Congo
(Kinshasa)
-
- 21 Jun 1877 - 30 Jun 1960
|
-
- 1 Jul 1960 - 1 Jul 1963
|
-
- 1 Jul 1963 - 1 Dec 1966
|
-
- 1 Dec 1966 - 21 Nov 1971
|
-
- 21 Nov 1971 - 17 May 1997
|
-
- 17 May 1997 - 18 Feb 2006
|
Adopted 18 Feb 2006
|
|
Map
of Congo (Kinshasa)
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Debout Congolaise!"
(Arise Congolese!)
30 Jun 1960 - 27 Oct
1971;
re-adopted 17 May 1997
|
Former
National Anthem
"La Zaïroise"
(Song of Zaire)
(27 Oct 1971 - 17 May
1997)
--------------------------------------
Belgian
Congo Anthem
"Naar Wijd en Zijd /Vers
l'Avenir" (Towards the Future)
(1905-1960)
|
Constitution
(18 Feb 2006; in
French)
----------------------------------
Zaire
Constitution
(19 Nov 1971 - 17 May 1997;
in French)
|
Capital:
Kinshasa
(Léopoldville 1926-1 Jul
1966;
Boma 1 May 1886-20 Nov
1929;
Vivi Jul 1885-1 May 1886)
|
Currency:
Congolese Franc
(CDF); 1993-98
New Zaïre
(ZRN); 1967-93 Zaïre (ZRZ);
1960-67 Congolese Franc (CDG);
1885-1960 Belgian Congo
Franc (CBEF)
|
National
Holiday: 30 Jun (1960)
Fête de l'Indépendance
(Independence Day)
|
Population:
85,281,024 (2018)
|
GDP: $68.6
billion (2017)
|
Exports:
$10.9 billion (2017)
Imports: $10.8
billion (2017)
|
Ethnic groups:
Luba 18%, Kongo (all Bantu) 16.1%,
Mongo 13.5%, and the
Mangbetu-Azande
(Hamitic) 6.1%, Rwanda
10.3%, Bangi and Ngale 5.8%,
Rundi 3.8%, Teke 2.7%,
Boa 2.3%, Chokwe 1.8%,
Lugbara 1.6%, Banda
1.4%, other 16.6% (1983)
|
Total Armed
Forces: 151,251 (2010)
MONUSCO UN Force: 18,971
(2018)
Merchant marine:
33 ships (2017)
|
Religions:
Roman Catholic 55.8%, Pentecostal
15.5%,
Protestant 12.4%, other Christian
10.4%, traditional
beliefs 2.5%, Muslim 1.5%, Anglican
0.8%, other and
none 1% (2015)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: 1885
- 1908: ICRM, ITU, UPU; from
1960: ACP, AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC,
CCM (signatory), CEEAC, CEPGL, COMESA,
CTBT, CWC, EAC (applicant), EITI, ENMOD
(signatory), ESCR, FAO, G-24, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO
(suspended), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA
(signatory), ISA,
ISO, ITSO, ITU,
ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIF, OPCW,
OST (signatory), PCA, SADC, UN, UNCLOS,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP,
UNFCC-PA,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
Congo
Index
|
Chronology
19 Sep
1876
International Association for
the Exploration and
Civilization of Central Africa
(Association
Internationale pour l'exploration
et la
Civilisation de l'Afrique Centrale)
founded.
25 Nov
1878
Congo colonization, funded by the King
of Belgium,
begins. Study Committee of the Upper
Congo (Comité
d'études
du Haut-Congo) established.
17 Nov
1879
International Association of the Congo
(Association
Internationale
du Congo) founded.
22 Apr
1884
International Association of the Congo
(as an
independent state)
23 Feb
1885
Sovereign status of the International
Association
of the Congo recognized by Berlin
Conference.
29 May
1885
Independent State of the Congo ("Congo
Free
State")(with the King of Belgium
Leopold II as
sovereign).
1892 - Dec 1894/Jan
1895 Ubangui-Bomu
territory claimed by the
Congo
Free State.
15 Nov
1908
Annexation by Belgium (Belgian Congo).
25 May 1940 - 8 Sep
1944 Administration loyal to the
Belgian government
in exile.
30 Jun
1960
Independence (Republic of the
Congo [the Constitution
of
1960 referred to the polity
exclusively as the
State of Congo])
11 Jul 1960 - 14 Jan
1963 Secession of Katanga.
8
Aug 1960 - Jul
1962 South
Kasai declares itself sovereign,
styled État
Minier.
