Italian states to 1861  P-V

754                        Donation of Pepin creates a temporal Papal State for
                             the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church (also called the Papal 
                             States or the States of the Church).
 9 Mar 1309 - 13 Jan 1377  Popes rule from Avignon in France,
                             referred to as the "Babylonian Captivity of the Church" 
                             by historians.
31 Oct 1537 - 18 Mar 1649  Separate Duchy of Castro under the Farnese dynasty.
19 May 1769 - 1774         "Sicily" (Naples) occupies Benevento and Pontecorvo.
19 Jun 1796 - 16 Oct 1796  Ferrara and Bologna are occupied by France
                            (from 16 Oct 1796 annexed to Cispadane Republic).
10 Feb 1798 - 27 Nov 1798  Rome occupied by France.
15 Feb 1798 - 30 Sep 1799  In rebellion: Roman Republic.
27 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Rome occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
11 Jul 1799 - 28 Sep 1799  Rome occupied France.
30 Sep 1799 - 23 Jun 1800  Rome occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
23 Jun 1800                Papal State (restored)
 2 Feb 1808 - 17 May 1809  French occupation.
17 May 1809                Papal State (Rome and Latinum) annexed to France; divided
                             into départements of Tibre (from 1810 Rome) and Trasimène.
17 Feb 1810                Rome is declared to be the second capital of the French Empire.
20 Mar 1811                Title "King of Rome" given to Napoléon I's infant son.
24 Mar 1814                Papal State (restored)
22 Mar 1815                Rome occupied by Naples (under Murat).
22 May 1815 -  7 Jun 1815  Austrian occupation.
 7 Jun 1815                Papal State (restored)
26 Feb 1831 - 26 Mar 1831  In rebellion: United Italian Provinces.
 9 Feb 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  In rebellion: Roman Republic.
18 Mar 1860                Sardinia annexes Ferrara and Romagana.
Nov 1860                   Sardinia annexes Umbria, the Marches, Benevento, and Pontecorvo.
19 Oct 1870                Incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy.

