return to World Statesmen.org >

 
 


Ecuador
 
[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]
                    to 2 Jun 1822
 
 
[Ecuador 1820 Flag]
          11 Oct 1820 - 25 May 1822
 
 
[Ecuadora 1822 Flag]
              2 Jun 1822 - 31 Jul 1822; 
            22 Sep 1830 -  6 Nov 1845
 
             31 Jul 1822 - 6 Mar 1845
 
[Ecuador March 1845 Flag]
              6 Mar 1845 - 6 Nov 1845
 
[Ecuador - 6 November 1845 Flag]
             6 Nov 1845 - 26 Sep 1860
 
[Flag of Ecuador]
  26 Sep 1860 - 5 Dec 1900 Civil flag from 5 Dec 1900
 
[(State) Flag of Ecuador]
                         Adopted 5 Dec 1900
 
Map of Ecuador
Hear National Anthem
"Salve, Oh Patria!"
(We Salute You Our Homeland)
Text of National Anthem
Adopted 1886
Constitution
  (5 Jun 1998; in Spanish)
Capital: Quito
(Riobamba
4 Nov 1859 - 12 Jan 1860)
Currency: US Dollar (USD);
to 2000 Sucre (ECS)
National Holiday: 10 Aug (1809)
Independence Day
 Population: 13,755,680 (2007)
GDP: $60.4 billion (2006)
Exports: $12.5 billion (2006)
Imports: $10.8 billion (2006) 
Ethnic groups: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 42%,
Amerindian 40.8%, Spanish and other white 10.6%,
black 5%, other 1.6% (2000)
Total Armed Forces: 59,500 (2003)
Merchant marine: 31 ships (2006)
Religions: Roman Catholic 94.1%, Protestant 1.9%,
other 4% (2000)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACTO, ANT, APM, BTWC, CAN, CSN, CTBT, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAES, LAIA, LU, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, RG, SEGIB, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Ecuador Index
Chronology

1532                       Spanish conquest (part of Viceroyalty of Peru).
 6 Dec 1534                Quito refounded as Santiago de Quito.
25 Jul 1537                Guayaquil founded by Spain.
29 Aug 1563                Audiencia of Quito, part of Viceroyalty of Peru.
29 Aug 1563 - 17 May 1717  Popayán part of Audiencia of Quito. 
27 May 1717                Part of Viceroyalty of New Granada (see Colombia).
1718 - 26 Mar 1722         Audiencia of Quito suppressed.
11 May 1724 - 20 Aug 1739  Reincorporated into Peru.
20 Aug 1739                Part of Viceroyalty of New Granada.
 9 Oct/Nov 1820            Independence from Spain.
31 Jul 1822                Part of Gran Colombia (see Colombia).
13 May 1830                Independence from Gran Colombia (State of the 
                             South of Colombia).
22 Sep 1830                State of Ecuador (literally "State of the 
                             Equator").
12 Feb 1832                Galapagos Islands annexed.
 8 Aug 1835                Republic of Ecuador
29 Jan 1942                Oriente province and port of Tumbes annexed by 
                             Peru.
Ecuador
Quito
(1533-1822)
 Guayaquil
(1820-1822)
 Cuenca
(1820-1822)
Galapagos Islands
 
 
 
 
 

