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Iraq
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![[Ottoman Empire (to 1918)]](tr.gif)
![[Flag of the United Kingdom]](gb.gif)
![[Iraq flag, 1920]](iq_1920.gif)
![[Iraq flag, 1921 and Arab Union flag 1958]](iq_1922.gif)
![[Flag of the Kingdom of Iraq, 1924]](iq_39.gif)
![[1959 Flag of Iraq]](iq-1959.gif)
![[Iraq flag, 1963-1991]](iq_1963.gif)
![[Iraq flag, 2004-2008]](iq2004.gif)
![[Iraqi flag]](iq.gif)
Persian governors
1508/09 - 1515
Lala Husayn
1515 - 15..
Qunghuruz Sultan
1524 - 1530
Zulfiqar ibn Nukhud
(d. 1530)
(in rebellion for Ottomans)
1530 - 1533
Muhammad Khan ibn Sharaf ad-Din
1533 - 1534
Takkalu Muhammad ibn Khan
Walis (Ottoman governors) of Baghdad
(the walis of Baghdad were senior governors)
1534 - 1545
Suleyman Pasha ibn Qubad
1545 - 1549
Ayas Pasha
1549 - 1551
Ali Tamarrud Pasha
1551 - 1566
Mohammed Pasha
1566 - 1575
Murad Pasha
1575 - 1590
Elvandzade Ali Pasha
1590 - 1594
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
1594 - 1603
Hasan ibn Mohammed
1603
Qasim Pasha
(did not take up post)
1603 - 1604
Mustafa Pasha Saryqdi
1604 - 1607
Yusuf Pasha
1607 - 1608
Ahmad Tevil (in rebellion)
1607 - 1608
Mohammed Pasha
1608 - 1610
Mehmut Pasha
1610
Kalizade Ali Pasha
1610
Dilaver Pasha
1610
Mustafa Pasha
1610 - 1618
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
1619 - 1623
Bekir Subashy
1623 - 1625
Safi Quli Khan
(Persian governor)
1625 - 1631
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
1631 - 1639
Bektash Khan Gürçü
(Persian governor)
Feb 1639 - May 1639 Küçük
Hasan (1st time)
May 1639 - 1642
Dervish Mehmed Pasha
1642 - 1644
Küçük Hasan (2nd time)
1644
Deli Hüseyin Pasha
(d. 1659)
1644 - 1645
Mohammed Pasha
1645 - 1646
Musa Pasha
1646 - 1647
Ibrahim Pasha
1647
Musa Semiz Pasha
1649
Melek Ahmad Pasha
1649 - 1650
Nogaizade Arslan Pasha
1650
Kaplan Mustafa Pasha Merzioçonlu
(1st time)
1650 - 1651
Shatir Hüseyin Pasha
1651 - 1653
Kara Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1653 - 1655
Murteza Pasha
1655 - 1656
Ak Mohammad Pasha
1656 - 1661
Kasseki Mehmed Pasha
1661 - 1663
Kanbur Mustafa Pasha
1663 - 1664
Pambugh Mustafa Pasha
1664 - 1665
Kara Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
1665 - 1667
Uzun Ibrahim Pasha
1667 - 1671
Kara Mustafa Pasha (3rd time)
1671 - 1674
Silahadar Hüseyin
1674 - 1676
Abd ar-Rahman
1676 - 1677
Kaplan Mustafa Pasha Merzioçonlu
(2nd time)
1677 - 1681
Ömer Pasha (1st time)
1681 - 1684
Ibrahim Pasha
1684 - 1687
Ömer Pasha (2nd time)
1687 - 1688
Serkos Ahmad Kethoda (1st time)
1688 - 1689
Ömer Pasha (3rd time)
1689 - 1691
Hasan Pasha
1691 - 1692
Ahmad Pasha Bazirgan Pasha
1692 - 1694
Serkos Ahmad Kethoda (2nd time)
1694 - 1695
Haji Ahmed Kelayli Pasha
1695 - 1696
Ali Pasha (1st time)
1696 - 1698
Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1698 - 1700
Ismail Pasha
1700 - 1702
Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1703 - 1704
Yusuf Pasha
1704 - 1723
Hassan Pasha (2nd time)
1723 - 1734
Ahmad ibn Hasan
1734
Ismail Pasha
1735 - 1742
Topal Muhammad
1742 - 1748
Haci Ahmad Pasha
1748
Ahmad Kesrieli Pasha
1748 - 1751
Muhammad Teriaqi Pasha
Beys and Walis of Baghdad
1751 - 1761
Süleyman (I)
1762 - 1764
Ali (I)
1764 - 1765
Omar
176. - 17..
