France
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![[The Fleurdelysée banner]](fr-slys.gif) -
1180 - 1364
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1364 - 1638
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![[The French Royal Standard]](fr_roys.gif) -
1638 - 24 Oct 1790
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![[First French Tricolor 1790-1794]](Beaupre.JPG) -
24 Oct 1790 - 15 Feb 1794
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![[French Flag]](fr.gif) -
15 Feb 1794 - 6 Apr 1814;
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13 Mar 1815 - 8 Jul 1815
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![[White semy de lys ensign]](fr_rest.gif) -
6 Apr 1814 - 13 Mar 1815;
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8 Jul 1815 - 1 Aug 1830
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Re-adopted 1 Aug 1830
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![[Free French Flag]](fr-ffl.gif) -
18 Jun 1940 - 1944 Free
French flag
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Map
of France
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Hear
National Anthem
"La Marseillaise"
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Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 1795-1799, 1870
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Constitution
(28 Sep 1958)
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Hear
Former Anthem
"Le Retour des Princes
Français à Paris"
(The Return of the
French Princes in Paris)
(1815-1830)
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Hear
Former Anthem
"La Parisienne"
(The Parisian)
(1830-1848)
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Hear
Former Anthem
"Le Chant des Girondins"
(The Song of Girondists)
(1848-1852)
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Hear
Former Anthem
"Partant pour la Syrie"
(Going to Syria)
(1852-1870)
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Map
Administrative Divisions
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Declaration
of the
Rights
of Man and Citizen
(26 Aug 1789)
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Imperial Constitutions
(1804
and 1852; in French)
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Former Constitutions
(1791;
1848;
1875;
1946;
in
French)
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Capital: Paris
(Vichy 1940-1944)
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Currency: Euro (EUR);
to 1 Jan 2002 French Franc
(FRF)
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National Holiday: 14 Jul (1789)
Fete Nationale
(National Holiday)
"Bastille Day"
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Population: 60,876,136 (2007)
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GDP: $1.871 trillion (2006)
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Exports: $490 billion (2006)
Imports: $529 billion (2006)
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Ethnic groups: French 76.9%, Algerian and
Moroccan Berber 2.2%,
Italian 1.9%, Portuguese 1.5%, Moroccan Arab 1.5%, Fleming
1.4%,
Algerian Arab 1.3%, Basque 1.3%, Jewish 1.2%, German
1.2%,
Vietnamese 1%, Catalan 0.5%, other 8.1% (2000)
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Total Armed Forces: 259,050 (2003)
Declared Nuclear Power (1960): est.350 weapons
Merchant marine: 61 ships (2006)
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Religions: Roman Catholic 82.3%, Muslim 7.1%,
atheist 4.4%,
Protestant 3.7%, Orthodox 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.4%
(2000)
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International
Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), AfDB, ADB, AG, ANT, APM,
BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), BTWC, CBSS (observer), CDB, CE, CTBT, EAPC,
EBRD, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LU, MIGA, MTCR, NATO,
NEA, NPT, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PC, PCA, PIF (partner),
SECI (observer), UN, UN Security Council, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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France Index
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Chronology
481
Accession of Frankish king Clovis I who later
unites the tribe; in 486 eliminates Syagrius
last remnant of Roman imperial administration.
27 Nov 511 - 719
Divided between Frankish kingdoms of Austrasia,
Neustria and (to 693) Burgundy.
Aug 843
Kingdom of the West Franks
(Francia Occidentalis).
6 Dec 884 - 13 Jan 888 Re-incorporated
into Holy Roman Empire.
May 987
Kingdom of France
6 Nov 1337 - 17 Jul 1453 Hundred Years War with England,
during which
English forces occupy much of France.
1 Dec 1420 - 13 Apr 1436 Paris occupied England.
21 Oct 1422 - 17 Jul 1453 Kingdom of France in personal union
with England
(from 30 Oct 1422, opposed by French).
20 Jan 1558
Calais, the last English possession in France,
is taken by the French.
21 Sep 1792
French Republic ("First Republic").
21 Sep 1792 - 15 Feb 1800 Royalist resistance
to the republic.
18 May 1804
State headed by emperor, but polity continues to
be officially styled French Republic.
1 Jan 1809
French Empire ("First Empire").
2 Apr 1814 France (le gouvernement provisoire de la France).
14 Apr 1814
Kingdom of France (restored).
13 Mar 1815
French Empire (restored).
7 Jul 1815 - 30 Nov 1818 Occupied by the Allied powers.
8 Jul 1815
Kingdom of France (restored).
24 Feb 1848
French Republic ("Second Republic").
1 Dec 1852
French Empire ("Second Empire").
2 Sep 1870 - 16 Sep 1873 Northern France occupied by
Prussia/Germany.
4 Sep 1870
French Republic ("Third Republic")
28 Mar 1871 - 28 May 1871 Paris Commune declared in revolt.
10 May 1871 - 21 Nov 1918 Alsace-Lorraine annexed to Germany.
24 Aug 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 German occupation of parts of northeastern
France.
10 Jun 1940 - 3 Sep 1944 France under German occupation
(Nord and Pas de
Calais administered from Belgium); 15 Jun 1940
- 20 Mar 1945 Alsace-Lorraine annexed
to Germany; Italian occupation zone in southern
France which is expanded 12 Nov 1942, but from
8 Sep 1943 is also occupied Germany.
11 Jul 1940 - 20 Aug 1944 French State (État Français),
in unoccupied
southern France (know as "Vichy" France
after its capital). Free French in exile under
de Gaulle in opposition).
11 Nov 1942 - 3 Sep 1944 Vichy France occupied by Germany.
12 Nov 1942 - 31 Jul 1943 Savoy, Nice, and Corsica annexed
to Italy.
3 Jun 1944
French Republic ("Third Republic" restored).
16 Jan 1947
("Fourth Republic")
10 Feb 1947
Tende, La Brigue, and other villages formerly in
Italy annexed to Alpes-Maritimes département.