1
Aug 1964
Democratic Republic of the Congo
7
Sep 1964 - Dec
1965 People's
Republic of the Congo is proclaimed in
dissidence
at Stanleyville.
29 Oct
1971
Republic of Zaire
17 May
1997
Democratic Republic of the Congo
2 Aug 1998 - 2
Apr 2003 Rebellion in eastern
Congo led by RDC (see below).
|
Provinces
|
Traditional
States
|
UN
Operations
(1960-1964,
from 2000)
|
Rebel
Government
at
Stanleyville
(1964-1965)
|
Rebel
Governments
(1998-2003)
|
Arab Military
Territory
(1887-1894)
|
Historical
Maps
of
Congo
|
Map of Congo
Crisis 1960 - 1964
|
Map
of Zaire (1997)
|
Map
of 2006
Proposed
Provinces
|
|
Secretaries-general of the International
African Association (in Brussels)
Sep 1876 - Nov
1878 Jules
Xavier Charles
Joseph (b.
1835 - d. 1917)
Léonard, graaf Greindl
15 Nov 1878 - 17 Nov
1879 Maximilien Charles
Ferdinand (b. 1819 -
d. 1911)
Strauch
Chairman (from 23 Feb 1885, President) of the
International Association
of the Congo (in Brussels)
17 Nov 1879 - 29 May 1885
Maximilien Charles
Ferdinand (s.a.)
Strauch
Sovereign¹
29 May 1885 - 15 Nov 1908
Léopold II
(b. 1835 - d. 1909)
Plenipotentiary of the International
African Association
1879 -
1884
Henry Morton
Stanley
(b. 1841 - d. 1904)
Commandants of the Station at
Karema (leading station)
12 Aug 1879 - Dec
1880 Ernest François
Cambier
(b. 1844 - d. 1909)
5 Dec 1880 - 25 Feb 1882
Guillaume Jules Arthur Ramaeckers (b. 1848 -
d. 1882)
25 Feb 1882 - 19 Sep 1882
Jérôme
Becker
(b. 1850 - d. 1912)
19 Sep 1882 - Dec 1885
Émile Pierre Joseph
Storms
(b. 1846 - d. 1918)
23 Apr 1883 - Sep 1883
Richard Böhm (acting for Storms) (b. 1854 - d.
1884)
Administrators-general
22 Apr 1884 - Mar 1886 Sir
Francis Walter de
Winton (b. 1835 - d.
1901)
22 Apr 1884 - Jun
1884 Sir Frederic John
Goldsmid
(b. 1818 - d. 1908)
(acting for Winton)
30 Jul 1886 - 26 Mar 1887
Camille
Janssen
(b. 1837 - d. 1926)
Governors-general
26 Mar 1887 - 17 Apr 1891
Camille
Janssen
(s.a.)
1 Mar 1888 -
1889
Herman Ledeganck
(b. 1841 - d. 1908)
(acting for Janssen)
17 Apr 1891 - 8 May 1891
Henri Ernest Gondry (acting) (b.
1845 - d. 1889)
8 May 1891 - 26 Aug 1892
Camille Aimé Coquilhat (1st time) (b. 1853 - d.
1891)
(acting)
26 Aug 1892 - 4 Sep 1896
Théophile Théodore Joseph Antoine, (b. 1844 - d. 1921)
baron Wahis (1st time)
4 Sep 1896 - 21 Dec 1900
Émile Wangermée
(acting)
(b. 1855 - d. 1924)
21 Dec 1900 - Dec
1900 Eugène
Thierry Joseph Bartels
(b. 1860 - d. 1901)
(acting)
Dec 1900 - 20 May
1912 Théophile Théodore Joseph
Antoine, (s.a.)
baron Wahis (2nd time)
20 May 1912 - 5 Jan 1916
Félix Alexandre
Fuchs
(b. 1858 - d. 1928)
5 Jan 1916 - 30 Jan 1921
Eugène Joseph Marie
Henry
(b. 1862 - d. 1930)
30 Jan 1921 - 24 Jan 1923
Maurice Eugène Auguste Lippens
(b. 1875 - d. 1956)
24 Jan 1923 - 27 Dec 1927 Martin
Joseph Marie René Rutten (b. 1876 - d.