Popes¹
754 - 19 Oct 1870          see Popes of the Roman Catholic Church

Secretaries of State
1691 - 27 Sep 1700         Fabrizio Cardinal Spada               (b. 1643 - d. 1717)
 3 Dec 1700 - 19 Mar 1721  Fabrizio Cardinal Paolucci (1st time) (b. 1651 - d. 1726)
10 May 1721 -  7 Mar 1724  Giorgio Cardinal Spinola              (b. 1667 - d. 1739)
1724 - 12 Jun 1726         Fabrizio Cardinal Paolucci (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jun 1726 - 21 Feb 1730  Niccolo Maria Cardinal Lecari         (b. 1675 - d. 1757)
1730 - 16 Sep 1733         Antonio Cardinal Banchieri            (b. 1667 - d. 1733)
Oct 1733 -  6 Feb 1740     Giuseppe Firrao                       (b. 1670 - d. 1744)
Aug 1740 - 28 Aug 1756     Silvio Cardinal Valenti Gonzaga       (b. 1690 - d. 1756)
10 Sep 1756 -  3 May 1758  Alberico Cardinal Archinto            (b. 1698 - d. 1758)
1758 -  2 Feb 1769         Ludovico Maria Cardinal Torregiani    (d. 1777)
1769 - 23 Feb 1785         Lazzaro Opizio Cardinal Pallavicini   (b. 1719 - d. 1785)
Jun 1785 - Sep 1789        Ignazio Cardinal Boncompagni          (b. 1743 - d. 1790)
                             Ludovisi
13 Oct 1789 - Aug 1796     Francesco Saverio Cardinal De Zelada  (b. 1717 - d. 1801)
Aug 1796 - Mar 1797        Ignazio Cardinal Busca                (b. 1731 - d. 1803)
Mar 1797 - 29 Aug 1799     Giuseppe Cardinal Doria Pamphili      (b. 1751 - d. 1816)
                             (1st time)
29 Aug 1799 - 18 Jun 1808  Ercole Consalvi,                      (b. 1757 - d. 1824)
                             marchese di Consalvi  (1st time) 
                            (29 Aug 1799 chosen by conclave;
                            Mar 1800 pro-secretary of state;
                            11 Aug 1800 secretary of state)
                            (from 11 Aug 1800, Ercole Cardinal Consalvi)
Jun 1806 - Feb 1808        Filippo Cardinal Casoni (acting)      (b. 1733 - d. 1811) 
                            (Pro-Secretary of State)
Feb 1808 - 23 Mar 1808     Giuseppe Cardinal Doria Pamphili      (s.a.)
                            (2nd time)(Pro-Secretary of State) 
23 Mar 1808 - 16 Jun 1808  Giulio Cardinal Gabrielli (acting)
                            (Pro-Secretary of State) 
18 Jun 1808 - 17 May 1814  Bartolommeo Cardinal Pacca (1st time) (b. 1756 - d. 1844)
                            (Pro-Secretary of State) (1st time)
17 May 1814 - 30 Aug 1823  Ercole Cardinal Consalvi (2nd time)   (s.a.)
19 May 1814 -  2 Jul 1815  Bartolommeo Cardinal Pacca (2nd time)
                             (acting)
30 Aug 1823 - Jun 1828     Guilio Maria Cardinal della Somaglia  (b. 1744 - d. 1830)
Jun 1828 - 10 Feb 1829     Tomaso Cardinal Bernetti (1st time)   (b. 1779 - d. 1852)
Mar 1829 - 30 Nov 1830     Giuseppe Cardinal Albani              (b. 1750 - d. 1834)
12 Feb 1831 - 20 Jun 1836  Tomaso Cardinal Bernetti (2nd time)   (s.a.)
20 Jan 1836 - 16 Jun 1846  Luigi Cardinal Lambruschini           (b. 1776 - d. 1854)
 1 Aug 1846 -  5 Jul 1847  Pasquale Cardinal Tomaso Gizzi        (b. 1787 - d. 1849)
 5 Jul 1847 - 20 Jan 1848  Carlo Cardinal Vizzardelli            (b. 1791 - d. 1852)
20 Jan 1848 -  9 Mar 1848  Giuseppe Cardinal Bofondi             (b. 1795 - d. 1867)
 9 Mar 1848 -  2 Aug 1848  Luigi Cardinal Ciacchi                (b. 1788 - d. 1865)
                            (in Ferrara, did not take up office)
10 Mar 1848 -  3 May 1848  Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli (1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1876)
                            (acting for Ciacchi)
 5 May 1848 -  3 Jun 1848  Antonio Francesco Cardinal Orioli     (b. 1778 - d. 1852)
                            (acting for Ciacchi)
 4 Jun 1848 - 29 Nov 1848  Giovanni Cardinal Soglia              (b. 1775 - d. 1856)
                            (to 2 Aug 1848 acting for Ciacchi)
Dec 1848 -  6 Nov 1876     Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli (2nd time) (s.a.) 
                            (to  Mar 1852 Pro-Secretary;
                             24 Nov 1848 - 12 Apr 1850 in exile in Naples)
18 Dec 1876 -  7 Feb 1878  Giovanni Cardinal Simeoni             (b. 1816 - d. 1892)
 5 Mar 1878 - 31 Jun 1878  Alessandro Cardinal Franchi           (b. 1819 - d. 1878)
 9 Aug 1878 - 16 Dec 1880  Lorenzo Cardinal Nina                 (b. 1812 - d. 1885)
16 Dec 1880 - 28 Feb 1887  Lodovico Cardinal Jacobini            (b. 1832 - d. 1887)
 1 Jun 1887 - 29 Jul 1903  Mariano Cardinal Rampolla,            (b. 1843 - d. 1913)
                             marchese del Tindaro
Aug 1903 - 20 Aug 1914     Raffaele Cardinal Del Val             (b. 1865 - d. 1930)
                            (to Nov 1903 Pro-Secretary)
13 Oct 1914 -  9 Feb 1930  Pietro Cardinal Gasparri              (b. 1852 - d. 1934)

Prime ministers
14 Oct 1847 - Jan 1848     Lodovico Cardinal Altieri 
Jan 1848 - 10 Feb 1848     Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli (1st time) (s.a.)
12 Feb 1848 - 10 Mar 1848  Giuseppe Cardinal Bofondi             (s.a.) 
10 Mar 1848 - 29 Apr 1848  Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli (2nd time) (s.a.)
 3 May 1848 -  2 Aug 1848  Luigi Cardinal Ciacchi                (s.a.)
                             (did not take office)
 3 May 1848 -  2 Aug 1848  Terenzio, Conte Mamiani della Rovere 
                             (acting for Ciacchi)
 2 Aug 1848 - 15 Sep 1848  Giovanni Cardinal Soglia              (s.a.)
15 Sep 1848 - 15 Nov 1848  Pellegrino Luigi, Conte Rossi         (b. 1787 - d. 1848)
16 Nov 1848 - 24 Nov 1848  Carlo Emmanuele Muzzarelli
24 Nov 1848 -  4 Jul 1849  Papal Commission (in Gaeta exile) 
                           - Cardinal Castracane (president)
                           - Prince Barberini 
                           - Prince Roviano
                           - Marchese Ricci
                           - Marchese Bevilaqua
                           - Zucchi
                           - Roberti

Comacchio
       
971                        Comacchio part of the Papal State.
1299                       Part of Duchy of Ferrara.
1505 - 15..                Occupied by Venice.
1597                       Part of Papal State.
24 May 1708                Seized by Austria (Marquisate of Comacchio).
 1 Sep 1724                Restored into Papal State.
      