8 Jan 1959
("Fifth Republic") |
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Regions
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Provinces
(to 1791)
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Minor
Dependencies
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Corsica
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Occupations
(1815-18, 1870-73,
1914-18, 1940-44)
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Pas de Calais
(1940-1944)
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Royalist
Resistance
(1792-1800)
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Alsace-Lorraine
(1870-1918,1940-44)
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Avignon-Venaissin
(1274-1791)
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Mömpelgard
(Montbeliard)
(1697-1793)
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Mülhausen
(Mulhouse)
(1699-1801)
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Paris Commune
(1871)
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Map
of French
Empire
in 1812
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Kings¹
481 - 11 Nov 511
Clovis I
(b. 466 - d. 501)
- kings of Austrasia -
27 Nov 511 - Dec 533 Thierry
I (Theodoric) (at Rheims) (b. c.486 - d. 533)
Jan 534 - Dec 547
Théodebert I (Theodobert)
(b. 504 - d. 547)
Jan 548 - Nov 555
Thibaud (Théodebald)
(b. 534 - d. 555)
Dec 555 - Dec 560
Clotaire I (Chlothar)
(b. 497/98 - d. 560)
(at Soissons to 558; from 23 Dec 558
king of all the Franks)
Dec 555 - 559
Chramn -Co-ruler
(b. 52. - d. 560)
Dec 561 - Nov? 575
Sigebert I
(b. 535 - d. 575)
575 or 576 - Sep/Oct 595 Childebert II
(b. 571 - d. 595)
575 or 576 - 580's
Queen Brunehaut (Brunhild) -Regent (b. c. 534 - d. 613)
(1st time)
Sep/Oct 595 - 611/12 Théodebert
II
(b. 585 - d. 612)
Sep/Oct 599 - c.600 Queen
Brunehaut (Brunhild) -Regent (s.a.)
(2nd time)
611/12 - 613
Thierry II
(b. c.586 - d. 613)
612/late 613
Sigebert II
(b. 601 - d. 613)
613 - 18 Oct 629
Clotaire II (Chlotar)
(b. 584 - d. 629)
- from 623 jointly with -
623 - 19 Jan 639
Dagobert I
(b. 602/05 - 639)
- from 639 jointly with -
634 - 1 Feb 656
St. Sigibert III
(b. 630 - d. 656)
1 Feb 656 - 661
St. Dagobert II (1st time)
(b. c.650 - d. 679)
1 Feb 656 - 662
Childebert (III) (usurper)
(d. 662)
662 - Sep/Oct/Nov 675 Childéric
II (Childerich) (b.
c.650 - d. 675)
676 - 23 Dec 679
St. Dagobert II (2nd time)
(s.a.)
679 - 691
Thierry III (Theoderich)
(d. 691)
691 - 718
Vacant (to Neustria)
718 - 719
Clotaire IV
(d. 719)
- kings at Aurelianum (Orléans) to 524; from 534 Burgundy
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27 Nov 511 - 25 Jun 524 Clodomir (Clodmer)
(b. 495 - d. 524)
27 Nov 511 - Dec 560 Clotaire
I
(s.a.)
(at Soissons to 558; from 23 Dec 558
king of all the Franks)
561 - 28 Mar 592
Gontran (Guntram)
(d. 593)
582 - 585
Gundowald (usurper; in Limousin) (b. 530 - d. 585)
28 Mar 592 - Sep/Oct 595 Childebert II
(s.a.)
Sep/Oct 595 - 613
Thierry II
(s.a.)
Sep/Oct 599 - c.600 Queen
Brunehaut (Brunhild) -Regent (s.a.)
613
Sigebert II
(s.a.)
613 - 18 Oct 629
Clotaire II (Chlotar)
(s.a.)
629 - 19 Jan 639
Dagobert I
(s.a.)
(king of all Franks to 634)
19 Jan 693 - 24 Sep 768 incorporated into
Neustrasia
- kings of Neustria; from 719 kings of the Franks -
27 Nov 511 - 23 Dec 558 Childebert I (at Paris)
(b. c.495 - d. 558)
23 Dec 558 - Dec 560 Clotaire
I
(s.a.)
(king of all the Franks)
Dec 560 - 567
Charibert I (at Paris)
(b c.520 - d. 567)
Dec 560 - Sep/Oct 584 Chilpéric
I
(b. 538 - d. 584)
(king at Soissons to 567)
Sep/Oct 584 - 18 Oct 629 Clotaire II (Chlothar)
(s.a.)
(at Rouen, then Soissons to 593;
from 613 king of all Franks)
Sep/Oct 584 - 590's Frédegonde
(f) -Regent
(b. c.545 - d. 596/597)
584/585
Gombaud
629 - 632
Charibert II
(d. 632)
18 Oct 629 - 19 Jan 639 Dagobert I
(s.a.)
(king of all Franks to 634)
Dec 629 - Mar 632
Charibert III (in Toulouse) (d.
632)
c.635 - 1 Feb c.660 Sigebert
III
19 Jan 639 - Nov 657 Clovis II
(b. 635 - d. 657)
19 Jan 639 - Sep 642 Nantilde
(Nantechilde)(f) -Regent (b. 610 - d. 642)
641 - 65.
Erchinoald -Regent
Nov 657 - 10/11 Mar 673 Clotaire III (Chlothar)
(b. c.655 - d. 673)
Nov 657 - 664
Batilde (Saint Batilde) (f)-Regent (b. c.630 - d. 680)
Apr 673 - 673
Thierry III (Theoderich)(1st time) (b. c.650 - d. 691)
673 - Oct 675
Childéric II
(s.a.)
Nov 675 - 691
Thierry III (Theoderich)(2nd time) (s.a.)
Sep/Oct/Nov 675 - 676? Clovis (III)(usurper;
in Champagne)(b. c.670 - d. 676?)
691 - Mar 695
Clovis III
(b. c.681 - d. 695)
Mar 695 - Feb 711
Childebert IV
(b. 683 - d. 711)
Feb 711 - Dec 715
Dagobert III
(b. 699 - d. 715)
Jan 716 - Apr 721
Chilpéric II
(b. c.670 - d. 721)
Apr 721 - Mar 737
Thierry IV
(b. 715/16 - d. 737)
Mar 737 - 15 Oct 742 Interregnum
Mar 737 - 15 Oct 741 Charles
Martel -Regent
(b. 689 - d. 741)
(mayor of the palace 719-741)
15 Oct 741 - Nov 751 Pepin
le Bref ("the Short") -Regent(b. 714 - d. 768)
(mayor of the palace 741-751)
Feb 743 - Nov 751
Childéric III
(b. c.714 - d. 754)
Nov 751 - 24 Sep 768 Pépin
III "le Bref"
(s.a.)
