India
 

to 29 Mar 1858 Moghul Empire             20 Oct 1774 - 22 Jul 1947  British India                 c.1885 - 1945  Flag of Governor-general                1928/1945 - 22 Jul 1947 Unofficial                    Adopted 22 Jul 1947    Map of India Hear National Anthem "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People) Text of National Anthem Adopted 24 Jan 1950 Constitution (26 Jan 1950) Capital: New Delhi (Delhi  1192-1327, 1344-1501, 1648-1858; Daulatabad  1327-1344; Agra 1501- 1540, 1599-1613, 1616-1648; Fatehpur Sikri 1570-1585; Lahore 1585-1599; Ajmer 1613-1616) (British India: New Delhi from 1911; Calcutta 1774-12 Dec 1911; Summer capital: Simla 1911-1947) Currency: Indian Rupee (INR)  National Holiday: 26 Jan (1950) Republic Day Population: 1,129,866,154 (2007) GDP: $4.04 trillion (2006) Exports: $112 billion (2006) Imports: $187 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,  Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)  Total Armed Forces: 1,325,000 (2003) Declared Nuclear Power (1998): est. 85 weapons Merchant marine: 316 ships (2006) Religions: Hindu 73.72%, Muslim 11.96% (Sunni 8.97%, Shi'i 2.99%), Christian 6.08% (Protestant 1.4%,  Roman Catholic 1.35%, Orthodox 0.27%), Sikh 2.16%, traditional beliefs 3.39%, Buddhist 0.71%,  Jain 0.40%, Baha'i 0.12%, Parsi (Zoroastrian)  0.02%, other 1.44% (2000)  International Organizations/Treaties: AfDB, ADB, AL (observer), ANT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BTWC, C, CP, EAS, ENMOD, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IOM (observer), Interpol, Intersputnik, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO India Index Chronology 3300 BC - 1700 BC          Indus Valley Civilization. 1700 Bc - 1300 BC          Late Harappan Culture. 1500 BC - 500 Bc           Vedic Civilization. 1200 BC - 316 BC           Kuru dynasty. 700 BC - 321 BC            Maha Janapadas 684 BC - 321 BC            Madadha Empire  321 Bc - 85 BC             Mauryan Empire c.240 - 550 AD             Gupta Empire 848 - 1279                 Chola Empire (in the south). 1000 - 1346                Hoysala Empire (in the south). 1210 - 19 Apr 1526         Delhi Sultanate (in the north). 1347 - 1518                Bahmani Sultanate (in the south). 1336 - 23 Jan 1565         Vijayanagara Empire (in the south).  27 May 1526                Babur founds the Empire of Hind (usually                               referred to by historians as the Mughal                               [Moghul] Empire). 17 May 1540                The Mughal rulers are expelled and superseded by                              the Afghan Suri dynasty. 23 Jul 1555                Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored. 18 Feb 1665                Bombay ceded to England by Portugal. c.1690                     Calcutta founded by England. 12 Aug 1765                British take over administration of Bengal                               (under British East India Company rule). 20 Oct 1774                Union of all East India Company settlements.  29 Mar 1858                The last Mughal ruler is deposed.  2 Aug 1858                British Act of Parliament annexes the Empire,                               creating British India (effective 1 Nov 1858). 28 Apr 1876                By proclamation, the Queen of Britain takes the                               style "Empress of India" (proclaimed in India                              on 1 Jan 1877). Mar 1942 - Aug 1945        Japanese occupy Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945  Provisional Government of Free India¹ proclaimed                              (Arzi Hukumate-e-Azad Hind) at Singapore                              (administering the Andaman and Nicobar Islands                              only Dec 1943-Aug 1945). 25 Aug 1946                India granted limited self rule. 15 Aug 1947                British India, together with acceded states, is                               partitioned into Dominion of India and                               Dominion of Pakistan; style "Emperor of India"                              is abandoned (retroactive proclamation that                               is dated 22 Jun 1948). 27 Oct 1947                Jammu and Kashmir accede to India. 17 Sep 1948                Hyderabad annexed by India. 26 Jan 1950                Republic of India, styled "India, that                               is Bharat."   1 Nov 1954                French India incorporated into India. 26 Jan 1957                The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir is                               declared to be complete. 16 Mar 1962                Goa annexed by India. 21 Nov 1962                China occupies Aksai Chin region of Kashmir. 26 Apr 1975                Annexation of Sikkim. Indian States (since 1947) Princely states A - J - K - Z British India Provinces Free India in Exile (1943-1945) British East India Company (1783-1858) Jammu & Kashmir Jammu Ladakh   Danish India (1620-1845)   Dutch India (1608-1825)   French India (1673-1954) Ostend Company (1719-1744)  Portuguese India (1505-1962) Sikkim (1642-1975) Map of British India (1934-1947) Historical Maps of India

Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i Hind - emperor of India)

31 Jul 1658 -  2 Mar 1707  Mohyi ad-Din Abu'l Mozaffar        (b. 1618 - d. 1707)

                             Mohammad Awrangzib Bahadur 

                             `Alamgir Padshah-e Ghazi

14 Mar 1707 - 27 Apr 1707  Qotb ad-Din Abu'l Fayaz            (b. 1653 - d. 1707) 

                             Mohammad A`zam Shah Padshah-e 

                             Ghazi 

                            (continues in rebellion to 18 Jun 1707)

27 Apr 1707 - 27 Feb 1712  Qotb ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Sayyed      (b. 1643 - d. 1712)

                             Mohammad Shah `Alam I Bahadur 

                             Shah Padshah-e Ghazi             (b. 1643 - d. 1712)

