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German States to 1918  A-E

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Note: The list below is only complete for those polities that survived beyond 1806.  Within 

the Holy Roman Empire, there existed countless minor states (ecclesiastical states, imperial

cities, imperial villages, lordships, counties, baronies, principalities, etc.), which

are nearly impossible to list with even partial accuracy.  A major reorganization was

brought about by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, when more than 100 polities were

abolished.  Polities listed prior to 1806 are a sample of the major or most well known

polities of the Holy Roman Empire and the Confederation of the Rhine.  After 1806, all the

polities that survived the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna are listed.

 

For the sake of providing a division between eras, after the republican revolutions 

of 1918, which overthrew the last German monarchies, remaining states are listed under

German states since 1918; these include the states and provinces of the Weimar Republic, Third Reich, and the modern period.  The provinces of Prussia are listed in a separate section following the entry for Prussia (Prussian provinces to 1946). Statistical data is given only for those polities that survived to 1918.

 

Noble titles: Edler/Edle = Noble; Graf/Gräfin = Count/Countess; Freiherr/Freifrau = Baron/Baroness; Erzherzog/Erzherzogin = Archduke/Archduchess; Herzog/Herzogin = Duke/Duchess; Fürst/Fürstin, Prinz/Prinzessin = Prince/Princess; Grossherzog/Grossherzogin = Grand Duke/Grand Duchess; Kurfürst/Kurfürstin = Prince/Princess Elector; Ritter = Knight; Pfalzgraf/Pfalzgräfin = Count/Countess Palatine; Rheingraf/Rheingräfin = Rhinegrave; Markgraf/Markgrafin = Marquess/Marchioness; Herr/Frau (Herrin) = Lord/Lady; Landgraf/Landgräfin = Landgrave; Wildgraf = Wildgrave; Kurfürst = Elector; Gefürsteter Graf/Gräfin = Princely Count/Countess; Reichsfreiherr = Imperial Baron; Köing/Königin = King/Queen; Kaiser/Kaiserin = Emperor/Empress;

Religious titles: Abt/Abtissin = Abbot/Abbess; Bischof = bishop; Erzbischof = Archbishop; Fürstäbte = Prince-Abbot; Fürstinabtissin = Princess-Abbess; Fürstbischof = Prince-bishop

 

Maps showing some of the major territorial changes: Historical Map of Germany in 1660;

Historical map of Germany in 1789; Historical map of Germany in 1803; Map of Germany in 1812;

Map of German Confederation 1815; Map of German Empire 1871

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Aachen 

 

c.1250                     Free Imperial City of Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle).
 6 Oct 1794                Occupied by France.
18 Oct 1797                Ceded to France.
 9 Mar 1801 - 1813         Part of the French département Roer (see under Germany).
1814                       Part of Prussia.

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
1699 - 1798                .... 

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Aargau: see Swiss Cantons

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Alsace: see France provinces

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Map of Anhalt	National Anthem "Heil unserm Herzog, heil!"	Text of National Anthem (to 1918)
Constitution	Capital: Dessau	Population: 328,007 (1905)

1250                       Principality of Anhalt
10 Jul 1603                Partitioned into 5 principalities (Anhalt-Bernburg,
                             Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Plötzkau,
                             and Anhalt-Zerbst).
30 Aug 1863                Duchy of Anhalt unified.
12 Nov 1918                Free State of Anhalt (see German states since 1918).

Dukes
30 Aug 1863 - 22 May 1871  Leopold IV                         (b. 1794 - d. 1871) 
22 May 1871 - 24 Jan 1904  Friedrich I                        (b. 1831 - d. 1904)
24 Jan 1904 - 21 Apr 1918  Friedrich II                       (b. 1856 - d. 1918)
21 Apr 1918 - 13 Sep 1918  Eduard                             (b. 1861 - d. 1918)
13 Sep 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Joachim Ernst                      (b. 1901 - d. 1947)
Sep 1918 - 12 Nov 1918     Aribert -Regent                    (b. 1864 - d. 1933)

Ministers of state
12 Sep 1863 - 1868         Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Sintenis  (b. 1804 - d. 1868)
1868 - 1875                Karl August Alfred von Larisch     (b. 1819 - d. 1897)
1875 - 1892                Anton von Krosigk                  (b. 1820 - d. 1892)
1892 - 1902                Karl von Koseritz
1903 - 1909                Nikolaus Michael Louis Hans von    (b. 1855 - d. 1919)
                             Dallwitz 
 1 Jan 1910 -  8 Nov 1918  Ernst Laue                         (b. 1855 - d. 19..)
 8 Nov 1918 - 14 Nov 1918  Max Gutknecht                      (b. 1876 - d. 19..)

        1830 - 19 Aug 1863

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg], Graf von Askanien)
 2 Oct 1656 - 14 Feb 1718  Viktor Amadeus                     (b. 1634 - d. 1718)
14 Feb 1718 - 22 Apr 1721  Karl Friedrich                     (b. 1668 - d. 1721)
22 Apr 1721 - 18 May 1765  Viktor Friedrich                   (b. 1700 - d. 1765)
18 May 1765 -  9 Apr 1796  Friedrich Albrecht                 (b. 1735 - d. 1796)
 9 Apr 1796 -  8 Apr 1806  Alexius                            (b. 1767 - d. 1834)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Bernburg], Graf von Askanien)
 8 Apr 1806 - 24 Mar 1834  Alexius                            (s.a.)
24 Mar 1834 - 19 Aug 1863  Alexander                          (b. 1805 - d. 1863)

Presidents of the state government
18.. - 1827                Johann Vollrath Ludwig Freiherr
                             von Salmuth                      (d. 1827)
1827 - 1831                Wilhelm Ernst Carl von Pfau
1831 - 24 Jul 1848         Friedrich Wilhelm August von
                             Kersten
Ministers of state
24 Jul 1848 - 1848         Friedrich Wilhelm August von
                             Kersten
1848 - 1850                Heinrich von Krosigk               (d. 1850)
1851 - 17 Apr 1853         Victor Hempel
17 Apr 1853 - 12 Sep 1863  Maximilian Theodor von Schnetzell

17 Apr 1630                Separated from Anhalt-Bernburg.
14 Dec 1709                Re-incorporated into Anhalt-Bernburg.