Abdul Ilah Agha
17.. - 1780
Hassan Agha
1780 - 1802
Süleyman (II)
1802 - 1807
Ali (II)
1807 - 1810
Süleyman
1810 - 1812
Abdul Ilah
1812 - 1816
Said
1816 - 1831
Daud
Walis of Baghdad
1831 - Mar 1842 Laz Ali Riza Pasha
Mar 1842 - Jun 1849 Gürcü Mehmed Nagib (or Necib) Pasha
Jun 1849 - Dec 1850 Muchir Abdul Karim "Abdi" Pasha
(or Çirpanli Abdulkerim Nadir Pasha)
Dec 1850 - Nov 1851 Yozgatli Mehmed Vecihi Pasha
1851 - 1852 Konyali Mehmed Namiq Pasha
(1st time)
Sep 1852 - Jul 1857 Mehmed Reshid
Pasha Gözlüklü
(d. 1857)
Aug 1857 - Oct 1859 Sirdar
Ömer Lufti Pasha
(b. 1806 - d. 1871)
Oct 1859 - Jan 1861 Sirkatibi Mustafa Nuri Pasha
1861
Ahmed Tevik Pasha
Sep 1861 - Mar 1868 Konyali Mehmed Namiq Pasha
(2nd time)
May 1868 - Mar 1869
Muderriszade Mehmed Taqieddin (d. 1893)
Pasha (1st time)
Mar 1869 - Nov 1871 Hafiz Ahmed Midhat Shefik Pasha
(b. 1822 - d. 1884)
Nov 1871 - May 1873 Mehmed Rauf
Pasha
(b. 1833 - d. 1909)
May 1873 - Jun 1875 Bursali Mehmed Radif Pasha Topal
Aug 1875 - Apr 1877
Haci Abdürrahman Nureddin
(b. 1836 - d. 1912)
Pasha (1st time)
Apr 1877 - Feb 1878 Arnavud Mehmed Akif Pasha
Feb 1878 - Nov 1878 Cenani Mehmed Qadri Pasha
Nov 1878 - 1879
Mehmed Qadri Pasha
Feb 1879 - Jan 1880 Haci Abdürrahman Nureddin
Pasha (2nd time)
Jan 1880 - Dec 1882 Muderriszade Mehmed Taqieddin (s.a.)
Pasha (2nd time)
Dec 1882 - Dec 1886 Huseyin Fevzi Pasha
Jan 1887 - Nov 1889
Mustafa Asim Pasha (d. 1891)
Nov 1889 - Jul 1891 Selim Sirri Pasha
Jul 1891 - Jul 1896
Haci Hassan Refik Pasha
Aug 1896 - Feb 1899 Kevakibizade Mehmed Ataülah (b. 1835 - d. 1900)
Ibrahim Pasha
Feb 1899 - Oct 1902 Küçük Süleyman Namiq Pasha
Oct 1902 - Oct 1904 Tatar
Ahmad Feyzi Pasha
(b. 1839 - d. 1915)
Oct 1904 - Oct 1905
Abdülwahhab Pasha
Oct 1905 - Dec 1906
Abdülmecid Effendi
Dec 1906 - 1908
Tepeyran Ebubekir Hazim Bey (b. 1863
- d. 1947)
1908
Hüseyin Nazim Pasha (1st time)
(b. 1848 - d. 1912)
1908
Mehmed Fadil Pasha Dagestani
(1st time) (acting)
May 1908 - Oct 1908 Molla
Necmeddin Pasha
Oct 1908 - Mar 1909
Mehmed Fadil Pasha Dagestani
(2nd time) (acting)
May 1909 - 1910
Mehmed Shevket Pasha
1910 - 1911
Hüseyin Nazim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1911
Yusuf Pasha (acting)
Jun 1911 - Jul 1912 Sakalli Ahmad Cemal Pasha
(b. 1872 - d. 1922)
1912
Ali Riza Pasha (acting)
Aug 1912 - May 1913
Muhammad Zaki Pasha (d. 1929)
May 1913 - Feb 1914 Kavurzade Huseyin Celal Pasha
Feb 1914 - Dec 1914 Cavid
Pasha
(b. 1883 - d. 1932)
Dec 1914 - Apr 1915
Süleyman Nazif Bey
Apr 1915 - Jan 1916 Sakalli
Nureddin Bey
(b. 1873 - d. 1932)
Jan 1916 - Mar 1917
Kut Khalil Pasha
(b. 1864 - d. 1923)
Mar 1917 - 11 Mar 1917
Memduh Bey
Walis of Basra
16.. - 1685 Sari Abdi Pasha (1st time)
1685 - 1686? Gümrükçü Huseyin
1687 - 1688 Sohrabli Ahmed Pasha
1688 Sari Abdi Pasha (2nd time)
1688 - 1689 Egricelioglu Halil Pasha
1689 - 16.. Osmanpashazade Ahmed
16.. - 16.. Kahya Hasan Pasha?
1691 - 169. Salt Ahmed Pasha
1691/1692 Bezirgan Halil Pasha
1693 Beyzade Ali
1693/1694 Bezirgan Halil
1695 - 169. Kahya Hasan Pasha
1699 - 1700
Ibrahim Khan
1700 Beyzade Ali
1700
- 1701
Daud Khan
(d. 1701)
17.. - 17.. Yegen Ali Pasha?
af.1703 Asçioglu Ali
1701 - 1721
....
1721 - 1724
Ahmed Pasha
1724 - 1727
....
1727 - 17..
Mehmed Pasha
Mütessarifs (Lieutenant-governors) of Basra
1750 - 1752
Süleyman Pasha
1752 - 1761
....
1761 - 1762
Ali Agha Kethoda
c.1764 - 176.