Marquis (also Archdukes of Austria)
24 May 1708 - 17 Apr 1711  Joseph I                              (b. 1678 - d. 1711)
17 Apr 1711 -  1 Sep 1724  Karl III                              (b. 1685 - d. 1740)

Governors of Rome
 9 Nov 1798 - 11 Jan 1799  Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre      (b. 1765 - d. 1840)
                             Macdonald
1808 - 1809                Sextius Alexandre François,           (b. 1759 - d. 1828)
                             comte Miollis (1st time)
1809 - Feb 1811            Jean Léonard François Lemarois        (b. 1776 - d. 1836)
19 Feb 1811 - 1814         Sextius Alexandre François,           (s.a.)
                             comte Miollis (2nd time)

Rome (Roma)

15 Jul 1809                French département Tibre (Tiber).
17 Feb 1810                Renamed département Rome (Roma).
1814                       End of French rule.

Prefect
 6 Sep 1809 - Jan 1814     Camille Casimir Philippe Marcellin,   (b. 1778 - d. 1833) 
                             comte de Tournon-Simiane 
 

Trasimène

17 Feb 1810                French département Trasimène (prefecture Spoleto).
1814                       End of French rule.

Prefect
17 Feb 1810 - 24 Feb 1814  Antoine Marie, baron Roederer        (b. 1782 - d. 1865)

15 Feb 1798 - 23 Jun 1800  Roman Republic
27 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
11 Jul 1799 - 28 Sep 1799  Occupied by France.
30 Sep 1799 - 23 Jun 1800  Occupied by "Sicily" (Naples).
 9 Feb 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  Roman Republic

Consuls
15 Feb 1798 - 20 Mar 1798  Provisional Consuls
                           - Briganti
                           - Carlo Luigi Costantini
                           - Pio Camillo, duca Bonelli-Crescenzi
                           - Gioacchino Pessuti
                           - Antonio Bassi
                           - Maggi
                           - Stampa
                           - Liborio Angelucci
20 Mar 1798 - Sep 1798     Consuls
                           - Liborio Angelucci 
                           - Giacomo De Mattheis
                           - Panazzi
                           - Reppi
                           - Ennio Quirino Visconti
Sep 1798 - 27 Nov 1798     Consuls
                           - Brigi (1st time)
                           - Calisti (1st time)
                           - Francesco Pierelli (1st time)
                           - Giuseppe Rey (1st time)
                           - Federico Maria Domenico Michele  (b. 1760 - d. 18..)
                               Zaccaleoni (1st time) 
29 Nov 1798 - 12 Dec 1798  Provisional Government
                           - Prince Giambattista Borghese
                           - Prince Paolo-Maria Aldobrandini
                           - Prince Gibrielli
                           - Marchese Camillo Massimo
                           - Giovanni Ricci
12 Dec 1798 - 24 Jul 1799  Consuls
                           - Brigi (2nd time)
                           - Calisti (2nd time)
                           - Francesco Pierelli (2nd time)
                           - Giuseppe Rey (2nd time)
                           - Federico Maria Domenico Michele  (s.a.)
                               Zaccaleoni (2nd time) 
President of the Provisional Committee
24 Jul 1799 - 30 Sep 1799  Périller
30 Sep 1799 -  3 Jul 1800  Diego Naselli -Neapolitan Commander
 3 Oct 1799 - 23 Jun 1800  Provisional Government
                           - Conte Alessandro Bonaccorsi
                           - Marchese Angelo Massimo
                           - Girolamo Colonna
                           - Marchese Clemente Muti
                           - Antonio Lippi
 9 Feb 1849 - 29 Mar 1849  Executive Committee
                           - Carlo Armellini                  (b. 1777 - d. 1863)
                           - Aurelio Saliceti                 (b. 1804 - d. 1862)
                           - Mattia Montecchi                 (b. 1816 - d. 1871)
29 Mar 1849 -  1 Jul 1849  Triumvirate
                           - Carlo Armellini                  (s.a.)
                           - Giuseppe Mazzini                 (b. 1805 - d. 1872)
                           - Conte Aurelio Saffi              (b. 1819 - d. 1890)
 1 Jul 1849 -  4 Jul 1849  Triumvirate
                           - Aurelio Saliceti                 (s.a.)
                           - Alessandro Calandrelli           (b. 1805 - d. 1888)
                           - Livio Mariani
 4 Jul 1849 - 12 Apr 1850  Papal Commissioners
                           - Luigi Cardinal Altieri           (b. 1805 - d. 1867)
                           - Annibale Cardinal della Genga    (s.a.)
                           - Luigi Cardinal Vannicella-Casoni

Prime minister
23 Dec 1848 -  4 Jul 1849  Carlo Emmanuele Muzzarelli

 ¹full Papal title: "Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Province of Rome, Sovereign of the Papal State"; 
 In several cases Popes continued to reign as heads of the Roman Catholic Church while in exile or captivity, exercising no temporal authority over the Papal State. In 1798-1799, 1800-20 Aug 1813, 1848-49, 1870-1929, the Popes continued as heads of the Roman Catholic Church, but without temporal sovereignty over the Papal State.