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg-Harzgerode], Graf von Askanien)
17 Apr 1630 - 30 Jun 1670  Friedrich                          (b. 1613 - d. 1670)
30 Jun 1670 - 14 Dec 1709  Wilhelm                            (b. 1643 - d. 1709)

1707                       Separated from Anhalt-Bernburg.
24 Dec 1812                Re-incorporated into Anhalt-Bernburg.

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym], Graf von Askanien)
1707 - 17 May 1727         Leberecht                          (b. 1669 - d. 1727)
17 May 1727 - 15 Apr 1772  Viktor I                           (b. 1693 - d. 1772)
15 Apr 1772 - 20 Aug 1806  Karl                               (b. 1723 - d. 1806)
20 Aug 1806 - 22 Apr 1812  Viktor II                          (b. 1767 - d. 1812)
22 Apr 1812 - 24 Dec 1812  Friedrich                          (b. 1741 - d. 1812)

         1813 - 2 May 1853

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Dessau], Graf von Askanien)
17 Aug 1693 -  9 Apr 1747  Leopold I "der alte Dessauer"      (b. 1676 - d. 1747)
 9 Apr 1747 - 16 Dec 1751  Leopold II                         (b. 1700 - d. 1751)
16 Dec 1751 - 18 Apr 1807  Leopold III                        (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Dessau], Graf von Askanien)
18 Apr 1807 -  9 Aug 1817  Leopold III                        (s.a.)
 9 Aug 1817 -  2 May 1853  Leopold IV                         (b. 1794 - d. 1871)

Heads of the government
18.. - 1831                Wolff Carl August von 
                             Wolfframsdorff                   (d. 1831)
1831 - 1835                Ludwig von Basedow                 (d. 1835)
1835 -  5 Apr 1848         Leopold von Morgenstern
Ministers of State
 5 Apr 1848 - Jul 1849     August Eberhardt Habicht
Jul 1849 - 1862            Albert Friedrich von Plötz         (d. 1862)
1862 - 12 Sep 1863         Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Sintenis  (b. 1804 - d. 1868)

         1813 - 2 May 1853

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Köthen], Graf von Askanien)
18 Nov 1670 - 30 May 1704  Emanuel Lebrecht                   (b. 1671 - d. 1704)
30 May 1704 - 19 Nov 1728  Leopold                            (b. 1694 - d. 1728)
19 Nov 1728 -  6 Aug 1755  August Ludwig                      (b. 1697 - d. 1755)
 6 Aug 1755 - 17 Oct 1789  Karl Georg Ludwig Lebrecht         (b. 1730 - d. 1789)
17 Oct 1789 -  1 Jun 1807  August Christian Friedrich         (b. 1769 - d. 1812)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Köthen], Graf von Askanien)
 1 Jun 1807 -  5 May 1812  August Christian Friedrich         (s.a.)
 5 May 1812 - 18 Dec 1818  Ludwig II                          (b. 1802 - d. 1818)
18 Dec 1818 - 23 Aug 1830  Friedrich Ferdinand                (b. 1769 - d. 1830)
23 Aug 1830 - 23 Nov 1847  Heinrich                           (b. 1778 - d. 1847)

Conducting Minister
1811 -  1 Nov 1812         J.C.C. Dabelow
Presidents of the State government
 1 Nov 1812 - 1817         L.L. Vierthaler
1817 - 1819                Vacant
1819 - 1835                Lebrecht August von Renthe         (d. 1835)
1836 - 1839                Johann David Karl von Albert
1840 - 25 May 1848         Albert Vierthaler
Minister of State
25 May 1848 -  7 May 1853  Albert Vierthaler
President of the national administration commission
23 Nov 1847 -  7 May 1853  Gustav Albert von Gossler

1765                       Principality of Anhalt-Köthen-Pless
 5 Nov 1841                Re-incorporated into Anhalt-Köthen.

Princes
1765 - 12 Dec 1797         Friedrich Erdmann                  (b. 1721 - d. 1797)
12 Dec 1797 - 18 Dec 1818  Friedrich Ferdinand                (s.a.)
18 Dec 1818 - 23 Aug 1830  Heinrich                           (s.a.)
23 Aug 1830 -  5 Nov 1841  Ludwig                             (b. 1783 - d. 1841)

   2 May 1853 - 30 Aug 1863

Duke
 2 May 1853 - 30 Aug 1863  Leopold IV                         (b. 1794 - d. 1871)

10 Jul 1603                Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst
 3 Mar 1793                Divided among Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Dessau.

Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Zerbst], Graf von Askanien)
14 Jul 1667 -  3 Nov 1718  Karl Wilhelm                       (b. 1652 - d. 1718)
 3 Nov 1718 -  7 Nov 1742  Johann August                      (b. 1677 - d. 1742)
 7 Nov 1742 -  5 Nov 1746  Johann Ludwig                      (b. 1688 - d. 1746)
                           - jointly with -
 7 Nov 1742 - 16 Mar 1747  Christian August                   (b. 1690 - d. 1747)
16 Mar 1747 -  3 Mar 1793  Friedrich August                   (b. 1734 - d. 1793)

21 Jan 1398                Principality of Ansbach (Fürstentum Ansbach).
28 Jan 1792                Annexed to Prussia.
22 Feb 1806 - 27 May 1806  French occupation.
27 May 1806                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Margraves (title Fürst und Markgraf von Ansbach)
16 Oct 1692 - 29 Mar 1703  Georg Friedrich II                   (b. 1678 - d. 1703)
29 Mar 1703 -  7 Jan 1723  Wilhelm Friedrich                    (b. 1686 - d. 1723)
 7 Jan 1723 -  3 Aug 1757  Karl Wilhelm Friedrich               (b. 1712 - d. 1757)
 7 Jan 1723 - 25 Dec 1729  Christiane Charlotte von             (b. 1694 - d. 1729)
                             Württemberg (f) -Regent
 3 Aug 1757 -  2 Dec 1791  Christian Friedrich Karl Alexander   (b. 1736 - d. 1806)
 2 Dec 1791 - 28 Jan 1792  Karl August von Hardenberg -Regent   (b. 1750 - d. 1822)
French government Commissioner
22 Feb 1806 - 24 May 1806  Nagler
Military governor
24 May 1806 - 27 May 1806  Jean-Baptiste-Juules Bernadotte      (b. 1763 - d. 1844)

1576                       Princely County of Arenberg
1645                       Duchy of Arenberg (Herzogtum Arenberg).
 9 Mar 1801                Annexed to France.
 1 Dec 1802                Duchy restored at Meppen (Arenberg-Meppen). 
12 Jul 1806                Raised to fully sovereign status.
13 Dec 1810                Annexed to France.
27 Apr 1811                Divided between French départements of Ems-Supérieur 
                             and Lippe (see under Germany).
1813 - 25 May 1815         Allied administration
25 May 1815                Annexed by Prussia, Meppen to Hanover.

Dukes (title Herzog von Arenberg [from 1802] zu Meppen)
25 Aug 1691 -  4 Mar 1754  Leopold               (b. 1690 - d. 1754)
25 Aug 1691 - 14 Oct 1711  .... -Regent
 4 Mar 1754 - 17 Aug 1778  Karl II               (b. 1721 - d. 1778)
17 Aug 1778 -  9 Mar 1801  Ludwig Engelbert      (b. 1750 - d. 1820)
 1 Dec 1802 - 13 Dec 1810  Prosper Ludwig        (b. 1785 - d. 1861)

1203                       Bishopric of Augsburg (Hochstift Augsburg)
...                        Bishops also Princes of the Empire.
15th cent.                 Seat of the Bishops moved to Dillingen.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed by Bavaria.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbischof zu Augsburg)
 1 Apr 1690 - 24 Jan 1737  Alexander Sigmund Fürst zu Neuburg         (d. 1737)
24 Jan 1737 - 12 Jun 1740  Johann Franz Schenk von Stauffenberg       (d. 1740)
18 Aug 1740 - 20 Aug 1768  Joseph Landgraf von Hesse-Darmstadt        (d. 1768)
20 Aug 1768 - 29 Nov 1791  Klemens Wenzeslaus von Sachsen             (d. 1812)

 9 Mar 1276                Free Imperial City of Augsburg.
24 Apr 1632 - 1635         Occupied by Sweden.
 4 Mar 1806                Annexed to Bavaria.

Mayors (Bürgermeister)
... - 1806                 Albrecht von Stetten
1806                       Johann Baptist Peter von Carl

27 Apr 1112                Margraviate of Baden (Markgrafschaft Baden) established.
24 Aug 1535                Polity split into Upper Margraviate of Baden, usually called
                             Baden-Baden, and Lower Margraviate of Baden, usually called
                             Baden-Durlach, after the later choices of capitals.
21 Oct 1771                Baden-Baden line extinct; Baden-Durlach reunites both
                             polities into a single Margraviate of Baden.
25 Jul 1803                The ruler is made into a prince-elector and the polity is
                             styled Electorate of Baden (Kurfürstentum Baden).
25 Jul 1806                Grand Duchy of Baden (Grossherzogtum Baden).
14 May 1849 - 25 Jun 1849  Rebellion; establishes Republic of Baden 1 Jun 1849.
22 Nov 1918                Republic of Baden (see German states since 1918).

Baden-Baden

Margraves (title Markgraf von Baden)
22 May 1677 -  4 Jan 1707  Ludwig Wilhelm "der Türkenlouis"   (b. 1655 - d. 1707)
 4 Jan 1707 - 22 Oct 1761  Ludwig Georg Simpert               (b. 1702 - d. 1761)
 4 Jan 1707 -  7 Jun 1727  Franziska Sibylla Augusta von
                             Sachsen-Lauenburg (f) -Regent    (b. 1675 - d. 1733)
                          - jointly with -
 4 Jan 1707 -  8 Apr 1716  Johann Wilhelm Pfalzgraf von       (b. 1658 - d. 1716)
                             Rhein -Regent 
 8 Apr 1716?-  7 Jun 1727  Leopold Herzog von Lorraine -Regent(b. 167. - d. 1729)
22 Oct 1761 - 21 Oct 1771  August Georg Simpert               (b. 1706 - d. 1771)