Mahmud
1765 - 1768
Süleyman Agha (1st time)
1768
Abderrahman Agha
1768 - 1769
Süleyman Agha (2nd time)
1769 - 1771
Yusuf Agha (1st time)
1771 - 1773
Süleyman Agha (3rd time)
1773 - 1774
Yusuf Agha (2nd time)
1774 - 1776
Süleyman Agha (4th time)
1776 - 1779
Sadiq Khan
Zand -Persian governor (d. 1782)
1779
Süleyman Agha (5th time)
1779 - 1785
....
1785 - 1787
Mustafa Agha (1st time)
1787
Tuwayni Pasha
1787 - ....
Mustafa Agha (2nd time)
.... - 1810
Selim Agha
1810 - 18..
Ahmed Bey
18.. - 1832
....
1832 - 1842
.... (Egyptian administrators)
1842 - 1850
the governors of Baghdad
Walis of Basra
1850 - 185.
Masuq Pasha
185. - 1862
Habib Pasha
1862 - 1875
the governors of Baghdad
Aug 1875 - Oct 1877 Müntefik Mehmed Nasir Pasha
Oct 1877 - Sep 1879 Babanli Abdullah Musib Pasha
Sep 1879 - Jun 1880
Zabit Pasha
1880 - 1884
the governors of Baghdad
1884
Salih Pasha
1884 - 188.
Ali Riza Pasha (acting)
Sep 1887 - Apr 1888 Mudurnulu Mehmed Nafiz Pasha (d. 1894)
Apr 1888 - Jan 1889 Shaban Pasha
Jan 1889 - May 1892 Hidayat Pasha
(d.
1892)
1893
Hafiz Mehmed Pasha
Dec 1893 - Jan 1896 Mehmed Hamdi Pasha
Sep 1896 - Mar 1898 Mehmed Arif Pasha
Mar 1898 - Apr 1899 Enis Pasha
Apr 1899 - Jan 1900
Salih Hamdi Pasha
Jan 1900 - Sep 1902
Mehmed Muhsin Pasha
Sep 1902 - Sep 1906
Mustafa Nuri Pasha
Sep 1906 - Aug 1908 Abdurrahman
Hasan Bey (b. 1849 -
d. 1927)
Aug 1908 - Feb 1908 Muharram Efendi
Feb 1909 - Sep 1909 Mardine Mehmed Arif Bey
Sep 1909 - Nov 1910
Süleyman Nazif Bey (b. 1870 - d. 1927)
Dec 1910 - Jul 1911 Kavurzade Huseyin Celal Bey
Jul 1911 - Dec 1912 Bagdali Hasan Riza Pasha
Dec 1912 - Feb 1913 Malik Efendi
Feb 1913 - Mar 1913
Ali Riza Pasha
Mar 1913 - Jul 1913 Alaeddin Bey Altaz
Jul 1913 - Dec 1913
Izzet Pasha
Dec 1913 - Jul 1914 Söylemezoglu
Süleyman Sefik Pasha (b. 1860 - d. 1946)
Jul 1914 - Nov 1914 Subhi
Bey
(d. 1911)
Nov 1914 - 1916
Süleyman `Askari Pasha
1916 - 11 Mar 1917
Khalil Pasha
(s.a.)
Commanders of the British Forces in Mesopotamia
1914 - Apr 1915
Sir Arthur Arnold Barret
(b. 1857 - d. 1926)
Apr 1915 - 18 Apr 1916 Sir John Eccles
Nixon
(b. 1857 - d. 1921)
18 Apr 1916 - Jul 1916 Sir Percy Henry
Noel Lake (b. 1855
- d. 1940)
1916 - 11 Mar 1917
Sir Frederic Stanley Maude
(b. 1864 - d. 1917)
Military Commanders of Baghdad
11 Mar 1917 - 18 Nov 1917 Sir Frederic Stanley Maude
(s.a.)
18 Nov 1917 - 1918
Sir William Raine Marshall
(b. 1865 - d. 1939)
1918 - 10 Jan 1919
Sir Alexander Stanhope Cobbe (b. 1870
- d. 1931)
Administrator
10 Jan 1919 - 1 Oct 1920 Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson
(b. 1884 - d. 1940)
High Commissioners
1 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1923 Sir Percy Zachariah Cox
(b. 1864 - d. 1937)
4 May 1923 - Oct 1928 Sir Henry Robert
Conway Dobbs (b. 1871 - d. 1934)
(acting to 15 Sep 1923)
Oct 1928 - 11 Sep 1929 Sir Gilbert Falkingham
Clayton (b. 1875 - d. 1929)
3 Oct 1929 - 3 Oct 1932 Sir Francis Henry Humphrys
(b. 1879 - d. 1971)
Chairman of the Council of State
11 Nov 1920 - 23 Aug 1921 Saiyid Abdul Rahman al-Haydari
(b. 1841 - d. 1927)
al-Gaylani
Kings¹
23 Aug 1921 - 8 Sep 1933 Faysal I
(b. 1885 - d. 1933)
8 Sep 1933 - 4 Apr 1939 Ghazi I
(b. 1912 - d. 1939)
4 Apr 1939 - 14 Jul 1958 Faysal II
(b. 1935 - d. 1958)
(also Head of Arab Union from 14 Feb 1958)
4 Apr 1939 - 1 Apr 1941 Abdul Ilah -Regent
(1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1958)
1 Apr 1941 - 1 Jun 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz
-Regent (b. 1880 - d. 1955)
1 Jun 1941 - 2 May 1953 Abdul Ilah -Regent
(2nd
time) (s.a.)
