Lithuania 
 

to 7 Jan 1795; 9 Jul 1918 - 2 Nov 1918  State Flag 18 Apr 1918-25 Aug 1940, from 1 Sep 2004                7 Jan 1795 - 18 Sep 1915               Jan/Dec 1917 - 18 Apr 1918              18 Apr 1918 -  2 Nov 1918                          2 Nov 1918 - 25 Aug 1940;                     23 Jun 1941 - 1 Aug 1944 (unofficial);                    Re-adopted 20 Mar 1989                          3 Aug 1940 - 24 Jun 1941;                       13 Jul 1944 - 11 Mar 1990      Map of Lithuania  Hear National Anthem "Tautiska Giesme"  (The National Song)  Text of National Anthem Adopted 1918-1940, 1990 Constitution  (25 Oct 1992) Capital: Vilnius (Kaunas 1920-1939; Vilnius 1323-1919, 1919-20; Voruta c.1251) Currency: Lithuanian Litas (LTL) (1922-1940, 1993-) National Holiday: 16 Feb (1918) Independence Day Population: 3,575,439 (2007) 2,575,363 (1938) GDP: $54.03 billion (2006) Exports: $14.6 billion (2006) Imports: $18.2 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, Belarusian 1.2%, Ukrainian 0.7%, other 1.61% (2001) Total Armed Forces: 12,700 (2003) Paramilitary Forces: 13,850 (2003) Merchant marine: 49 ships (2006) Religions: Roman Catholic 79%, non-religious 9.5%, Orthodox 4.8% (Old Believers 0.8%), Protestant (including Lutheran and Evangelical Christian Baptist) 1%, unknown/unspecified 5.4%, other 0.3% (2001) International Organizations/Treaties: 1918-1941: ICRM, ILO, IOC, ITU, League of Nations, LORCS, PCIJ, UPU; from 1990: AG, APM, BA, BIS, BTWC, CBSS, CE, CTBT, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ENMOD, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NATO, NIB, NPT, NSG, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Lithuania Index Chronology   bf.1203                    Semi-legendary Grand Principality of Lithuania¹                               (Lietuvos Didzioji Kunigaikstyste), ruled by a                              Grand Prince of Lithuania. 17 Jul 1251                Lithuania recognized as a state by Pope Innocent                              IV. Jun/Jul 1253 - 12 Sep 1263 Grand Prince Mindaugas adopts style of Lithuanian                              and Russian King, etc.  2 Feb 1386                By marriage with the Polish regnant Queen                               (properly [female] king) Jadwiga, the Grand                             Prince Jogaila/Jagiello becomes Polish king                               (Wladyslaw II after baptism), and his                               successors frequently occupy both thrones. 18 Jan 1401 -  1 Jun 1434  Jogaila oversees the successive grand princes of                              Lithuania with the style "Supreme Prince of                               Lithuania."  4 Jul 1569                Accord of Lublin, colloquially known as "Union of                              Lublin", joining Poland and Lithuania                               officially, but not constitutionally, into                               United Commonwealth of the Two Nations, in                               short, The Commonwealth.  6 Jul 1572                Last hereditary Polish king dies. Kingship                               becomes elective; election as Polish King and                               Grand Prince of Lithuania is carried out                               jointly, but conduct of interregnum is                               separate.  1691 - 1793                Lordships of Tauroggen (Taurage) and Serrey                               (Seiriai) in Prussian possession. Rulers of                              Prussia additionally styled the" Lords of                              Tauroggen and Serrey." May 1702 - 1709            Occupied by Sweden (Vilnius, the capital,                               is occupied by Russia 1705 - Mar 1706).  5 Aug 1772                First partition of Poland-Lithuania by Russia,                              Prussia, and Austria.  3 May 1791                First and only Constitution, giving formal                               sanction to the union with Lithuania, etc. 23 Jan 1793                Second partition by Russia and Prussia.  7 Jan 1795                Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian                               Commonwealth: the Grand Principality of                              Lithuania is incorporated into Russian, the                              Emperor adopting the additional style of                               "Grand Prince of Lithuania." 1795                       Russian province/government of Vilenskaya. 1797                       Renamed Litovksaya Guberniya. 1801                       Divided into two provinces: Vilenskaya and                              Grodnenskaya. 28 Jun 1812 - 10 Dec 1812  Occupied by France (1 Jul 1812 the Grand                               Principality of Lithuania nominally                              re-established under joint French-Saxon                              protectorate). 26 Mar 1831 -  9 Jul 1831  Russian rule interrupted by rebellion in                               conjunction with the "First Insurrection" in                              Poland. 1840 - 30 Jun 1912         Vilenskaya part of Northwest Region of Russia                             (from 1 May 1863 including Grodno and Kaunas). 1842                       Kovenskaya Guberniya formed out of Vilenskaya.  