Quito

Lieutenant-governors
1533 - 1538                Sebastián (Moyano) de Benalcázar
 9 Nov 1538 - 1540         Lorenzo de Aldana 
 1 Dec 1540 - 1542         Gonzalo Pizarro 
1542 - 1544                Cristóbal Vaca de Castro 
Jul 1546 - May 1547        Pedro de Puelles                      (d. 1547) 
May 1547 - 1556            Rodrigo de Salazar
Governors 
 9 Sep 1556 - 1559         Gil Ramírez Dávalos 
 7 Jul 1559 - 1563         Melchor Vásquez de Ávila 
1563 - 1564                Juan Salazar de Villasante 
 6 Mar 1564 - Sep 1564     Alonso Manuel de Anaya 
Governor/Presidents
18 Sep 1564 - 26 Jan 1568  Hernando de Santillán 
26 Jan 1568 - 1571         Gabriel de Loarte 
19 Jul 1571 - 1575         Lope Díez Aux de Armendáriz 
 8 Aug 1575 - 1579         Pedro García de Valverde
1579 - 1581                Diego de Narváez 
1581 - 1587                Pedro Venegas de Cañaveral
1587                       Francisco de Auncibay
 2 Aug 1587 - 1593         Manuel Barros de San Millán 
22 Mar 1593 - 1600         Esteban de Marañón 
23 Feb 1600 - 29 Apr 1608  Miguel de Ibarra                       (d. 1608)
29 Apr 1608 - 1609         Diego de Armenteros y Henao 
1609 - 1612                Juan Fernández de Recalde              (d. 1612) 
1612 - 1614                Matías de Peralta Cabeza de Vaca
30 Sep 1614 - 21 Jul 1636  Antonio de Morga Sánchez Garay         (d. 1636)
                             y López de Garfinas
                             (imprisoned 1625 - 18 Sep 1627)
1625 - 18 Sep 1627         Juan de Mañosca
                             (Inquisitor of the Tribunal of Lima)
1636 - 1637                Antonio Rodríguez de San Isidro
                             Manrique (1st time) (interim) 
19 Sep 1637 - 1641         Alonso Pérez de Salazar                (d. 1641)
1642 - 17 Dec 1644         Juan de Lizárazu                       (d. 1644)
17 Dec 1644 - 1646         Antonio Rodríguez de San Isidro        (d. 1646)
                             Manrique (2nd time)(interim)
1646 - 1647                Alonso Ferrer de Ayala (provisional) 
1647 - 1652                Martín de Arriola y Balerdi            (d. 1652) 
1652 - 1655                Juan Morales de Aramburu 
 5 Nov 1655 - 1661         Pedro Vázquez de Velasco 
23 Jan 1662 - 1665         Antonio Fernández de Heredia           (d. 1665) 
1665 - 1670                Alonso Castillo de Herrera
20 Sep 1670 - 1673         Diego del Corro Carrascal              (d. 1673) 
Mar 1673 - 1678            Alonso de la Peña y Montenegro
                             (interim)
1678 - 25 Apr 1689         Lope Antonio de Munive y Axpe          (d. 1689)
1689 - 1691                Audiencia
10 Jan 1691 - 1703         Mateo de la Mata Ponce de León
18 Aug 1703 - 1707         Francisco López Dicastillo 
 1 Mar 1707 - 1714         Juan de Sosaya 
28 Jul 1715 - 1718         Santaigo Larraín y Vicuña (1st time)
1718 - 26 Mar 1722         Audiencia suppressed
1722 - 1728                Santaigo Larraín y Vicuña (2nd time)
20 Sep 1728 - 1736         Dionisio de Alcedo Ugarte y Herrera
19 Dec 1736 -  3 Jan 1744  José de Araujo y Río
1741                       Francisco Miguel de Goyeneche
                             (did not take office)
 3 Jan 1744 - 15 Mar 1745  Manuel Rubío de Arévalo (1st time) 
                             (interim)
15 Mar 1745 - 22 Sep 1753  Fernando Félix Sánchez de Orellana,
                             marqués de Solanda
22 Sep 1753 - 1761         Juan Pío de Montúfar y Fraso Porras    (d. 1761)
                             y del Corro, marqués de Selva Alegre
1761 - 1766                Manuel Rubío de Arévalo (2nd time) 
Sep 1766 - 23 Jul 1767     Juan Antonio Zelaya y Vergara 
                             (interim)
23 Jul 1767 - 1778         José Angel Diguja y Quinoñes
                             (from 1777, Regent)
29 Sep 1778 - 1784         José Garíca de León y Pizarro
 3 May 1784 - 1790         Juan Jose de Villalengua y Marfil
19 Apr 1790 - 1791         Juan Antonio Mon y Valarde Pardo 
                             y Cienfuegos
13 Jul 1791 - 1799         Luis Antonio Muñoz de Guzmá Montero
                             de Espinosa
 3 Feb 1799 - 10 Aug 1806  Luis Francisco Héctor de Carondelet    (d. 1806) 
                             de Novelles, barón de Carondelet
10 Aug 1806 - Aug 1806     Juan Antonio Nieto (in opposition)
10 Aug 1808 - 1811         Manuel Ruíz y Urríez de Castilla y     (d. 1812) 
                             Cavero, conde de Ruíz de Castilla
                             (from 19 Sep 1810, chairman of Supreme Junta)
9/10 Aug 1809 - Aug 1809   Juan Pío Montúfar
                             (chairman of Supreme Junta; in opposition)
10 Oct 1810 - 1812         Joaquín Molina y Zuleta
1811 - Dec 1812            José Cuero y Caicedo
                             (chairman of Supreme Junta)
 7 Nov 1812 - 1817         Toribio Montes
26 Jul 1817 - 1819         Juan Ramírez Orosco
1819 - Nov 1821            Melchor de Aymerich (1st time)
23 Nov 1821 -  8 Apr 1822  Juan de la Cruz Murgeón                (d. 1822)
 8 Apr 1822 - 24 May 1822  Melchor de Aymerich (2nd time)

Guayaquil
 
[Ecuadora 1822 Flag]
              9 Oct 1820 - 11 Oct 1820 
 
[Ecuador 1820 Flag]
          11 Oct 1820 - 25 May 1822
 
1535                       Guayaquil founded by Spain.
 9 Oct 1820                Independence (Province of Guayaquil).
31 Jul 1822                Incorporation into Gran Colombia (see Colombia).
13 May 1830                Part of State of the South of Colombia (Ecuador).