Margraves (title Markgraf von Baden)
10 Feb 1677 - 25 Jun 1709  Friedrich VII "der Grosse"         (b. 1647 - d. 1709)
25 Jun 1709 - 12 May 1738  Karl III Wilhelm                   (b. 1679 - d. 1738)
12 May 1738 - 30 Oct 1742  Magdalene Wilhelmine von           (b. 1677 - d. 1742)
                             Württemberg (f) -Regent
12 May 1738 - 22 Nov 1746  Carl August -Regent                (b. 1712 - d. 1786)
                           - jointly with -
30 Oct 1742 - 22 Nov 1746  Carl Wilhelm Eugen -Regent         (b. 1713 - d. 1783)
12 May 1738 - 21 Oct 1771  Karl IV Friedrich                  (b. 1728 - d. 1811)

Margrave (title Markgraf von Baden)
21 Oct 1771 - 27 Apr 1803  Karl IV Friedrich                  (s.a.)
Margrave and Elector (title Markgraf von Baden, Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches,
Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, etc.)
27 Apr 1803 - 25 Jul 1806  Karl Friedrich                     (s.a.)
Grand dukes (title Grossherzog von Baden)
25 Jul 1806 - 10 Jun 1811  Karl Friedrich                     (s.a.)
10 Jun 1811 -  8 Dec 1818  Karl Ludwig Friedrich              (b. 1786 - d. 1818)
 8 Dec 1818 - 30 Mar 1830  Ludwig I                           (b. 1763 - d. 1830)
30 Mar 1830 - 24 Apr 1852  Leopold I                          (b. 1790 - d. 1852)
14 May 1849 - 25 Jun 1849  Lorenz Peter Brentano              (b. 1813 - d. 1891)
                            (chairman Executive of the People's Societies to 1 Jun 1849,
                            then chairman Provisional Government of the Republic)
24 Apr 1852 -  5 Sep 1856  Ludwig II                          (b. 1824 - d. 1858)
 5 Sep 1856 - 28 Sep 1907  Friedrich I                        (b. 1826 - d. 1907)
                            (24 Apr 1852 - 5 Sep 1856 regent for Ludwig II)
28 Sep 1907 - 22 Nov 1918  Friedrich II                       (b. 1857 - d. 1928)

Chief Ministers
1774 -  6 Dec 1793         Wilhelm Freiherr von Edelsheim     (b. 1737 - d. 1793)
1793 - 1808                Georg Ludwig Freiherr von          (b. 1740 - d. 1814)
                             Edelsheim
1803 - 27 Dec 1806         Wolfgang Heribert Tobias Otto      (b. 1750 - d. 1806) 
                             Maria Johann Nepomuk Freiherr 
                             von Dalberg
27 Dec 1806 - Jul 1808     ....
Jul 1808 - 1808            Emmerich Joseph Freiherr von       (b. 1773 - d. 1833)
                             Dalberg 
                             (provisional cabinet director)
1808 - 1809                Carl Wilhelm Freiherr von          (b. 1764 - d. 1817)
                             Marschall von Bieberstein
Ministers of State
1809 - Mar 1810            Sigismund Karl Freiherr von        (b. 1766 - d. 1847)
                             Reitzenstein 
Mar 1810 - 1810            Conrad Karl Friedrich Freiherr     (b. 1776 - d. 1839)
                             von Andlau-Birseck (acting)
1810 - 13 Jan 1812         Christian Heinrich Freiherr        (b. 1743 - d. 1812)
                             Gayling von Altheim
                            (president of the ministers
                             conference to 26 Sep 1811)
1812 - 1817                Karl Christian Freiherr von        (b. 1774 - d. 1849)
                             Berckheim 
1817 - 1818                Sigismund Karl Freiherr von        (b. 1766 - d. 1847)
                             Reitzenstein
Presidents of the Ministry of State
Dec 1818 - 1831            Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard    (b. 1769 - d. 1837)
                             Freiherr von Berstett
                             (acting to 8 Oct 1819)
 8 Oct 1832 - 1832         Sigismund Karl Freiherr von        (b. 1766 - d. 1847)
                             Reitzenstein 
1833 - 27 Mar 1838         Georg Ludwig Winter                (b. 1778 - d. 1839)
1838 - 1839                Karl Friedrich Nebenius (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1857)
1839 - Nov 1843            Friedrich Landolin Karl Freiherr   (b. 1792 - d. 1861)
                             von Blittersdorf
Nov 1843 - Mar 1845        Christian Friedrich von Boeckh     (b. 1777 - d. 1855)
Mar 1845 - 19 Dec 1846     Karl Friedrich Nebenius (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1846 -  9 Mar 1848  Johann Baptist Bekk                (b. 1797 - d. 1855)
 9 Mar 1848 -  1 Jul 1849  Karl Georg Hoffmann                (b. 1796 - d. 1865)
Ministers of State
 1 Jul 1849 - May 1856     Friedrich Adolf Klüber             (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
May 1856 -  2 Apr 1860     Franz Freiherr von Stengel         (b. 1803 - d. 1870)
 2 Apr 1860 - 27 Jul 1866  Anton von Stabel                   (b. 1806 - d. 1880)
Presidents of the Ministry of State
27 Jul 1866 -  3 Feb 1868  Karl Mathy                         (b. 1806 - d. 1868)
12 Feb 1868 - 24 Sep 1876  Julius August Isaak Jolly          (b. 1823 - d. 1891)
24 Sep 1876 -  7 Mar 1893  Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban       (b. 1821 - d. 1898)
 7 Mar 1893 - Jun 1901     Franz Wilhelm Nokk                 (b. 1832 - d. 1903)
Jun 1901 -  8 Mar 1905     Karl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von     (b. 1845 - d. 1926)
                             Brauer 
 8 Mar 1905 - 22 Dec 1917  Alexander Freiherr von Dusch       (b. 1851 - d. 1923)
22 Dec 1917 - 14 Nov 1918  Heinrich Freiherr von und zu       (b. 1851 - d. 1929)
                             Bodman

1227                       Cistercian Abbey of Baindt (Stift Baindt)
1241                       Placed directly under the protection of the Emperor.
1263                       Declared free of any Guardianship (confirmed 1309).
1376                       Abbesses also Princesses of the Empire.
Nov 1802                   Occupied by Prince von Leyen.
1803                       Secularized.
12 Jul 1806                Annexed to Württemburg.