9 Oct 768 - 28 Jan 814 Charles "le Grand"
("the Great") (b. 747 - d. 814)
(Charlemagne)
(from 25 Dec 800, Holy Roman Emperor)
- jointly with -
9 Oct 768 - 4 Dec 771 Carloman II
(b. 751 - d. 771)
(in Austrasia and Burgundy)
- jointly with -
781 - 8 Jul 810
Pépin IV (in Pavia)
(b. 773 - d. 810)
- jointly with -
811 - 4 Dec 811
Charles
(b. 772 - d. 811)
- jointly with -
11 Sep 813 - Jun 833 Louis
I "le Pieux" ("the Pious") (b. 778 - d. 840)
(co-ruler to 28 Jan 814; from 813, Holy Roman Emperor)
(1sttime)
5 Apr 823 - Mar 834 Lothaire
I (Lotharius) (1st time) (b. 795 - d. 855)
(co-ruler to Jun 833)
Mar 834 - 30 Jun 840 Louis
I "le Pieux" (2nd time) (s.a.)
- kings of the West Franks; later of France -
30 Jun 840 - 6 Oct 877 Charles I "le Chauve"
("the Bald") (b. 823 - d. 877)
(from 843, king of Francia Occidentalis/West Franks)
(Holy Roman Emperor from 875)
- jointly with -
30 Jun 840 - 11 Aug 843 Lothaire I (Lotharius)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(in Belgica, Burgundy and Italy; to 29 Sep 855
(king of Francia Orientalis/Lotharingia)
6 Oct 877 - 10 Apr 879 Louis II le Bégue
("the Stammerer")(b. 846 - d. 879)
10 Apr 879 - 5 Aug 882 Louis III
(b. 864 - d. 882)
- jointly with -
5 Aug 882 - 6 Dec 884 Carloman III
(b. 866 - d. 884)
6 Dec 884 - 13 Jan 888 Charles II "le Gros"
("the Fat") (b. 835 - d. 888)
(Holy Roman Emperor)(Karl der Dicke)
29 Feb 888 - 1 Jan 898 Eudes (Odo)
(b. c.859 - d. 898)
(pretender from Nov 887)
28 Jan 893 - 13 Jul 922 Charles III le Simple("the
Simple")(b. 879 - d. 929)
(rival king to 1 Jan 898)
29 Jun 922 - 15 Jun 923 Robert I (rival king
to 13 Jul 922)(b. c.862 - d. 923)
13 Jul 923 - 15 Jan 936 Rudolph (Raoul)
(b. 860 - d. 936)
19 Jun 936 - 10 Sep 954 Louis IV d'Outremer
(b. 920 - d. 954)
12 Sep 954 - 2 Mar 986 Lothaire II (co-ruler
from 952) (b. 941 - d. 986)
12 Sep 954 - 16 Jun 956 Hugues de France, count
of (b. c.895 - d. 956)
Paris -Regent
12 Sep 954 - 966
Gerberga of Saxony (f) -Regent (b. c.913
- d. 968/69)
16 Jun 956 - 11 Oct 965 Bruno, Archbishop of
Cologne (b. 925 - d. 965)
and Duke of Lorraine -Regent
2 Mar 986 - 21 May 987 Louis V le Fainéant("the
Sluggard")(b. c.967 - d. 987)
(co-ruler from 8 Jun 979)
21/22 May 987 - 24 Oct 996 Hugues (Capet)
(b. 940 - d. 996)
25 Dec 987 - 20 Jul 1031 Robert II "le Pieux" (the
Pious) (b. c.970 - d. 1031)
9 Jun 1017 - 17 Sep 1025 Hugues (junior king)
(b. 997 - d. 1025)
14 May 1027 - 4 Aug 1060 Henri I
(b. 1008 - d. 1060)
23 May 1059 - 31 Jul 1108 Philippe I
(b. 1052 - d. 1108)
4 Aug 1060 - 1066
Baudoin V, comte de Flandre-Regent (b. 1012?- d. 1067)
3 Aug 1108 - 1 Aug 1137 Louis VI "le Gros" (the
Fat) (b. 1078 - d. 1137)
14 Apr 1129 - 13 Oct 1131 Philippe (junior king)
(b. 1116 - d. 1131)
25 Oct 1131 - 18 Sep 1180 Louis VII "le Jeune" (the Young)
(b. 1120 - d. 1180)
(absent on crusade 11 Apr 1147 - 11 Nov 1149)
11 Apr 1147 - 11 Nov 1149 Suger, abbé de Saint-Denis
-Regent
1 Nov 1179 - 14 Jul 1223 Philippe II (Auguste)
(b. 1165 - d. 1223)
(absent on crusade Jun 1190 - 27 Dec 1191)
Jun 1190 - 27 Dec 1191 Adèle de
Champagne (f) -Regent (b. 1140 - d. 1206)
+ Guillaume de Champagne,
archevêque de Reims -Regent
14 Jul 1223 - 8 Nov 1226 Louis VIII "le Lion" (the
Lion) (b. 1187 - d. 1226)
8 Nov 1226 - 25 Aug 1270 Louis IX
(b. 1214 - d. 1270)
(absent on crusade 25 Aug 1248 - 17 Jul 1254;
1 Jul 1 - 25 Aug 1270)
(canonized 11 Aug 1297 as St. Louis)
8 Nov 1226 - 25 Apr 1236 Blanche de Castille (f) -Regent
(b. 1188 - d. 1252)
(1st time)
Jun 1248 - 17 Jul 1254 Blanche de Castille
(f) -Regent (s.a.)
(2nd time) (to 26 Nov 1252)
+ Alphonse, comte de Poitiers (b.