Political Chief
 9 Oct 1820 - 14 Oct 1820  José Joaquín Eufrasio de Olmedo    (b. 1780 - d. 1847)
                             y Maruri 
Presidents of the Governing Junta
14 Oct 1820 -  8 Nov 1820  Gregorio Escobedo y Rodríguez de 
                             Olmedo (provisional)
 8 Nov 1820 - 13 Jul 1822  José Joaquín Eufrasio de Olmedo    (s.a.)
                             y Maruri 
13 Jul 1822 - 31 Jul 1822  Simón José Antonio de la Santísima (b. 1783 - d. 1830)
                             Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios

Cuenca

1557                       Cuenca founded by Spain.
 5 Nov 1820                Independence (Free Province of Cuenca).
11 Apr 1822                Incorporation into Gran Colombia (see Colombia).
13 May 1830                Part of State of the South of Colombia (Ecuador).

Political Chief
 5 Nov 1820 - 15 Nov 1820  José María Vásquez de Noboa y López 
                             de Artiga
President of the Supreme Governing Junta
15 Nov 1820 - 11 Apr 1822  José María Vásquez de Noboa y López
                             de Artiga

Ecuador
 
13 May 1830                State of the South of Colombia
22 Sep 1830                State of Ecuador (literally "State of the Equator").
 8 Aug 1835                Republic of Ecuador
 