Chairman of Sovereignty Council
14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 Muhammad Najib al-Rubai
(b. 1904 - d. 1983)
Presidents
8 Feb 1963 - 13 Apr 1966 Abdul Salam Arif
(b. 1921 - d. 1966) IIA
(provisional to 20 Nov 1963)
13 Apr 1966 - 16 Apr 1966 Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (acting)
(b. 1913 - d. 1973) Non-party
16 Apr 1966 - 17 Jul 1968 Abdul Rahman Arif
(b. 1916 - d. 2007) Mil/IIA
17 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr
(b. 1914 - d. 1982) Mil/Ba'ath
16 Jul 1979 - 9 Apr 2003 Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti
(b. 1937 - d. 2006) Ba'ath
Supreme Commanders of Occupation Forces (commanders-in-chief,
U.S. Central Command)
9 Apr 2003 - 7 Jul 2003 Tommy Ray Franks
(b. 1945)
Mil
(to 16 Apr 2003 in Doha, Qatar)
7 Jul 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 John P. Abizaid
(b. 1951)
Mil
Presidents
28 Jun 2004 - 7 Apr 2005 Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer
(b. 1958)
Non-party
7 Apr 2005 -
Jalal Talabani
(b. 1933)
PUK
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1920 - 20 Nov 1922 Saiyid Abdul Rahman al-Haydari
(s.a.)
al-Gaylani
20 Nov 1922 - 22 Nov 1923 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(b. 1879 - d. 1929) Mil
(1st time)
22 Nov 1923 - 2 Aug 1924 Jaafar Pasha al-Askari (1st
time) (b. 1887 - d. 1936) Mil
2 Aug 1924 - 26 Jun 1925 Yasin Pasha al-Hashimi (1st
time) (b. 1894 - d. 1937) Mil/Shab
26 Jun 1925 - 21 Nov 1926 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(s.a.)
Mil/Taq
(2nd time)
21 Nov 1926 - 11 Jan 1928 Jaafar Pasha al-Askari (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ahd
11 Jan 1928 - 28 Apr 1929 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(s.a.)
Mil/Taq
(3rd time)
28 Apr 1929 - 19 Sep 1929 Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi
(b. 1891 - d. 1968)
(1st time)
19 Sep 1929 - 13 Nov 1929 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(s.a.)
(4th time)
18 Nov 1929 - 23 Mar 1930 Ibrahim Naji Bey al-Suwaidi
(b. 1882 - d. 1942)
23 Mar 1930 - 3 Nov 1932 Nuri Pasha as-Said (1st time)
(b. 1888 - d. 1958) Mil/Ahd
3 Nov 1932 - 20 Mar 1933 Naji Shaukat Bey
(b. 1891 - d. 19..)
20 Mar 1933 - 9 Nov 1933 Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (1st
time) (b. 1892 - d. 1965) HIW
9 Nov 1933 - 27 Aug 1934 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (1st time)
(b. 1890 - d. 1958) Mil
27 Aug 1934 - 4 Mar 1935 Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (1st
time) (b. 1896 - d. 1968) Mil
4 Mar 1935 - 17 Mar 1935 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
17 Mar 1935 - 30 Oct 1936 Yasin Pasha al-Hashimi (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/HIW
30 Oct 1936 - 17 Aug 1937 Hikmat Sulayman
(b. 1889 - d. 19..) HIW
17 Aug 1937 - 25 Dec 1938 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
25 Dec 1938 - 31 Mar 1940 Nuri Pasha as-Said (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ahd
31 Mar 1940 - 3 Feb 1941 Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (2nd
time) (s.a.)
HIW
3 Feb 1941 - 13 Apr 1941 Taha Pasha al-Hashimi
(b. 1888 - d. 1961) Mil
13 Apr 1941 - 4 Jun 1941 Rashid Ali al-Kaylani (3rd
time) (s.a.)
HIW
4 Jun 1941 - 10 Oct 1941 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (4th time)
(s.a.)
Mil
10 Oct 1941 - 4 Jun 1944 Nuri Pasha as-Said (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ahd
4 Jun 1944 - 23 Feb 1946 Hamdi al-Bajaji
(b. 1891 - d. 1948)
23 Feb 1946 - 1 Jun 1946 Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi
(s.a.)
Ahs
(2nd time)
1 Jun 1946 - 21 Nov 1946 Arshad al-Umari (1st time)
(b. 1888 - d. 1978)
21 Nov 1946 - 29 Mar 1947 Nuri Pasha as-Said (4th time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ahd/ID
29 Mar 1947 - 29 Jan 1948 Sayyid Salih Jabr
(b. 1896 - d. 1957) UI
29 Jan 1948 - 26 Jun 1948 Sayyid Muhammad as-Sadr
(b. 1882 - d. 19..)
26 Jun 1948 - 6 Jan 1949 Muzahim al-Bajaji
(b. 1891? - d. 1982)
6 Jan 1949 - 10 Dec 1949 Nuri Pasha as-Said (5th time)
(s.a.)
Mil/ID
10 Dec 1949 - 5 Feb 1950 Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Mil
5 Feb 1950 - 15 Sep 1950 Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
15 Sep 1950 - 12 Jul 1952 Nuri Pasha as-Said (6th time)
(s.a.)