                            (retroactive to 23 Mar 1707)

27 Apr 1707 - 13 Jan 1709  Mohammad Kam Bakhsh-e Dinpanah 

                             ebn Awrangzib `Alamgir Padshah   (b. 1666 - d. 1709)

                             (in rebellion)

29 Feb 1712 - 17 Mar 1712  Mohammad `Azim ash-Shan ebn 

                             Bahadur Shah Padshah             (b. 16.. - d. 1712)

29 Feb 1712 - 28 Mar 1712  Mohammad Rafi` ash-Shan ebn        (b. 16.. - d. 1712)

                             Bahadur Shah Padshah 

                             (in rebellion)

29 Feb 1712 - 27 Mar 1712  Jahan Shah ebn Bahadur Shah        (b. 16.. - d. 1712)

                             Padshah "Khojestan Akhtar" 

                             (in rebellion)

30 Mar 1712 - 11 Jan 1713  Mo`ezz ad-Din Abu'l Fath           (b. 1661 - d. 1713)

                             Mohammad Jahandar Shah Padshah

11 Jan 1713 -  1 Mar 1719  Mo`in ad-Din (or Jalal ad-Din)     (b. 1687 - d. 1719)

                             Abu'l Mozaffar Mohammad 

                             Farrokhsiyar Padshah

 1 Mar 1719 -  7 Jun 1719  Shams ad-Din Abu'l Barakat         (b. c.1699 - d. 1719)

                             Soltan Mohammad Rafi` ad-Darjat 

                             Padshah-e Ghazi

30 Mar 1719 - 13 Aug 1719  Mohammad Shah Nikusiyar 

                             (in rebellion)

 8 Jun 1719 -  6 Sep 1719  Mohammad Shah Jahan II Sani        (b. c.1700 - d. 1719)

                             Padshah (Mohammad Rafi` ad-Dawla)

28 Sep 1719 - 26 Apr 1748  Naser ad-Din Abu'l Fath            (b. 1702 - d. 1748)

                            (from 1722 Abu'l-Mozaffar)

                             Mohammad Shah Padshah-e Ghazi 

                             "Rawshan Akhtar"

12 Oct 1720 - 19 Nov 1720  Zahir ad-Din Abu'l Fath Mohammad   (d. 1720)

                             Ebrahim Shah Padshah 

                              (in rebellion)

29 Apr 1748 -  3 Jun 1754  Mojahed ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Ahmad    (b. 1725 - d. 1775)

                             Shah Bahadur Padshah-e Ghazi

 3 Jun 1754 - 29 Nov 1759  `Aziz ad-Din Abu'l-`Adl Mohammad   (b. 1699 - d. 1759)

                             `Alamgir Padhsh-e Ghazi

11 Dec 1759 - 25 Dec 1759  Mohyi-e Millat (or Mohyi ad-Din) 

                             Shah Jahan III Sani ebn Mohyi-e 

                             Sannat Mohammad

25 Dec 1759 -  1 Aug 1788  Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar

                             Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah

                             "Ham-e Din" (1st time)           (b. 1728 - d. 1806)

 1 Aug 1788 -  9 Oct 1788  Mohammad Bidarbakht ebn Ahmad Shah

16 Oct 1788 - 10 Nov 1806  Jalal ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar

                             Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah

                             "Ham-e Din" (2nd time)           (s.a.)

18 Nov 1806 - 28 Sep 1837  Mo`in ad-Din Abu´n Nasr Mohammad   (b. 1759 - d. 1837)

                             Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani

29 Sep 1837 - 29 Mar 1858  Seraj ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar        (b. 1775 - d. 1862)

                             Mohammad Bahadur Shah Padshah II

                             (10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in 

                             in rebellion against British rule)

Emperors (also monarchs of Great Britain)

 1 Jan 1877 - 22 Jan 1901  Victoria -Empress                  (b. 1819 - d. 1901)

22 Jan 1901 -  6 May 1910  Edward VII                         (b. 1841 - d. 1910)

 6 May 1910 - 20 Jan 1936  George V                           (b. 1865 - d. 1936)

20 Jan 1936 - 10 Dec 1936  Edward VIII                        (b. 1894 - d. 1972)

12 Dec 1936 - 22 Jun 1948  George VI                          (b. 1895 - d. 1952)

Governors-general (of the British East India Company)

20 Oct 1774 -  1 Feb 1785  Warren Hastings                    (b. 1732 - d. 1818)

 1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786  John Macpherson (acting)           (b. 1745 - d. 1821)

12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793  Charles Mann Cornwallis,           (b. 1738 - d. 1805)

                             Earl of Cornwallis (1st time) 

28 Oct 1793 - Mar 1798     Sir John Shore                     (b. 1751 - d. 1834)

Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798     Sir Alured Clarke (acting)         (b. 1745 - d. 1832)

18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805  Richard Colley Wellesley,          (b. 1760 - d. 1842)

                             Baron Wellesley (from 1799, Richard

                             Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley) 

30 Jul 1805 -  5 Oct 1805  Charles Cornwallis,                (s.a.)

                             Marquess Cornwallis (2nd time) 

10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807  Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1846)

31 Jul 1807 -  4 Oct 1813  Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,

                             Baron Minto                      (b. 1751 - d. 1814)

 4 Oct 1813 -  9 Jan 1823  Francis Rawdon-Hastings,           (b. 1754 - d. 1826)

                             Earl of Moira (from 1817, Francis 

                             Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings) 