Chief of State
13 May 1830 - 22 Sep 1830  Juan José Flores                   (b. 1800 - d. 1864)  PC
                             (Head of Administration to 14 Aug 1830)
Presidents
22 Sep 1830 - 10 Sep 1834  Juan José Flores (1st time)        (s.a.)               PC
10 Sep 1834 - 31 Jan 1839  Vicente Rocafuerte y Rodríguez     (b. 1783 - d. 1847)  PL
                             de Bexarano (Supreme Chief of the Department 
                             of the Guayas in rebellion 20 Oct 1833 - Jul 1834)
13 Jul 1834 - 18 Jan 1835  José Félix Valdivieso y            (b. 1780 - d. 1856)
                             Valdivieso (Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
31 Jan 1839 - 18 Jun 1845  Juan José Flores (2nd time)        (s.a.)               PC
                            (interim 18 Jan - 1 Apr 1843)
18 Jun 1845 -  8 Dec 1845  José Joaquín Eufrasio de Olmedo    (s.a.)               PL
                             y Mururi (President of the Provisional Government;
                             in rebellion from 6 Mar 1845)
 8 Dec 1845 - 15 Oct 1849  Vicente Ramón Roca Rodríguez       (b. 1792 - d. 1858)  PL
15 Oct 1849 - 10 Jun 1850  Manuel de Ascásubi y Matheu        (b. 1804 - d. 1876)  PL
                             (1st time) (acting)
Mar 1850 - 1850            Antonio de Elizalde y La Mar       (b. 1795 - d. 1862)  Mil
                             (Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
10 Jun 1850 - 17 Jul 1851  Diego María de Noboa y Arteta      (b. 1789 - d. 1870)  PC
                             (Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 20 Feb 1850] to 8 Dec 1850; 
                             interim 8 Dec 1850 - 26 Feb 1851)
17 Jul 1851 - 16 Oct 1856  José María Mariano Segundo         (b. 1808 - d. 1891)  PL
                             Fernández de Urvina Viteri
                             (Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 13 Jul 1851] 
                             to 17 Jul 1852; interim 17 Jul - 6 Sep 1852)
16 Oct 1856 - 17 Sep 1859  Francisco Robles García            (b. 1811 - d. 1893)  PL
 1 May 1859 -  4 Jun 1859  Provisional Government (in rebellion)
                           - Gabriel Gregorio García Moreno   (b. 1821 - d. 1875)  PC
                               (from 25 May 1859)
                           - Manuel Gómez de la Torre         (b. 1814 - d. 1887)
                               Gangotena (to 25 May 1859)
                           - José María Avilés Pareja         (b. 1816 - d. 1874)
                               (acting) 
                           - Pacífico Chiriboga Borja         (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
 6 Jun 1859 - 1859         Jerónimo Carrión y Palacio         (b. 1804 - d. 1873)  PC
                             (acting; in rebellion)
17 Sep 1859 - 31 Aug 1865  Gabriel Gregorio García Moreno     (s.a.)               PC
                            (1st time) (Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 4 Jun 1859] 
                             to 17 Jan 1861; interim 17 Jan 1861 - 2 Apr 1865)
17 Sep 1859 - 24 Sep 1860  Guillermo Pablo Franco Herrera     (b. 1811 - d. 1886)  Mil
                            (Supreme Chief of Guayas and Azuay, in rebellion)
31 Aug 1865 -  7 Sep 1865  Rafael Carvajal Guzmán (acting)    (b. 1818 - d. 1881)  PC
 7 Sep 1865 -  6 Nov 1867  Jerónimo Carrión y Palacio         (s.a.)               PC
 6 Nov 1867 - 20 Jan 1868  Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto     (b. 1797 - d. 1873)  PC
                             (acting)
20 Jan 1868 - 19 Jan 1869  José Manuel Francisco Javier       (b. 1815 - d. 1870)  PC
                             Espinosa y Espinosa de los Monteros 
19 Jan 1869 - 16 May 1869  Gabriel Gregorio García Moreno     (s.a.)               PC
                             (2nd time) (interim)
16 May 1869 - 10 Aug 1869  Manuel de Ascásubi y Matheu        (s.a.)               PC
                             (2nd time) (acting)
10 Aug 1869 -  6 Aug 1875  Gabriel Gregorio García Moreno     (s.a.)               PC
                             (3rd time)
 6 Aug 1875 -  6 Oct 1875  Francisco Javier León y Chiriboga  (b. 1832 - d. 1880)  PC
                             (acting) 
 6 Oct 1875 - 1875         José Javier Eguiguren Ríofrío      (b. 1816 - d. 1884)  PC
                             (acting) 
1875 -  9 Dec 1875         Rafael Pólit Cevallos              (b. 1823 - d. 1897)  PC
 9 Dec 1875 - 18 Dec 1876  Antonio María Vicente Narciso      (b. 1827 - d. 1911) Non-party/PL
                             Borrero y Cortázar
19 Dec 1876 -  9 Jul 1883  Mario Ignacio Francisco Tomás      (b. 1828 - d. 1908)  Mil/PC
                             Antonio de Veintemilla y Villacís 
                            (Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 8 Sep 1876] to 26 Jan
                             1878; interim to 31 Mar 1878; then again Supreme Chief
                             from 26 Mar 1882)
Feb 1883 - 11 Oct 1883     José Eloy Alfaro Delgado           (b. 1842 - d. 1912)  PL
                             (1st time)
                             (Supreme Chief of Manabí and Esmeraldas, in rebellion)
 9 Jul 1883 - 11 Oct 1883  Provisional Government
                           (in rebellion from 14 Jan 1883)
                           - José María Sarasti y Guevara                          Mil
                           - Pedro Ignacio Lizarzaburu Borja  (b. 1834 - d. 1902)  Mil
                           - Agustín Guerrero Lizarzaburu     (b. 1817 - d. 1902)  Mil
                           - Luis Cordero Crespo              (b. 1833 - d. 1912)  PL
                              (from 14 Feb 1883)
                           - Pablo Herrera Egas               (b. 1820 - d. 1896)
                              (to 14 Feb 1883)