1220 - d. 1471)
et de Toulouse (to 1249) -Regent
Mar 1270 - 1271
Mathieu de Vendôme, abbé de
Saint-Denis -Regent
+ Simon de Clermont, sire de
Nesle -Regent
25 Aug 1270 - 5/6 Oct 1285 Philippe III "le Hardi" (the Bold) (b.
1245 - d. 1285)
5/6 Oct 1285 - 29 Nov 1314 Philippe IV "le Bel" (the Fair)
(b. 1268 - d. 1314)
29 Nov 1314 - 5 Jun 1316 Louis X "le Hutin"
(b. 1289 - d. 1316)
(the Quarrelsome)
5 Jun 1316 - 16 Jul 1316 Great Council
16 Jul 1316-13/14 Nov 1316 Philippe de France, comte
(b. c.1293 - d. 1322)
de Poitiers - Regent
13/14 Nov - 19/20 Nov 1316 Jean I "le Posthume"
(b. 1316 - d. 1316)
(the Posthumous)
Nov 1316 - 2/3 Jan 1322 Philippe V "le Long"
(the Tall) (s.a.)
(Philippe de France, comte de Poitiers)
2/3 Jan 1322 - 1 Feb 1328 Charles IV "le Bel" (the Fair)
(b. 1294 - d. 1328)
1 Apr 1328 - 22 Aug 1350 Philippe VI
(b. 1293 - d. 1350)
(regent Feb 1328 - 1 Apr 1328)
22 Aug 1350 - 8 Apr 1364 Jean II "le Bon" (the Good)
(b. 1319 - d. 1364)
Apr 1364 - 16 Sep 1380 Charles V "le Sage"
(the Wise) (b. 1338 - d. 1380)
(regent 14 Mar 1358 - 4 Oct 1360)
16 Sep 1380 - 21 Oct 1422 Charles VI "le Fol" (the Mad)
(b. 1368 - d. 1422)
16 Sep 1380 - 1 Nov 1388 Regents
- Louis, duc d'Anjou
(b. 1339 - d. 1384)
(to early 1382)
- Philippe, duc de Bourgogne
(b. 1342 - d. 1404)
"le Hardi" (the Bold)(1st time)
28 Jan 1393 - 23 Nov 1407 Regents
- Louis, duc d'Orléans
(b. 1371 - d. 1407)
(to 23 Nov 1407)
- Jean, duc de Berry
(b. 1340 - d. 1416)
- Philippe, duc de Bourgogne
(s.a.)
"le Hardi" (2nd time)
(to 27 Apr 1404)
- Jean, duc de Bourgogne
(b. 1371 - d. 1419)
"Sans-Peur" (Without-Fear)
(from 1404)
6 Nov 1417 - 23 Dec 1417 Dauphin Charles de France
-Regent (b. 1403 - d. 1461)
23 Dec 1417 - 21 May 1420 Queen Isabeau de Bavière
-Regent (b. 1371 - d. 1435)
21 May 1420 - 1 Sep 1422 Henri (Henry V of England)-Regent
(b. 1387 - d. 1422)
(regent and heir by Treaty of Troyes)
21 Oct 1422 - 17 Jul 1453 Henri (II)(Henry VI of England)
(b. 1421 - d. 1471)
(nominally to 4 Mar 1461)
30 Oct 1422 - 22 Jul 1461 Charles VII (Dauphin Charles)
(s.a.)
(regent in opposition from 24 Jun 1418)
22 Jul 1461 - 30 Aug 1483 Louis XI
30 Aug 1483 - 7 Apr 1498 Charles VIII "l'Affable"
(b. 1470 - d. 1498)
(the Gracious)
30 Aug 1483 - 1491
Anne de France, dame de
(b. 1461 - d. 1522)
Beaujeu (f) -Regent
+ Pierre de Beaujeu -Regent
(b. 1438 - d. 1503)
7 Apr 1498 - 1 Jan 1515 Louis XII
(b. 1462 - d. 1515)
1 Jan 1515 - 31 Mar 1547 François I
(b. 1494 - d. 1547)
(Spanish prisoner 24 Feb 1525 - 13 Mar 1526)
15 Jul 1515 - Sep 1516 Queen Louise de
Savoie (f) -Regent (b. 1476 - d. 1531)
(1st time)
12 Aug 1523 - Mar 1526 Queen Louise de
Savoie (f) -Regent (s.a.)
(2nd time)
31 Mar 1547 - 10 Jul 1559 Henri II
(b. 1519 - d. 1559)
10 Jul 1559 - 5 Dec 1560 François II
(b. 1554 - d. 1560)
(also king of Scotland from 24 Apr 1558)
5 Dec 1560 - 30 May 1574 Charles IX
(b. 1550 - d. 1574)
5 Dec 1560 - 17 Aug 1563 Queen Catherine Marie Romola
de (b. 1519 - d. 1589)
Médicis -Regent (1st time)
30 May 1574 - 2 Aug 1589 Henri III
(b. 1551 - d. 1589)
(12 Mar 1573 - 12 May 1575
Henryk Walezy king of Poland-Lithuania)
30 May 1574 - 6 Sep 1574 Queen Catherine Marie Romola
de (s.a.)
Médicis -Regent (2nd time)
2 Aug 1589 - 14 May 1610 Henri IV
(b. 1553 - d. 1610)
21 Nov 1589 - 9 May 1590 Charles (X)
(b. 1523 - d. 1590)
(Charles Cardinal de Bourbon)
(21 Nov 1589 - 9 May 1590, imprisoned
at fortress of Fontenay-le-Comte)
21 Nov 1589 - 30 Mar 1594 Charles de Lorraine, duc de
(b. 1554 - d. 1611)
Mayenne -Lieutenant-general
14 May 1610 - 14 May 1643 Louis XIII "le Juste" (the Just)
(b. 1601 - d. 1643)
15 May 1610 - 2 Oct 1614 Queen Marie d'Médicis
-Regent (b. 1573 - d. 1642)
14 May 1643 - 1 Sep 1715 Louis XIV "le Grand" (the
Great) (b. 1638 - d. 1715)
("le Roi Soleil" [the Sun king])
18 May 1643 - 7 Sep 1651 Queen Marie Anne Maurice
(b. 1601 - d. 1666)
d'Autriche -Regent
1 Sep 1715 - 10 May 1774 Louis XV "le Bien-Aime"
(b. 1710 - d. 1774)
(the Well-Beloved)
12 Sep 1715 - 22 Feb 1723 Philippe de France, duc
(b. 1674 - d. 1723)
d'Orléans -Regent
10 May 1774 - 21 Sep 1792 Louis XVI
(b. 1754 - d. 1793)
(suspended 21 Jun - 14 Sep 1791 and from 10 Aug 1792)
(21 Sep 1792-8/9 Jun 1795 Louis XVII prisoner, did not reign
[b. 1785 - d. 1795])
Presidents of the National Assembly (often referred to as National
Constituent Assembly)
25 Jun 1791 - 2 Jul 1791 Alexandre-Francois-Marie,
(b. 1760 - d. 1794) Feu
vicomte de Beauharnais (1st time)
2 Jul 1791 - 19 Jul 1791 Charles-Malo-François,
(b. 1757 - d. 1832) Feu
comte de Lameth
19 Jul 1791 - 30 Jul 1791 Joseph-Jacques Defermon, dit
(b. 1752 - d. 1831)
Defermon des Chapelières
30 Jul 1791 - 13 Aug 1791 Alexandre-Francois-Marie,
(s.a.)