 9 Jan 1823 -  1 Aug 1823  John Adam (acting)                 (b. 1779 - d. 1825)

 1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828  William Pitt Amherst,              (b. 1773 - d. 1857)

                             Baron Amherst (from 1826, William 

                             Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst) 

13 Mar 1828 -  4 Jul 1828  William Butterworth Bayley         (b. 1782 - d. 1860)

                             (acting)

 4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835  William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck,  (b. 1774 - d. 1839)

                             Lord Bentinck 

20 Mar 1835 -  4 Mar 1836  Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe    (b. 1785 - d. 1846)

                             (acting) 

 4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842  George Eden, Baron Auckland        (b. 1784 - d. 1849)

                             (from 1839, George Eden, Earl of Auckland) 

28 Feb 1842 - Jun 1844     Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough     (b. 1790 - d. 1871)

Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844     William Wilberforce Bird (acting)

23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848  Henry Hardinge, (from May 1846)    (b. 1785 - d. 1856)

                             Viscount Hardinge 

12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856  James Andrew Broun Ramsay,         (b. 1812 - d. 1860)

                            (from 1849, Marquess and) 

                             Earl of Dalhousie 

28 Feb 1856 -  1 Nov 1858  Charles John Canning,              (b. 1812 - d. 1862)

                             Viscount Canning 

Viceroys

 1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862  Charles John Canning,              (s.a.)

                             Viscount Canning 

                             (from 1859, Charles John Canning, Earl Canning) 

21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863  James Bruce, Earl of Elgin         (b. 1811 - d. 1863)

21 Nov 1863 -  2 Dec 1863  Sir Robert Cornelis Napier         (b. 1810 - d. 1890)

                             (acting)

 2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864  Sir William Thomas Denison         (b. 1804 - d. 1871)

                             (acting)

12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869  Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence       (b. 1811 - d. 1879)

12 Jan 1869 -  8 Feb 1872  Richard Southwell Bourke,          (b. 1822 - d. 1872)

                             Earl of Mayo 

 9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872  Sir John Strachey (acting)         (b. 1823 - d. 1907)

24 Feb 1872 -  3 May 1872  Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick   (b. 1819 - d. 1898)

                             (acting)

 3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876  Thomas George Baring,              (b. 1826 - d. 1904)

                             Viscount Baring of Lee 

12 Apr 1876 -  8 Jun 1880  Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831 - d. 1891)

 8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884  George Frederick Samuel Robinson,  (b. 1827 - d. 1909)

                             Marquess of Ripon 

13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888  Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-  (b. 1826 - d. 1902)

                             Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin 

10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894  Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,           (b. 1845 - d. 1927)

                             Marquess of Lansdowne

11 Oct 1894 -  6 Jan 1899  Victor Alexander Bruce,            (b. 1849 - d. 1917)

                             Earl of Elgin 

 6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905  George Nathaniel Curzon            (b. 1859 - d. 1925)

18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910  Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-        (b. 1845 - d. 1914)

                             Kynynmound, Earl of Minto 

23 Nov 1910 -  4 Apr 1916  Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge   (b. 1858 - d. 1944)

                             of Penshurst 

 4 Apr 1916 -  2 Apr 1921  Frederic John Napier Thesiger,     (b. 1868 - d. 1933)

                             Baron Chelmsford

 2 Apr 1921 -  3 Apr 1926  Rufus Daniel Isaacs,               (b. 1860 - d. 1935)

                             Baron Reading of Erleigh 

10 Apr 1925 -  8 Aug 1925   Victor Alexander George Robert    (b. 1876 - d. 1947)

                             Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton 

                             (viceroy and acting governor-general)

 3 Apr 1926 - 29 Jun 1929  Edward Frederick Lindley Wood,     (b. 1881 - d. 1959)

                             Baron Irwin 

29 Jun 1929 - 18 Apr 1931  George Joachim Goschen,            (b. 1866 - d. 1952)

                             Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst 

18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936  George Freeman Freeman-Thomas,     (b. 1866 - d. 1941)

                             Earl of Willingdon 

18 Apr 1936 -  1 Oct 1943  Victor Alexander John Hope,        (b. 1887 - d. 1952)

                             Marquess of Linlithgow 

 1 Oct 1943 - 21 Feb 1947  Archibald Percival Wavell,         (b. 1883 - d. 1950)

                             Viscount Wavell 

21 Feb 1947 - 15 Aug 1947  Louis Francis Mountbatten,         (b. 1900 - d. 1979)

                             Viscount Mountbatten of Burma 

Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)

15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948  Louis Francis Mountbatten,         (s.a.)

                             Earl Mountbatten of Burma 

21 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950  Chakravarti Rajagopalachari        (b. 1878 - d. 1972)

Presidents

26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962  Rajendra Prasad                    (b. 1884 - d. 1963)INC/Non-party

13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967  Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan       (b. 1888 - d. 1975)  Non-party

13 May 1967 -  3 May 1969  Zakir Husain                       (b. 1897 - d. 1969)  Non-party

 3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969  Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1980)  Non-party 

                             (acting) 

20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969  Muhammad Hidayat Ullah (acting)    (b. 1905 - d. 1992)  Non-party

24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974  Varahagiri Venkata Giri (2nd time) (s.a.)               Non-party

24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977  Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed               (b. 1905 - d. 1977)INC/Non-party

11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977  Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting)     (b. 1912 - d. 2002)  Non-party