1944)
27 Dec 1927 - 14 Sep 1934
Auguste Constant
Tilkens
(b. 1869 - d. 1949)
1929 -
1930
Charles
Duchesne
(b. 1881 - d. 1945)
(acting for Tilkens)
14 Sep 1934 - 31 Dec 1946 Pierre
Marie Joseph
Ryckmans (b. 1891 -
d. 1959)
1 Jan 1947 - 1 Jan
1952 Eugène Jacques
Pierre
(b. 1888 - d. 1958)
Louis Jungers
1 Jan 1952 - 12 Jul 1958
Léon Antoine Marie
Pétillon (b.
1903 - d. 1996)
12 Jul 1958 - 30 Jun 1960 Henri
Arthur Adolf
Marie
(b. 1910 - d. 1999)
Christopher Cornélis
Presidents
27 Jun 1960 - 25 Nov 1965 Joseph
Kasavubu (Kasa-Vubu)
(b. 1910? - d.
1969) ABAKO
(Head of State to 1 Aug 1964)
31 Mar 1961 - 5 Aug 1961
Antoine
Gizenga
(b.
1925)
MNC-L
(Head of State, in rebellion, at Stanleyville)
25 Nov 1965 - 17 May 1997 Joseph
Désiré Mobutu
(b. 1930 - d. 1997) Mil;1967 MRP
(from 10 Jan 1972, Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za
Banga)
17 May 1997 - 16 Jan 2001
Laurent Désiré
Kabila
(b. 1939 - d. 2001) AFDL
(Head of State to 29 May 1997)
17 Jan 2001 - 24 Jan
2019 Joseph Kabila
Kabange
(b.
1971)
AFDL;2002 PPRD
(interim to 26 Jan 2001)
24 Jan 2019 -
Félix Antoine Tshilombo Tshisekedi (b.
1963)
UDPS
Chief ministers (Administrators-general
for Home Affairs to 1891,
then Secretaries of State for Home Affairs)(in
Brussels)
1885 -
1888
Maximilien Charles
Ferdinand (s.a.)
Non-party
Strauch
1888 - Jun
1890
Camille Aimé
Coquilhat
(s.a.)
Non-party
Jun 1890 - Jul 1898
Stanislas Marie
Léon Édmond van (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
Non-party
Eetvelde (1st time)
1899 - Oct 1900
Stanislas Marie Léon Édmond van (s.a.)
Non-party
Eetvelde (2nd time)
Prime ministers
24 Jun 1960 - 5 Sep 1960²
Patrice Emery
Lumumba
(b. 1925 - d. 1961) MNC-L
5 Sep 1960 - 20 Sep 1960
Joseph Iléo (1st
time)
(b. 1921 - d. 1994) MNC-K
Chairmen of the Board of
Commissioners-general
20 Sep 1960 - 3 Oct 1960
Albert Ndele Mbamu
(b. 1930)
ABAKO
4 Oct 1960 - 9 Feb
1961 Justin Marie
Bomboko
(b. 1928 - d. 2014) UNIMO
Prime ministers
13 Dec 1960 - 5 Aug 1961
Antoine
Gizenga
(s.a.)
MNC-L
(in rebellion, at Stanleyville)
9 Feb 1961 - 2 Aug
1961 Joseph Iléo (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
MNC-K
2 Aug 1961 - 30 Jun 1964
Cyrille
Adoula
(b. 1921 - d. 1978) Non-party
10 Jul 1964 - 13 Oct 1965 Moïse
Kapenda
Tshombé
(b. 1919 - d. 1969) CONAKAT
18 Oct 1965 - 14 Nov 1965
Évariste
Kimba
(b. 1926 - d. 1966) BALUBAKAT
25 Nov 1965 - 26 Oct 1966
Léonard
Mulumba
(b. 1928 - d. 1986) Mil
First state commissioners (prime
ministers)
6 Jul 1977 - 6 Mar
1979 Mpinga
Kasenga
(b. 1937 - d. 1994) MPR
6 Mar 1979 - 27 Aug 1980
Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambo (b.
1934 - d. 2018) MPR
27 Aug 1980 - 23 Apr 1981 Nguza
Karl-I-Bond (1st time) (b.
1938 - d. 2003) MPR
23 Apr 1981 - 5 Nov 1982
N'singa Udjuu Ongwabeki Untubu
(b.
1934)
MPR
5 Nov 1982 - 31 Oct 1986
Kengo Wa Dondo (1st
time)
(b.