Mil/ID
12 Jul 1952 - 23 Nov 1952 Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari
(b. 1894 - d. ....)
23 Nov 1952 - 29 Jan 1953 Nureddin Mahmud
(b. 1899 - d. ....) Mil
29 Jan 1953 - 17 Sep 1953 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (5th time)
(s.a.)
Mil
17 Sep 1953 - 29 Apr 1954 Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali
(b. 1903 - d. 1997)
29 Apr 1954 - 4 Aug 1954 Arshad al-Umari (2nd time)
(s.a.)
4 Aug 1954 - 20 Jun 1957 Nuri Pasha as-Said (7th time)
(s.a.)
Mil/ID
20 Jun 1957 - 15 Dec 1957 Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/UNF
15 Dec 1957 - 3 Mar 1958 Abdul Wahhab Marjan
(b. 1910 - d. 1964)
3 Mar 1958 - 18 May 1958 Nuri Pasha as-Said (8th time)
(s.a.)
Mil
(18 May - 14 Jul 1958 premier of Arab Union)
18 May 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 Ahmad Mukhtar Baban
(b. 1900 - d. 1976)
14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 Abdul Karim Kassem
(b. 1914 - d. 1963) Mil
8 Feb 1963 - 18 Nov 1963 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (1st
time) (s.a.)
Mil/Ba'ath
20 Nov 1963 - 6 Sep 1965 Tahir Yahya (1st time)
(b. 1913 - d. 1986) Mil
6 Sep 1965 - 21 Nov 1965 Arif Abdul Razzak
(b. 1921 - d. 2007) Mil
21 Nov 1965 - 9 Aug 1966 Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz
(s.a.)
Non-party
9 Aug 1966 - 10 May 1967 Naji Talib
(b. 1917)
10 May 1967 - 10 Jul 1967 Abdul Rahman Arif
(s.a.)
Mil/IIA
10 Jul 1967 - 14 Jul 1968 Tahir Yahya (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/IIA
14 Jul 1968 - 30 Jul 1968 Abdul Razzak an-Naif
(b. 1933 - d. 1978) Mil/IIA
31 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Ba'ath
16 Jul 1979 - 23 Mar 1991 Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti
(s.a.)
Ba'ath
(1st time)
23 Mar 1991 - 13 Sep 1991 Saadun Hammadi
(b. 1930 - d. 2007) Ba'ath
16 Sep 1991 - 5 Sep 1993 Muhammad Hamza al-Zubaydi
(b. 1938 - d. 2005) Ba'ath
5 Sep 1993 - 29 May 1994 Ahmad Hussein Khudayir as-Samarrai
(b. 1941)
Ba'ath
29 May 1994 - 9 Apr 2003 Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti
(s.a.)
Ba'ath
(2nd time)
Civil Administrators
21 Apr 2003 - 12 May 2003 Jay Montgomery Garner
(b. 1938)
(director, Office of Reconstruction
and Humanitarian Assistance)
12 May 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 Lewis Paul Bremer III
(b. 1941)
(head of the Coalition Provisional Authority)
Presidents of the Governing Council² (subordinated
to the civil administrator)
13 Jul 2003 - 31 Jul 2003 Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum
(b. 1923?)
Non-party
(acting) (1st time)
1 Aug 2003 - 31 Aug 2003 Ibrahim al-Shiqr al-Jaafari
(b. 1947)
IDM
1 Sep 2003 - 30 Sep 2003 Ahmad Abdel Hadi Chalabi
(b. 1944)
INC
1 Oct 2003 - 31 Oct 2003 Iyad Allawi
(b. 1945)
INA
1 Nov 2003 - 30 Nov 2003 Jalal Talabani
(s.a.)
PUK
1 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Sayyid Abdul Aziz Muhsin al-Hakim
(b. 1959)
SCIRI
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Jan 2004 Adnan Muzahim Pachachi
(b. 1923)
IID
1 Feb 2004 - 29 Feb 2004 Mohsen Abdul Hamid
(b. c.1937)
IIP
1 Mar 2004 - 31 Mar 2004 Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum
(s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time)
1 Apr 2004 - 30 Apr 2004 Massoud Mustafa Barzani
(b. 1946)
PDK
1 May 2004 - 17 May 2004 Ezzedine Salim
(b. 1940 - d. 2004) IDM
17 May 2004 - 1 Jun 2004 Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer
(s.a.)
Non-party
Prime ministers
1 Jun 2004 - 3 May 2005 Iyad Allawi
(s.a.)
INA
(subordinated to the civil administrator to 28 Jun 2004)
3 May 2005 - 20 May 2006 Ibrahim al-Shiqr al-Jaafari
(s.a.)
IDM
20 May 2006 -
Nuri Kamil al-Maliki
(b. 1950)
IDM
Commanders-in-chief of
British Occupation Forces in Iraq (and from 25 Aug 1942 Iran)
(also in occupation of Iran - subordinated to Indian Command until
1942, then to
Middle East Command)
7 May 1941 - 21 Aug 1942 Sir Edward Pellew Quinan
(b. 1884 - d. 1960)
21 Aug 1942 - 18 Feb 1943 Sir Henry Maitland Wilson
(b. 1881 - d. 1964)
18 Feb 1943 - 18 Feb 1944 Sir Henry Royds Pownall
(b. 1887 - d. 1961)
18 Feb 1944 - 1 Mar 1946 Sir Arthur Francis Smith
(b. 1890 - d. 1977)
U.S. Commanders of Multi-National Force Iraq
14 Jun 2003 - 1 Jul 2004 Ricardo S. Sanchez (b. 1953)
1 Jul 2004 - 10 Feb 2007 George W. Casey, Jr. (b. 1948)
10 Feb 2007 - David H. Patraeus
(b. 1952)
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![[Assyrian flag]](assyr.gif)
![[Turkoman flag]](iq-kerku.gif)
¹The full style of the ruler: Malik al-`Iraq ("King of Iraq").