   26 Feb 1831 - 26 Mar 1831

President of the Assembly 
26 Feb 1831 -  4 Mar 1831  Giovanni Vicini                    (b. 1771 - d. 1845)
President of the Provisional Government
 4 Mar 1831 - 26 Mar 1831  Giovanni Vicini                    (s.a.) 

       19 Nov 1797 - 7 Mar 1798

1348                       Free City of Ancona.
21 Sep 1532                Annexed to Papal State.
19 Nov 1797                Anconine Republic
 7 Mar 1798                Incorporated into the Roman Republic.

Consuls
19 Nov 1797 -  7 Mar 1798  ....

10 Nov 1506                Annexed to Papal State.
1796                       Republic proclaimed in Bologna (Bolognese Republic).
16 Oct 1796                Part of Cispadane Republic (see Modena).
 9 Jul 1797                Part of Cisalpine Republic (see Lombardy).

Presidentes del Magistrato
(held for 4 months by of one of 9 Consuls)
1796 - 16 Oct 1796         .... 

        4 Feb 1798 - 1799

Consuls
 4 1798 - 1799            ....

16 Sep 1545                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza created.
10 Sep 1547                Parma is annexed by the Papal State, Piacenza by Milan.
 9 Nov 1549                Duchy of Parma re-established.
15 Sep 1556                Duchy of Piacenza re-established.
 1 Nov 1802                Under French administration.
24 May 1808                Annexed by France as the département Taro.
14 Feb 1814 -  2 Mar 1814  Austrian occupation.
 2 Mar 1814 -  9 Mar 1814  French re-occupation.
 9 Mar 1814 - 11 Apr 1814  Austrian occupation.
11 Apr 1814                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (restored).
17 Dec 1847                Pontremoli annexed.
11 Apr 1848                Separate provisional governments in Parma and in Piacenza.
10 May 1848 (Parma) and
25 May 1848 (Piacenza)     Annexation to Kingdom of Sardinia decreed.
12 May 1848 - 12 Aug 1849  Pontremoli annexed by Tuscany.
Aug 1848 - 1848            Austrian occupation.
14 Aug 1848                Annexation rescinded by Sardinia.
18 Aug 1848                Duchies of Parma and Piacenza (restored).
Mar 1849                   Sardinian occupation.
1849 - 25 Aug 1849         Annexation by Kingdom of Sardinia.
Mar 1849 - 1849            Austrian occupation.
17 Jun 1859 - 18 Aug 1859  Administered by Kingdom of Sardinia.
18 Aug 1859                Parma and Piacenza (dictatorship) united with Modena.
12 Sep 1859                Administered by Kingdom of Sardinia.
 3 Dec 1859                Part of the United Provinces of Central Italy
                            (see Tuscany).
25 Dec 1859                Part of Emilian Provinces (see Modena).
18 Mar 1860                Annexation by Kingdom of Sardinia.

