Georgia
 

19 Jan 1762 - 14 Apr 1802               24 Apr 1802 - 26 May 1918                  26 May 1918 - 10 Sep 1918                         10 Sep 1918 - 22 Feb 1921                        22 Feb 1921 - 25 Feb 1921                       30 Dec 1922 - 25 Dec 1991                 14 Nov 1990 - 14 Jan 2004                 Adopted 14 Jan 2004 Map of Georgia Hear National Anthem "Tavisupleba" (Liberty) Adopted 23 Apr 2004 Hear Former Anthem "Dideba zetsit kurthelus" (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings) (1918-1920, 1991- 2004) Constitution (17 Oct 1995) Capital: T'bilisi  Currency: Lari (GEL) National Holiday: 26 May (1918) Independence Day Population: 4,646,003 (2007) 2,500,000 (1921) GDP: $17.79 billion (2006) Exports: $1.76 billion (2006) Imports: $3.32 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002)  Total Armed Forces: 17,500 (2003) Russian Troops: 3,000 (2004) UN Peacekeeping Force: 125 (2004) Merchant marine: 222 ships (2006) Religions: Orthodox Christian 83.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%, Catholic 0.8%, Muslim 9.9%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002)  International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, BSEC, BTWC, CE, CIS, CTBT, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NPT, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Georgia Index Chronology 1491                       Kingdom of Georgia divided into three Kingdoms                               (Imertia, K`art`li, and Kakhet`i). 1505                       Under Persian suzerainty. 1516                       Under Ottoman suzerainty. 1620 - 1683                Under Ottoman suzerainty. 1727 - 1735                Annexed by Ottoman Empire. 1736 - 1744                Annexed by Persia. 19 Jan 1762                Kingdoms of K`art`li and Kakhet`i in personal                               union, often officially styled Kingdom of                               Georgia.  9 Jan 1801                Kingdom bequeathed to the Russian Emperor. 24 Apr 1802                Incorporation into Russian Empire; "Georgian Tsar"                              added to imperial style. 1844                       Part of the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus                               (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia). 1881 - 1905                Part of the Government-general of the Caucasus 1905                       Viceroyalty of the Caucasus (restored). 20 Sep 1917                Transcaucasian Federation created (Armenia,                              Azerbaijan, and Georgia). 22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918  Part of Democratic Federative Republic                              of Transcaucasia.  4 Jun 1918 - 11 Nov 1918  Brief German protectorate. 18 Sep 1918 - 12 Apr 1919  Sochi district annexed by Georgia (occupied                               from 6 Jul 1918). 26 May 1918                Democratic Republic of Georgia (in dissidence to                              16 Mar 1921).  7 May 1920                Independence recognized by Soviet Russia. 25 Feb 1921                Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia. 13 Oct 1921                Georgia cedes Ardahan and Artuin to Turkey; Lorri                               to Armenian S.S.R., Zaqatala to Azerbaijani                              S.S.R. 12 Mar 1922                Part of the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet                              Republics of Transcaucasia. 13 Dec 1922                Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative                               Soviet Republic (see below). 30 Dec 1922                T.S.F.S.R. founding component of the Soviet Union                              (see Russia).  5 Dec 1936                T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Georgian Soviet Socialist                             Republic becomes a full union republic. 18 Nov 1989                State sovereignty declared. 14 Nov 1990                Republic of Georgia  9 Apr 1991                Independence declared. 28 Nov 1991                South Ossetia declares independence from Georgia                              (not internationally recognized). 25 Dec 1991                Final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.). 23 Jul 1992                Abkhazia declares its independence from Georgia                               (not internationally recognized). 26 Nov 1995                Georgia Georgia Kingdom of Georgia K`art`li Kakhet`i K`art`li-Kakhet`i Imeret`i Georgian S.S.R. (1921-1991) Transcaucasia and Transcaucasian S.S.R. (1802-1936) Abkhazia Adjaria South Ossetia Georgian Principalities Guria Mingrelia        (Samegrelo) Svania        (Svanet`i) Georgian Orthodox Church Map of Georgia in May 1921

K`art`li

1491                       Kingdom of K`art`li, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
                             established.
1516 - 1620                Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1620 - 1688                Vassal of Persia.
1683 - 1801                Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1727 - 1735                Annexed by Ottoman Empire.
1736 - 1744                Annexed by Persia (Iran).
19 Jan 1762                Personal union with Kakhet`i re-established.