                           - Rafael Pérez Pareja              (d. 1897)
17 Sep 1883 - 11 Oct 1883  Pedro José Carbo y Noboa           (b. 1813 - d. 1895)  PL
                             (Supreme Chief of Guayas, in rebellion)
11 Oct 1883 - 15 Oct 1883  Ramón Antonio Borrero y Cortázar   (b. 1824 - d. 1894)  PC
                             (Vice President of the National Convention)
15 Oct 1883 - 23 Nov 1883  Rafael Pérez Pareja (acting)       (s.a.)               PC
23 Nov 1883 -  1 Jul 1888  José María Plácido de la Trinidad  (b. 1837 - d. 1901)  PP
                             Caamaño y Gómez Cornejo 
                             (interim to 10 Feb 1884)
 1 Jul 1888 - 17 Aug 1888  Pedro José Cevallos Salvador       (b. 1830 - d. 1892)  PP
17 Aug 1888 -  1 Jul 1892  Antonio Flores Jijón               (b. 1833 - d. 1915)  PP
 1 Jul 1892 - 16 Apr 1895  Luis Cordero Crespo                (s.a.)               PP
16 Apr 1895 - 23 Aug 1895  Vicente Lucio Salazar y Cabal      (b. 1832 - d. 1896)  PP
                             (acting) 
23 Aug 1895 -  1 Sep 1901  José Eloy Alfaro Delgado           (b. 1842 - d. 1912)  PLR
                             (1st time)(Supreme Head to 16 Apr 1896; 
                             interim president 16 Apr 1896 - 13 Jan 1897)
 1 Sep 1901 -  1 Sep 1905  Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez           (b. 1865 - d. 1932)  PLR
                             (1st time)
 1 Sep 1905 - 16 Jan 1906  Lizardo García Sorroza             (b. 1842 - d. 1927)  PLR
16 Jan 1906 - 12 Aug 1911  José Eloy Alfaro Delgado           (s.a.)               PLR/UR
                             (2nd time)
                            (Supreme Head to 9 Oct 1906; interim
                             president 9 Oct 1906 - 1 Jan 1907)
12 Aug 1911 -  1 Sep 1911  Carlos Freile Zaldumbide           (b. 1851 - d. 1926)  PL
                             (1st time) (acting) 
 1 Sep 1911 - 22 Dec 1911  Emilio Estrada y Carmona           (b. 1855 - d. 1911)  PL
22 Dec 1911 -  6 Mar 1912  Carlos Freile Zaldumbide           (s.a.)               PL
                             (acting) (2nd time)
22 Dec 1911 - Jan 1912     Flavio Eloy Alfaro Santana         (b. 1866 - d. 1912)
                             (in rebellion)
30 Dec 1911 - Jan 1912     Pedro Jacinto Montero Maridueña    (b. 1862 - d. 1912)  Mil
                             (in rebellion)
 6 Mar 1912 - 10 Aug 1912  Francisco Higinio Andrade Marín    (b. 1841 - d. 1935)  PL
                             y Rivadeneira (acting)
10 Aug 1912 -  1 Sep 1912  Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno           (b. 1859 - d. 1951)  PLR
                             (1st time) (acting) 
 1 Sep 1912 -  1 Sep 1916  Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez           (s.a.)               PLR
                             (2nd time)
 1 Sep 1916 -  1 Sep 1920  Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno           (s.a.)               PLR
                             (2nd time)
 1 Sep 1920 -  1 Sep 1924  José Luis Tamayo Terán             (b. 1858 - d. 1947)  PLR
 1 Sep 1924 -  9 Jul 1925  Gonzalo Segundo Córdova y Rivera   (b. 1863 - d. 1928)  PLR
 9 Jul 1925 - 10 Jul 1925  Luis Telmo Paz y Miño              (b. 1884 - d. 19..)  Mil
                            (chairman Supreme Military Junta)
10 Jul 1925 - 10 Jan 1926  Provisional Government Junta
                           (chair rotating weekly)
                           - Luis Enrique Napoleón Dillon     (b. 1875 - d. 1929) PL/Non-party
                               Cabezas
                           - Pedro Pablo Garaycoa Cabanilla   (b. 1874 - d. 19..) PL/Non-party
                           - Moisés Oliva Ojeda               (d. 1926)            Mil
                               (to 14 Jul 1925) 
                           - Francisco Gómez de la Torre      (b. 1885 - d. 19..)  Mil
                              Zaldumbide (to 24 Oct 1925)
                           - José Rafael Bustamante Cevallos  (b. 1881 - d. 1961) PL/Non-party
                               (to 22 Dec 1925)
                           - José Modesto Larrea Jijón        (b. 1890 - d. 1957)  Non-party
                               (from 13 Jul 1925)
                           - Francisco José Boloña Rolando    (b. 1882 - d. 19..)  Non-party
                               (from 13 Jul 1925)
                           - Francisco Arízaga Luque          (b. 1900 - d. 1964) PL/Non-party
                               (from 14 Jul 1925)
10 Jan 1926 - 10 Mar 1926  Humberto Albornoz Sánchez          (b. 1895 - d. ....)  Non-party 
                             (chairman Provisional Government Junta)
10 Mar 1926 -  1 Apr 1926  Julio Enrique Moreno Peñaherrera   (b. 1879 - d. 1952)  Non-party 
                             (chairman Provisional Government Junta)
                             (1st time)
 1 Apr 1926 - 24 Aug 1931  Isidro Ayora Cueva                 (b. 1879 - d. 1978)  CL
                             (provisional to 10 Oct 1928; 
                             interim 10 Oct 1928 - 17 Apr 1929)
24 Aug 1931 - 15 Oct 1931  Luis Alberto Larrea Alba (acting)  (b. 1895 - d. 1980)  Mil
15 Oct 1931 - 27 Aug 1932  Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno           (s.a.)               PL
                             (3rd time)(acting) 
27 Aug 1932 -  2 Sep 1932  Carlos Eduardo Freile Larrea       (b. 1876 - d. 1942)  VR
                             (acting)
 2 Sep 1932 -  5 Dec 1932  Alberto Guerrero Martínez (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1941)  PL
 5 Dec 1932 - 20 Oct 1933  Juan de Dios Martínez Mera         (b. 1875 - d. 1955)  UR
20 Oct 1933 -  1 Sep 1934  Abelardo Montalvo (acting)         (b. 1876 - d. 1950)  PLR
 1 Sep 1934 - 21 Aug 1935  José María Velasco Ibarra          (b. 1893 - d. 1979)  AD