²Members of the Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) 13 Jul
2003 - 1 Jun 2004 were:
Ahmad Abdel Hadi Chalabi (Shi'a) (s.a.) INC; Sayyid Abdul Aziz
Muhsin al-Hakim (Shi'a)(s.a.) SCIRI; Ibrahim al-Shiqr al-Jaafari (Shi'a)(s.a.)
IDM; Naseer Kamel al-Chaderchi (Sunni)
(b. 1933?) NDP; Jalal Talabani (Kurd, Sunni)(s.a.) PUK; Massoud
Mustafa Barzani (Kurd, Sunni)(s.a.) PDK; Iyad Allawi (Shi'a)(s.a.) INA;
Ahmed Shya'a al-Barak (Shi'a) ILU; Adnan Muzahim Pachachi (Sunni)(s.a.)
IID; `Aqila al-Hashimi (f)(Shi'a) (b. 1953 - d. 2003) Non-party (to
25 Sep 2003); Sayyida Raja Habib al-Khuzaai (f)(Shi'a) Non-party; Hamid
Majid Moussa al-Bayati (Shi'a)(b. 1941?) ICP,; Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum
(Shi'a)(s.a.) Non-party; Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (Sunni)(s.a.) Non-party;
Mohsen Abdul Hamid (Sunni) IIP; Samir Shakir Mahmoud al-Sumaydi (Sunni)
Non-party (to Apr 2004); Mahmud Ali Uthman (Kurd, Sunni) (b. 1943?) Non-party;
Salah al-Dim Muhammad Baha al-Din (Kurd, Sunni)(b. 1950?) KIU; Yunadim
Yusuf Kana (Assyrian Christian) (b. 1953?) ADM; Muwaffaq al-Rubaii (Shi'a)
Non-party (to Apr 2004); Dara Nur al-Din (Kurd, Sunni)(b. 1953?) Non-party;
Sunkul Jabuk (f)(Turkoman) (b. 1968?) IWO; Wael Abdul Latif (Shi'a)(b.
1953?) Non-party; Abdel Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi (Shi'a) Hez; Ezzedine
Salim (Shi'a)(s.a.) IDM (to 17 May 2004); Salama al-Khafaji (f)(Shi'a)
Non-party
(from Dec 2003).
Territorial Disputes: Coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring internal and cross-border security; approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan, and lesser numbers to Egypt, Lebanon, Iran, and Turkey; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the autonomous status of Kurds in Iraq.
Party abbreviation: ADM = Assyrian Democratic Movement
(Assyrian christian); Hez = Hezbollah (Iraqi Party of God);
ICP
= Iraqi Communist Party; IDM = Harakat al-Dawa al-Islamiya (Islamic
Da'wah Movement); IID = Iraqi Independent Democrats; IIP
= Iraqi Islamic Party (Sunni);
ILU = Iraqi Lawyers' Union; INA = Iraqi National
Accord; INC = al-Mu'tamar al-Watani al-Irak (Iraqi National Congress,
democratic, reformist, anti-Ba'athist); KIU = Kurdistan Islamic
Union; IWO = Iraqi Women's Organization; NDP = National Democratic
Party; PDK = Partiya Demokrata Kurdistane (Kurdistan Democratic
Party, Kurdish nationalist); PUK = Yaketi Nishtimani Kurdistan (Patriotic
Union of Kurdistan, Kurdish nationalist, social-democratic, est.Jun 1975);
SCIRI
= Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Shi'ite islamist,
pro-Iran); UIA = United Iraqi Alliance (Shi'a political coalition,
est.2005); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Ahd = Ahd (Covenant Party,
est.1930); Ahs = Ahsar (Liberal Party);
Ba'ath = Hizb al-Ba'ath al-Arabiyah al-Ishtiraki (Arab Socialist Rebirth Party {Iraqi Baath Party], dictatorial socialist, 1968-9 Apr 2003
only legal movement, banned 11 May 2003); HIW = Hizb al-Ikha al-Watani
(National Brotherhood Party, 1931-19..); ID = al-Ittihad al-Dusturi
(Constitutional Union Party, 1949-1954); IIA = Ittihad al-Ishtiraki
al-Arabi (Arab Socialist Union, Nasserist, only legal party 1963-1968);
Ist
= Istiqlal (Independance);
IW = Ittihad al-Watani (National Union,
1945-1948); Shab = Sha'b (People's Party, 1920's-1935, 1945-1948);
Taq
= Taqqadum (Progressive Party, 1920's-1929); UI = al-Ummah al-Ishtiraki
(Nation's Socialist Party);
UNF = United National Front; Wat
= Watani (Nationalist Party 1920's-1935);
WD = al-Watani al-Demoqrati (National Democratic Party,
leftist)
Kurdistan Region
|
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![[Kingdom of Southern Kurdistan]](krd-1922.gif)
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"Ey Raqîp" (Hey Enemy!) |
written 1938 |
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(PUK at Sulaymaniyah 1996-2005) |
'Swiss' Dinar (IQDS) (10 May 1992-15 Oct 2003) |
23 Mar Nuwroz Festival (Kurdish New Year) |
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Imports: $ N/A |
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KDP- 15,000 (2002) PUK- 10,000 (2002) |
and Syrian rite Roman Catholic and Nestorian) |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties: UNPO (from 1991) | |||
18 Nov 1534
Part of the Ottoman Empire.