2 Feb 1863 - 10 Feb 1864  Russian rule interrupted by rebellion in                               conjunction with the "Second Insurrection" in                              Poland. Apr 1915 - Oct 1915        Lithuania (Russian provinces of Kaunas and                              Vilnius) gradually occupied by Germany (18 Aug                              1915 city of Kaunas, 18 Sep 1915 city of                              Vilnius). German administrations for                               Administrative Region of Lithuania and                               Administrative Region of Vilnius established;                              subordinated to commander of the Eastern front. 18-22 Jan 1917             A Congress demands independence for Lithuania                             (as planned by the German administration).  4 Mar 1917                Both German military administrations united into                              central Military Administration of Lithuania                              seated in Vilnius. 18 Sep 1917                Lithuanian Regional Council (Taryba) formed. 11 Dec 1917                Declaration of the reestablishment of Lithuanian                              independence by Lithuanian National Council. 16 Feb 1918                Full independence of State of Lithuania declared                               by Lithuanian Regional Council, which is                               renamed Lithuanian State Council.  3 Mar 1918                In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Brzecz-Litewski)                              Lithuania is "no longer subject to Russian                               sovereignty", but Germany to "determine the                               future status of the territories in agreement                              with population". 23 Mar 1918                Independence recognized by Germany.  9 Jul 1918                Kingdom of Lithuania proclaimed by Lithuanian                              State Council, with Wilhelm Herzog von Urach,                              graf von Württemberg, as King Mindaugas II.  2 Nov 1918                Monarchy abolished (Republic of Lithuania). 11 Nov 1918                In the Armistice at Compiegne the Treaty of                               Brest-Litovsk is declared void and the German                              troops to be withdrawn (fixed time not given).  15 Nov 1918 - 13 Dec 1919  German military administrations located                              in Marijampole and Siauliai. 29 Nov 1918                The Principal Allied and Associated Powers                               recognize de facto independence of Lithuania. 16 Dec 1918 -  1 Sep 1919  Lithuanian Conciliar ("Soviet", from 27 Feb 1919                               Lithuanian-Belorussian "Litbel" Soviet                               Socialist) Republic formed (in opposition to                              the Republic of Lithuania), recognized by                              Soviet Russia on 22 Dec 1918. 31 Dec 1918 - 25 Aug 1920  Polish and Soviet troops occupy Vilnius; capital                              of Lithuania moved to Kaunas.  6 Oct 1919 - 18 Nov 1919  The Western Russian Government and Western                              Russian Volunteer Army in opposition to                               Lithuania (see under Latvia). 12 Jul 1920                Independence recognized by Russia.  9 Oct 1920                Polish irregular occupation of Vilnius                              (Central Lithuania). 24 Mar 1922                Vilnius annexed by Poland. 20 Dec 1922                Independence de jure recognized by the Principal                              Allied and Associated Powers. 15 Jan 1923                Lithuania annexes Memel Territory. 23 Mar 1939                Germany annexes Memel from Lithuania. 10 Oct 1939                Vilnius restored to Lithuania by Soviet Union. 15 Jun 1940                Occupied by the Soviet Union. 21 Jul 1940                Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.  3 Aug 1940                Incorporation into Soviet Union (not                               internationally recognized). 22 Jun 1941 - 26 Jun 1941  Gradually occupied by Germany (Kaunas and Vilnius                              on 24 Jun 1941). 23 Jun 1941 -  5 Aug 1941  Independence of the Republic of Lithuania                               declared in Kaunas, government functions                               allowed in liberated areas and in German rear. 17 Jul 1941                Lithuania is made a General District                               (Generalbezirk Litauen), informally a Land                               within the Reichskommissariat of Ostland                               (see under Latvia). Jun 1944 - 28 Jan 1945     Gradually re-occupied by the Soviet Union                               (Vilnius on 13 Jul 1944, Kaunas on 1 Aug 1944,                              and 28 Jan 1945 Memel). 28 Jan 1945                Klaipeda (Memel) annexed to Lithuanian S.S.R. 11 Mar 1990                Independence declared (Republic of Lithuania).  6 Sep 1991                Independence recognized by Soviet Union. Counties (since 1995) Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940-1990) Republic in Exile (1940-1991) Resistance to German and Soviet Occupation (1943-1956) Lithuanian- Belorussian SSR (1919) Central Lithuania (1918-1922) Samogitia (1214-1795) Memel (1629-35, 1757-58, 1920-1945) German Eastern Front (1915-1918)  German Military Administrations in Mrijampole and Siauliai (1918-1919)  Historical Maps of Lithuania

Princes
c.1204 - 1238              Ringaudas                          (b. c.1176 - d. 1238/40) 
c.1238                     Dausprungas                        (d. c.1238) 
1238 - Jun/Jul 1253        Mindaugas                          (b. c.1203 - d. 1263) 
Grand Prince²
Jun/Jul 1253 - 12 Sep 1263 Mindaugas                          (s.a.) 