                             (1st time)
21 Aug 1935 - 26 Sep 1935  Antonio Pons Campuzano (acting)    (b. 1897 - d. 1980)  PLR
26 Sep 1935  (hours)       Benigno Andrade Flores                                  Mil
                             (chairman military junta)
26 Sep 1935 - 23 Oct 1937  Federico Páez Chiriboga            (b. 1876 - d. 1974)  Non-party
                             (acting head of state to 10 Aug 1937, then interim president)
23 Oct 1937 - 10 Aug 1938  Gil Alberto Enríquez Gallo         (b. 1893 - d. 1962)  Mil
                             (Supreme Head of State)
10 Aug 1938 -  2 Dec 1938  Manuel María José del Espíritu     (b. 1883 - d. 1975)  PL 
                             Santo Borrero González (interim)
 2 Dec 1938 - 17 Nov 1939  Aurelio Mosquera Narváez           (b. 1883 - d. 1939)  PL
17 Nov 1939 - 11 Dec 1939  Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río      (b. 1893 - d. 1969)  PL
                             (1st time) (acting) 
11 Dec 1939 - 10 Aug 1940  Andrés Fernández de Córdova Nieto  (b. 1892 - d. 1983)  PL
                             (acting)
10 Aug 1940 -  1 Sep 1940  Julio Enrique Moreno Peñaherrera   (s.a.)               Non-party 
                             (acting)(2nd time)
 1 Sep 1940 - 29 May 1944  Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río      (s.a.)               PLR
                             (2nd time) 
29 May 1944 - 31 May 1944  Julio Teodoro Salem Gallegos       (b. 1900)            AD
                            (rotating chairman of the Political Bureau of Alianza
                             Democrática Ecuatoriana, in charge of the executive power)
31 May 1944 - 23 Aug 1947  José María Velasco Ibarra          (s.a.)               AD
                             (2nd time) 
23 Aug 1947 -  2 Sep 1947  Carlos Mancheno Cajas (acting)     (b. 1902 - d. 1996)  Mil
 2 Sep 1947 - 15 Sep 1947  Mariano Suárez Veintimilla         (b. 1897 - d. 1980)  PCE
15 Sep 1947 -  1 Sep 1948  Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola        (b. 1894 - d. 1952)  Non-party
 1 Sep 1948 -  1 Sep 1952  Galo Plaza Lasso                   (b. 1906 - d. 1987)  PL
 1 Sep 1952 -  1 Sep 1956  José María Velasco Ibarra          (s.a.)               FNV
                             (3rd time) 
 1 Sep 1956 -  1 Sep 1960  Camilo Ponce Enríquez              (b. 1912 - d. 1976)  PC
 1 Sep 1960  (hours)       Francisco Illingworth Icaza        (b. 1905 - d. 1982)  PC
                             (vice-president, acting)
 1 Sep 1960 -  7 Nov 1961  José María Velasco Ibarra          (s.a.)               FVN
                             (4th time) 
 7 Nov 1961 - 11 Jul 1963  Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy      (b. 1919 - d. 2004)  PNR
 8 Nov 1961  (hours)       Camilo Gallegos Toledo             (b. 1895 - d. 1986)  Non-party
                             (in rebellion)
11 Jul 1963 - 29 Mar 1966  Ramón Castro Jijón                 (b. 1915 - d. 1984)  Mil
                             (chairman military junta)
29 Mar 1966  (hours)       Telmo O. Vargas                                         Mil
                             (Chief of Staff of Armed Forces)
29 Mar 1966 - 16 Nov 1966  Clemente Yerovi Indaburu (interim) (b. 1904 - d. 1981)  Non-party
16 Nov 1966 -  1 Sep 1968  Otto Arosemena Gómez (interim)     (b. 1925 - d. 1984)  CID
 1 Sep 1968 - 15 Feb 1972  José María Velasco Ibarra          (s.a.)               FNV
                             (5th time) 
15 Feb 1972 - 11 Jan 1976  Guillermo A. Rodríguez Lara        (b. 1923)            Mil
11 Jan 1976 - 10 Aug 1979  Alfredo Ernesto Poveda Burbano     (b. 1926 - d. 1990)  Mil
                             (chairman Supreme Council)
10 Aug 1979 - 24 May 1981  Jaime Roldós Aguilera              (b. 1940 - d. 1981)  CFP 
24 May 1981 - 10 Aug 1984  Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea             (b. 1939)            DP-UDC
10 Aug 1984 - 10 Aug 1988  León Esteban Febres Cordero        (b. 1931)            PSC
                             Ribadeneyra 
10 Aug 1988 - 10 Aug 1992  Rodrigo Borja Cevallos             (b. 1935)            ID 
10 Aug 1992 - 10 Aug 1996  Sixto Alfonso Durán-Ballén         (b. 1921)            PUR
                             Cordovez
10 Aug 1996 -  6 Feb 1997  Abdalá Jaime Bucaram Ortiz         (b. 1952)            PRE
 6 Feb 1997 -  9 Feb 1997  Fabián Ernesto Alarcón Rivera      (b. 1947)            FRA
                             (1st time) (interim)
 9 Feb 1997 - 11 Feb 1997  Rosalía Arteaga Serrano de         (b. 1956)            MIAR
                             Fernández de Córdova (f)(acting) 
11 Feb 1997 - 10 Aug 1998  Fabián Ernesto Alarcón Rivera      (s.a.)               FRA
                             (2nd time) (interim)
10 Aug 1998 - 21 Jan 2000  Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt            (b. 1949)            DP-UDC
21 Jan 2000                Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa       (b. 1957)            Mil
                             (1st time)
21 Jan 2000 - 22 Jan 2000  Council of State ("Junta of National Salvation")
                           - Carlos Mendoza Poveda                                 Mil
                           - Antonio Vargas Huatatoca         (b. 1958)            CONAIE
                           - Carlos Solórzano Constantine     (b. 1939)            Non-party
22 Jan 2000 - 15 Jan 2003  Gustavo Noboa Benjarano            (b. 1937)            DP-UDC
15 Jan 2003 - 20 Apr 2005  Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa       (s.a.)               PSP
                            (2nd time)
20 Apr 2005 - 15 Jan 2007  Luis Alfredo Palacio González      (b. 1939)            DP
15 Jan 2007 -              Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado      (b. 1963)            AP
 