1935)
MPR
(Joseph-Léon Lubicz)
31 Oct 1986 - 22 Jan 1987 Vacant
22 Jan 1987 - 7 Mar 1988 Mabi
Mulumba
(b.
1941)
MPR
7 Mar 1988 - 26 Nov 1988
Sambwa Pida
Nbagui
(b. 1940 - d. 1998) MPR
26 Nov 1988 - 4 May 1990
Kengo Wa Dondo (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
MPR
4 May 1990 - 1 Apr
1991 Lunda
Bululu
(b.
1942)
MPR
1 Apr 1991 - 29 Sep 1991
Mulumba
Lukoji
(b. 1943 - d. 1997) MPR
29 Sep 1991 - 1 Nov 1991
Étienne Tshisekedi wa
Mulumba (b. 1932 - d.
2017) UDPS
(1st time)
1 Nov 1991 - 25 Nov 1991
Bernardin Mungul
Diaka
(b. 1933 - d. 1999) RDR
25 Nov 1991 - 15 Aug 1992 Nguza
Karl-I-Bond (2nd time)
(s.a.)
UFERI
15 Aug 1992 - 18 Mar 1993³
Étienne Tshisekedi wa
Mulumba
(s.a.)
UDPS
(2nd time)
18 Mar 1993 - 14 Jan 1994
Faustin
Birindwa
(b. 1943 - d. 1999) UDPS
6 Jul 1994 - 2 Apr
1997 Kengo Wa Dondo (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
UDI
2 Apr 1997 - 9 Apr
1997 Étienne Tshisekedi wa
Mulumba
(s.a.)
UDPS
(3rd time)
9 Apr 1997 - 16 May 1997
Likulia
Bolongo
(b. 1939)
Non-party
16 May 1997 - 30 Dec
2006 Post abolished
Prime ministers
30 Dec 2006 - 10 Oct 2008
Antoine
Gizenga
(s.a.)
PALU
10 Oct 2008 - 6 Mar 2012 Adolphe
Muzito
(b. 1957)
PALU
6 Mar 2012 - 18 Apr 2012
Louis Koyagialo (acting)
(b. 1947 - d. 2014) PPRD
18 Apr 2012 - 20 Dec 2016 Augustin Matata
Ponyo Mapon
(b. 1964)
PPRD
20 Dec 2016 - 18 May 2017 Samy Badibanga Ntita
(b. 1962)
IPDD
18 May 2017
-
Bruno Tshibala
Nzenze
(b. 1956) UDPS
U.N. Operations in
the Congo
Special Representatives of
the Secretary-General (from May
1961, Officers-in-charge)
Jul 1960 - Aug
1960 Ralph J.
Bunche
(U.S.)
(b. 1904 - d. 1971)
Aug 1960 - Sep
1960 Andrew W.
Cordier
(U.S.)
(b. 1901 - d. 1975)
Sep 1960 - May
1961 Rajeshwar
Dayal (India)
(b. 1909 - d. 1999)
Mar 1961 - May
1961 Mekki
Abbas (The Sudan) (acting)
(b. 1911 - d. 1979)
May 1961 - 31 Jan
1962 Carl Sture Linnér
(Sweden) (b. 1917 -
d. 2010)
1 Feb 1962 - May
1963 Robert K.A. Gardiner
(Ghana) (b. 1914 - d. 1993)
1 May 1963 - Apr
1964 Max H. Dorsinville
(Haiti) (b. 1910 - d.
2005)
Apr 1964 - Jun
1964 Bibiano
Fernández Osorio y Tafall (b. 1902 - d. 1990)
(Mexico)
Force Commanders of the United Nations Operation
in the Congo (ONUC)
Jul 1960 - Dec
1960 Carl
Carlsson von Horn (Sweden) (b. 1903 - d.
1989)
Jan 1961 - Mar 1962 Seán
MacEoin (Ireland)
(b. 1893 - d. 1973)
Apr 1962 - Jul 1963
Kebede Gebre (Ethiopia)
(d. 1974)
Aug 1963 - Dec 1963
Christian Roy Kaldager (Norway)
(b. 1908 - d. 2005)
Jan 1964 - Jun
1964 Johnson
Aguiyi-Ironsi (Nigeria) (b. 1924 - d. 1966)
Force Commanders UN Mission
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)
(from 1 Jul 2010, UN Stabilization Mission in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo [MONUSCO])
1 Mar 2000 - 1 Jan
2004 Mountaga Diallo (Senegal)
(b. 1942)
1 Jan 2004 - 28 Feb 2005
Samaila Iliya
(Nigeria)
(b. 1952)
4 Apr 2005 - Oct 2008
Babacar Gaye (1st time)(Senegal) (b.