Princes
1263 - 1264                Treniota                           (b. c.1210 - d. 1264) 
1264 - 1267                Vaisvilkas                         (d. 1268)
1267 - 1269                Svarnas                            (d. 1269/71)
1269/70 - 1282             Traidenis                          (d. 1282)
1282/83 - 1285             Daumantas                          (d. 1285?)
1285 - 1291                Butigeidis                         (d. 1290/92)
1291 - 1295                Pukuveras Butvydas                 (d. 1295)
Grand Princes²
1295 - 1316                Vytenis                            (d. 1316)
1316 - Dec 1341            Gediminas                          (b. c.1275 - d. 1341)
                           - jointly with - 
1329 - 1362/63             Kariyotas -Prince (in Novogrodnek) (d. 1362/63)
1342 - 1344                Janutis                            (b. c.1300 - d. af.1366)
1344 - May 1377            Algirdas                           (b. c.1296 - d. 1377)
1377 - 1381                Jogaila (1st time)                 (b. 1344/50 - d. 1434)
                           - jointly with - 
                           Kestutis (1st time)                (b. 1297 - d. 1382)
1381 - 3/15 Aug 1382       Kestutis (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1382 - 1387                Jogaila (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
                             (from 15 Feb 1386 Vladyslovas)
                             (from 4 Mar 1386, King of Poland from 
                             4 Mar 1386; supremus dux of Lithuaniae
                             to 1 Jun 1434)
Apr 1387 - 1389            Skirgaila Ivan (duke and governor) (b. c.1354 - d. 1397)
1389 - 1392                Jogaila (3rd time)                 (s.a.)
                             (supremus dux of Lithuaniae)
1389 - 1390                Klemensas (Klemens Moskorzowski)   (d. c.1408)
                             (governor of Lithuania)
1390 - 1392                Jasius (Jan Olesnicki)             (d. 1413)
                             (governor of Lithuania)
1390 - 27 Oct 1430         Vytautas ("the Great") Aleksandras (b. c.1352 - d. 1430)
                             (in rebellion to 4 Aug 1392)
27 Oct 1430 -  7 Nov 1430  Vladyslovas Jogaila                (s.a.)
                             (supremus dux Lithuaniae) 
 7 Nov 1430 - 31 Aug 1432  Svitrigaila Boleslovas             (b. c.1370 - d. 1452)
                             (confirmed by Polish Royal Council 
                             in Apr 1432 [in rebellion to 1438])
 1 Sep 1432 - 20 Mar 1440  Zygimantas I Kestutaitis           (b. c.1365 - d. 1440)
                             (officially recognized by King 
                             and Polish Royal Council from 15 Oct 1432)
20 Mar 1440 - 29 Jun 1440  Council of State
                           - Prince Jonas Davgirdas           (d. 1443)
                           - Prince Pacas Ginvilavicius 
                           - Prince Petras Montigerdavicius   (d. af.1456)
                              (grand marshal)
                           - Prince Kristinas Ostykas         (d. 1442/43)
29 Jun 1440 -  7 Jun 1492  Kazimieras Jogailaitis             (b. 1427 - d. 1492)
                             (from 25 Jun 1447 King of Poland)
 7 Jun 1492 - 30 Jul 1492  Council of State
                           - Prince Mikalojus Radivilavicius  (d. 1509/10)
                               (chancellor)
                           - Prince Petras Montigerdavicius   (s.a.)
                               (grand marshal)
                           - Prince Stanislovas Jonavicius    (d. 1527)
                               Kezgaila
                           - Prince Jonas Jurevicius          (d. 1508)
                               Zabzezinskas
                           - Prince Aleksandras Jurevicius    (d. 1511)
                               Golsanskis
30 Jul 1492 - 19 Aug 1506  Aleksandras Jogailaitis            (b. 1461 - d. 1506) 
                             (from 12 Dec 1501, also king of Poland)
1506 - 20 Oct 1506         Council of State
                           - Prince Mikalojus Radivilavicius  (s.a.)
                               (chancellor)
                           - Prince Mikalojus Mikalovicius    (b. c.1470 - d. 1521)
                               Radvila 
                           - Prince Stanislovas Jonavicius    (s.a.)