Territorial Dispute: Organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border, which thousands of Colombians also cross to escape the violence in their home country. 

Party abbreviations: AP = Alianza PAIS (Country Alliance, nationalist, leftist); CFP = Concierto de las Fuerzas Populares (Concert of the Popular Forces, populist); CID = Coalición Institucional Democrática (Democratic Institutional Coalition);  CONAIE = Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador); DC = Demócrata Cristiana (Christian Democratic Party);  DP-UDC = Democracia Popular-Unión Demócrata Cristiana (People's Democracy-Christian Democrat Union, left-wing christian- democratic); FRN = Fronte de Nacional Reconciliación (Front for National Reconciliation);
ID = Izquierda Democrática (Democratic Left, leftist-moderate);  MIAR = Movimiento Independiente Auténtico de la República (Authentic Independent Republic Movement, center-left); PCE = Partido Conservador Ecuatoriano (Ecuadorian Conservative Party);
PRE = Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriana (Ecuadorian Roldosist Party, populist); PSP = Partido Sociedad Patriótica 21 de Enero (Party Patriotic Society 21 January, socialist); PSC = Partido Social Cristiano (Social-Christian Party, conservative); PUR = Partido Unión Republicano (Republican Union Party); Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: AD = Allianza Democratica (Democratic Alliance); CL = Contra-Liberal (Anti-Liberal); DP = Democracia Popular (Popular Democracy, center-left, renamed DP-UDC);
FNV = Federación Nacional Velasquista (National Velasquista Federation, 1967-1972, Velasco personalist); FRA = Frente Radical Alfarista (Alfarista Radical Front, liberal, later renamed Union Alfarista); MCDN = Movimiento Cívico Democrático Nacional (National Democratic Civic Movement); PC = Partido Conservador (Conservative Party, later PCE); PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party, later divided into PLR and liberal moderate parties); PLR = Partido Liberal Radical Ecuatoriano (Eduadorian Radical Liberal Party); PNR = Partido Nacionalista Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Party); PP = Partido Progresista (Progressive Party, liberal Catholics); UR = Unión Republicana (Republican Union); VR = Vanguardia Socialista Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Socialist Vanguard)