1623 - 1638
Persian occupation.
1870
Last of the Kurdish principalities dissolved.
3 Nov 1918
Mosul occupied by Britain.
23 May 1919 - 17 Jun 1919 Independent Kurdish state proclaimed
in rebellion.
24 Apr 1920
Mosul declared a part of the mandated territory of Iraq.
10 Aug 1920
Ottomans cede vilayet of Mosul to Allies by Treaty of Sèvres.
11 Nov 1920
Installation of a provisional Iraqi administration;
Mosul formally remained a separate mandated territory,
most of it now de facto under Iraqi administration
(mutessarifs were appointed to Mosul Dec 1920 and to Kirkuk
Feb 1921), only Sulaymaniyah remaining under the direct
authority
of the British High Commissioner.
1 Feb 1922 - 23 Jul 1923 Partial Turkish occupation;
Mosul claimed by Turkey.
Sep 1922 - Jul 1924 Independence
of Kurdistan (from 18 Nov 1922 Kingdom) proclaimed.
13 Jan 1926
Turkey recognizes Iraqi sovereignty over Mosul.
1930 - 16 May 1931
Last revolt of Shaykh Mahmud Barzani.
1931 - 1937
Rebellion led by Shaykh Ahmed Barazani (d. 1956).
1943 - 1945
Rebellion led by Mulla Mustafa Barzani (b. 1903 - d. 1979).
11 Mar 1974
Autonomous Region of Kurdistan created by Iraqi government.
1 Jun 1980
Autonomy increased; chairman of the regional executive council
becomes an Iraqi government minister.
10 Mar 1992
Most of Iraqi Kurdistan occupied by Kurdish forces.
1 Apr 1992
Iraqi government reoccupies Kirkuk.
19 May 1992
Kurdistan Regional Government established (in opposition to Iraqi
rule).
4 Jul 1992
Kurdistan Regional Government formed (not recognized by Iraq).
31 Aug 1996
Iraqi forces take control of the capital Erbil (Arbil) at the
request of the Kurdish Democratic Party, which establishes
a government there, opposed to the one controlled by the
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, which moves to Sulaymaniyah.
4 Oct 2002
Declaration of self-rule within "federal" union with Iraq
(not recognized by Iraq).
10-11 Apr 2003
Kurdish forces take control of Kirkuk and Mosul.
14 Jun 2005
Kurdistan Autonomous Region established.
Walis (governors) of Mosul
.... - 1719
Morali Ali
1719 - 17..
Sari Mustafa
c.1720
Sirke Osman Pasha
1726 - 1727
Isma'il Pasha al-Jalili
1727 - 1730?
Hüseyin Pasha Derendi
1730 - 17..
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (1st time)
17.. - 1736
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (3rd time)
17.. - 1741
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (4th time)
1758 - 17..
Hüseyin Pasha al-Jalili (5th time)
17.. - 17..
Murad Pasha
17.. - 17..
Sa`dullah Pasha
17.. - 17..
Hasan Pasha
17.. - 17..
Mehmed Pasha
17.. - 17..
Süleyman Pasha
17.. - 17..
Mehmed Amin Pasha
1789 - 1806
Muhammad Pasha
18.. - 18..
Abdurrahman Pasha
18.. - 18..
Ahmed Pasha
18.. - 18..
Osman Pasha
18.. - 18..
Naman Pasha
1830 - 18..
Qasim Pasha Umari
1831 - 183.