Princess-Abbesses (title Fürstinabtissin zu Baindt)
1672 - 1688                Barbara II Sauther
1688 - 1722                Anna IX Tanner
1722 - 1723                Anna X Haug
1723 - 1751                Magdalena von Dürrheim
1751 - 1768                Cäcilia Seitz
1768 - 1802                Bernarda von Markdorf 
1802                       Xaveria Lohmiller                  (d. 1836)

 1 Jan 1007                Bishopric of Bamberg (Hochstift Bamberg)
c.1242                     Bishops also Princes of the Empire.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Bishops (title Fürstbishof zu Bamberg)
16 Nov 1693 - 30 Jan 1729  Lothar Franz von Schönborn      (b. 1655 - d. 1729)
1708 - 25 Jul 1746         Friedrich Karl von Schönborn-   (b. 1674 - d. 1746)
                             -Buchheim (acting to 30 Jan 1729)
26 Sep 1746 -  3 Jun 1753  Johann Philip Anton von 
                             Frankenstein
23 Jul 1753 -  6 Mar 1757  Franz Konrad von Stadion -      (b. 1679 - d. 1757)
                             Thannhausen 
21 Apr 1757 - 18 Feb 1779  Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim 
12 Apr 1770 - 14 Feb 1795  Franz Ludwig von Erthal
 7 Apr 1795 - Nov 1802     Christoph Franz von Buseck      (d. 1805)

c.500                      Dukes of the Baiuvars 

Aug 788                    Conquered by the Franks.

806                        Carolingian Kingdom of Bavaria.

24 Sep 911                 Carolingian dynasty ends.

911                        Dukes of Bavaria (but polity styled Fürstentum und Land zu

                             Bayern).

16 Sep 1180                Wittelsbach dynasty begins.

28 Mar 1255 - 30 Jul 1505  Numerous dynastic divisions (all rulers styled Herzog von

                             Bayern).

30 Jul 1505                Polity reunited, ruler styled Herzog beider Bayern.

25 Feb 1623                Upon forfeit of the Palatinate to the king, the ruler of

                             Bavaria is elevated to the lapsed electorate 

                            (Kurfürstentum Bayern).

29 Apr 1706 -  6 Mar 1714  Divided between Austria and the Palatinate.

 6 Mar 1714                Independence restored; office of archsteward (as part of the

                             electoral dignity) in dispute with the Palatinate.

30 Dec 1777                The elector palatine inherits Bavaria upon the extinction of

                             the ruling Wittelsbach line, thus terminating the electoral

                             dispute; the ruler sometimes uses the abbreviated 

                             style Kurfürst von Pfalzbayern.

27 Apr 1803                Palatinate incorporated into Bavaria.

 1 Jan 1806                Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern).

 7 Nov 1918                Free State of Bavaria (see German states since 1918).

Secret Chancellors
1695 - 1704                Johann Rudolf von Wämpl            (d. 1704)
1704 - 1714                Vacant
1714 -  3 Mar 1726         ....
 3 Mar 1726 -  6 Mar 1749  Franz Xaver Joseph Unertl          (b. 1675 - d. 1750)
Ministers of the Royal House and External Affairs
1745 - 18 Nov 1777         Franz Joseph Freiherr und Graf     (b. 1702 - d. 1777)
                             von Berchem
1777 - 1799                Karl Matthäus Graf von Vieregg     (b. 1719 - d. 1802)
21 Feb 1799 -  2 Feb 1817  Maximilian Joseph Graf von         (b. 1759 - d. 1838)
                             Montgelas
 2 Feb 1817 - 26 Oct 1825  Heinrich Aloys Graf von            (b. 1770 - d. 1865)
                             Reigersberg 
 1 Jan 1826 - 22 Apr 1827  Friedrich Karl Graf von Thürheim   (b. 1763 - d. 1823)
22 Apr 1827 - 29 Aug 1828  Georg Friedrich Freiherr von       (b. 1752 - d. 1835)
                             Zentner (acting)
30 Aug 1828 - 31 Dec 1831  Joseph Ludwig Graf von Armansperg  (b. 1787 - d. 1853)
 2 Jan 1832 -  1 Jun 1846  August Freiherr von Gise           (b. 1783 - d. 1860)
                            (August von Koch auf Teublitz)
 1 Jun 1846 -  4 Apr 1847  Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von        (b. 1807 - d. 1899)
                             Bray-Steinburg (1st time) 
 4 Apr 1847 - 17 Sep 1847  Vacant
17 Sep 1847 - 29 Nov 1847  Georg Ludwig von Mauer (acting)    (b. 1790 - d. 1872)
 1 Dec 1847 - 14 Mar 1848  Ludwig Kraft Ernst Fürst von       (b. 1791 - d. 1870)
                             Öttingen-Wallerstein (acting)
14 Mar 1848 - 29 Apr 1848  Klemens August Graf von Waldkirch  (b. 1806 - d. 1858)
                             (acting)
29 Apr 1848 - 18 Apr 1849  Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von        (s.a.)
                             Bray-Steinburg (2nd time)
18 Apr 1849 - 22 Dec 1849  Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr      (b. 1811 - d. 1880)
                             von der Pfordten
Chairmen in the Council of Ministers
22 Dec 1849 -  1 May 1859  Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr      (s.a.)
                             von der Pfordten 
 1 May 1859 -  4 Oct 1864  Karl Freiherr von Schrenck von     (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
                             Nozing
 4 Oct 1864 -  4 Dec 1864  Max von Neumayr (acting)           (b. 1810 - d. 1881)
 4 Dec 1864 - 29 Dec 1866  Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr      (s.a.)
                             von der Pfordten
31 Dec 1866 -  7 Mar 1870  Chlodwig Carl Victor Fürst zu      (b. 1819 - d. 1901) 
                             Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst,
                             Prinz von Ratibor und Corvey 
 8 Mar 1870 - 25 Jul 1871  Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von        (s.a.)
                             Bray-Steinburg
21 Aug 1871 -  2 Jun 1872  Friedrich Adam Justus Freiherr     (b. 1810 - d. 1872)
                             von Hegnenberg-Dux 
 1 Oct 1872 -  4 Mar 1880  Adolph von Pfretzschner            (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
 4 Mar 1880 -  1 Jun 1890  Johann von Lutz                    (b. 1826 - d. 1890)
                             (from 28 Dec 1883, Johann Freiherr von Lutz) 
 1 Jun 1890 -  1 Mar 1903  Krafft Freiherr von Crailsheim     (b. 1841 - d. 1926)
                             (from 12 Mar 1901, Krafft Graf von Crailsheim)
 1 Mar 1903 -  9 Feb 1912  Klemens Freiherr von               (b. 1850 - d. 1922)
                             Podewils-Dürnitz 
                             (from 1911, Klemens Graf von Podewils-Dürnitz)
 9 Feb 1912 - 10 Nov 1917  Georg Freiherr von Hertling        (b. 1843 - d. 1919)
                             (from 17 Jan 1914, Georg Graf von Hertling) 
11 Nov 1917 -  7 Nov 1918  Otto Ritter von Dandl              (b. 1868 - d. 1942)