Kings (alternative names are the official Ottoman and/or Persian names)
1695 - 1703                Nikoloz Irakli I                  (b. 1643 - d. 1710)
                             (Nazar `Ali Khan) (2nd time)
1703 -  2 May 1709         Giorgi XI (Gurjin Khan            (b. af.1648 - d. 1709)
                             and Shah Nawaz III) (3rd time)
 2 May 1709 - Jul 1709     Levanti (Shah Qoli Khan)          (b. c.1659 - d. 1709)
Jul 1709 -  8 Oct 1711     K`aikhosro (Khosraw Khan)         (b. 1674 - d. 1711)
 8 Oct 1711 - Oct 1714     Vakhtang VI (Hoseyn Qoli Khan)    (b. 1675 - d. 1737)
                             (1st time)
Oct 1714 - Jun 1716        Iese (`Ali Qoli Khan) (1st time)  (b. 16.. - d. 1727)
1716 - 1717                Vakhtang VI (Hoseyn Qoli Khan)    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1717 - Aug 1719            Bak`ar III (Shah Nawaz IV)        (b. 1700? - d. 1750)
                             (1st time)
Aug 1719 - May 1723        Vakhtang VI (Hoseyn Qoli Khan)    (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
May 1723 - Jun 1723        Konstantine III (Mahmud Qoli Khan)
Jun 1723 - Jul 1724        Bak`ar III (Ebrahim Pasha)        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1724 - 1727                Iese (Mostafa Pasha) (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1727 - 1735                Vacant
1735 - 1736                Alek`sandre II (`Ali Mirza)
1736 - 1744                Vacant
Jul 1744 - 19 Jan 1762     T`eimuraz II                      (b. 1680 - d. 1762)

1491                       Kingdom of Kakhet`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia, established.
1516 - 1620                Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1620 - 1676                Vassal of Persia.
1676 - 1703                Annexed by Persia (Iran).
1703 - 1801                Vassal of Ottoman Empire.

Kings (alternative names are the official Ottoman and/or Persian names)
May 1703 - May 1721        Davit` II (Emam Qoli Khan)         (b. 1678 - d. 1721)
May 1721 -  4 Dec 1732     Konstantine II (Mahmud Qoli Khan   (d. 1732)
                             [from 1724] Mahmud Pasha)
 4 Dec 1732 - 1736         T`eimuraz II (1st time)            (s.a.)
1736 - 1738                Alek`sandre III
1738 - 1744                T`eimuraz II (2nd time)            (s.a.)
Jul 1744 - 19 Jan 1762     Irakli II                          (b. 1721 - d. 1798)

19 Jan 1762                Kingdoms of K`art`li and Kakhet`i in personal union,
                             often officially styled Kingdom of Georgia.
 9 Jan 1801                Kingdom bequeathed to the Russian emperor.
24 Apr 1802                Incorporation into Russian Empire; "Georgian Tsar" added
                             to imperial style.

Kings
19 Jan 1762 - 22 Jan 1798  Irakli II                          (b. 1721 - d. 1798)
22 Jan 1798 -  9 Jan 1801  Giorgi XII                         (b. 1746 - d. 1801)
 9 Jan 1801 - 24 Apr 1802  Provisional Government
                           - Ivan Petrovich Lazarev           (b. 1763 - d. 1803)
                            (chairman from 3 Jun 1801)
                           - Prince Ioane Batonishvili        (b. 1768 - d. 1839)
                           - Ignati T`umanishvili
20 Jan 1801 - 24 Apr 1802  Crown Prince Davit` Batonishvili   (b. 1767 - d. 1819)
                             (semi-officially recognized as regent)

1491                       Kingdom of Imeret`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
                             established.
1716 - 1720                Ottoman occupation.
1804                       Russian protectorate.
23 May 1810                Incorporation into Russian Empire.

Kings
1701 - 1702                Mamia (1st time)                   (b. 16.. - d. 1714)
1702 - 1703                Giorgi V (1st time)                (b. 16.. - d. 1722)
1703                       Giorgi VI (1st time)               (b. 1691 - d. 1720)
1703 - 1707                Giorgi V (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1707 - Oct 1711            Giorgi VI (2nd time)               (s.a.)
Oct 1711 - Jun 1712        Mamia (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
Jun 1712 - Nov 1713        Giorgi VI (3rd time)               (s.a.)
Nov 1713 - May 1714        Mamia (3rd time)                   (s.a.)
May 1714 - Mar 1720        Giorgi VI (4th time)               (s.a.)
Mar 1720 - Jun 1720        Giorgi IV                          (b. 1702 - d. 1726)
Jun 1720 - 1741            Alek`sandre V (1st time)           (d. 1752)
1741 - 1742                Giorgi VII                         (b. 1721 - d. af.1772)
1742 - 1747                Alek`sandre V (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1747 - 1749                Mamuka
1749 - Mar 1752            Alek`sandre V (3rd time)           (s.a.)
Mar 1752 - 1765            Solomon I "Didi" (1st time)        (b. 1735 - d. 1784)
1765 - 1768                T`eimuraz
1768 -  4 May 1784         Solomon I "Didi" (2nd time)        (s.a.)
 4 May 1784 - 1789         Davit`                             (b. 1756 - d. 1795)
                             (continuing in rebellion to 1792)
1789 - 23 May 1810         Solomon II                         (b. 1773 - d. 1815)