                               Kezgaila
                           - Prince Aleksandras Jurevicius    (s.a.)
                               Golsanskis 
                           - Prince Jonas Jurevicius          (s.a.)
                               Zabzezinskas (grand marshal)
                           - Mykolas Liudvikas Glinskis       (b. c.1470 - d. 1534)
                           - Vaitiekus Tabaris,               (b. c.1453 - d. 1507)
                               bishop of Vilnius
20 Oct 1506 -  6 Oct 1544  Zygimantas II Senasis              (b. 1467 - d. 1548) 
                             (supremus dux Lithuaniae to 1 Apr 1548)
18 Ocr 1629 -  7 Jul 1572  Zygimantas III Augustas            (b. 1520 - d. 1572)
                             (co-Grand Duke to 6 Oct 1544)
 7 Jul 1572 - 21 Feb 1574  Prince Jonas Jeronimaitis          (b. c.1537 - d. 1579)
                             Katkevicius Kosciesza -Grand Marshal
                             (1st time)
21 Feb 1574 - 19 Jun 1574  Henrikas Valezias                  (b. 1551 - d. 1589)
                             (Henri III, king of France)
                             (election proclaimed 16 May 1573)
19 Jun 1574 -  1 May 1576  Prince Jonas Jeronimaitis          (s.a.)
                             Katkevicius Kosciesza -Grand Marshal
                             (2nd time)
 1 May 1576 - 12 Dec 1586  Steponas Bastoras                  (b. 1533 - d. 1586)
                            (election proclaimed 14 Dec 1575)
12 Dec 1586 - 27 Dec 1587  Prince Albertas                    (b. 1558 - d. 1592)
                             Radvila -Grand Marshal
27 Dec 1587 - 30 Apr 1632  Zygimantas III Vaza                (b. 1566 - d. 1632)
                             (Sigismund, king of Sweden)
                             (election proclaimed 19 Aug 1587)
30 Apr 1632 -  6 Feb 1633  Prince Jonas Stanislovas           (b. 1589 - d. 1635)
                             Sapiega -Grand Marshal
 6 Feb 1633 - 20 May 1648  Vladislavas IV Vaza                (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
                             (election proclaimed 8 Nov 1632)
20 May 1648 - 17 Jan 1649  Prince Aleksandras Liudvikas       (b. 1594 - d. 1654)
                             Radvila -Grand Marshal
17 Jan 1649 - 16 Sep 1668  Jonas II Kazimieras Vaza           (b. 1609 - d. 1672)
                             (election proclaimed 20 Nov 1648)
16 Sep 1668 - 29 Sep 1669  Prince Kristupas                   (b. 1578 - d. 1670)
                             Zavisa -Grand Marshal
29 Sep 1669 - 10 Nov 1673  Mykolas Kaributas Visnioveckis     (b. 1640 - d. 1673)
                             (election proclaimed 19 Jun 1669)
10 Nov 1673 -  2 Feb 1676  Prince Aleksandras Hiliaris        (b. 1626 - d. 1679)
                             Palubinskis -Grand Marshal
 2 Feb 1676 - 17 Jun 1696  Jonas III Sobieskis                (b. 1629 - d. 1696)
                             (election proclaimed 21 May 1674)
17 Jun 1696 - 15 Sep 1697  Prince Aleksandras Povilas         (b. 1672 - d. 1734) 
                             Sapiega -Court Marshal
15 Sep 1697 - 16 Feb 1704  Augustas II "Stiprusis" (1st time) (b. 1670 - d. 1733)
                            (election proclaimed 17 Jun 1697;
                             continues in opposition to 24 Sep 1706)
16 Feb 1704 -  4 Oct 1705  Prince Aleksandras Povilas
                             Sapiega -Grand Marshal (1st time)(s.a.) 
                            (recognized by grand prince
                             Stanislovas Lescinskis) 
                           - opposed by -
16 Feb 1704 -  4 Oct 1705  Marcijonas Dominykas Vollovicius   (b. 16.. - d. 1712)
                            (recognized by grand prince
                             Frydrichas Augustas II)
 4 Oct 1705 -  8 Aug 1709  Stanislovas I Lescinskis (1st time)(b. 1677 - d. 1766)
                            (election proclaimed 12 Jul 1704) 
 8 Aug 1709 -  1 Feb 1733  Augustas II "Stiprusis" (2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Feb 1733 - 12 Sep 1733  Prince Aleksandras Povilas        
                             Sapiega -Grand Marshal (2nd time)(s.a.)