Feu
vicomte de Beauharnais (2nd time)
13 Aug 1791 - 27 Aug 1791 Charles-Louis-Victor,
(b. 1756 - d. 1794) Feu
prince de Broglie
27 Aug 1791 - 10 Sep 1791 Théodore Vernier
(b. 1731 - d. 1818)
10 Sep 1791 - 14 Sep 1791 Jacques-Guillaume Thouret
(b. 1746 - d. 1794) Feu
Presidents of the National Assembly
10 Aug 1792 - 19 Aug 1792 Jean François Honoré
Merlet (b. 1761 - d. 1830)
19 Aug 1792 - 2 Sep 1792 Jean-François Delacroix,
(b. 1753 - d. 1794) Gir
dit Lacroix
2 Sep 1792 - 16 Sep 1792 Marie-Jean Hérault
de Séchelles (b. 1759 - d. 1794) Gir
16 Sep 1792 - 20 Sep 1792 Pierre Joseph Cambon
(b. 1756 - d. 1820) Gir
Presidents of the National Convention
20 Sep 1792 Philippe Jacques Rühl (1st time) (b. 1737 - d. 1795) Mont
(acting)
20 Sep 1792 - 4 Oct 1792 Jérôme Pétion,
dit Pétion de (b. 1756 - d.
1794) Gir
Villeneuve
4 Oct 1792 - 18 Oct 1792 Jean-François Delacroix,
(s.a.)
Mont
dit Lacroix
18 Oct 1792 - 1 Nov 1792 Marguerite Élie Guadet
(b. 1755 - d. 1794) Gir
1 Nov 1792 - 15 Nov 1792 Marie-Jean Hérault
de Séchelles (s.a.)
Mont
(1st time)
15 Nov 1792 - 29 Nov 1792 Henri Baptiste Grégoire
(b. 1750 - d. 1831) Mar
29 Nov 1792 - 13 Dec 1792 Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
(b. 1755 - d. 1841) Mont
13 Dec 1792 - 27 Dec 1792 Joseph Jacques Defermon, dit
(s.a.)
Gir
Defermon des Chapelières
27 Dec 1792 - 10 Jan 1793 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard
(b. 1742 - d. 1810) Mar
10 Jan 1793 - 24 Jan 1793 Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
(b. 1753 - d. 1793) Gir
24 Jan 1793 - 7 Feb 1793 Jean-Paul Rabaut, dit Rabaut
(b. 1743 - d. 1793) Gir
Saint-Étienne
7 Feb 1793 - 21 Feb 1793 Jean-Jacques Bréard,
dit (b. 1751
- d. 1840) Mar
Bréard-Duplessis
21 Feb 1793 - 7 Mar 1793 Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois
de (b. 1747 - d. 1814) Mont
Crancé, dit Dubois-Crancé
7 Mar 1793 - 21 Mar 1793 Arnaud Gensonné
(b. 1758 - d. 1793) Gir
21 Mar 1793 - 4 Apr 1793 Jean Antoine Joseph Debry
(b. 1760 - d. 1834) Gir
4 Apr 1793 - 18 Apr 1793 Jean François Bertrand
Delmas (b. 1751 - d. 1798) Mar
9 Apr 1793 - 18 Apr 1793 Jacques-Alexis Thuriot de
(b. 1753 - d. 1829) Mont-D
la Rosière (1st time)
(acting for Delmas)
18 Apr 1793 - 2 May 1793 Marc David Alba, dit Alba-Lasource
(b. 1763 - d. 1793) Gir
2 May 1793 - 16 May 1793 Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède
(b. 1765 - d. 1793) Gir
16 May 1793 - 30 May 1793 Honoré Maximin Isnard
(b. 1758 - d. 1825) Gir
(or Henri-Maximin Isnard)
30 May 1793 - 13 Jun 1793 François René Auguste
Mallarmé (b. 1755 - d. 1831) Mont
13 Jun 1793 - 27 Jun 1793 Jean-Marie Collot, dit
(b. 1749 - d. 1796) Mont
Collot d'Herbois (1st time)
27 Jun 1793 - 11 Jul 1793 Jacques-Alexis Thuriot de
(s.a.)
Mont-D
la Rosière (2nd time)
11 Jul 1793 - 25 Jul 1793 André Jeanbon,
(b. 1749 - d. 1813) Mont-R
dit Jeanbon Saint-André
25 Jul 1793 - 8 Aug 1793 Georges-Jacques Danton
(b. 1759 - d. 1794) Mont-D
8 Aug 1793 - 22 Aug 1793 Marie-Jean Hérault
de Séchelles (s.a.)
Mont-D
(2nd time)
22 Aug 1793 - 5 Sep 1793 Maximilien Robespierre (1st
time) (b. 1758 - d. 1794) Mont-R
5 Sep 1793 - 19 Sep 1793 Jacques Nicolas Billaud, dit
(b. 1756 - d. 1819) Mont
Billaud-Varenne
19 Sep 1793 - 3 Oct 1793 Pierre Joseph Cambon
(s.a.)