26 May 1918                Democratic Republic of Georgia (in dissidence to 16 Mar 1921).
25 Feb 1921                Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia
12 Mar 1922                Part of the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet
                             Republics of Transcaucasia (see below).
13 Dec 1922                Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
                             Republic (see below).
 5 Dec 1936                T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
                             becomes a full union republic (see below).
14 Nov 1990                Republic of Georgia
 9 Apr 1991                Independence declared.
25 Dec 1991                Final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.).
26 Nov 1995                Georgia

Chairmen of the National Council
26 May 1918 - 24 Jun 1918? Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania        (b. 1868 - d. 1953)  SDWP
24 Jun 1918 -  1? Oct 1918 Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze      (b. 1865 - d. 1926)  SDWP
Chairman of the Parliament
 1? Oct 1918 - 12 Mar 1919 Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze      (s.a.)               SDWP
Chairmen of the Constituent Assembly
12 Mar 1919 - 1920         Aleksandre Spiridonis dze                               SDWP
                             Lomtatidze (acting)
1920 - 25 Feb 1921         Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze      (s.a.)               SDWP
                             (in dissidence to 16 Mar 1921)
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
25 Feb 1921 –  6 Mar 1921  Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili  (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  SKP
                             (acting)
 6 Mar 1921 -  7 Jul 1921  P'ilipe Ieses dze Makharadze       (b. 1868 - d. 1941)  SKP
 7 Jul 1921 -  7 Mar 1922  Polikarp Gurgenis dze Mdivani      (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  SKP
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
 7 Mar 1922 - 22 Jan 1923  P'ilipe Ieses dze Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
Chairman of the Supreme Council
14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991  Zviad Konstantines dze             (b. 1939 - d. 1993)  MM-TS
                             Gamsakhurdia
Presidents
14 Apr 1991 -  6 Jan 1992¹ Zviad Konstantines dze             (s.a.)               MM-TS
                             Gamsakhurdia
 6 Jan 1992 - 10 Mar 1992  Tengiz Kalistratis dze Kitovani    (b. 1939)            Mil
                           + Dzhaba Aleksandres dze Ioseliani (b. 1926 - d. 2003)  Mil
                           (co-leaders of the Military Council)
Chairman of the State Council
10 Mar 1992 -  4 Nov 1992  Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze   (b. 1928)            Non-party
Head of State
 4 Nov 1992 - 26 Nov 1995  Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (Chairman of the Parliament to 6 Nov 1992)
Presidents
26 Nov 1995 - 23 Nov 2003  Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze   (s.a.)               SMK
23 Nov 2003 - 25 Jan 2004  Nino Anzoris asuli Burdzhanadze (f)(b. 1964)            BDA
                             (1st time)(acting)
25 Jan 2004 - 25 Nov 2007  Mikheil Nikolozis dze Saakashvili  (b. 1967)            ENM
                             (1st time)
25 Nov 2007 - 20 Jan 2008  Nino Anzoris asuli Burdzhanadze (f)(s.a.)               BDA
                             (2nd time)(acting)
20 Jan 2008 -              Mikheil Nikolozis dze Saakashvili  (s.a.)               ENM
                             (2nd time)

Prime ministers
26 May 1918 - 24 Jun 1918  Noe Besarionis dze Ramishvili      (b. 1881 - d. 1930)
24 Jun 1918 - 1921         Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania        (s.a.)               SDWP
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
Feb 1922 - 1923            Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze        (b. 1885 - d. 1971)  SKP
Prime ministers
15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991  Tengiz Ipolitovich Sigua (1st time)(b. 1934)            Non-party 
18 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991  Murman Omanidze (acting)           (b. 1938)            Non-party
23 Aug 1991 -  6 Jan 1992¹ Bessarion Paatovich Gugushvili     (b. 1945)            MM-TS
 6 Jan 1992 -  6 Aug 1993  Tengiz Ipolitovich Sigua (2nd time)(s.a.)               Non-party
 6 Aug 1993 - 20 Aug 1993  Eduard Amvrosis dze Shevardnadze   (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting) 
20 Aug 1993 -  5 Oct 1995  Otar Ambakovich Patsatsia          (b. 1929)            Non-party
Ministers of state
 8 Dec 1995 -  7 Aug 1998  Nikoloz "Niko" Mikheilis dze       (b. 1947)            SMK
                             Lekishvili
 7 Aug 1998 - 11 May 2000  Vazha Giorgis dze Lortkipanidze    (b. 1949)            SMK
11 May 2000 - 21 Dec 2001  Giorgi Longinozovich Arsenishvili  (b. 1942)            SMK
21 Dec 2001 - 27 Nov 2003  Avtandil Khristoforovich           (b. 1951)            SMK
                             Jorbenadze
27 Nov 2003 - 17 Feb 2004  Zurab Besarionis dze Zhvania       (b. 1963 - d. 2005)  BDA
Prime ministers
17 Feb 2004 -  3 Feb 2005  Zurab Besarionis dze Zhvania       (s.a.)               BDA
 3 Feb 2005 - 17 Feb 2005  Mikheil Nikolozis dze Saakashvili  (s.a.)               ENM
                             (acting) 
17 Feb 2005 - 22 Nov 2007  Zurab Teymurazovich Nogaideli      (b. 1964)            BDA
22 Nov 2007 -              Vladimer "Lado" Gurgenidze         (b. 1970)            Non-party