Dukes
16 Sep 1545 - 10 Sep 1547  Pier Luigi                         (b. 1503 - d. 1547)
 9 Nov 1549 - 15 Sep 1586  Ottavio                            (b. 1524 - d. 1586)
                            (to 1556, duke of Parma only)
15 Sep 1586 -  3 Dec 1592  Alessandro "il Gran Capitano"      (b. 1545 - d. 1592)
 3 Dec 1592 -  5 Mar 1622  Ranuccio I                         (b. 1569 - d. 1622)
 5 Mar 1622 - 11 Sep 1646  Odoardo                            (b. 1612 - d. 1646)
11 Sep 1646 - 11 Dec 1694  Ranuccio II                        (b. 1630 - d. 1694)
11 Dec 1694 - 26 Feb 1727  Francesco Maria                    (b. 1678 - d. 1727)
26 Feb 1727 - 20 Jan 1731  Antonio Francesco                  (b. 1679 - d. 1731)
20 Jan 1731 - 29 Dec 1731  Regency
                           - Enrichetta Maria d'Este
                           - Camillo Marazzani
                           - Conte Federigo Dal Verme
                           - Conte Artaserse Bajardi
                           - Conte Giacomo Sanvitale
                           - Conte Odoardo Anvidi
29 Dec 1731 -  3 Oct 1735  Carlo I                            (b. 1716 - d. 1788)
 3 Oct 1735 - 20 Oct 1740  Carlo                              (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
                            (Holy Roman Emperor Karl VI)
20 Oct 1740 - 18 Oct 1748  Maria Teresa (f) -Duchess          (b. 1717 - d. 1780)
                            (Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria)
18 Oct 1748 - 18 Jul 1765  Filippo                            (b. 1720 - d. 1765)
18 Jul 1765 -  9 Oct 1802  Ferdinando                         (b. 1751 - d. 1802)
 9 Oct 1802 -  1 Nov 1802  Regency
                           - Maria Amalia, arciduchessa       (b. 1746 - d. 1804)
                               d'Austria (f) 
                           - Marchese Cesare Ventura
                           - Conte Francesco Schizzati
Commissioner of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla
 1 Nov 1802 - 15 Feb 1804  Jean Victor Moreau de Saint Méry   (b. 1763 - d. 1813)
Governors-general
15 Feb 1804 - 18 Sep 1806  ....
18 Sep 1806 - 23 Jul 1808  Dominique Catherine Pérignon       (b. 1754 - d. 1818)
Prefects of Taro
24 May 1808 - Aug 1810     Hugues Nardon
 7 Aug 1810 - 1814         Henri Jean Pierre Antoine,         (b. 1783 - d. 1854)
                             baron Dupont-Delporte
1814 - Apr 1814            Charles Nicolas Vraincourt,        (b. 1773 - d. 1852)
                             comte d'Anthouart
Nominal Duke of Parma
24 Apr 1808 - Apr 1814     Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès   (b. 1753 - d. 1824)
Nominal Duke of Piacenza
24 Apr 1808 - Apr 1814     Charles-François Lebrun            (b. 1739 - d. 1824)
Duchess
Apr 1814 - 10/11 Apr 1814  Provisional Government
                           - Marchese Cesare Ventura
                           - Conte Filippo Magawly Cerati
                           - Casimiro Meli Lupi, marchese
                               di Soragna
10/11 Apr 1814-17 Dec 1847 Maria Luigia (f)                   (b. 1791 - d. 1847)
                            (Empress of France 1809-1814)
President of Provisional Government
15 Feb 1831 - 13 Mar 1831  Conte Filippo Linati               (b. 1757 - d. 1837)
                            (in rebellion; in Parma)
Duke¹
17 Dec 1847 - 11 Apr 1848  Carlo II (1st time)                (b. 1799 - d. 1883)
President of the Regency
20 Mar 1848 - 11 Apr 1848  Luigi Sanvitale, conte di          (b. 1799 - d. 1876)
                             Fontanellato
Presidents of the Provisional Government
11 Apr 1848 - 18 Aug 1848  Gregorio Ferdinando,               (b. 1786 - d. 1858)
                             conte di Castagnola (in Parma)
11 Apr 1848 - 18 Aug 1848  Provisional Government (in Piacenza)
                           - Pietro Gioia (president)
                           - Antonio Anguissola
                           - Camillo Piatti
                           - Corrado Marazzani
                           - Antonio Emanueli
Sardinian Administrator
Jun 1848 - 18 Aug 1848     ....
Dukes¹
18 Aug 1848 - 14 Mar 1849  Carlo II (2nd time)                (s.a.)
                            (in exile 19 Apr 1848 - 17 May 1849)
14 Mar 1849 - 23 Aug 1849  Provisional Government
                           - Salvatore Riva (president)
                           - Guido Dalla Rosa
                           - Alessandro Cavagnari
Governor-general in Parma
 8 Apr 1849 - 23 Aug 1849  Vincenzo cavaliere Conaccia 
Governor in Piacenza
 8 Apr 1849 - 23 Aug 1849  Giulio conte Barattieri
Dukes¹
23 Aug 1849 - 27 Mar 1854  Carlo III                          (b. 1823 - d. 1854)
27 Mar 1854 -  9 Jun 1859  Roberto I                          (b. 1848 - d. 1907)
27 Mar 1854 -  9 Jun 1859  Duchess Luigia di                  (b. 1819 - d. 1864)
                             Borbone -Regent (in exile 1-4 May 1859)
Extraordinary Commissioners
 9 Jun 1859 - 10 Jun 1859  Luigi cavaliere Draghi (in Parma)
                           + .... (in Piacenza)
President of the Provisional Government Commission
10 Jun 1859 - 17 Jun 1859  Girolamo Cantelli,                 (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
                             conte di Rubbiano 
Sardinian Royal Commissioners
17 Jun 1859 -  9 Aug 1859  Diodato conte Pallieri             (b. 1828 - d. 1918)
 9 Aug 1859 - 18 Aug 1859  Giuseppe Manfredi                  (s.a.)
Dictator
18 Aug 1859 - 12 Sep 1859  Luigi Carlo Farini                 (b. 1812 - d. 1866)

Chief ministers
 6 Aug 1814 - 1816         Filippo Francesco, conte Magawly   (b. 1787 - d. 1835)
                             Cerati de Carly
1834 - 20 Mar 1848         Charles Renè, comte de Bombelles   (b. 1785 - d. 1856)
 6 Apr 1849 - 17 May 1849  Antonio cavaliere Lombardi         (b. 1794 - d. 1869)
17 May 1849 -  3 May 1859  Enrico Salati

