thub-bstan- (b. 1911 -
d. 1947)
'jam-dpal-ye-shes-rgyal-mtshan -Regent
(regent [for the Dalai Lama to 16 Jan 1941])
25 Aug 1939
-
rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang-
blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin-
rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama) (b.
1935)
(Head of state Mar 1951 - Mar 1959)
(from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in
Dharamsala, India])
16 Jan 1941 -
1950
Stag-brag ngag-dbang gsung-rab -Regent
(=Taktra Rimpoche Sungrab Ngawang)(b. 1874 - d.
1952)
31 Mar 1959 - Dec 1964
Bskal-bzang Tshe-brtan -Head of state
(10th Panchen
Lama)
(b. 1938 - d. 1989)
Chinese Military Commander-in-chief
Jan 1951 - Feb
1967 Zhang
Guohua (Chang Kuo-hua)
(b. 1914 - d. 1972)
Chief ministers (Lönchen)
1907 -
1920
Changkhyim
(b. 18.. - d. 1920)
(= Ngawang Khyenrab Palsang)
(ngag-dbang mkhyen-rab dpal-bzang)
1907 -
1919
Shatra Paljor Dorje
(b. c.1860 - d. 1919)
(bshad-Sgra dpal 'byor-rdo-rje)
1907 -
1925
Sholkhang Thondup Phuntso
(b. 1862 - d. 1925)
(Sho-kang Lzhol-khang)
Ministers of state (Silön)
1926 - Apr
1939
Yapshi Langdun Kunga Wangchuk (b.
1906 - d. 1980)
(yab-gzhis glang-mdun gung)
Dec 1950 - May
1952 Losang
Tashi (blo-bzang bkra-shis) (b. 1897 - d. 1966)
+ Lukhangwa (= Tsewang Rabden)
(b. 1895 - d. 1966)
(klu-khang-ba tshe-dbang rab-brtan)
Commissioner and Administrator of Civil and
Military Affairs for Tibet
1951 -
1965
Zhang Jingwu (Chang
Ching-wu) (b. 1906 -
d. 1971)
Chinese ambans (representatives
of the emperors at the court of the Dalai Lama)
1709 -
1711
Ho Shou (Ho-shou) -Envoy
(d. 1719)
1711 -
1720
Vacant
24 Sep 1720 -
1721
Yanxin (Yen-hsin) -Military commandant
1721 -
1723
Ts'eban Norbu -Military commandant
1723 -
1724
Orai (O-lai)
1724 -
1726
Vacant
1726
Oci (O-t'zu)
+ Bandi (Pan-ti)(1st time)
(d. 1755)
1726 - 1727
Vacant
1727 - 1733
Sengko (or Sengge)(Seng-ke)
+ Mala (Ma-la) (to 1728)
+
Mailu (Mai-lu) (from 1728)
1727 -
1728
Jalangga -Military
commandant (b.
af.1680 - d. 1747)
(Ch'a-lang-ka)
1733 -
1734
Qingbu (Ch'ing-p'u)
+ Miaoshou (Miao-shou)
1734
Arxun
(or A'erxun)(A-erh-hsün)
+ Nasutai (Na-su-t'ai)(1st time)
1734 -
1737
Nasutai (2nd time)
1737 - 1739
Hangyilu (Hang-i-lu)
1739 - 1742
Jishan (Chi-shan) (1st time)
1742 - 1745
Suobai (So-pai) (1st time)
1745 - 1747
Fuqing (or Fujing)(Fu'ch'ing) (d.
1750)
(1st time)
1747 -
1748
Suobai (2nd time)
+ Fuqing (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1748
Suobai (3rd time)
1748 -
1749
Labdon (= La-bu-dun) (La-pu-tun) (b. 1703 - d.