Galapagos Islands

[Flag of Galapagos]
              Adopted 1961 Galapagos Flag
 
Map of the Galapagos
Capital: Puerto Baquerizo
Moreno
(Floreana 1832-51, 1861-85)
Local Anthem
"Hymno de Galápagos"
(Hymn of the Galapagos)
Population: 18,555 (2007)

 4 May 1493                By Treaty of Tordesillas the region made a possession of Spain.
10 Mar 1535                Spanish under Tomás de Berlanga, Bishop of Panama discover
                             the islands.
1535 - 1832                No-man's land (terra nullis), frequently visited by pirates
                             whalers and merchant ships and are nicknamed the 
                             Las Islas Encantadas ("Enchanted/Bewitched Islands").
1574                       Named Insulae de los Galopegos ("Islands of the Tortoises")
                             on a map by Flemish cartographer Abraham Ortelius.
1593 - 1710                Islands frequently used as a base by pirates.
1684                       English pirate William Ambrose Cowley names the main islands:
                             Chatham (San Cristóbal), Hood (Española), Charles or 
                             Floreana (Santa Maria), Narborough (Isabela), Jervis
                             (Rábida), Santa Cruz (Indefatigable), South Seymour (Baltra), 
                             and Tower (Genovesa). 
1790                       First scientific expedition under Alessandro Malaspina sent
                             to the islands by King Charles IV of Spain.
1793 - 1870                Islands frequented by whale and seal hunting ships. 
1807 - 1809                Floreana inhabited by castaway Patrick Watkins.
17 Apr 1813 -  3 Oct 1813  U.S. Capt. David Porter of U.S.S. Essex uses the islands
                             as a base to destroy most of local British whaling fleet.
12 Feb 1832                Annexed by Ecuador as a territory and named Archipiélago
                             del Ecuador (Archipelago of Ecuador).
15 Sep 1835 - 20 Oct 1835  Islands visited by Charles Darwin on the H.M.S. Beagle.
16 Feb 1840                Spain formally renounces its claim to the islands.
1869 - 1904                San Cristobál used as a penal colony. 
29 May 1861 - 1885         Galápagos Islands elevated to a province.
1885                       Status and name changed to Columbus Archipelago Insular Territory 
                             (Territorio Insular del Archipiélago de Colón),
                             subordinated to Guayas province.
12 Oct 1892                Islands are officially renamed Archipiélago de Colón.
31 Aug 1934                Galápagos Islands declared a national preserve.
1942 - 1946                U.S. Air Force Base on Baltra Island.
 4 Jul 1959                Most of the Galápagos Islands become a national park
                             (minus previously settled areas).
17 Dec 1957 - 1959         Galápagos Islands a province.
18 Feb 1973                Galápagos territory made a province.
 8 Sep 1978                Declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.

Military Governors and Territorial Chiefs
12 Feb 1832 -  1 Oct 1832  Ignacio Hernández (acting)
 1 Oct 1832 - 1837         José de Villamil (1st time)        (b. 1789 - d. 1866)
1837 -  6 May 1841         José Williams
1842 - 184.                José de Villamil (2nd time)        (s.a.)
184. - 1852                Mena                               (d. 1852)
1852 - 1861                ....
Governors
1861 - 1885                 ....
Military Governors and Territorial Chiefs
1870 - 23 Jul 1878         José Valdizán                      (d. 1878)
                             (tenant on Floreana) 
1878 - 15 Jan 1904         Manuel Julián Cobos                (d. 1904)
                             (tenant on San Cristóbal) 
.... - 15 Jan 1904         Leonardo Reina
15 Jan 1904 - 19 Jan 1904  Elías Puertas 
c.1905                     Plaza 
.... - ....                Pedro P. Jaramillo 
.... - ....                Federico Irigoyen 
.... - ....                Antonio Gil Sr. 
.... - ....                Marco Aurelio Calderón 
.... - ....                Tácito Núñez
.... - ....                Juan Elías Pareja 
.... - ....                Leonardo Reina 
.... - ....                Juan J. F. Pino 
.... - ....                Domingo E. Ramos
19.. - 1921                Antonio Gil, Jr.
1921 - 1930                Enrique Gil
                           + Carlos Gil                       (d. 1960's)
c.1925                     Enrique Ribadeneira
1930 - 19..                ....
19.. - 1933                Paredes
1933 - 193.                Manuel Tomás Aguilera
c.1937 - 1939              Carlos Puente
1939 - 1941                Alejandro M. Alvear
c.1946                     Enrique Vallejo Carranza
c.1952/53                  Alsacio Northía
Governors
1957 - 1959                ....
Military Governors and Territorial Chiefs
1959 - 1960                Bolívar Naveda
1960 - Sep 1960            Alberto García
Sep 1960 - 1960            Segundo Zapata
1960 - Nov 1961            Enrique Vallejo
Nov 1961 - Jul 1963        Antonio Ledesma
Jul 1963 - 1964            Fausto Alvear
1966 - 19..                Norberto Paredes
19.. - 1973                ....
Governors
1973 - 1981                ....
1981 - 19..                Freddy Herrera
1999? - 2003               Fabián Parra Criollo
2003 - 2005                Alexandra Cedeño Martinez (f)
 5 May 2005 - Dec 2005     Grace Elizabeth Unda Romero (f)
Dec 2005 - 2007            Edgar Eduardo Sanchez Paredes
18 Jan 2007 -              Galo Salomón Herrera Estrella




©2000  Ben Cahoon