Commissioner of States of Parma and Piacenza for Austria
30 Jun 1814 -  6 Aug 1814  Ferdinando Marescalchi             (b. 1764 - d. 1816)
Austrian commanders
Aug 1848 - 1848            Georg Graf von Thurn zu Valsássina
1848 - 1848                August Graf von Degenfeld-         (b. 1798 - d. 1876)
                             Schonburg (military governor)
Mar 1849 - 1849            Konstantin Freiherr d'Aspre von    (b. 1798 - d. 1850)
                             Hoobreuck

 ¹full style of the ruler: Infante di Spagna (Infante de España), Per la Grazia di
Dio Duca di Parma, Piacenza, Castro (from 1847 e Stati annessi)("Infant of Spain, by
the Grace of God Duke of Parma, Piacenza, Castro [from 1847 and annexed States]).

1016                       Part of Republic of Pisa.
1399                       Lordship of Elba, Piombino, and marquisette of Populonia.
1404                       Protectorate of Florence.
1463                       Protecrorate of "Sicily" (Naples).
 8 Nov 1509                Principality of Piombino and Lordship of Elba (incl. Elba,
                             Pianosa, and Montecristo islands); an immediate fiefdom 
                             of the Holy Roman Empire under suzerainty of Spain.
1548                       Florentine occupation.
1552 - 1557                Florentine occupation.
1603 - 1611                Spanish occupation.
1624 - 1626                Spanish occupation.
 3 Oct 1735                Under the suzerainty of "Sicily" (Naples).
 7 Nov 1796 - 1796         British occupation.
Mar/Jul 1797               French occupation.
28 Mar 1801                Annexed to the Kingdom of Eturia (see Tuscany).
17 Apr 1803                Annexed to France.
18 Mar 1805                Principality of Piombino (under French rule).
24 May 1808                Part of Tuscany (which itself is part of France).
Mar 1814                   Austrian occupation.
27 Apr 1814                Principality of Piombino (restored).
 9 Jun 1815                Part of Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
22 Mar 1860                Part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Princesses
1699 - 1700                Anna Maria
1700 - 1724                Ippolita                             (b. 1663 - d. 1733)
                           - jointly with -
1701 -  1 Jan 1707         Gregorio -Prince                     (b. 1642 - d. 1707)
                           - jointly with -
 1 Jan 1707 - 28 Jan 1721  Antonio I -Prince                    (b. 1658 - d. 1721)
1724 -  5 Jan 1745         Maria Eleonora                       (b. 1686 - d. 1745)
Princes
1745 - 24 May 1777         Gaetano I                            (b. 1704 - d. 1777)
24 May 1777 - 28 Mar 1801  Antonio II                           (b. 1735 - d. 1805)
Administrator
1803 - 1805                Jean-François Carteaux               (b. 1751 - d. 1813)
Princess
18 Mar 1805 -  1 Feb 1814  Elisa Baciocchi Bonaparte            (b. 1777 - d. 1820)
Prince
27 Apr 1814 -  7 Jun 1815  Luigi Maria                          (b. 1767 - d. 1841)

Governor-general 
May 1806 - 1811            Adolphe Beauvais                     (d. 1811)

1444                       Lordship of Sabbioneta 
1565                       Marquisate of Sabbioneta
 8 Aug Nov 1577            Duchy of Sabbioneta
1684 - 1702                Spanish occupation.
1702                       Annexed to Duchy of Manuta.
1707                       Ceded to Duchy of Guastalla.
1747                       Annexed to Duchy of Milan (see Lombardy). 

Lords
1478 - 28 Jun 1496         Gianfrancesco                        (b. 1443 - d. 1496)
28 Jun 1496 -  Dec 1532    Ludovico                             (b. 1500 - d. 1532)
Dec 1532 - 1565            Vespasiano                           (b. 1531 - d. 1591) 
Marquis
1565 - 18 Nov 1577         Vespasiano                           (s.a.) 
Duke
18 Nov 1577 - 26 Feb 1591  Vespasiano                           (s.a.)
Duchess
10 Oct 1592 - 1609         Isabella                             (b. 1565 - d. 1637)
Dukes 
1609 - 1670                Scipion                              (b. 1595 - d. 1670)
1670 - 1672                Ferrante                             (b. 1643 - d. 1672)
1672 - 1702                Gianfrancesco                        (b. 1643 - d. 1703)