1951)
Oct 2008 - Nov 2008
Vicente Diaz de Villegas (Spain) (b. 1948)
Nov 2008 - 9 Jul 2010
Babacar Gaye (2nd time)(Senegal) (s.a.)
9 Jul 2010 - 31 Mar 2013 Chander
Prakash Wadhwa (India) (b. 1953)
4 Jun 2013 - 2 Dec 2015 Carlos Alberto
dos Santos Cruz (b. 1952)
(Brazil)
29 Dec 2015 - 31 Jan 2018 Derrick Mbuyiselo Mgwebi
(b. 1956)
(South Africa)
31 Jan 2018 - 14 May 2018 Bernard Commins
(France)(acting)
14 May 2018
-
Elias Rodrigues Martins
Filho (b. 1960)
(Brazil)
¹Style of the ruler 29
May 1885 - 15 Nov 1908: Souverain de l'État
Indépendant du Congo ("Sovereign of the Independent
State of the Congo"). Normally as part
of the executive formula: Léopold II Roi de
Belges, Souverain de l'État Indépendant du Congo
("Léopold II King
of the Belgians, Sovereign of the Independent
State of the Congo"); also in official use as a
term of reference to the holder of the office: Roi-Souverain.
²President Kasavubu dismissed Prime
Minister Lumumba on 5 Sep 1960 and appointed Iléo in his
place, but this was not recognized by parliament and
Lumumba continued as prime minister of a rival
government until 14 Sep 1960.
3Regarding
the
appointment of Birindwa as illegal, Tshisekedi continued
as prime minister of a rival government into 1994.
Tshisekedi had already been effectively suspended on 11
Dec 1992, when President Mobutu named Nicolas Zushi
Mupiemina as chairman of a Board of Secretaries-General
to take over coordination of the government.
Territorial Disputes: Heads of the
Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate
tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region,
including northeast Congo, where the UN Organization
Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC),
organized in 1999, maintains over 16,500 uniformed
peacekeepers; members of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army
forces continue to seek refuge in Congo's Garamba
National Park as peace talks with the Uganda government
evolve; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo
River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite
except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area; Uganda and
DRC dispute Rukwanzi Island in Lake Albert and other
areas on the Semliki River with hydrocarbon potential;
boundary commission continues discussions over
Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right
bank of the Lunkinda River claimed by Zambia near the
DRC village of Pweto; DRC accuses Angola of shifting
monuments.
Party abbreviations: IPDD = Initiative
Panafricaine pour la Défense de la Démocratie
(Pan-African Initiative for the Defense of Democracy,
christian-democratic, est.9 Jan 2015); PALU
= Parti Lumumbiste Unifié (Unified Lumumbist Party,
socialist, nationalist, est.22 Aug 1964); PPRD
= Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la
Démocratie (People's Party for Reconstruction
and Democracy, center-left, pro-Joseph Kabila,
est.2002); UDPS = Union pour
la Démocratie et le Progrès Social (Democratic
Union for the Social Progress, social-democratic, est.15
Feb 1982); UFERI = Union des
Fédéralistes et des Républicains Indépendants (Union of
Independent Federalists and Republicans, liberal,
populist, est.Aug 1990); Mil =
Military;
- Former parties: ABAKO
= Association des Bakongo pour l'Unification, la
Conservation et l'Cxpansion de la Langue Kikongo
(Bakongo Association for the Unification, Conservation
and Expansion of the Kikongo Language, conservative,
federalist, Bakongo dominated, 1950-19665); AFDL
= Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la
Libération du Congo (Alliance of Democratic Forces for
the Liberation of Congo -only legal party from 1997, L.