1248                       Under Nürnberg.
21 Jan 1398                Principality of Bayreuth, under the
                             Hohenzollern dynasty (Fürstentum Bayreuth).
11 Jun 1420 - 20 Sep 1440  Under Nürnberg.
1457 - 11 Mar 1486         Administered by Ansbach.
26 Feb 1495 - 1515         Administered by Ansbach.
 8 Jan 1557 - 26 Apr 1603  Administered by Ansbach.
28 Jan 1792                Administered by Prussia.
 8 Oct 1806                French administration.
11 Jun 1807 - 17 Jul 1807  Austrian administration.
17 Jul 1807                French administration.
28 Feb 1810                Annexed to Bavaria.

Princes (title Fürst von Bayreuth)
 9 Jun 1655 - 10 May 1712  Christian Ernst                      (b. 1644 - d. 1712)
 9 Jun 1655 - 1661         .... -Regent 
10 May 1712 - 1726         Georg Wilhelm                        (b. 1678 - d. 1727)
1726 - 17 May 1735         Georg Friedrich Karl                 (b. 1688 - d. 1735)
17 May 1735 - 26 Feb 1763  Friedrich                            (b. 1711 - d. 1763)
26 Feb 1763 - 20 Jan 1769  Friedrich Christian                  (b. 1708 - d. 1769)
20 Jan 1769 -  2 Dec 1791  Christian Friedrich Karl             (b. 1736 - d. 1806)
                             Alexander Markgraf von 
                             Ansbach
 2 Dec 1791 - 28 Jan 1792  Karl August von Hardenberg -Regent   (b. 1750 - d. 1822)
Governors
28 Jan 1792 - 1795         Friedrich Eugen Herzog von           (b. 1732 - d. 1797)
                             Württemberg
1795 - 1800                Louis Herzog von Württemberg         (b. 1756 - d. 1818)
1800 - 1804                Vacant
1804 -  8 Oct 1806         Fürst von Hohenlohe
French military governor
 8 Oct 1806 - 18 Nov 1806  Étienne le Grand de Mercy
Intendant
15 Nov 1806 - 11 Jun 1809  Philippe Camille Marcellin Casimir,  (b. 1778 - d. 1833)
                             comte de Tournon-Simiane
Austrian military governor
11 Jun 1809 - 13 Jun 1809  Graf Nostitz                         (b. 1779 - d. 18..)
Intendants
13 Jun 1809 - 29 Jun 1809  Johann Erzherzog von Kutschera       (d. 1832)
29 Jun 1809 - 17 Jul 1809  Karl Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein (b. 1787 - d. 1856)
French military governor
17 Jul 1809 - 22 Jul 1809  Jean-Andoche Junot, duc d'Abrantès   (b. 1771 - d. 1813)
Indendants
22 Jul 1809 - 20 Sep 1809  Dardieu
20 Sep 1809 - 30 Jun 1810  Combe Sièyes

1146 - 1182                Under the Bishopric of Utrecht.
1182                       County of Bentheim (Grafschaft Bentheim).
1277                       County of Bentheim-Bentheim
                             (Grafschaft Bentheim Bentheim).
1468                       Bentheim and immediate fief.
13 Dec 1530 - 10 Feb 1643  To Steinfurt.
1753                       Bentheim mortgaged to Hanover.
12 May 1804                Annexed to Steinfurt (Bentheim-Steinfurt).
12 Jul 1806 - 10 Dec 1810  Bentheim annexed to Berg, Steinfurt to Prussia.
13 Dec 1810                Annexed to France.
14 Nov 1813 - 20 Dec 1813  Hanover administration (see Osnabrück).
20 Dec 1813                Bentheim annexed to Hanover.