Mont
3 Oct 1793 - 22 Oct 1793 Charles Louis Joseph Charlier
(b. 1754 - d. 1797) Mont-M
22 Oct 1793 - 6 Nov 1793 Moïse Antoine Pierre
Jean Bayle (b. 1755 - d. 1811?) Mont
6 Nov 1793 - 21 Nov 1793 Pierre Antoine Laloy
(b. 1749 - d. 1846)
21 Nov 1793 - 6 Dec 1793 Charles Gilbert Romme
(b. 1750 - d. 1795) Mont
6 Dec 1793 - 21 Dec 1793 Jean-Henri Voulland
(b. 1751 - d. 1801) Mont
21 Dec 1793 - 5 Jan 1794 Georges Auguste Couthon
(b. 1755 - d. 1794) Mont-R
5 Jan 1794 - 20 Jan 1794 Jacques Louis David
(b. 1748 - d. 1825) Mont-M
20 Jan 1794 - 4 Feb 1794 Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier
(b. 1736 - d. 1828) Mont
4 Feb 1794 - 19 Feb 1794 Joseph Nicolas Barbeau Du
Barran, (b. 1761 - d. 1816) Mont
dit Dubarran
19 Feb 1794 - 6 Mar 1794 Louis de Saint-Just
(b. 1767 - d. 1794) Mont-R
6 Mar 1794 - 21 Mar 1794 Philippe Jacques Rühl (2nd time)
(s.a.) Mont-D
21 Mar 1794 - 5 Apr 1794 Jean-Lambert Tallien
(b. 1767 - d. 1820) Mont
5 Apr 1794 - 20 Apr 1794 Jean Baptiste André
Amar (b. 1755
- d. 1816) Mont
(or Jean Pierre André Amar)
20 Apr 1794 - 5 May 1794 Jean Baptiste Robert Lindet
(b. 1746 - d. 1825) Mont
5 May 1794 - 20 May 1794 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite
Carnot (b. 1753 - d. 1823) Mont
20 May 1794 - 4 Jun 1794 Claude Antoine Prieur-Duvernois,
(b. 1763 - d. 1832) Mont
dit Prieur de la Côte d'Or
4 Jun 1794 - 19 Jun 1794 Maximilien Robespierre (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Mont-R
19 Jun 1794 - 5 Jul 1794 Élie Lacoste
(b. 1745 - d. 1806) Mont
5 Jul 1794 - 19 Jul 1794 Jean-Antoine Louis, dit Louis
(b. 1742 - d. 1796) Mont
du Bas-Rhin
19 Jul 1794 - 3 Aug 1794 Jean-Marie Collot, dit
(s.a.)
Mont
Collot d'Herbois (2nd time)
3 Aug 1794 - 18 Aug 1794 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit
(b. 1754 - d. 1838) Mar
Merlin de Douai
18 Aug 1794 - 3 Sep 1794 Antoine Christophe Merlin,
dit (b. 1762 - d. 1833) Thr
Merlin de Thionville
3 Sep 1794 - 22 Sep 1794 André Antoine Bernard
des Jeuzines,(b. 1751 - d. 1818) Mont
dit Bernard de Saintes
(or Adrien-Antoine....)
22 Sep 1794 - 7 Oct 1794 André Dumont
(b. 1765 - d. 1836) Thr
7 Oct 1794 - 22 Oct 1794 Jean Jacques Régis
Cambacérès (b. 1753 - d. 1824)
Mar
22 Oct 1794 - 6 Nov 1794 Pierre Louis Prieur,
(b. 1756 - d. 1827) Mont
dit Prieur de la Marne
6 Nov 1794 - 24 Nov 1794 Louis Legendre
(b. 1752 - d. 1797) Thr
24 Nov 1794 - 6 Dec 1794 Jean-Baptiste Clauzel
(b. 1746 - d. 1803) Thr
6 Dec 1794 - 21 Dec 1794 Jean-François Reubell
(b. 1747 - d. 1807) Mar
21 Dec 1794 - 6 Jan 1795 Pierre Louis Bentabole
(b. 1756 - d. 1798) Thr
6 Jan 1795 - 20 Jan 1795 Étienne François
Louis Honoré (b. 1751 - d. 1817)
Letourneur (or Charles François
Louis Honoré Letourneur)
20 Jan 1795 - 4 Feb 1795 Joseph Stanislas François
(b. 1748 - d. 1798) Thr
Xavier Alexis Rovère
4 Feb 1795 - 19 Feb 1795 Jean Nicolas Paul François
Barras (b. 1755 - d. 1829) Thr
19 Feb 1795 - 6 Mar 1795 François Louis Bourdon,
(b. 1758 - d. 1798) Thr
dit Bourdon de l'Oise
6 Mar 1795 - 24 Mar 1795 Antoine Claire Thibaudeau
(b. 1765 - d. 1854) Mar
24 Mar 1795 - 5 Apr 1795 Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la
Lozère (b. 1759 - d. 1842)
5 Apr 1795 - 20 Apr 1795 François Antoine Boissy
d'Anglas (b. 1756 - d. 1826) Mar
20 Apr 1795 - 5 May 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
(b. 1748 - d. 1836) Mar
5 May 1795 - 26 May 1795 Théodore Vernier
(s.a.)
20 May 1795 - 21 May 1795 Pierre Amable Soubrany
(b. 1752 - d. 1795) Mont
(in rebellion)
26 May 1795 - 4 Jun 1795 Jean Baptiste Charles Mathieu,
(b. 1763 - d. 1833) Mar
dit Mathieu-Mirampal
4 Jun 1795 - 19 Jun 1795 Jean-Denis Lanjuinais
(b. 1753 - d. 1827) Mar
19 Jun 1795 - 4 Jul 1795 Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray
(b. 1760 - d. 1797) Mar
4 Jul 1795 - 19 Jul 1795 Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de
(b. 1764 - d. 1853) Mar
Pontécoulant
19 Jul 1795 - 3 Aug 1795 Louis Marie La Revellière,
dit (b. 1753 - d. 1824) Mar
La Revellière-Lépeaux
3 Aug 1795 - 19 Aug 1795 Pierre Claude François
Daunou (b. 1761 - d. 1840) Mar
19 Aug 1795 - 2 Sep 1795 Marie Joseph Blaise Chénier
(b. 1764 - d. 1811) Mar
2 Sep 1795 - 23 Sep 1795 Théophile Berlier
(b. 1761 - d. 1844) Mar
23 Sep 1795 - 8 Oct 1795 Pierre Charles Louis Baudin,
(b. 1748 - d. 1799) Thr
dit Baudin des Ardennes
8 Oct 1795 - 26 Oct 1795 Charles François Jean
Joseph (b. 1749 - d. 1804) Mar
Victor Génissieu
26 Oct 1795 - 2 Nov 1795 the Committee of Public
Safety
(see heads of government)
Presidents of the Executive Directory
2 Nov 1795 - 31 Jan 1796 Jean-François Reubell
(1st time) (s.a.)