687                        Four giuducati (rennu in Sardinian) are founded, each
                             governed by at Giudice/Giudichessa di Logu: Cagliari, Torres,
                             Gallura and Arborea.
687 - 807                  The Giudice of Cagliari is usually styled King.
1038 - 1054                Barisone, giudice of all four giuducati, is styled King.
1164 - 1191                Barisone, giudice Arborea, and later Guelfo, a "Guelph" is
                             prince is styled King.
1243 - 1272                Enzo, son of Emperor and King Frederico, and giudice of Torres
                             and Gallura, is styled king.
1284                       Torres is annexed by Genoa.
1298                       One-third of Cagliari is annexed by Pisa.
1308                       One-third of Cagliari, and Gallura are annexed by Genoa.
24 Apr 1326                Kingdom founded by Jaime II of Aragón; the kings of Aragón,
                             later as part of the Spanish Monarchy, remain kings of
                             Sardinia (Regno di Sardegna).
1355                       The remaining third of the Giuducato of Cagliari becomes extinct.
1478                       The Giuducato of Arborea becomes extinct. 
13 Aug 1708 - 30 Sep 1717  Austrian Habsburg rule under Carlo (VII) Giuseppe Francesco.
30 Sep 1717 - 17 Feb 1720  Spanish occupation.
17 Feb 1720                The House of Savoy acquires the island of Sardinia with
                             the (thitherto nominal) style of Kingdom of Sardinia
                             (although the core of the possessions of the House is
                             Piedmont, the royal style of Sardinia leads to the entire
                             monarchy being styled Kingdom of Sardinia, it includes
                             the island, the Principality of Piedmont and the Counties
                             of Savoy and Nice).
27 Nov 1792 - 25 Apr 1814  Savoy and Nice (from 4 Jan 1793) annexed by France.
28 Apr 1796 - 28 May 1799  Piedmont occupied by France.
28 May 1799                Piedmont re-incorporated into Savoy monarchy.
23 Jun 1800 - 25 Apr 1814  Piedmont occupied by France (annexed from 11 Sep 1802).
25 Apr 1814                Restoration of the Piedmontese core to the monarchy,
                             following the Napoleonic wars.
20 Dec 1814                Genoa annexed to Sardina-Piedmont.
10 Nov 1859                Lombardy annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia
18 Mar 1860                Annexation of Guastalla, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and Romagna.
Nov 1860                   Annexation of Umbria, the Marches, and the Two Sicilies.
 2 Aug 1860                Counties of Savoy and Nice ceded to France.
17 Mar 1861                After having annexed all the Italian states with the exceptions
                             of the Papal State and of Venetia, the monarchy becomes
                             the Kingdom of Italy.

Prime ministers
11 May 1814 - 1821         Filippo Antonio Asinari,                    (b. 1767 - d. 1838)
                             marchese di San Marzano
1822 - 21 Mar 1835         Vittorio Sallier della Torre                (b. 1774 - d. 1858)
21 Mar 1835 - 16 Mar 1848  Clemente Solaro, conte della Margherita     (b. 1792 - d. 1869)
16 Mar 1848 - 27 Jul 1848  Conte Cesare Balbo                          (b. 1789 - d. 1853)
27 Jul 1848 - 15 Aug 1848  Conte Gabrio Casati (interim)               (b. 1798 - d. 1873)
15 Aug 1848 - 11 Oct 1848  Cesare Alfieri, marchese di Sostegno        (b. 1799 - d. 1869)
11 Oct 1848 - 16 Dec 1848  Ettore, conte Perrone di San Martino        (b. 1789 - d. 1849)
16 Dec 1848 - 21 Feb 1848  Vincenzo Gioberti                           (b. 1801 - d. 1852)
21 Feb 1848 - 27 Mar 1849  Barone Agostino Chiodo                      (b. 1791 - d. 1861)
27 Mar 1849 -  7 May 1849  Claudio Gabriele Delaunay                   (b. 1786 - d. 1850)
 7 May 1849 -  4 Nov 1852  Massimo Taparelli, marchese d'Azeglio       (b. 1798 - d. 1866)
 4 Nov 1852 - 19 Jul 1859  Camillio Benso, conte di Cavour (1st time)  (b. 1810 - d. 1861)
19 Jul 1859 - 21 Jan 1860  Alfonso Ferrero, marchese di La Marmora     (b. 1804 - d. 1878)
21 Jan 1860 - 17 Mar 1861  Camillio Benso, conte di Cavour (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting to 23 Mar 1860)