National Government of Georgia (NGG) in exile

Heads of state
18 Mar 1921 - 11 Jan 1953  Noe Nikolozis dze Zhordania        (s.a.)               SDWP
                             (in Leuville-sur-Orge, France exile)
1953 - Jun 1954            Yevgeniy Petrovich Gegechkori      (b. 1881 - d. 1954)  SDWP
                             (in Leuville-sur-Orge, France exile)

 ¹The ousted administration of Gamsakhurdia and Gugushvili formed a counter-government at Zugdidi on 24 Sep 1993 that controlled part of western Georgia until 6 Nov 1993.

Territorial Disputes: Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas. 

Party abbreviations: BDA = Burdzhanadze-Demokratiuli Aliansi (Burdzhanadze-Democratic Alliance, reform, social-democratic est.2003); EDP = Erovnul Demokratiuli Partia (National Democratic Party, christian-democratic); ENM = Natshhionakhuri Modraoba–Demokrathebi (National Movement - Democrats, reformist); SKP = Sakartvelos Komunisturi Partia (Communist Party of Georgia, communist); SMK = Sakartvelos Mokalaketa Kavshiri (Citizens Union of Georgia, centrist, pro-Shevardnadze est.1995); SSAK = Sruliad Sak'art'velos Aghordzinebis Kavshiri (All-Georgian Union for Revival); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: MM-TS = Round Table-Free Georgia, nationalist, Z. Gamsakhurdia personalist); SDWP = Social Democratic Worker's Party ("Menshevik" socialist)

13 Dec 1922 -  5 Dec 1936  Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
                             Republic (see below).

First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party (SKP)
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922        Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
Apr 1922 - 22 Oct 1922     Mikhail S. Okudzhava               (b. 1883 - d. 1937)
25 Oct 1922 - Aug 1924     Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze (b. 1897 - d. 1935)
Aug 1924 - May 1930        Mikhail Ivanovich Kakhiani         (b. 1897 - d. 1937)
May 1930 - 19 Nov 1930     Levan Davydovich Gogoberidze       (b. 1896 - d. 1937)
20 Nov 1930 - 11 Sep 1931  Samson Andreyevich Mamulia         (d. 1937)
11 Sep 1931 - 14 Nov 1931  Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili (b. 1891 - d. 1938)
14 Nov 1931 - 18 Oct 1932  Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (1st time)(b. 1899 - d. 1953)
18 Oct 1932 - 15 Jan 1934  Pyotr Semenovich Agniashvili       (b. 1898 - d. 1937)
15 Jan 1934 - 31 Aug 1938  Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (2nd time)(s.a.)
31 Aug 1938 -  2 Apr 1952  Kandid Nestorovich Charkviani      (b. 1907)
 2 Apr 1952 - 14 Apr 1953  Akaki Ivanovich Mgeladze           (b. 1910 - d. 1980)
14 Apr 1953 - 19 Sep 1953  Aleksandr Iordanovich Mirtskhulava (b. 1911)
20 Sep 1953 - 29 Sep 1972  Vasily Pavlovich Mzhavanadze       (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
29 Sep 1972 -  6 Jul 1985  Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze  (b. 1928)
 6 Jul 1985 - 14 Apr 1989  Dzhumber Ilich Patiashvili         (b. 1939)
14 Apr 1989 -  7 Dec 1990  Givi Grigoryevich Gumbaridze       (b. 1945)
 7 Dec 1990 - 19 Feb 1991  Avtandil Antonovich Margiani       (b. 1945)
20 Feb 1991 - 26 Aug 1991  Dzhemal ("Jani") Pridonovich       (b. 1936)
                             Mikeladze        

Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
25 Feb 1921 –  6 Mar 1921  Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (s.a.)               SKP
                             (acting)
 6 Mar 1921 -  7 Jul 1921  Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (b. 1868 - d. 1941)  SKP
 7 Jul 1921 - 28 Feb 1922  Polikarp Gurgenovich "Budu"        (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  SKP
                             Mdivani 
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
28 Feb 1922 - 22 Jan 1923  Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
                             (1st time)
22 Jan 1923 - Jun 1925     Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya     (b. 1865 - d. 1959)  SKP
                             (1st time)
Jun 1925 - 14 Jun 1927     Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
                             (2nd time)
14 Jun 1927 - Apr 1928     Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili (s.a.)               SKP
Apr 1928 - Jun 1929        Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
                             (3rd time) 
Jun 1929 - Dec 1930        Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya     (s.a.)               SKP
                             (2nd time)
Jan 1931 - Jul 1938        Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
                             (4th time)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
10 Jul 1938 - 10 Dec 1941  Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
14 Dec 1941 - 26 Mar 1948  Georgy Fyodorovich Sturua          (b. 1884 - d. 1956)  SKP
26 Mar 1948 -  6 Apr 1952  Vasily Barnabovich Gogua           (b. 1908 - d. ....)  SKP
 6 Apr 1952 - 15 Apr 1953  Zakhary Nikolayevich               (b. 1903 - d. ....)  SKP
                             Chkhubianishvili 
15 Apr 1953 - 29 Oct 1953  Vladimir Gedevanovich              (b. 1905 - d. 1976)  SKP
                             Tskhovrebashvili 
29 Oct 1953 - 17 Apr 1959  Miron Dmitriyevich Chubinidze      (b. 1905)            SKP
18 Apr 1959 -  6 Jan 1976  Georgy Samsonovich Dzotsenidze     (b. 1910 - d. 1976)  SKP
26 Jan 1976 - 29 Mar 1989  Pavel Georgyevich Gilashvili       (b. 1918 - d. 1994)  SKP
29 Mar 1989 - 17 Nov 1989  Otar Yevtikhiyevich Cherkeziya     (b. 1933)            SKP
17 Nov 1989 - 14 Nov 1990  Givi Grigoryevich Gumbaridze       (s.a.)               SKP
Chairman of the Supreme Council
14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991  Zviad Konstantonovich Gamsakhurdia (b. 1939 - d. 1993)  FG

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
 7 Mar 1922 - Apr 1922     Polikarp Gurgenovich Mdivani       (s.a.)               SKP
Apr 1922 - Jan 1923        Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze        (b. 1885 - d. 1971)  SKP
Jan 1923 - Jun 1927        Shalva Zurabovich Eliava           (b. 1883 - d. 1937)  SKP
Jun 1927 - 1929            Lavrenty Iosipovich Kartvelishvili (s.a.)               SKP 
Jun 1929 - Jan 1931        Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               SKP
Jan 1931 - 22 Sep 1931     Vladimir (Levan) Pavlovich                              SKP
                             Sukhishvili
22 Sep 1931 - Jun 1937     German Andreyevich Mgaloblishvili  (d. 1937)            SKP
 9 Jul 1937 - 15 Apr 1946  Valerian Minayevich Bakradze       (b. 1901 - d. 19..)  SKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Apr 1946 - Dec 1946     Valerian Minayevich Bakradze       (s.a.)               SKP
                             (1st time)
Dec 1946 -  6 Apr 1952     Zakhary Nikolayevich               (s.a.)               SKP
                             Chkhubianishvili
 6 Apr 1952 - 16 Apr 1953  Zakhary Nikolayevich Kechkhoveli   (b. 1902 - d. 1970)  SKP
16 Apr 1953 - 20 Sep 1953  Valerian Minayevich Bakradze       (s.a.)               SKP
                             (2nd time)
21 Sep 1953 - 17 Dec 1975  Givi Dmitriyevich Dzhavakhishvili  (b. 1912 - d. 1985)  SKP
17 Dec 1975 -  5 Jun 1982  Zurab Aleksandrovich Pataridze     (b. 1928 - d. 1982)  SKP
 2 Jul 1982 - 12 Apr 1986  Dmitry Levanovich Kartvelishvili   (b. 1927)            SKP
12 Apr 1986 - 29 Mar 1989  Otar Yevtikhiyevich Cherkeziya     (s.a.)               SKP
29 Mar 1989 - 14 Apr 1989  Zurab Amvrosiyevich Chkheidze      (b. 1930)            SKP
14 Apr 1989 - 15 Nov 1990  Nodari Amvrosiyevich Chitanava     (b. 1935)            SKP
15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991  Tengiz Ippolitovich Sigua          (b. 1934)            SKP

Party abbreviations: FG = Free Georgia (nationalist, Z. Gamsakhurdia personalist);
SKP = Sakartvelos Komunisturi Partia (Communist Party of Georgia, communist -only legal party 1922-1991)

1802                       Russian regional administration established.
1844                       Part of the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, 
                             and Georgia).
 3 Mar 1878                Kars, Ardahan, and Batumi ceded to Russia by Ottoman Empire.
1881 - 1905                Part of the Government-general of the Caucasus
1905 - 1917                Viceroyalty of the Caucasus (restored).
28 Nov 1917                Transcaucasian Commissariat founded at Tiflis (modern Tbilisi).
23 Feb 1918                Transcaucasian Parliament Convoked by Transcaucasian Commissariat
                             in Tiflis (modern Tbilisi), included members of
                             Constituent Assembly (from Petrograd, Jan 1918)
                             elected from Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
26 Mar 1918                Transcaucasian Commissariat abolished.
22 Apr 1918                Democratic Federative Republic of Transcaucasia
                             (consisting of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia)
                             independence from Russia.
26 May 1918                Dissolution into three independent republics, including 
                             the Georgian Democratic Republic, after parleys with 
                             German and Turkish military forces at Batum 
                             (24 May 1918-8 Jun 1918).
12 Mar 1922                Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of 
                             Transcaucasia.
13 Dec 1922                Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (T.S.F.S.R.)
30 Dec 1922                Accession to the Soviet Union.
 5 Dec 1936                T.S.F.S.R. dissolved.