1750)
1749 -
1750
Jishan (2nd time)
1750
Fuqing (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
1750
Jishan (3rd time)
1750 - 1751
Vacant
1751
Bandi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1751
Ts'ebin -Commissioner
1751 -
1752
Bandi (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
+ rNamrgyal (Namuzhale)
1752 -
1754
Duo'erji (or Zhaohui) (To-erh-chi) (b. 1708 - d. 1764)
1754 -
1757
Salashan (Sa-la-shan)
1757 -
1761
Guanbao (Kuan-pao)(1st time)
1761 -
1764
Funai (Fu-nai)
1764 -
1766
Aminertu (or Amiletu)(A-min-erh-t'u)
1766 -
1767
Guanbao (2nd time)
1767 -
1773
Manggulai (Mang-ku-lai)
1773 -
1775
Wumitai
(Wu-mi-t'ai)
(b. 1713 - d. 1786)
1775 -
1779
Liubaozhu (Liu-pao-chu)(1st time)
1779 -
1780
Suolin (So-lin)
(d. 1780)
1780 -
1785
Boqing'e (or Boqing)(Pao-ch'ing) (b. 1721 -
d. 1785)
1785 -
1786
Liubaozhu (2nd time)
1786 -
1788
Qingli (Ch'ing-li)
1788 -
1789
Fozhi (Fo-chih)
1788 -
1790
Shulian (Shu-lien)
+ Bazhong (Pa-chung)(to 1789)
1790
Pufu (P'u-fu)
1790 -
1791
Bao-tai (Pao-t'ai)
1791 -
1792
Ehui (O-hui)
1792
Eledengbao (O-le-teng-pao)
(b. 1748 - d. 1805)
1792 - 1794
Chengde (Ch'eng-te)
+ Helin (or Heliyen)(Ho-lin)
(b. 1753 - d. 1796)
1794 -
1799
Songyun (Sung-yün)
(b. 1752 - d. 1835)
1799 -
1803
Yingshan (Ying-shan)
1803 -
1804
Funing (Fu-ning)
1804 -
1805
Cebake (Ts'e-pa-k'e)
1805 -
1808
Yuning (Yü-ning)
1808 - 1810
Wenbi (Wen-pi)
1810 -
1812
Yangchun (Yang-ch'un)
1812 - 1814
Hutuli (Hu-t'u-li)
(d. 1814)
1814 -
1817
Ximing (Hsi-ming)
1817 -
1820
Yulin (Yü-lin)
(d. 1833)
1820 -
1823
Wen-gan (or Wenning) (Wen-kan)
1823 -
1827
Songting (Sung-t'ing)
1827 -
1830
Huixian (Hui-hsien)
1830 -
1833
Xingke (Hsing-k'o)
1833 -
1834
Longwen (Lung-wen)
1834 -
1835
Wenwei (Wen-wei)
1835 -
1836
Qinglu (Ch'ing-lu)
1836 -
1839
Guanshengbao (Kuan-sheng-pao)
1839 -
1842
Mengbao (Meng-pao)
1842 - 1843
Haipu
(Hai-p'u)
1843 -
1847
(Borzigit) Qishan (Ch'i-shan)
(b. c.1790 - d. 1854)
1847 -
1848
Binliang (Pin-liang)
1848 -
1852
Muteng'e (Mu-t'eng-o)
1852 – 1853
Baoqing
(Pao-ch'ing)
(d. 1853)
1853 - 1855
Zhunling (Chun-ling)
1855 -
1857
Hetehe (Ho-t'e-ho)
(d. 1857)
1857 - 1861
Manqing (Man-ch'ing)
1861 -
1869
Jingwen (Ching-wen)
1869 -
1872
Enlin (En-lin)
1872 -
1874
Chengji (Ch'eng-chi)
1874 -
1879
Songgui (Sung-kuei)
(b. 1833 - d. 1907)
1879 -
1885
Seleng'e (Se-leng-o)
1885 -
1888
Wenshi (Wen-shih)
1888 - 1890
Changgeng (Ch'ang-keng)
1890 -
1892
Shengtai (Sheng-t'ai)
1893 -
1897
Kuihan (K'uei-han)
23 Mar 1896 - 1900
Wenhai (Wen-hai)
(b. 1832? - d.
1900)
28 Oct 1900 - 1902
Yugang
(Yü-kang)
2 Dec 1902 - 5 Dec 1906 Yutai
(Yü-t'ai)
(b. 1846? - d. 1910)
5 Dec 1906 -
1912
Wang Lianyu (Wang Lien-yü)
(b. 1858? - d. 19..)