Kablia personalist, 1996-2002); BALUBAKAT =
Association des Baluba du Katanga (Association of the
Baluba of Katanga, Baluba dominated, 1957-1965);
CONAKAT = Confédération
des Associations Tribales du Katanga
(Confederation of Tribal Associations of Katanga, Katangan
secessionist, Lunda dominated, 1958-1963);
MNC-L = Mouvement National
Congolais-Lumumba (Congolese National Movement-Lumumba
faction, left-wing, nationalist, 1959-1965); MNC-K
= Mouvement National Congolais-Kalonji (Congolese
National
Movement-Kalonji faction, Albert Kalonji personalist,
moderate, split from MNC, 1959-1962); MPR
= Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution (Popular Movement
of the Revolution, nationalist, Mobuto personalist,
est.20 May 1967, only legal party 23 Dec 1970 - Jan
1991); RDR = Rassemblement
Démocratique pour la République (Democratic
Rally for the Republic); UNIMO
= Union des Mongo (Union of Mongo, Mongo ethnic,
1960-1965)
Rebel government
(People's Republic of Congo)
(at Stanleyville; from Nov 1964 in exile)
7 Sep 1964 - Dec 1965
|
7 Sep 1964 - Dec 1965
People's Republic of the Congo proclaimed at
at Stanleyvile in eastern provinces.
Presidents
21 Jul 1964 - 7 Sep 1964 Gaston
Émile Soumialot Ete Tambwe (b. 1922 - d.
2007) CNL
(head of the Provisional Government)
7 Sep 1964
- 27 May 1965 Christophe
Gbenye
(b. 1927 - d. 2015) MNC-L
President of the Supreme Council of the
Congolese Revolution
27 May 1965 - 6 Aug 1965 Gaston
Émile Soumialot Ete Tambwe
(s.a.)
CNL
Chairman of the Revolutionary Government
27 May 1965 - 5 Aug 1965 Christophe
Gbenye
(s.a.)
MNC-L
Chairmen of the Executive Council
6 Aug 1965
- 8 Dec 1965 Abdoulaye Yerodia
Ndombasi
(b. 1933 - d. 2019) CNL
(Singama
Luvila)
Party abbreviations: CNL = Conseil
National de Libération (National Liberation Council,
leftist, nationalist, 1963-1965); MNC-L
= Mouvement National
Congolais-Lumumba (Congolese National Movement-Lumumba
faction, left-wing, nationalist, 1959-1965)
Rebel
governments: 1998-2003
-
- Aug 1998 - 8 Apr 2003
|
2 Aug
1998
Second Congo War begins in Goma as a rebellion against
the Congo
government of Laurent Kabila,
aided by Rwanda and Uganda.
23 Aug 1998
Rebels and Rwandans seize
Kisangani.
Sep
1998
Rebels and Rwandans seize Kitona, and move on
Kinshasa. Zimbabwe
and Angola intervene to save Kabila from
being overthrown, and
beat back the rebels and their allies
from the capital city.
18 Apr
1999
Cease-fire accord in Sirte, Libya by Uganda
and Congo. RCD and
Rwanda refuse to be bound by the
agreement.
16 May
1999
RCD rebel movement is split into two factions RCD-Kisangani
and
RCD-Goma.
10 Jul 1999
Lusaka Agreement signed by Angola,
Congo (Kinshasa), Namibia,
Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe and
later MLC (1 Aug 1999)
and RCD-G (31 Aug 1999), it fails to stop
the war.
5 Nov
1999
Security Council established the United Nations
Mission in the
Democratic Republic of Congo
(MONUC)(deployed in 2000).
16 Jan 2001
Congo President Laurent Kabila
assassinated, his son Joseph
Kabila succeeds him.
17 Jan
2002
Mount Nyiragongo volcano erupts devastating large
swathes of Goma.
25 Apr
2002
RCD-ML signs peace agreement with Congo government
which is
not
supported by RCD-G.
10 Jun
2000
RCD-G takes control of Kisangani, supported by Ugandan
and
Rwandan troops.
6 Sep
2002
Luanda Agreement signed by Uganda and Congo.
Oct 2002
Rwanda forces
withdraw from eastern Congo.
12 Dec
2002
Pretoria Accord is signed by the Congo government,
RCD, MLC,
RCD-K-ML and RCD-N confirming a transitional
government and
demobilization. By the end of 2002,
Zimbabwe, Namibia, and
Angola withdraw from the Congo.
31 Dec
2002
Gbadolite Agreement signed by MLC, RCD-ML and
RCD-N.
2 Apr
2003
Final Act of
Pretoria Accord signed in Sun City
formally ending
the civil war. Ugandan forces withdraw
in May 2003.