First Secretaries of the Transcaucasian Communist Party (CPTSSF)
Apr 1922 - 22 Mar 1925     Aleksandr Miasnikyan               (b. 1886 - d. 1925)
                             (Armenian SSR)
26 Mar 1925 - Sep 1926     Sergo (Grigory Konstantinovich)    (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
                             Ordzhonikidze (Georgian SSR)
Sep 1926 - Jun 1929        Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
                             (Georgian SSR) (1st time)
Jun 1929 - Nov 1930        Rukholla Ali ogly Akhundov         (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
                             (Azerbaijani SSR)
Nov 1930 - 11 Nov 1931     Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze (b. 1897 - d. 1935)
                             (Georgian SSR)
11 Nov 1931 -  9 Oct 1932  Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (s.a.)
                             (Georgian SSR) (2nd time)
 9 Oct 1932 -  4 Dec 1936  Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria           (b. 1899 - d. 1953)
                             (Georgian SSR)

Governors
1802 - 1803                Carl Heinrich Knorring
1803 - 1806                Prince Pavel Dmitryevich Citsianov
1806 - 1809                Count Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich    (b. 1741 - d. 1820)
1809 - 1811                Aleksandr Petrovich Tormasov       (b. 1752 - d. 1819)
1811 - 1812                Marquis Filippo Paulucci           (b. 1779 - d. 1849)
1812 - 1816                Nikolay Fyodorovich Rtishstev
1817 - 1827                Aleksey Petrovich Ermolov
1827 - 1830                Count Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich
                             Paskevich-Erivanskiy             (b. 1782 - d. 1856)
1830 - 1837                Grigory Vladimirovich Rozen
1837 - 1842                Evgeny Aleksandrovich Golovin      (b. 1782 - d. 1858)
1842 - 1844                Aleksandr Ivanovich Neidhart
Viceroys of Transcaucasia
1845 - 1853                Mikhail Semyonovich Prince         (b. 1782 - d. 1856)
                             Vorontsov
1853 - 1854                Nikolay Andreyevich Read (acting)  (b. 1792 - d. 1855)
1854 - 1856                Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyev      (b. 1794 - d. 1866) 
1856 - 1862                Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich         (b. 1814 - d. 1879)
                             Baryatinsky
1862 - 1881                Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich    (b. 1832 - d. 1909)
                             Romanov
Chief Heads of the Civil Administration of the Caucasus
1882 - 1890                Prince Aleksandr Michailovich      (b. 1822 - d. 1893)
                             Dondukov-Korsakov 
1890 - 1896                Sergey Aleksandrovich Sheremetyev  (b. 1836 - d. 1896)
1896 - 1904                Prince Grigory Sergeyevich         (b. 1835 - d. 1907)
                             Golitsyn
1904 - 1905                Yakov Dmitryevich Malama (acting)  (b. 1841 - d. 1912)
Viceroys
1905 - 1915                Count Illaryon Ivanovich,          (b. 1837 - d. 1916)
                             Vorontsov-Dashkov 
1915 - Feb 1917            Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich    (b. 1837 - d. 1929)
                             Romanov
Chairman of the Transcaucasian Commissariat
28 Nov 1917 - 26 Mar 1918  Yevgeniy Petrovich Gegechkori      (b. 1881 - d. 1954)  SDWP
Chairman of the Diet
22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918  Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze      (b. 1865 - d. 1926)  SDWP
Union Council
12 Mar 1922 - 13 Dec 1922  Nariman Kerbalay Nejef ogly        (b. 1870 - d. 1925)  AKP
                             Narimanov (Azerbaijani SSR)
                           + Polikarp Gurgernovich "Budu"     (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  SKP
                               Mdivani (Georgian SSR)
                           + Aleksandr Fyodorovich Miasnikyan (b. 1886 - d. 1925)  KPA
                              (Armenian SSR)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
- Armenian SSR -
13 Dec 1922 - Jun 1925     Sarkis Saakovich Ambartsumyan      (b. 1880 - d. 1944)  CPTSSF
Jun 1925 - Jul 1927        Sarkis Meliksetovich Khanoyan      (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  CPTSSF
Jul 1927 - Feb 1931        Sarkis Ivanovich Kasyan            (b. 1876 - d. 1937)  CPTSSF
Feb 1931 - Jan 1935        Armenek Artyomovich Ananyan
Jan 1935 -  5 Dec 1936     Sergo Nikolayevich Martikyan       (b. 1874 - d. 1957)  CPTSSF
- Azerbaijani SSR -
13 Dec 1922 - 1929         Samed Aga Agamali ogly Aliyev      (b. 1867 - d. 1930)  CPTSSF
1929 - 13 Dec 1931         Gazanfar Makhmud ogly Musabekov    (b. 1888 - d. 1938)  CPTSSF
13 Dec 1931 -  5 Dec 1936  Sultan Medzhid Medzhid ogly        (b. 1887 - d. 1938)  CPTSSF
                             Efendiyev
- Georgian SSR -
13 Dec 1922 - 1927         Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya     (b. 1865 - d. 1950)  CPTSSF
                             (Mikheil Chkhakaia)(1st time)
1927 - 1928                Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (b. 1868 - d. 1941)  CPTSSF
                             (1st time)
1928 - Jan 1931            Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya     (s.a.)               CPTSSF
                             (2nd time)
Jan 1931 - Mar 1935        Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               CPTSSF
                             (2nd time)
Mar 1935 - 27 May 1935     Aveli Safronovich Enukidze         (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  CPTSSF
27 May 1935 -  5 Dec 1936  Filipp Yeseyevich Makharadze       (s.a.)               CPTSSF
                             (3rd time)