Counts (title Graf zu Bentheim-Bentheim)
26 Aug 1693 - 29 Apr 1701  Arnold Moritz Graf von Steinfurt   (b. 1663 - d. 1701)
29 Apr 1701 - 1723         Hermann Friedrich                  (b. 1693 - d. 1731)
1723 - 1731                Ludwig Franz 
1731 - 1753                Friedrich Karl Philipp             (b. 1725 - d. 1803)

1108                       Augustinian Abbey of Berchtesgaden founded
                             (Stift Berchtesgaden).
1491                       Abbots also Princes of the Empire.
27 Apr 1803                Annexed to Salzburg.
26 Dec 1805                Annexed to Austria.
14 Oct 1809                Annexed to Bavaria.

Prince-Povosts (title Fürst, Pröpste, und Herr zu Berchtesgaden)
1688 - 12 Nov 1723         Johann Clemens von Bayern              (b. 1671 - d. 1723)
12 Nov 1723 - 1728         Vacant
1728 - 1732                Julius Heinrich von Rehlingen-Radau
1732 - 1752                Cajetan Anton von Notthaft
1752 - 1768                Michael Balthasar von Christallnigg
1768 - 1780                Franz Anton Joseph von Hausen-
                             Gleichenstorff
1780 - 1803                Joseph Konrad von Schroffenberg

1101                       County of Berg (Grafschaft Berg)
24 May 1380                Duchy of Berg (Herzogtum Burg).
1417                       Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve).
14 Aug 1437                Berg to Duchy of Jülich.
 7 Sep 1511                Berg to Duchy of Cleves.
25 Mar 1609                Berg to Palatinate-Neuburg, Cleves to Prussia.
1614                       Berg to Pfalz-Neuburg.
16 May 1685                Berg to Kur-Pfalz. 
27 Apr 1803                Berg to Bavaria. 
1417                       Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve).
1794                       Jülich occupied by France.
1795                       Cleves on the left bank of Rhine occupied
                             by France.
16 Feb 1799                Berg to Bavaria.
 9 Mar 1801                Former duchies of Jülich and Cleves annexed to France
                             part of département Roer. 
15 Mar 1806                Duchy of Cleves and Berg (Herzogtum Kleve und Burg).
12 Jul 1806                Grand Duchy of Berg (Grossherzogtum Burg).
21 Aug 1808                City of Wesel is annexed by France and incorporated 
                             into the département Roer (see under Germany).
13 Dec 1810                Berg's département Ems annexed by France.
 1 Jan 1811                Annexed to France; part of département Lippe.
                             (see under Germany).
10 Nov 1813 - 15 Jun 1814  Allied administration.
15 Jun 1814                Annexed to Prussia.
 

Duke
27 Mar 1803 - 15 Mar 1806  Wilhelm Herzog Bayern Pfalzgraf           (b. 1752 - d. 1837)
                             von Birkenfeld
Dukes (title Herzog von Kleve und Burg)
15 Mar 1806 - 24 Mar 1806  Johann Franz von Rappard (acting)         (b. 1759 - d. 1822) 
24 Mar 1806 - 12 Jul 1806  Joachim Murat                             (b. 1767 - d. 1815)
Grand Dukes (title Grossherzog von Burg)
12 Jul 1806 -  7 Aug 1808  Joachim Murat                             (s.a.)
 7 Aug 1808 -  3 Mar 1809  Vacant
 3 Mar 1809 - 10 Nov 1813  Karl Ludwig Napoléon                      (b. 1804 - d. 1831)
                            (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte)
 3 Mar 1809 - 10 Nov 1813  Napoléon I -Regent                        (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
Commissioner
 7 Aug 1808 - 10 Nov 1813  Jacques Claude Beugnot                    (b. 1761 - d. 1835)
Allied military governors
10 Nov 1813 - 25 Nov 1813  ....
Allied Governors-general
25 Nov 1813 - 31 Jan 1814  Karl Justus Gruner (1st time)             (b. 1777 - d. 1820)
 1 Feb 1814 - 14 Jun 1814  Alexander zu Solms-Lich                   (b. 1763 - d. 1830)
15 Jun 1814 - 14 Apr 1815  Karl Justus Gruner (2nd time)             (s.a.)

General Commissioner
 5 Apr 1806 - 24 Apr 1806  Johann Franz von Rappard                  (s.a.)
Ministers 
24 Apr 1806 -  7 Aug 1808  Jean Antoine Michel Agar de Mercuez       (b. 1771 - d. 1844)
 7 Aug 1808 - 13 Nov 1813  Jacques Claude Beugnot                    (s.a.)
24 Apr 1806 -  3 Jun 1806  Johann Engelbert von Fuchsius             (b. 1754 - d. 1828)
 3 Jun 1806 - 13 Nov 1813  Johann Franz Joseph Graf von Nesselrode-  (b. 1755 - d. 1824)
                             Reichenstein

1444                       Part of Zweibrücken.
11 Jun 1569                County of Birkenfeld (Grafschaft Birkenfeld)
 9 Mar 1801                Annexed by France, part of département of Sarre
                             (see under Germany).
Jan 1814 - 15 Jun 1814     Allied administration.
15 Jun 1814 -  1 Jul 1816  Joint Austrian and Bavarian administration.
 1 Jul 1816 - 16 Apr 1817  Prussian rule.
16 Apr 1817                Principality of Birkenfeld, in (nominal)
                             personal union with Oldenburg.
14 Jul 1919                Land of Birkenfeld within Oldenburg
                             (from 1918 see German states since 1918).