25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982  Neelam Sanjiva Reddy               (b. 1913 - d. 1996)INc/Non-party

25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987  Giani Zail Singh                   (b. 1916 - d. 1994)INC/Non-party

25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992  Ramaswamy Venkataraman             (b. 1910)          INC/Non-party

25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997  Shankar Dayal Sharma               (b. 1918 - d. 1999)INC/Non-party

25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002  Kocheril Raman Narayanan           (b. 1920 - d. 2005)  Non-party

25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007  Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931)            Non-party

                             Abdul Kalam
25 Jul 2007 -              Pratibha Devisingh Patil (f)       (b. 1934)          INC/Non-party

 

Secretaries of State for India (and from 1937, for Burma)(in London)

 2 Sep 1858 - 18 Jun 1859  Edward Henry Stanley,              (b. 1826 - d. 1893)

                             Lord Stanley

18 Jun 1859 - 16 Feb 1866  Sir Charles Wood                   (b. 1800 - d. 1885)

16 Feb 1866 -  6 Jul 1866  George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 

                             Earl of Ripon

 6 Jul 1866 -  8 Mar 1867  Robert Arthur Talbot               (b. 1830 - d. 1903)

                             Gascoyne-Cecil,

                             Viscount Cranborne (1st time) 

 8 Mar 1867 -  9 Dec 1868  Sir Stafford Henry Northcote       (b. 1818 - d. 1887)

 9 Dec 1868 - 21 Feb 1874  George Douglas Campbell,           (b. 1823 - d. 1900)

                             Duke of Argyll

21 Feb 1874 -  2 Apr 1878  Robert Arthur Talbot               (s.a.)

                             Gascoyne-Cecil,

                             Marquess of Salisbury (2nd time) 

 2 Apr 1878 - 28 Apr 1880  Gathorne Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (b. 1814 - d. 1906)

28 Apr 1880 - 16 Dec 1882  Spencer Compton Cavendish,         (b. 1833 - d. 1908)

                             Marquess of Hartington

16 Dec 1882 - 24 Jun 1885  John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley  (b. 1826 - d. 1902) 

                             (1st time)

24 Jun 1885 -  6 Feb 1886  Randolph Henry Spencher Churchill  (b. 1849 - d. 1895)

 6 Feb 1886 -  3 Aug 1886  John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley  (s.a.)

                             (2nd time)

 3 Aug 1886 - 18 Aug 1892  Sir Richard Assheton, Viscount     (b. 1823 - d. 1914)

                             Cross

                            (from 18 Aug 1886, Richard Assheton

                             Cross, Viscount Cross) 

18 Aug 1892 - 10 Mar 1894  John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley  (s.a.)

                             (3rd time)

10 Mar 1894 -  4 Jul 1895  Henry Hartley Fowler               (b. 1830 - d. 1911)

 4 Jul 1895 -  9 Oct 1903  Lord George Francis Hamilton       (b. 1845 - d. 1927)

 9 Oct 1903 - 11 Dec 1905  William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 - d. 1942)

11 Dec 1905 -  3 Nov 1910  John Morley, (from 5 May 1908)     (b. 1838 - d. 1923) 

                             Viscount Morley of Blackburn 

 7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915  Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe (b. 1858 - d. 1945)

                             (from 20 Jun 1911, Robert

                             Crewe-Milnes, Marquess of Crewe) 

 7 Mar 1911 - 25 May 1911  John Morley, Viscount Morley 

                             of Blackburn (acting for Crewe)  (s.a.)

25 May 1915 - 17 Jul 1917  Joseph Austen Chamberlain          (b. 1863 - d. 1937)

17 Jul 1917 - 10 Mar 1922  Edwin Samuel Montagu               (b. 1879 - d. 1924)

21 Mar 1922 - 23 Jan 1924  William Robert Wellesley Peel,     (b. 1867 - d. 1937)

                             Viscount Peel (1st time)

23 Jan 1924 -  7 Nov 1924  Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier,        (b. 1859 - d. 1943)

                             (from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane

                             Olivier, Baron Olivier) 

 7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928  Frederick Edwin Smith,             (b. 1872 - d. 1930)

                             Earl of Birkenhead 

 1 Nov 1928 -  7 Jun 1929  William Robert Wellesley Peel,     (s.a.)

                             Viscount Peel (2nd time)

 8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931  William Wedgwood Benn              (b. 1877 - d. 1966)

26 Aug 1931 -  7 Jun 1935  Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare       (b. 1880 - d. 1958)

 7 Jun 1935 - 15 May 1940  Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas,       (b. 1876 - d. 1961)

                             Marquess of Zetland

15 May 1940 -  3 Aug 1945  Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett   (b. 1873 - d. 1955)

                             Amery 

 3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947  Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence,(b. 1871 - d. 1961)

                             Baron Pentick-Lawrence of Peaslake

23 Apr 1947 - 15 Aug 1947  William Francis Hare,              (b. 1906 - d. 1967)

                             Earl of Listowel (to 4 Jan 1948 for Burma)

Prime ministers

25 Aug 1946 - 27 May 1964  Jawaharlal Nehru                   (b. 1889 - d. 1964)  INC 

27 May 1964 -  9 Jun 1964  Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time)        (b. 1898 - d. 1998)  INC

 9 Jun 1964 - 11 Jan 1966  Lal Bahadur Shastri                (b. 1904 - d. 1966)  INC 

11 Jan 1966 - 19 Jan 1966  Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time)        (s.a.)               INC

19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977  Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f)    (b. 1917 - d. 1984)  INC 