Chiefs of the Civil Administration
1847 - 1857                Prince Vasily Osipovich Bebutov    (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
1857 - 1863                Alexis Aleksey Fyodorovich af      (b. 1813 - d. 1887)
                             Krusenstiern 
1863 - 1875                Alexander Pavlovich, Freiherr von  (b. 1821 - d. 1895)
                             Nikolay
1875 - 1877                Pavel Nikolayevich Klushin         (b. 1814 - d. 1886)
1878 - 1881                Dmitry Semyonovich Staroselysky    (b. 1832 - d. 1884)
1882 - 1905                the chief heads of civil administration
Assistants for Civil Affairs
1905                       Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sultan-     (b. 1836 - d. 19..)
                             Krym-Giray
1906 - 1909                Justin Vasilyevich Mickevich       (b. 1841 - d. 19..)
1909 - 1913                Emanuil Aleksandrovich Vataci      (b. 1856 - d. 1920)
1913 - 1915                Nikolay Leonidovich Peterson       (d. 1920)
1915 - 1917                Prince Vladimir Nikolayevich Orlov (b. 1868 - d. 1927) 
Prime minister
22 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918  Akaki I. Chkhenkeli                (b. 1876 - d. 1959)  SDWP
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Mar 1922 - 13 Dec 1922     Shalva Zurabovich Eliava (1st time)(b. 1883 - d. 1937)  SKP/CPTSSF
                             (Georgian SSR)
13 Dec 1922 -  9 Jun 1927  Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (s.a.)               CPTSSF
                             (1st time)(Georgian SSR)
 9 Jun 1927 - 29 Jan 1931  Shalva Zurabovich Eliava (2nd time)(s.a.)               CPTSSF 
                             (Georgian SSR)
29 Jan 1931 - 28 Jan 1932  Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili  (s.a.)               CPTSSF 
                             (2nd time)(Georgian SSR)
28 Jan 1932 -  5 Dec 1936  Gazanfar Makhmud ogly Musabekov    (s.a.)               CPTSSF 
                             (Azerbaijani SSR)

Party abbreviations: AKP = Azerbaijani Communist Party; CPTSSF = Communist Party of the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federation (Communist, only legal party 1922-1936); 
KPA = Communist Party of Armenia; SDWP = Social Democratic Workers' Party ("Menshevik" socialist); SKP = Communist Party of Georgia

730                        Abkhaz and Lazik principalities oust Arab and Byzantine rulers.
767                        Kingdom of Abkhazia
1325                       Principality of Abkhazia
1578                       Part of the Ottoman Empire.
22 Jun 1810                Russia occupies Sukumi, Abkhazia a Russian protectorate.
1854 - 1856                Occupied by Ottoman Empire.
 6 Jul 1864                Incorporated into Russian Empire (from 1883, renamed Sukhumi
                             district).
 8 Mar 1918                Independence declared.
19 Apr 1918                Incorporated into Georgian Republic.
 4 Mar 1921                "Provisional" Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic declared.
16 Dec 1921                Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic within Georgian S.S.R.
17 Apr 1930                Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within Georgia.
25 Aug 1990                Abkhazia state sovereignty declared; declaring itself part
                             of Russian S.F.S.R. (not recognized).
23 Jul 1992                Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia
                             (not internationally recognized).
Aug 1992 - 27 Sep 1993     Georgian occupation of Sukhumi.
24 Nov 1992                Georgian government organizes Abkhazian Autonomous Republic
                             government in T'bilisi.
10 Oct 2002                Georgia designates Abkhazia an autonomous republic.

Note: Imeret`i rather than the Abkhazian principality, is the geographic (but not ethnic) predecessor of present-day Abkhazia.