Viceroys of Sardinia
1696 - 1700                José de Solis, conde de Montellano
1700 - 1701                Fernando de Moncada, 
                             duque de San Giovanni
1701 - 1704                Ginez Gernández de Portugal Castro,
                             conde di Lemos
1704 - 1708                Baltazar de Zúñiga,
                             marchese di Valero
1708                       Pedro Di Portugal Colón,
                             marchese di Jamaica
13 Aug 1708 - 1710         Fernando Di Silva, 
                             conde di Cifuentes
1710 - 1713                Bartolome Isidro de Moncayo,
                             conde di Fuentes
Dec 1713 - 1715            Conte d'Attalaya
1715 - 18 Jun 1717         Francisco d'Eril, conte d'Eril
18 Jun 1717 - 30 Sep 1717  José marqués de Rubi
22 Aug 1717 - 1717         Juan Francisco de Vete, marques de
                             Lede (Spanish commander)
1717 - 1719                José Armendariz, 
                             marchese di Castelfuerte
1719 -  3 Aug 1720         Gonzales Chacón
 3 Aug 1720 -  4 Aug 1720  Principi d'Ottaiano (Austrian commander)
1720 - 1724                Filippo-Guglielmo Pallavicini, 
                             baron di St. Rémy (1st time)
1724 - 1726                Doria Del Marco
1726 - 1728                Filippo-Guglielmo Pallavicini, 
                             baron di St. Rémy (2nd time)
1728 - 1730                Pedro, marchese di Cortanye
1730 - 1735                Girolamo Galletti, 
                             marchese di Castagnole i di Barolo
1735 - 1739                Carlo-Amadeo San-Martino,
                             marchese di Rivarolo
1739 - 1741                Conte d'Allinge d'Apremont
1741 - 1745                Barone di Blonay
1745 - 1748                Del-Carretto, 
                             marchese di Santa-Giulia
1748 - 1751                Emanuele, principi di Valguarnera
1751 - 1755                Giamnattista Cacherano, 
                             conte di Brischerasio
1755 - 1763                Costa, conte della Trinitá
1763                       Giambattisa Alfieri
1763                       Solaro De Govone
1763 - 1767                Lodovico Costa Della Trinitá
1767 - 1771                Vittorio-Lodovico d'Hallot, 
                             conte des Hayes
1771 - 1773                Caissotti, conte di Roubion
1773 - 1777                Filippo Ferrero,
                             marchese di La Marmora
1777 - 1781                Francesco-Maria Lascaris,
                             marchese della Rocchetta
1781 - 1783                Carlo-Francesco De Valperga,
                             conte di Masino
1783 - 1787                Solaro de Maretta
1787 - 1790                  conte Thaon de Sant 'Andrea
1790 - 1794                Carlo Balbiano
1794 - 1799                Filippo, marchese Vivalda
1799 - 1806                Carlo-Felice di Savoia,                         (s.a.)
                             duca di Genevois (1st time)                   (s.a.)
1806 - 1814                the King 
1814 - 1817                Carlo-Felice di Savoia, 
                             duca di Genevois (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
1817 - 1820                Ignazio Thaon De Revel, 
                             conte di Pratolungo
1820 - 1822                Ettore Veuillet, 
                             marchese d'Yenne
1822 - 1823                Giuseppe-Maria Galleani, 
                             conte di d'Agliano
1823 - 1824                Gennaro Roero, 
                             conte di Monticelli
1824 - 1829                Giuseppe Tornielli, 
                             conte di Vergano
1829 - 1831                Giuseppe-Maria Robert, 
                             conte di Castelvero
1831 - 1840                Giuseppe-Maria Montiglio d'Ottiglio 
                             ed Villanova
1840 - 1843                Giacomo, conte d'Asarta
1843 - 1848                Claudio Gabriele Delaunay                       (s.a.) 

 ¹full style 1815 - 1860: Per la grazia di Dio Re di Sardegna, di Cipro e di Gerusalemme, Duca di Savoia, di Genova, di Monferrato, d'Aosta, del Chiablese, del Genevese e di Piacenza; Principe di Piemonte e d'Oneglia; Marchese d'Italia, di Saluzzo, d'Ivrea, di Susa, di Ceva, del Maro, d'Oristano et di Sezana; Conte di Moriena, di Ginevra, di Nizza, di Tenda, di Romonte, d'Asti, d'Alessandria, di Goceano, di Novara, di Tortona, di Vigevano e di Bobbio; Barone di Vaud e di Faussigny; Signore di Vercelli, di Pinerolo, di Tarantasia, della Lomellina e della Valle di Sesia, ec. ("King of Sardinia, of Cyprus, and of Jerusalem, Duke of Savoy, of Genoa, of Montferrat, of Aoste, Chablais, Genevois, and of Piacenza; Prince of Piedmont and Oneglia; Margrave in Italy, of Saluzzo, Ivrea, of Susa, of Ceva, of the Maro, of Oristano, of Cesana, and of Savona; Count of Maurienne, of Genève, of Nice, of Tenda, of Romonte, of Asti, of Alessandria, of Goceano, of Novara, of Tortona, of Vigevano and of Bobbio; Baron of Vaud and of Faucigny; Lord of Vercelli, of Pinerolo, of Tarentaise, of the Lomellina, and of the Valley of Sesia, etc.").

942                        County of Turin (Contea di Turino) founded.
1027                       County of Savoy (Contea di Savoia) founded.
1050    &nb