                             (1st time)

24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979  Morarji Ranchhodji Desai           (b. 1896 - d. 1995)  JP 

28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980  Choudhary Charan Singh             (b. 1902 - d. 1987)  JP/BLD

14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984  Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f)    (s.a.)               INC-I 

                             (2nd time)

31 Oct 1984 -  2 Dec 1989  Rajiv Gandhi                       (b. 1944 - d. 1991)  INC-I 

 2 Dec 1989 - 10 Nov 1990  Vishwanath Pratap Singh            (b. 1931)            JD

10 Nov 1990 - 21 Jun 1991  Chandra Shekhar                    (b. 1927 - d. 2007)  JD-S

21 Jun 1991 - 16 May 1996  Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (b. 1921 - d. 2004)  INC-I

16 May 1996 -  1 Jun 1996  Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time)    (b. 1924)            BJP 

 1 Jun 1996 - 21 Apr 1997  Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda Deve     (b. 1933)            JD-NF

                             Gowda

21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998  Inder Kumar Gujral                 (b. 1919)            JD-NF

19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004  Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time)    (s.a.)               BJP

22 May 2004 -              Manmohan Singh                     (b. 1932)            INC

British Residents to the Mughal Empire (in Delhi)
1803 - Apr 1806            David Ochterlony (1st time)        (b. 1758 - d. 1825)
Apr 1806 - 1810            Archibald Seton                    (b. c.1782 - d. 1818)
25 Feb 1811 - 1818         Charles Theophilus Metcalfe        (s.a.)
                             (1st time)       
1818 - 1820                David Ochterlony (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1820 - 1823                Alexander Ross                     (b. 1777 - d. 18..)
1823                       William Fraser (1st time)(acting)  (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
1823 - Oct 1825            C. Elliott 
26 Aug 1825 - Aug 1827     Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1827 - 1828                Sir Edward Colebrooke 
1828  (6 weeks)            William Fraser (2nd time)(acting)  (s.a.)
1828 - Nov 1830            Francis James Hawkins              (b. 1806 - d. 1860)
Nov 1830 - 1832            B. Martin 
1832 - 22 Mar 1835         William Fraser (3rd time)          (s.a.)
1835 - 1853                Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe     (b. 1795 - d. 1853)
Nov 1853 - 11 May 1857     Simon Fraser                       (d. 1857)

 

Provisional Government of Free India 

 

        21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945

   

 

Hear National Anthem "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)

Provisional Capital: Port Blair (Nicobar Islands)

Indian National Army (1945) : 40,000 est.

 

Head of State and Prime minister of Provisional Government of Free India¹

21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945  Subhas Chandra Bose                (b. 1897 - d. 1945)  AIFB

                            (styled Netaji [the leader], recognized by Axis powers;

                            in exile 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 [in Singapore

                            to Nov 1943, Nov 1944 - 10 Jan 1945; Nov 1943 -

                            Nov 1944, Jan 1945 - 24 Apr 1945 in Rangoon, Burma;

                            Apr - May 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur,

                            Malaya May - 12 Aug 1945; then in Singapore])

 

 ¹the Provisional Government of Free India was eventually recognized by nine Axis powers: Germany, Japan, Italy (Mussolini), Croatia, China (Wang Jing Wei), Thailand, Burma (Ba Maw), Manchukuo, and The Philippines (José Laurel).

 

Territorial Disputes: Since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the Oct 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.

Party abbreviations: BJP = Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party, extreme Hinduist);
INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist, socialist, est.1885); JD = Janata Dal (People's Party, social-democratic); JD-S = Janata Dal-Shekhar (People's Party-Chandra Shekhar faction, social-democratic, split from JD); NF = National Front (formerly National Front-Left Front, leftist coalition inludes CPI, CPI-M, DMK, JD, JKNC, Socialist Party, Telugu Desam, DMK, et.al.);
- Former parties: AIFB = All India Forward Bloc (left-wing Indian nationalist, est.1939, bySubhas Chandra Bose [formerly of INC], pro-independence, pro-Japan); BLD = Bharatiya Lok Dal (Indian People's Party); INC-I = Congress Party-Indira (INC Indira Ghandi faction, personalist, populist, socialist, 1980s-1990s)