+ Zhao Erfeng (Chao
Erh-feng) (b. 1845 - d. 1911)
(6 Mar 1908 - 20 Apr 1911)
Chinese Special Envoys to Tibet
9 May 1912 - 2 Apr 1914 Zhong
Ying (Chung Ying)
(b. 1887 - d. 1915)
2 Apr 1914 - 16 May 1924 Lu Xingqi
(Lu Hsing-ch'i)
2 Mar 1916 - 16 May 1924 Li Jiazhe
(Li Chia-che)
(acting for Lu)
Chinese Ambassadors
Nov 1934 - Jan 1935
Liu Puchen (Liu Pa-ch'en)
(b. 1882 - d. 1935)
Jan 1935 - Jan 1938
Jiang Zhiyu (Chiang Chi-yu)
Directors of the Tibetan Affairs
Commission in Lhasa
May 1938
Gao Changzhu (Kao
Ch'ang-chu) (b. 1902 - d.
1979)
(acting)
Aug 1938 - Mar 1940
Zhang Weibai (Chang Wei-pai)
(acting)
1 Apr 1940 - 8 Oct 1943 Kong
Qingzong (K'ung Ch'ing-tsung) (b. 1895 - d. 1981)
8 Oct 1943 - Jul 1947
Shen Zonglian (Shen Tsung-lien) (b. 1898 -
d. 1978)
Jul 1947 - 20 Jul 1949 Chen
Xizhang (Ch'en Hsi-chang) (b. 1919)
(acting)
British Trade Agents in Gyantse
(subordinated to the British Residents
in Sikkim)
1 Oct 1904 - 23 Dec 1905 William
Frederick Travers O'Connor (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
(1st time)
23 Dec 1905 - 15 Dec 1906 Frederick
Marshman Bailey
(b. 1882 - d. 1967)
(1st time) (acting)
15 Dec 1906 - 18 Jul 1907 William
Frederick Travers O'Connor (s.a.)
(2nd time)
18 Jul 1907 - 27 Jul 1907 Frederick
Marshman
Bailey
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
27 Jul 1907 - 1 Aug 1907 William
Frederick Travers O'Connor (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1 Aug 1907 - 5 Jun 1909
Frederick Marshman
Bailey
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
5 Jun 1909 - 13 Dec 1909 Robert
Siggins Kennedy (acting)
(b. 1882 - d. 19..)
13 Dec 1909 - 23 Jan 1911 James Leslie Rose
Weir (1st time) (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
23 Jan 1911 - 1 Apr 1911 David
Macdonald (1st time)(acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1962)
1 Apr 1911 - 10 Aug 1911
James Leslie Rose Weir (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Aug 1911 - 30 Dec 1911 David
Macdonald (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
30 Dec 1911 - 15 Feb 1912
James Leslie Rose Weir (3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Feb 1912 - 4 May 1912
David Macdonald (3rd time)(acting) (s.a.)
4 May 1912 - 31 Mar 1913
Basil John Gould
(b. 1883 -
d. 1956)
31 Mar 1913 - 24 Feb 1916 David
Macdonald (4th time)(acting) (s.a.)
24 Feb 1916 - 31 Mar 1918 William Lachlan
Campbell
(b. 1880 - d. 1937)
31 Mar 1918 - 20 Jun 1924 David
Macdonald (5th
time)
(s.a.)
20 Jun 1924 - 31 May 1926 Frederick
Williamson
(b. 1891 - d. 1935)
31 May 1926 - 3 Jan 1927 Robert Lancelot
Vance (acting) (b. 1890
- d. 1961)
3 Jan 1927 - 30 Apr 1928 Arthur
John
Hopkinson
(b. 1894 - d. 1953)
30 Apr 1928 - 1 Mar 1929 Herbert
Gordon Rivett-Carnac
(b. 1892 - d. 1962)
(1st time)
1 Mar 1929 - 18 May 1929 William
James Leslie Neal (acting) (b. 1903 - d. c.1960)
18 May 1929 - 18 Sep 1929 Herbert
Gordon Rivett-Carnac
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
18 Sep 1929 - 19 Nov 1929 Daniel Richard
Smith
(b. 1897 - d. 19..)