Presidents
(Coordinators) of the Congolese Rally for Democracy
- in
Goma to 5 Apr 1999; in Kisangani 5 Apr - 1 Oct 1999;
then Bunia, later Isiro)
12 Aug
1998 - 2 Apr 2003 Ernest Wamba dia
Wamba
(b. 1942) RCD;May
1999
(in dissidence to RCD-G
from 16 May 1999)
RCD-K;1999 RCD-ML
3 Nov 2000 - 2 Apr 2003
Antipas Mbusa
Nyamwisi
(b. 1959)
RCD-K-ML
(in dissidence to RCD-ML,
in Beni)
- in Goma -
16 May
1999 - 28 Oct 2000 Émile Ilunga Kalambo
(b. 1941)
RCD-G
28 Oct 2000 - 2 Apr 2003 Adolphe
Onusumba
Yemba
(b. 1965)
RCD-G
President and Commander-in-chief of the Movement
for the Liberation of the Congo
- in Kisangani to Jun 2000, then in
Gbadolite -
16 May 1999 - 2 Apr 2003
Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo
(b.
1962)
MLC
Party abbreviations: MLC
= Mouvement pour la Libération du
Congo (Movement for the Liberation of Congo,
anti-Kabila, Jean-Pierre Bemba
faction, Ugandan backed, est.Nov 1998);
RCD = Rassemblement
Congolais pour la Démocratie (Congolese Rally for
Democracy, Rwandan backed, split into RCD-G
and RCD-K, 12 Aug 1998-May 1999); RCD-G
= Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie -
Goma (Congolese Rally for Democracy-Goma,
anti-Kabila, backed by Rwanda; est.May 1999); RCD-K
= Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie - Kisangani
(Congolese Rally for Democracy -
Kisangani, anti-Kabila, est. by Ernest
Wamba dia Wamba, est.May 1999);
RCD-K-ML = Rassemblement
Congolais pour la Démocratie - Kisangani - Mouvement
de Libération (Congolese Rally for
Democracy-Kisangani- Movement
of Liberation, split from RCD-K by
Mbusa Nyamwisi, controlling Beni area,
1999-2003, renamed Forces
du Renouveau); RCD-ML
= Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-Mouvement
de Libération (Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation
Movement, Ugandan backed, est.Sep
1999); RDC-N
= Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie -
National (Congolese Rally for Democracy -
RCD-ML splinter faction under Roger Lumbala,
supported MLC, controlling Isrio area, est.Oct 2000)
Arab Military Territory
c.1870
Arab traders establish their trading posts (in the
course
of the following years - through a network of
fortified
trading posts and alliances with local leaders - they
succeed
in imposing their power in large parts of eastern
Congo).
1884
Agreement dividing the region between the two powers
reached.
1887
Tippo Tip recognized as wali (governor)
of the eastern region
of the Congo Free State.
Mar
1892
Belgian authorities begin conquest of the region,
temporary
creation of the Arab Military Territory.
Jul
1894
Belgian conquest completed, area is fully incorporated
into
the Belgian Congo.
Wali (governors)¹
1887 -
1890
Hamed bin Mohammed "Tippo-Tip"
(b. 1837 - d. 1905)
(overlord² of the Arab community from
1874)
1890 -
1893
Rashid bin
Mohammed
(b. 1855 - d. ....)
Belgian Residents at Stanley Falls
1888 -
1889
Louis Albert Marie Joseph Haneuse (b. 1853 - d.
1938)
1889 -
1893
Nicholas Isidore
Tobback
(b. 1859 - d. 1905)
Commander of the Arab Military Territory
1892 -
1894
Francis Ernest Joseph
Marie, (b. 1862 - d.
1909)
baron Dhanis
¹the
term
"Arab" was used by Belgian colonial historiography to
designate these eastern communities, but this is not
fully correct, although there were some Arabs among
their members -and even some Indians -most were of East
African Swahili origin.
The most
important vassals of Rashid bin Mohammed in c.1892 were:
Bwana N'Zige ("brother" of Tippo-Tip) in Kabambare,
Gongo Lutete in Ngandu (b. 1860 - d. 1892),
Kibonga-Longo ain Mawambe, Kibonge in Kirundu, Mohammed
bin Hassan "Rumaliza" in Ujiji (b. 1850 - d. ....),
Mserera in Riba-Riba, Munia Muhara in Nyangwe, Sefu
("son" of Tippo-Tip) in Kasongo (b. 1860 - d. 1893).
²although Tippo-Tip sometimes
recognized the authority of Zanzibar - using the flag
of
the Sultanate - he acted mostly independently.
© Ben Cahoon
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