---

British East India Company

Chairmen of the British East India Company (in London)
Apr 1783 - Nov 1783        Sir Henry Fletcher (1st time)      (b. 1727 - d. 1807)
Nov 1783 - Apr 1785        Nathaniel Smith (1st time)         (b. 1730 - d. 1794)
Apr 1785 - Apr 1786        William Devaynes (1st time)        (b. 1730 - d. 1809)
Apr 1786 - Apr 1787        John Michie                        (d. 1788) 
Apr 1787 - Apr 1788        John Motteux 
Apr 1788 - Dec 1788        Nathaniel Smith (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Dec 1788 - Apr 1790        William Devaynes (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Apr 1790 - Apr 1791        Stephen Lushington (1st time)
Apr 1791 - Apr 1792        John Smith Burgess
Apr 1792 - Apr 1793        Francis Baring                     (b. 1740 - d. 1810)
Apr 1793 - Apr 1795        William Devaynes (3rd time)        (s.a.)
Apr 1795 - Apr 1796        Stephen Lushington (2nd time)
Apr 1796 - Apr 1797        David Scott (1st time)             (b. 1746 - d. 1805)
Apr 1797 - Apr 1798        Hugh Inglis (1st time)             (b. 1744 - d. 1822)
Apr 1798 - Apr 1799        Jacob Bosanquet (1st time)         (b. 1758 - d. 1828)
Apr 1799 - Apr 1800        Stephen Lushington (3rd time)
Apr 1800 - Apr 1801        Hugh Inglis (2nd time)             (s.a.)
Apr 1801 - Sep 1801        David Scott (2nd time)             (s.a.)
Sep 1801 - Apr 1802        Charles Mills
Apr 1802 - Apr 1803        John Roberts
Apr 1803 - Apr 1804        William Fullerton Elphinstone      (b. 1740 - d. 1834)
                             (1st time)
Apr 1804 - Apr 1805        Charles Grant (1st time)           (b. 1778 - d. 1866)
Apr 1805 - Apr 1806        William Fullerton Elphinstone      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Apr 1806 - Apr 1809        Edward Parry
Apr 1809 - Apr 1810        Charles Grant (2nd time)           (s.a.)
Apr 1810 - Apr 1811        William Astell (1st time)          (b. 1774 - d. 1847)
Apr 1811 - Apr 1812        Jacob Bosanquet (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Apr 1812 - Apr 1813        Jacob Inglis (3rd time)            (s.a.)
Apr 1813 - Apr 1814        Robert Thornton
Apr 1814 - Apr 1815        William Fullerton Elphinstone      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) 
Apr 1815 - Apr 1816        Charles Grant (3rd time)           (s.a.)
Apr 1816 - Apr 1817        Thomas Reid (1st time)
Apr 1817 - Apr 1818        John Bebb
Apr 1818 - Apr 1819        James Pattison (1st time)
Apr 1819 - Apr 1820        Campbell Majoribanks (1st time)
Apr 1820 - Apr 1821        George Abercrombie Robinson        (b. 1758 - d. 1832) 
                             (1st time)
Apr 1821 - Apr 1822        Thomas Reid (2nd time)
Apr 1822 - Apr 1823        James Pattison (2nd time)
Apr 1823 - Apr 1824        William Wigram
Apr 1824 - Apr 1825        William Astell (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Apr 1825 - Apr 1826        Campbell Majoribanks (2nd time)
Apr 1826 - Apr 1827        George Abercrombie Robinson        (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time)
Apr 1827 - Apr 1828        Hugh Lindsay                       (b. 1765 - d. 1844)
Apr 1828 - Apr 1829        William Astell (3rd time)          (s.a.)
Apr 1829 - Apr 1830        John Loch                          (b. 1781 - d. 1868)
Apr 1830 - Apr 1831        William Astell (4th time)          (s.a.)
Apr 1831 -  2 Sep 1858     ....

Presidents of the Board of Control of the East India Company (in London)
 3 Sep 1784 - 12 Mar 1790  Thomas Townshend, Baron Sydney     (b. 1733 - d. 1800)
12 Mar 1790 - 28 Jun 1793  William Wyndham Grenville,         (b. 1759 - d. 1834)
                             Baron Grenville of 
                             Wotton-under-Bernewood 
28 Jun 1793 - 19 May 1801  Henry Dundas                       (b. 1742 - d. 1811)
19 May 1801 - 12 Jul 1802  George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth    (b. 1755 - d. 1810)
12 Jul 1802 - 12 Feb 1806  Robert Stewart, Viscount           (b. 1769 - d. 1822)
                             Castlereagh
12 Feb 1806 - 16 Jul 1806  Gilbert Elliot 
16 Jul 1806 -  1 Oct 1806  Thomas Grenville                   (b. 1755 - d. 1846)
 1 Oct 1806 -  6 Apr 1807  George Tierney                     (b. 1761 - d. 1830)
 6 Apr 1807 - 17 Jul 1809  Robert Saunders-Dundas (1st time)  (b. 1771 - d. 1851) 
17 Jul 1809 - 13 Nov 1809  Dudley Ryder, Earl of Harrowby     (b. 1762 - d. 1847)
13 Nov 1809 -  7 Apr 1812  Robert Saunders-Dundas,            (s.a.)
                             Viscount Melville (2nd time)
 7 Apr 1812 - 20 Jun 1816  Robert Hobart,                     (b. 1760 - d. 1816)
                             Earl of Buckinghamshire
20 Jun 1816 - 16 Jan 1821  George Canning                     (b. 1770 - d. 1827)
16 Jan 1821 -  8 Feb 1822  Charles Bragge Bathurst            (b. 1751 - d. 1831) 
 8 Feb 1822 - 31 Jul 1828  Charles Watkin Williams Wynn       (b. 1775 - d. 1850)
31 Jul 1828 - 24 Sep 1828  Robert Saunders-Dundas,            (s.a.)
                             Viscount Melville (3rd time)
24 Sep 1828 -  1 Dec 1830  Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough      (b. 1790 - d. 1871)
                             (1st time)
 1 Dec 1830 - 18 Dec 1834  Charles Grant                      (b. 1778 - d. 1866)
18 Dec 1834 - 23 Apr 1835  Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough
                             (2nd time)
23 Apr 1835 -  4 Sep 1841  Sir John Cam Hobhouse (1st time)   (b. 1786 - d. 1869)
 4 Sep 1841 - 23 Oct 1841  Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
23 Oct 1841 - 17 May 1843  William Vesey-FitzGerald,          (b. 1783 - d. 1857)
                             Lord Fitzgerald
17 May 1843 -  8 Jul 1846  Frederick John Robinson,           (b. 1782 - d. 1859)
                             Earl of Ripon
 8 Jul 1846 -  5 Feb 1852  Sir John Cam Hobhouse (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 5 Feb 1852 - 28 Feb 1852  Fox Maule-Ramsey, Baron Panmure    (b. 1801 - d. 1874)
28 Feb 1852 - 30 Dec 1852  John Charles Herries               (b. 1778 - d. 1855)
30 Dec 1852 -  3 Mar 1855  Sir Charles Wood                   (b. 1800 - d. 1885)
 3 Mar 1855 -  6 Mar 1858  Robert Vernon Smith
 6 Mar 1858 -  5 Jun 1858  Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough   (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
 5 Jun 1858 -  2 Sep 1858  Edward Henry Stanley,              (b. 1826 - d. 1893)
                             Earl of Derby