19 Nov 1929 - 19 Nov 1931 Edward Walter
Fletcher
(b. 1899 - d. 1958)
19 Nov 1931 - 18 Apr 1933 Alexander Alfred
Russell
(b. 1898 - d. 1967)
18 Apr 1933 - 1 Dec 1933 Meredith
Worth
(b. 1905 - d. ....)
1 Dec 1933 - 20 Jun 1935 Philip
Coates Hailey
(b. 1903 - d. 1980)
20 Jun 1935 - 20 Jul 1936 Richmond Keith
Molesworth Battye (b. 1905 - d.
1958)
20 Jul 1936 - Feb
1937 Hugh Edward
Richardson (b.
1905 - d. 2000)
Heads of British Mission
in Lhasa
Feb 1937 - Jul 1937
Hugh Edward Richardson (1st time) (s.a.)
Jul 1937 - Oct 1938
Norbu Dhondup (1st time)
(b. 1884 - d. 1944)
Oct 1938 - Oct
1939 Hugh
Edward Richardson (2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1939 - Apr 1942
Norbu Dhondup (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1942 - Apr 1943
Frank Ludlow
(b. 1885 - d.
1972)
Apr 1943 - Jun 1944
George Sheriff (1st
time) (b. 1898 - d.
1967)
Jun 1944 - Sep 1944
Hugh Edward Richardson (3rd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1944 - Apr 1945
George Sheriff (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Apr 1945 - Apr 1946
Pemba Tsering (1st time)
(b. 1905 - d. 1954)
Apr 1946 - 14 Aug 1947
Hugh Edward Richardson (4th time) (s.a.)
Chiefs of the Mission of India to
Lhasa
15 Aug 1947 - Sep 1947
Hugh Edward Richardson (1st time) (s.a.)
Sep 1947 - Dec 1947
Pemba Tsering
(s.a.)
Dec 1947 -
1950
Hugh Edward Richardson (2nd time) (s.a.)
1950
Surendra Mohan
Krishnatry
(b. 1921)
Aug 1950 - Sep 1952
Sumal Sinha
(b. 1920 - d. 1983)
Tibet
Government
in Exile: Tibetan Administration
28 Apr 1959
Central Tibetan Administration
31 May 2011
Renamed Tibetan Administration.
Dalai Lama
25 Aug 1939
-
rJe-btsun-'Jam-dpal-ngag-dbang-
blo-bzang-ye-shes-bstan-'dzin-
rgya-mtsho (14th Dalai Lama)
(s.a.)
(from 31 Mar 1959 in exile [from 1 May 1960 in
Dharamsala,
India]; political role ended 31 May
2011)
Chairmen of the Cabinet (Kalon Tripa;
from 26 Sep 2012, Sikyong)(in exile)
1959 -
1960
Jangsa Tsang
Non-party
1960 -
1965
Zurkhang Ngawang
Gelek
(b. 1910 - d. 1977)
Non-party
1965 -
1970
Shenkha Gurmey Topgyal
Non-party
1970 -
1975
Garang Lobsang Rigzin
(b. 1905 - d. 19..)
Non-party
1975 -
1980
Kunling Woeser Gyaltsen
(b. 1915 - d. 2001) Non-party
1980 -
1985
Wangdue Dorjee
(b. 1919)
Non-party
1985 - May
1990
Juchen Thupten Namgyal
(b. 1929 - d. 2011) Non-party
May 1990 - Aug
1991 Kelsang
Yeshi (1st time)
(b. 1941)
Non-party
Aug 1991 - Feb
1993 Gyalo
Thondup
(b. 1928)
Non-party
Feb 1993 - 4 Jun
1996 Tenzin Namgyal Tethong
(b.
1947?) Non-party
4 Jun 1996 - Apr 1997
Kelsang Yeshi (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
Apr 1997 - 5 Sep 2001 Sonam
Topgyal
(b. 1934 - d. 2012) Non-party
5 Sep 2001 - 8
Aug 2011 Samdhong Rinpoche (=Lobsang
Tenzin)(b. 1939)
Non-party
8 Aug 2011 -
Lobsang Sangay
(b. 1968)
Non-party
Note: No political parties existed
prior to the 7 Oct 1950 Chinese invasion.
© Ben Cahoon
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