Reac
31 Jan 1796 - 30 Apr 1796 Étienne François Louis
Honoré (s.a.)
Mod
Letourneur (or Charles François
Louis Honoré Letourneur)(1st time)
30 Apr 1796 - 29 Jul 1796 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
(s.a.)
Mod
(1st time)
29 Jul 1796 - 1 Nov 1796 Louis Marie de La Revellière,
dit (s.a.)
Mod
La Revellière-Lépeaux (1st time)
1 Nov 1796 - 30 Jan 1797 Jean Nicolas Paul François
Barras (s.a.)
Reac
(1st time)
30 Jan 1797 - 30 Apr 1797 Jean-François Reubell (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Reac
30 Apr 1797 - 26 May 1797 Étienne François Louis
Honoré (s.a.)
Mod
Letourneur (or Charles François
Louis Honoré Letourneur) (2nd time)
26 May 1797 - 24 Aug 1797 Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
(s.a.)
Mod
(2nd time)
24 Aug 1797 - 27 Nov 1797 Louis Marie de La Revellière,
dit (s.a.)
Mod
La Revellière-Lépeaux (2nd time)
27 Nov 1797 - 25 Feb 1798 Jean Nicolas Paul François
Barras (s.a.)
Reac
(2nd time)
25 Feb 1798 - 26 May 1798 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit
(s.a.)
Reac
Merlin de Douai (1st time)
26 May 1798 - 24 Aug 1798 Jean-François Reubell (3rd
time) (s.a.)
Reac
24 Aug 1798 - 27 Nov 1798 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard
(s.a.)
27 Nov 1798 - 25 Feb 1799 Louis Marie de La Revellière,
dit (s.a.)
Mod
La Revellière-Lépeaux (3rd time)
25 Feb 1799 - 26 May 1799 Jean Nicolas Paul François
Barras (s.a.)
Reac
(3rd time)
26 May 1799 - 18 Jun 1799 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit
(s.a.)
Reac
Merlin de Douai (2nd time)
18 Jun 1799 - 23 Sep 1799 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
(s.a.)
Mod
23 Sep 1799 - 10 Nov 1799 Louis-Jérôme Gohier
(b. 1746 - d. 1830)
11 Nov 1799 - 25 Dec 1799 Consular Executive Commission
(3 consuls; chair probably rotating daily, in order
given; no conclusive documentation was created)
- Napoléon Bonaparte
(b. 1769 - d. 1821) Mil
- Pierre Roger Ducos,
(b. 1747 - d. 1816) Mod
dit Roger-Ducos
- Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
(s.a.)
Mod
First consul
25 Dec 1799 - 18 May 1804 Napoléon Bonaparte
(s.a.)
Mil
Emperor¹
18 May 1804 - 11 Apr 1814 Napoléon I (1st time)
(s.a.)
(30 Apr 1814 - 1 Mar 1815 in Elba exile)
Regents
23 Jan 1814 - 28 Mar 1814 Marie Louise -Empress
(b. 1791 - d. 1847)
28 Jan 1814 - 30 Mar 1814 Joseph Napoléon de France
(b. 1768 - d. 1844)
(Lieutenant-general of the Empire)
1 Apr 1814 - 14 Apr 1814 Provisional Government
- Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- (b. 1754
- d. 1838) Non-party
Périgord, prince de Bénévent
(often referred to as president in secondary sournces)
- Pierre Riel, comte de
(b. 1752 - d. 1821) Non-party
Beurnonville
- Arnail-François, comte de (b. 1757 - d. 1852) Non-party
Jaucourt
- Emèrick-Joseph-Wolfgang-Héribert,
duc de Dalberg
(b. 1773 - d. 1833) Non-party
- François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de
Montesquiou-Fezensac
(b. 1756 - d. 1832) Non-party
Lieutenant-general of the kingdom
14 Apr 1814 - 2 May 1814 Charles-Philippe de France,
(b. 1757 - d. 1836)
comte d'Artois
King¹
2 May 1814 - 20 Mar 1815 Louis XVIII (1st time)
(b. 1755 - d. 1824)
(23 Mar 1815 - 8 Jul 1815 in Ghent exile)
Emperors¹
20 Mar 1815 - 22 Jun 1815 Napoléon I (2nd time)
(s.a.)
22 Jun 1815 - 7 Jul 1815 Napoléon II (remained
in Austria) (b. 1811 - d. 1832) Non-party
22 Jun 1815 - 7 Jul 1815 Commission of Government
(also styled Executive Commission)
- Joseph, comte Fouché,
(b. 1759 - d. 1820) Non-party
duc d'Otrante
(president from 23 Jun 1815)
- Lazare Nicolas Marguerite
(s.a.) Non-party
Carnot
- Paul, comte Grenier
(b. 1768 - d. 1827) Non-party
- Armand Augustin Louis
(b. 1773 - d. 1827) Non-party
Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence
- Nicolas Marie, baron de
(b. 1762 - d. 1821) Non-party
Quinette de Rochemont
Kings¹
8 Jul 1815 - 16 Sep 1824 Louis XVIII (2nd time)
(s.a.)
16 Sep 1824 - 2 Aug 1830 Charles X
(s.a.)
(Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois)
29 Jul 1830 - 1 Aug 1830 Municipal Commission (of
Paris)
(in opposition to Charles X)
- Jacques Laffitte
(b. 1767 - d. 1844)
- Casimir Pierre Périer
(b. 1777 - d. 1832)
- Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau (b. 1770 - d. 1838)
- Auguste Jean Marie, baron de (b. 1782
- d. 1849)
Schonen
- Pierre François Audry de
(b. 1783 - d. 1852)
Puyraveau
- François Mauguin
(b. 1785 - d. 1854)
Lieutenant-general of the kingdom
31 Jul 1830 - 9 Aug 1830 Louis-Philippe de France,
(b. 1773 - d. 1850)
duc d'Orléans
King¹
9 Aug 1830 - 24 Feb 1848 Louis-Philippe I "le Roi-Citoyen"
(s.a.)
(the citizen King)
President of the Provisional Government of the Republic
24 Feb 1848 - 9 May 1848 Jacques Charles Dupont de
l'Eure (b. 1767 - d. 1855)
President of the National Constituent Assembly
9 May 1848 - 10 May 1848 Philippe Joseph Benjamin Buchez
(b. 1796 - d. 1865)
Chairman of the Executive Power Commission
11 May 1848 - 24 Jun 1848 Dominique François Jean
Arago (b. 1786 - d. 1853) Rep
President of the National Constituent Assembly
24 Jun 1848 - 28 Jun 1848 Antonie Marie Jules Sénard
(b. 1800 - d. 1885)
Chief of the Executive Power
28 Jun 1848 - 20 Dec 1848 Louis Eugène Cavaignac
(b. 1802 - d. 1852) Rep
President
20 Dec 1848 - 1 Dec 1852 Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
(b. 1808 - d. 1873) PO
Emperor¹
1 Dec 1852 - 4 Sep 1870 Napoléon III
(s.a.)
(Prussian prisoner from 2 Sep 1870)
26 Jul 1870 - 4 Sep 1870 Empress Eugénie Marie
de Montijo (b. 1826 - d. 1920)
de Guzmán -Regent
President of the Government of National Defense
4 Sep 1870 - 13 Feb 1871 Louis Jules Trochu
(b. 1815 - d. 1896) Mil
Presidents of the National Constituent Assembly
12 Feb 1871 - 16 Feb 1871 Denis Emmanuel, comte
(b. 1796 - d. 1880) Con
Benoist d'Azy (acting)
16 Feb 1871 - 17 Feb 1871 François Jules Paul Grévy
(b. 1807 - d. 1891) RO
Presidents
17 Feb 1871 - 24 May 1873 Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers
(b. 1797 - d. 1877) Mon
(Chief of the Executive Power to 31 Aug 1871)
24 May 1873 - 30 Jan 1879 Marie Edmé Patrice Maurice,
(b. 1808 - d. 1893) Mil
comte de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta
30 Jan 1879
Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (b. 1798 - d. 1881)
Mon
(acting)
30 Jan 1879 - 2 Dec 1887 François Jules Paul Grévy
(s.a.)
RO
2 Dec 1887 - 3 Dec 1887 Pierre Maurice Rouvier
(acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1911) RO
3 Dec 1887 - 25 Jun 1894 Marie François Sadi
Carnot (b. 1837 - d. 1894)
GR
25 Jun 1894 - 27 Jun 1894 Charles Alexandre Dupuy, (1st time)(b.
1851 - d. 1923) GR
dit Charles Dupuy (acting)
27 Jun 1894 - 16 Jan 1895 Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier
(b. 1847 - d. 1907) GR
16 Jan 1895 - 17 Jan 1895 Charles Alexandre Dupuy, (2nd time)(s.a.)
GR
dit Charles Dupuy (acting)
17 Jan 1895 - 16 Feb 1899 François Félix Faure
(b. 1841 - d. 1899) RO
16 Feb 1899 - 18 Feb 1899 Charles Alexandre Dupuy,
(s.a.)
GR
dit Charles Dupuy (3rd time)
18 Feb 1899 - 18 Feb 1906 Émile François Loubet
(b. 1838 - d. 1929) GR
18 Feb 1906 - 18 Feb 1913 Clément Armand Fallières
(b. 1841 - d. 1931) Rad
18 Feb 1913 - 18 Feb 1920 Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré
(b. 1860 - d. 1934) PRP
18 Feb 1920 - 21 Sep 1920 Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel
(b. 1855 - d. 1922) PRP
21 Sep 1920 - 11 Jun 1924 Étienne Alexandre Millerand
(b. 1859 - d. 1943) PSR
(acting to 23 Sep 1920)
11 Jun 1924 - 13 Jun 1924 Frédéric François-Marsal
(acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1958) PRN
13 Jun 1924 - 13 Jun 1931 Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue
(b. 1863 - d. 1937) Rad
13 Jun 1931 - 7 May 1932 Joseph Athanase Gaston Doumer,
(b. 1857 - d. 1932) Rad
dit Paul Doumer
7 May 1932 - 10 May 1932 André Pierre Gabriel
Amédée (b. 1876
- d. 1945) GR
Tardieu (acting)
10 May 1932 - 11 Jul 1940 Albert François Lebrun
(b. 1871 - d. 1950) ARD
Chief of State
11 Jul 1940 - 20 Aug 1944 Henri Philippe Pétain
(b. 1856 - d. 1951) Mil
(to 7 Sep 1944 in Belfort exile; 7 Sep 1944
- 24 Apr 1945 in Sigmaringen, Germany exile)
Acting heads of state
3 Jun 1944 - 16 Jan 1947 the heads of government
Presidents
16 Jan 1947 - 16 Jan 1954 Jules Vincent Auriol
(b. 1884 - d. 1966) SFIO
16 Jan 1954 - 8 Jan 1959 René Jules Gustave
Coty
(b. 1882 - d. 1962) Ind
8 Jan 1959 - 28 Apr 1969 Charles de Gaulle
(b. 1890 - d. 1970) UNR
28 Apr 1969 - 20 Jun 1969 Alain Émile Louis Marie
Poher (b. 1909 - d. 1996) Ind
(1st time) (acting)
20 Jun 1969 - 3 Apr 1974 Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou
(b. 1911 - d. 1974) UDR
3 Apr 1974 - 27 May 1974 Alain Émile Louis Marie
Poher (s.a.)
Ind
(2nd time) (acting)
27 May 1974 - 21 May 1981 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
(b. 1926)
RI
21 May 1981 - 17 May 1995 François Maurice Mitterrand &nb |