....                       Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary) antiquity.
Early Middle Ages          State of Jammu established.
28 Jul 1589                Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
May 1752                   Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan kingdom.
1816                       Jammu annexed to the Punjab.
 5 Jul 1819                Kashmir annexed to the Punjab.
17 Jun 1822                Independence of Jammu restored.
15 Mar 1846                U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu,
                             thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
16 Mar 1846 - 15 Aug 1947  Jammu and Kashmir a British protectorate.
27 Oct 1947                The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of the 
                             state to India in the face of tribal invasion from Pakistan
                             (Azad Kashmir annexed to Pakistan).
26 Jan 1957                The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir into India is
                             declared to be complete.
21 Nov 1962                China occupies Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.

Jammu

Rajas
1686 - 1703                Gujai Dev                          (d. 1703)
1703 - 1725                Dhruv Dev                          (d. 1725)
1725 -  4 Apr 1782         Ranjit Dev                         (d. 1782)
 4 Apr 1782 - 1787         Brij Raj Dev                       (d. 1787)
1787 - Jun 1797            Sampuran Singh                     (b. 1786 - d. 1797)
1787 - Jun 1797            Mian Mota -Regent
Jun 1797 - 1816            Jit Singh                          (d. 1816)
1816 - 1820                Interregnum
1820 - 1822                Kishore Singh                      (d. 1822)
 4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846  Gulab Singh                        (b. 1792 - d. 1857)

Kashmir

Afghan Governors
1753  (5 months)           Ishak Aqasi
1753                       Abdullah Khan Kabuli
1753 - 1762                Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal
1762  (3 months)           Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (1st time)
1762 - 1764                Buland Khan Bamzai
1764 - 1765                Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (2nd time)
1765 - 1766                Jan Muhammad Khan
1766                       Lal Khan Khatak (1st time)
1766 - 1767                Khurram Khan
1767                       Faqir Ullah Kanth
1767 - 1770                Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (3rd time)
1770 - 1771                Lal Khan Khatak (2nd time)
1771  (6 months)           Khurram Khan
1771 - 1776                Amir Khan Jawansher
1778 - 1783                Haji Karimdad Khan
1783 - 1785                Azad Khan                          (d. 1785)
1785 - 1786                Madad Khan
1786 - 1788                Mirdad Khan
1788                       Mulla Ghafar Khan
1788 - 1792                Juma Khan Alokzai
1792 - 1793                Mirza Khan
1793 - 1794                Mir Hazar Khan
1794                       Rahmatullah Khan
1794 - 1795                Kifayat Khan
1795                       Muhammad Khan Jawansher
29 Sep 1795 - Dec 1795     Sher Muhammad Khan
1795 - 1801                Abdullah Khan Alokzai (1st time)
1801                       Vakil Khan
1801 - 1812                Abdullah Khan Alokzai (2nd time)
1812  (5 months)           Sher Muhammad Khan
1813 - 1819                Atta Muhammad Khan

Raja
15 Mar 1846 -  9 Nov 1846  Gulab Singh                        (s.a.)
Maharajas
 9 Nov 1846 - 20 Feb 1856  Gulab Singh                        (s.a.)
20 Feb 1856 - 12 Sep 1885  Ranbir Singh                       (b. 1830 - d. 1885)
12 Sep 1885 - 17 Apr 1889  Pratap Singh (1st time)            (b. 1848 - d. 1925)
17 Apr 1889 - 1898         Amar Singh                         (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
                             (chairman regency council)
1898 -  7 Sep 1925         Pratap Singh (2nd time)            (s.a.)
                             (chairman regency council to Oct 1905)
 7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952  Hari Singh                         (b. 1895 - d. 1961)
20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952  Karan Singh -Regent                (b. 1931)
Sadr-e Riyasat (roughly, "head of state")
17 Nov 1952 - 30 Mar 1965  Karan Singh                        (s.a.)
Governors
30 Mar 1965 - 15 May 1967  Karan Singh                        (s.a.)
15 May 1967 -  3 Jul 1973  Bhagwan Sahay                      (b. 1905)
 3 Jul 1973 - 22 Feb 1981  Lakshmi Kant Jha                   (b. 1913 - d. 1988)
22 Feb 1981 - 26 Apr 1984  Braj Kumar Nehru                   (b. 1909 - d. 2001)
26 Apr 1984 - Jul 1989     Jagmohan (1st time)                (b. 1927)
Jul 1989 - 19 Jan 1990     K.V. Krishna Rao (1st time)        (b. 1923)
19 Jan 1990 - 26 May 1990  Jagmohan (2nd time)                (s.a.)
26 May 1990 - 12 Mar 1993  Girish Chandra Saxena (1st time)   (b. 1928)
12 Mar 1993 -  2 May 1998  K.V. Krishna Rao (2nd time)        (s.a.) 
 2 May 1998 -  4 Jun 2003  Girish Chandra Saxena (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 4 Jun 2003 -              S.K. Sinha                         (b. 1926)