Omari Pasha
1833 - 1834
Yahya Pasha
Mar 1836 - Mar 1844 Ince Bayraktarzade Mehmed Pasha (d. 1844)
Mar 1844 - Dec 1844
Mehmet Sherif Pasha
Jan 1845 - Dec 1845
Giridizade Mehmet Pasha
Jan 1846 - Nov 1846 Gürçü
Mehemet Tayyar Pasha (d. 1846)
Dec 1846 - Nov 1847 Ayasli Esad Mehemet Muhlis Pasha
Nov 1847 - Aug 1848 Yozgatli Mehemet Vecihi Pasha
Aug 1848 - Nov 1849 Ali Askar Pasha
Nov 1849 - Aug 1850 Mühendis Mehmet Kamil Pasha
Aug 1850 - May 1851 Mustafa Mazhar Pasha
1851 - 1855
Satirçi Mustafa Pasha
Walis of (Hakkari to 1864) Van
1855
Veysi Pasha
1859
Sulaymaniyahli Baban Abdallah Pasha
1860
Halepli Haçi Yusuf Pasha
1861
Kaïmakam Atallah Bey
1861
Kanan Pasha
1861
Esaf Efendi
Walis of Mosul
1865 - 1875
the governors of Baghdad
1875
Ferik Nafiz Pasha
1875
Mustafa Necip Pasha
1877
Ahmet Nazim Bey
1878
Fizi Pasha
1878
Abdulnafi Efendi
1879
Ferik Mehmet Munir Pasha
Feb 1879 - Nov 1879 Ahmed Feyzi Pasha
Nov 1879 - May 1882 Ramazanzada Abdunnafi Iffet
Efendi
May 1882 - Dec 1887 Tahsin Pasha
Dec 1887 - Jan 1889 Mustafa Faik Pasha
Jan 1889 - Jul 1889 Vanli Mehemed Reshid Pasha (d. 1889)
1889
Kürd Reshid Pasha
(d. 1889)
Jul 1889 - Mar 1891 Arnavut Tahir Pasha
(d. 1925)
Jun 1891 - Jul 1892
Abdulkadir Kamali Pasha
Jul 1892 - Sep 1894
Osman Pasha
Sep 1894 - Jul 1895
Ahmed Aziz Pasha
Jul 1895 - May 1896 Gümrükçü Mehemet Salih Pasha
May 1896 - Oct 1896 Kölemen
Abdullah Pasha (b. 1846 - d. 1937)
Oct 1896 - Oct 1897 Zühdü
Bey
(b. 1843 - d. 18..)
Oct 1897 - Jul 1898
Abdülwahib Pasha (b. 1843 - d. ....)
Jul 1898 - Dec 1898 Mehemet Arif Pasha
1898 - 1899
Hüseyin Hazim Pasha
Feb 1899 - Jun 1901 Tepeyran Ebubekir Hazim Bey
Jun 1901 - Sep 1901 Yenesehirli Mustafa Nazim Pasha
Oct 1901 - Jun 1902 Ahmed
Reshid Pasha (b.
1853 - d. 1918)
Jun 1902 - Sep 1905 Mustafa
Nuri Bey
Sep 1905 - Aug 1908
Mustafa Bey
Aug 1908 - Jan 1909 Halepli
Zeki Pasha (b. 1864
- d. 19..)
1909
Fazil Pasha
1910 - 1912
Tahir Pasha
Aug 1912 - Dec 1912 Dagistanli Fazil Pasha
Dec 1912 - Jul 1913 Muharrem Mümtaz
Bey (b. 1864 - d.
1931)
Jul 1913 - Sep 1913 Esad Pasha
Sep 1913 - Dec 1915
Süleyman Nasif Bey
Feb 1915 - Jan 1917 Vanli Haydar Hilmi Bey
Sep 1917 - 1918 Ispanakcçizade Memduh Sermed Bey
British Commander
Nov 1918 - 1919
Alexander Stanhope Cobbe
(b. 1870 - d. 1931)
British Representatives
1918 - 1919
Edward William Charles Noel (b.
1886 - d. 1974)
1919 - Mar 1921
Ely Bannister Soane
(b. 1881 - d. 1923)
1921 - Oct 1922
H.A. Goldsmith
Governor (Hikimdar) of Sulaymaniya
1 Dec 1918 - 17 Jun 1919 Sheikh Mahmud Barzani (1st
time)
(in rebellion from 23 May 1919)
Sep 1922 - Jul 1924 Sheikh
Mahmud Barzani (2nd time)
(in rebellion from 1922; 18 Nov 1922
assumes style King of Kurdistan)
Chairmen of the Regional Executive Council
1974 - 19..
Hashim Hassan al-Aqrawi
PDK
1980 - 1991
Mohammed Amin Mohammed
De facto rulers
- Patriotic Union of Kurdistan -
4 Jul 1992 - 14 Jun 2005 Jalal Talabani
(b. 1933)
PUK
(secretary-general of the PUK)
- Kurdistan Democratic Party -
31 Aug 1996 - 14 Jun 2005 Massoud Mustafa Barzani
(b. 1946)
PDK
(president of the PDK)
President
14 Jun 2005 -
Massoud Mustafa Barzani
(s.a.)
PDK
Prime minister
Sep 1922 - Jul 1924 Sheikh
Qadir Hafeed
Chairmen of the Regional Legislative Council
1980 - 1991
....
Prime ministers
- Patriotic Union of Kurdistan -
4 Jul 1992 - 26 Apr 1993 Fuad Masum
(b. 1938)
PUK
26 Apr 1993 - 21 Jan 2001 Kosrat Rasul Ali
PUK
21 Jan 2001 - 4 Jul 2004 Barham Salih
(b. 1960)
PUK
4 Jul 2004 - 14 Jun 2005 Umar Fattah (acting)
PUK
- Kurdistan Democratic Party -
26 Sep 1996 - 20 Dec 1999 Rowsch Shaways
(b. 1947)
PDK
20 Dec 1999 - 14 Jun 2005 Nechervan Idris Barzani
(b. 1966)
PDK
Prime minister
Jun 2005 -
Nechervan Idris Barzani
(s.a.)
PDK
Party abbreviations: PDK = Partiya Demokrata Kurdistane
(Kurdistan Democratic Party [KDP], Kurdish nationalist, est.1946);
PUK
= Yaketi Nishtimani Kurdistan (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Kurdish nationalist,
social-democratic, est.Jun 1975)
©2000 Ben Cahoon