Chairman of the Communist Party
14 Feb 1921 - 1921         N.E. Zhvaniya
First Secretaries of the Communist Party
 6 Mar 1921 - 1921         G. Krishtof
1921                       Pyotr Semenovich Agniashvili       (b. 1898 - d. 1937)
                             (Agniev)
1921                       Larionov
1921 - 1922                Nikolay Samsonovich Svanidze       (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
1922                       S.A. Gubeliya-Mezdmarishvili
1922 - 1923                Nikolay Nikolayevich Akirtava      (b. 1894 - d. 1937)
1923 - 1924                G.M. Makarov
1924 - 1925                Yervand Mikhailovich Asribekov     (b. 1898 - d. 1937)
1925 - 1927                Georgy Fydorovich Sturua           (b. 1884 - d. 1956)
1928 - 19.                 Aleksand Semyonovich Amas          (b. 1904 - d. 1938)
                             (Amirbekov)
Jan 1936 - Feb 1937        Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba          (b. 1897 - d. 1938)
1937 - 1940                Kiril Georgyevich Bechvaya
                             (acting to Jun 1938)
1940 - 1943                Mikhail Ivanovich Baramiya         (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
1943 - 1951                Akaky Ivanovich Mgeladze           (b. 1910 - d. 1980)
1951 - 1953                S.D. Getiya                        (b. 1904 - d. 19..)
1953 - 1955                I.K. Tarba
Jan 1956 - 1958            Otar Davydovich Gotsiridze         (b. 1919)
Feb 1958 - Sep 1965        Mikhail Timurovich Bgazhba         (b. 1915 - d. 19..)
Sep 1965 - 1975            Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya      (b. 1929)
1975 - Feb 1978            Valery Mikhaylovich Khintba
Feb 1978 -  6 Apr 1989     Boris Viktorovich Adleyba          (b. 1931)
Apr 1989 - 1990            Vladimir Filippovich Khishba       (b. 1936)

Princes
c.1665                     Salomoni II 
1700 - 1730                Jigetshi
1730 - 17..                Hamid Begi
.... - 1757                Manuchar I                         (d. af.1757)
17.. - 1770                Manuchar II
1770 - 1779                Zurab 
1779 - 1789                Levanti (Muhammed Pasha) 
1789 - 14 May 1806         Kelesh-Ahmad Begi                  (b. 1747 - d. 1806)
14 May 1806 - 22 Jun 1810  Arslan Begi (1st time)
                           - jointly with following -
22 Jun 1810 - 13 Nov 1821  Safar Ali Begi (from 1810, Giorgi) (b. 17.. - d. 1821)
13 Nov 1821 - 28 Oct 1822  Dimitri (Umar Begi)                (d. 1822)
13 Nov 1821 - 1821         Tamar (f) -Regent
1821 - 1822                Arslan Begi (2nd time)             (s.a.)
                             (in rebellion)
28 Oct 1822 - 15 Feb 1864  Mikheil                            (d. 1866)
15 Feb 1864 -  6 Jul 1864  Grigol III
Jul 1866 - Aug 1866        Giorgi Mikhailovitch (in rebellion)(b. 1846 - d. 18..)
Chairmen of Committee of Public Safety
10 Mar 1917 - 191.         A. Varlam Sharvashidze (Chachba)
 8 Mar 1918 -  8 Apr 1918  ....
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
 8 Apr 1918 - 16 May 1918  Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba (1st time)(b. 1893 - d. 1939)
17 Feb 1921 -  6 Mar 1921  N.E. Zhvaniya
 6 Mar 1921 - 16 Jan 1922  Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba (2nd time)(s.a.)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
1922                       Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba           (s.a.)
1922 - 1923                Samson Alekseyevich Kartoziya      (b. 1893 - d. 1937)
1925 - Apr 1930            Samson Yakovlevich Chanba          (b. 1886 - d. 1937)
Apr 1930 - 28 Dec 1936     Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba         (b. 1893 - d. 1936)
Feb 1937 - Sep 1937        Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba          (s.a.)
 2 Nov 1937 - 30 Nov 1938  Avksenti Narikovich Rapava         (b. 1899 - d. 1955)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
1938 - 1953                Mikhail Konstantinovich Delba      (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
1953 - 195.                Andrey Maksimovich Chochua         (b. 1879 - d. 1965)
Feb 1958 - Apr 1978        Bagrat Vasilyevich Shinkuba        (b. 1917 - d. 2004)    
Apr 1978 - 1989            Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya      (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet
1989 - 1990                Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya      (s.a.)
 4 Dec 1990 - 23 Jul 1992  Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba    (b. 1945)
Chairman of Parliament
23 Jul 1992 - 26 Nov 1994  Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba    (s.a.)
                             (at Gudauta Aug 1992 - 27 Sep 1993)
Presidents
26 Nov 1994 - 12 Feb 2005  Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba    (s.a.)
12 Feb 2005 -              Sergey Vasilyevich Bagapsh         (b. 1949)

Chairmen of the National Council
 8 Nov 1917 - 19..         Simon Basariya
1918 -  9 Oct 1918         A. Varlam Sharvashidze (Chachba)
18 Mar 1919 - 19..         D. Emuhvari
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
1922 - 19 Dec 1936         Nestor Apollonovich Lakoba         (s.a.)
Feb 1937 - Sep 1937        Aleksey Sergeyevich Agrba          (s.a.) 
Nov 1937 - 30 Nov 1938     Avksenti Narikovich Rapava         (s.a.)
1938 - 1943                Konstantin Geor