Chief ministers (Dewan)
1823 - 1836                Amir Chand (in Jammu)
1836 - 1865                Jawala (Jwala) Sahai
1865 - 1875/76             Kirpa Ram
1875/76 - c.1879           Wazir Punnu
18.. - 1885                Anant Ram
1885 - 1886                Gobind Sahai
1886 - 1889                Lachman Das
1889 - 1909                Raja Amar Singh                    (s.a.)
1909 - 1917                Amar Nath
1917 - 1921                Raja Daljit Singh
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922        Bishandas
1922 - 1925                Raja Hari Singh                    (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1925 - 1927                Raja Hari Singh                    (s.a.)
23 Jan 1927 - Mar 1929     Sir Albion Banerjee                (b. 1871 - d. 1950)
1929 - 25 Jul 1931         G.E.C. Wakefield
1931 - 1933                Sir Hari Kishan Kaul
1933 - 1936                Elliot James Dowell Colvin         (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
1936                       Sir Barjor J. Dalal (acting)       (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
1936 - Jul 1943            N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar            (b. 1882 - d. 1953)
                             (from 1941, Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar)
Jul 1943 - Feb 1944        Kailas Narain Haksar               (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945     Sir Benegal Narsing Rau            (b. 1887 - d. 1953)
28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947  Ram Chandra Kak                    (b. 1893 - d. 1983)
11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947  Janak Singh (acting)
15 Oct 1947 -  5 Mar 1948  Meher Chand Mahajan                (b. 1889 - d. 19..)
30 Oct 1947 -  9 Aug 1953  Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah           (b. 1905 - d. 1982)  JKNC 
                            "the Lion of Kashmir"
                            (to 5 Mar 1948, head of the emergency administration)
 9 Aug 1953 - 12 Oct 1963  Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad             (b. 1907 - d. 1972)  JKNC
12 Oct 1963 - 29 Feb 1964  Khwaja Shams-ud-Din                (b. 1922 - d. 1999)  INC
29 Feb 1964 - 30 Mar 1965  Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq              (b. 1912 - d. 1971)  INC
Chief ministers
30 Mar 1965 - 12 Dec 1971  Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq              (s.a.)               INC
12 Dec 1971 - 25 Feb 1975  Seyd Mir Qasim                     (b. 1921 - d. 2004)  INC
25 Feb 1975 - 26 Mar 1977  Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah           (s.a.)               JKNC
                             (1st time)
26 Mar 1977 -  9 Jul 1977  President's Rule
 9 Jul 1977 -  8 Sep 1982  Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah           (s.a.)               JKNC
                             (2nd time)
 8 Sep 1982 -  2 Jul 1984  Farooq Abdullah (1st time)         (b. 1936)            JKNC
 2 Jul 1984 -  6 Mar 1986  Ghulam Mohammad Shah               (b. 1920?)           JKNC
 6 Mar 1986 -  7 Nov 1986  President's Rule
 7 Nov 1986 - 19 Jan 1990  Farooq Abdullah (2nd time)         (s.a.)               JKNC
19 Jan 1990 -  9 Oct 1996  President's Rule
 9 Oct 1996 - 18 Oct 2002  Farooq Abdullah (3rd time)         (s.a.)               JKNC
18 Oct 2002 -  2 Nov 2002  President's Rule
 2 Nov 2002 -  2 Nov 2005  Mufti Mohammad Sayeed              (b. 1936)            PDP
 2 Nov 2005 -              Ghulam Nabi Azad                   (b. 1949)            CLP

British Residents (to 1885 in Hunza, then in Srinagar)
15 Mar 1846 - 1877         None
1877 - 1880                John Biddulph                      (b. 1840 - d. 1922)
1880 - 1883                Vacant
1883 - 1886                Sir Oliver Beauchamp Coventry      (b. 1837 - d. 1891)
                             St. John 
1886 - Jan 1889            Trevor John Chichele               (b. 1846 - d. 1905)
                             Chichele-Plowden 
1889 - 1892                Robert Parry Nisbet                (b. 1839 - d. 1916)
1892 - 1894                David William Keith Barr           (b. 1846 - d. 1916)
1894 - 1896                Hugh Shakespear Barnes             (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
1896 - 1900                Sir Adelbert Cecil Talbot          (b. 1845 - d. 1920)
1900 - 1901                Harold Arthur Deane                (b. 1854 - d. 1908)
1901 - 1903                Louis William Dane                 (b. 1856 - d. 1946)
1903 - 1905                Elliot Graham Colvin               (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
1906 - 1909                Sir Francis Edward Younghusband    (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
1910 - 1911                John Ramsay                        (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
1911 - 1914                Stuart Mitford Fraser              (b. 1864 - d. 1963)
1914 - 1915                Henry Venn Cobb                    (b. 1864 - d. 1949)
1916 - 1917                John Manners Smith                 (b. 1864 - d. 1920)
1917 - 1921                Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman     (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
1921 - 1923                Charles Joseph Windham             (b. 1867 - d. 1941)
1923 - 1927                Sir John Barry Wood                (b. 1870 - d. 1933)
1927 - 1929                Evelyn Berkeley Howell             (b. 1877 - d. 1971)
1929 - 1931                George Drummond Ogilvie            (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
1931 - 1932                Courtenay Latimer                &nbs