Counts (title Graf von Birkenfeld)
 6 Sep 1654 - 26 Apr 1717  Christian I Pfalzgraf zu Bischweiler  (b. 1637 - d. 1717)
26 Apr 1717 -  3 Feb 1735  Christian II                          (b. 1674 - d. 1735)
 3 Feb 1717 -  5 Nov 1775  Christian III                         (b. 1722 - d. 1775)
 5 Nov 1775 - 1780         Johann Pfalzgraf zu Gelnhausen        (b. 1698 - d. 1780)
1780 - 1801                Wilhelm                               (b. 1752 - d. 1837)
Princes
16 Apr 1817 - 11 Nov 1918  the Grand Dukes of Oldenburg

Chairman of the Provisional Administrative Commission for Oldenburg
16 Apr 1817 -  2 Sep 1817  Ludwig Conrad Leopold Wibel           (b. 1768 - d. 1833)
Directors of Government for Oldenburg
 2 Sep 1817 -  1 Aug 1831  Ludwig Conrad Leopold Wibel           (s.a.)
 1 Aug 1831 - 1844         Laurenz Martin Hannibal Christian     (b. 1784 - d. 1867)
                             Fischer
Heads of the Provincial Government for Oldenburg
1844 - Mar 1844            Laurenz Martin Hannibal Christian     (s.a.)
                             Fischer
Mar 1844 -  1 Oct 1881     Alexander Christian von Finckh        (b. 1806 - d. 1888)
                             (acting to 19 Feb 1866)
 1 Oct 1881 -  1 May 1901  Karl August Barnstedt                 (b. 1823 - d. 1914)
 1 May 1881 -  1 May 1909  Georg Adolf Moritz Alhorn             (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
 1 May 1909 - 29 Nov 1917  Wilhelm Friedrich Willich             (b. 1846 - d. 1917)
29 Nov 1917 - 15 Jun 1919  Hermann Gerhard Pralle (acting)       (b. 1863 - d. 1939)

1800                       Barony of Bömelburg (Freiherrschaft Bömelburg)
1806                       Dissolved.

Baron (title Freiherr zu Bömelburg)
1800 - 1806                Iganz

1120 - 1219                Freiburg im Breisgau a Free Imperial City.
1301                       Margravite of Burgau (Vorderösterreich [Further Austria]
                             an Austrian Habsburg possession.
1324 - 1648                Sundgau a Habsburg possession (occupied by Sweden 1632-34
                             and by France 1634-48). 
1331                       Neuenburg am Rhein and Breisach acquired.
 8 Apr 1363 -  9 Mar 1801  Vorarlberg a district of Vorderösterreich. 
 8 Apr 1363                Lordship of Neuburg a Habsburg possession
1368                       Freiburg im Breisgau a Habsburg possession.
30 Apr 1379                County of Feldkirch incorporated.
1381                       Hohenberg a Habsburg possession.
 5 Apr 1394                Lordship of Bludenz incorporated (Herrschaft Bludenz).
12 Jul 1451                County of Bregenz (est. 8 Nov 1260) incorporated
1491                       Fricktal a Habsburg possession (occupied by France 1797-1802,
                             then to Helvetic Republic [Switzerland]).
11 Oct 1548                Free Imperial City of Constance annexed to Austria.
1556                       Ortenau added.
1632 - 1634                Occupied by France.
May 1644 -  2 Aug 1644     Occupied by France.
1677 - 1697                Occupied by France.
1713 - 1714                Occupied by France.
1744 - 1748                Occupied by France.
1780                       Tettnang acquired.
 9 Mar 1801                Duchy of Modena-Breisgau (Herzogtum Modena-Breisgau).
29 Dec 1805                Breisgau, Konstanz and Ortenau annexed to Baden; Hohenberg 
                             and Freiburg im Breisgau to Württemburg; Burgau to Bavaria.
28 Feb 1810                Freiburg im Breisgau ceded to Baden.

Dukes of Vorderösterreich
1402 - 24 Jun 1439         Friedrich IV                         (b. 1382 - d. 1439)
1446 - 1490                Siegmund (Sigismund)                 (b. 1427 - d. 1496)
Archdukes of Vorderösterreich
25 Jul 1564 - 24 Jun 1695  Ferdinand II                         (b. 1529 - d. 1595)
1612 - 12 Nov 1618         Maximilan III                        (b. 1558 - d. 1618)
1619 - 13 Sep 1632         Leopold V                            (b. 1586 - d. 1632)
                             (governor to 1623)
13 Sep 1632 - 30 Dec 1662  Ferdinand Karl                       (b. 1628 - d. 1662) 
30 Dec 1662 - 25 Jun 1665  Sigismund Franz                      (b. 1630 - d. 1665)
25 Jun 1665 -  9 Mar 1802  the Archdukes of Austria
Governors
25 Jun 1665 -  9 Mar 1802  the Landeshauptleute of Tirol
Dukes (title Herzog von Modena-Breisgau)
 9 Mar 1801 - 14 Oct 1803  Ercole von Este,                     (b. 1727 - d. 1803) 
                             Herzog von Modena 
                            (did not take up rule)
14 Oct 1803 - 29 Dec 1805  Ferdinand Karl Erzherzog von         (b. 1754 - d. 1806)
                             Österreich-Este

Landvögte
.... - ....                ....
Statthalter
.... - 1752                ....
Regierungspräsidenten
1752 - 1769                Anton Thaddäus Freiherr Vogt von
                             Sumeraw
1769 - 1781                Ferdinand Karl Freiherr von Ulm
                             zu Erbach
1782 - 1791                Johann Freiherr von Posch
1791 - 1805