12 Sep 1733 - 30 Jun 1734  Stanislovas I Lescinskis           (s.a.) 
                            (2nd time)(abdicates 27 Jan 1736)
30 Jun 1734 -  5 Oct 1763  Augustas III                       (b. 1696 - d. 1763)
                            (election proclaimed 5 Oct 1733;
                             in opposition from 17 Jan 1734) 
 5 Oct 1763 - 25 Nov 1764  Prince Ignotas                     (b. 1698 - d. 1775)
                             Oginskis -Grand Marshal 
25 Nov 1764 -  7 Jan 1795  Stanslovas II Augustas             (b. 1732 - d. 1798)
                             Poniatovskis 
                            (election proclaimed 8 Sep 1764)
Russian Governors-general
1795 - 1796                .... (military governor)
1796 - 1798                Prince Nikolay Vasilyevich Repnin  (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
1798 - 1799                Moritz Lacy                        (b. 1737 - d. 1820)
1799 - 1801                Mikhail Illarionovich Golenschev-
                             Kutuzov (1st time)               (b. 1745 - d. 1813)
1801 - 1806                Levin August Theophil Freiherr von 
                             Bennigsen                        (b. 1745 - d. 1826)
1806 - 1809                Aleksandr Mikhailovich Rimsky-
                             Korsakov (1st time)              (b. 1753 - d. 1840)
1809 - 1811                Mikhail Illarionovich Golenschev-
                             Kutuzov (2nd time)               (s.a.)
27 Mar 1811 - 29 Apr 1812  Prince Ivan Stepanovich Guriel
                             (acting)
29 Apr 1812 - 28 Jun 1812  Aleksandr Mikhailovich Rimsky-
                             Korsakov (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Military governor
28 Jun 1812 -  1 Jul 1812  Napoléon Bonaparte                 (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
Chairmen of the Lithuanian Provisional Government Commission
 1 Jul 1812 - 24 Aug 1812  Stanislaw Soltan                   (b. 1758 - d. 1836)
24 Aug 1812 - 10 Dec 1812  Dirk, graaf van Hogendorp          (b. 1761 - d. 1822)
                            (continues in Dresden, Saxony exile to Jul 1813)
French Commissioner
13 Jul 1812 -  8 Dec 1812  Louis-Pierre-Édouard, baron Bignon (b. 1771 - d. 1841)
Governors-general
 8 Dec 1812 - 1830         Aleksandr Mikhailovich Rimsky-
                             Korsakov (3rd time)              (s.a.)
Jan 1831 - Sep 1831        Aleksandr Vasilyevich Khrapovickiy (b. 1783 - d. 1847)
1831 - 1840                Prince Nikolay Andreyevich 
                             Dolgorukov                       (b. 1792 - d. 1847)
1840 - 1850                Fyodor Yakovlevich Mirkovich       (b. 1790 - d. 1866)
1850 - 1855                Ilya Gavrilovich Bibikov           (b. 1794 - d. 1857)
1855 - 13 May 1863         Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov         (b. 1802 - d. 1874)
Chairman of the Supreme Central Committee of Lithuania
26 Mar 1831 - 11 Jun 1831  Karolis Zaluskis?
Chairman of the Provisional Central Government in Lithuania
11 Jun 1831 -  9 Jul 1831  Antanas Gelgudas?                  (b. 1790 - d. 1831)
Chairman of the Provisional Provincial Government of Lithuania and Belarus
 2 Feb 1863 - 11 Mar 1863  Konstantinas Kalinauskas           (b. 1838 - d. 1864)
                            (Kanstantin Vikentsy Syamyonavich "Kastus" Kalinawski)
Chairmen of the Lithuanian Provincial Government Commission (from 26 Jun 1863,
Lithuanian Executive Department; from 12 Aug 1864 also informally styled
the Red Council of Lithuania and Belarus)
11 Mar 1863 - 31 Jul 1863  Jokubas Kazimieras Geistoras       (b. 1827 - d. 1897)
                             (Jakub Gieystor)
12 Aug 1863 - 10 Feb 1864  Konstantinas Kalinauskas (acting)  (s.a.)
Governors-general of Vil'na, Grodno, and Kovno
13 May 1863 - May 1865     Count Mikhail Nikolayevich         (b. 1796 - d. 1866)
                             Muravyev-Vilensky 
1865 - 1866                Konstantin von Kauffmann           (b. 1818 - d. 1882)
1866 - 1868                Eduard, Graf von Baranov           (b. 1811 - d. 1874)
1868 - 1874                Aleksandr Lvovich Potapov          (b. 1818 - d. 1886)
1874 - 1880                Pyotr Pavlovich Albedinsky         (b. 1826 - d. 1883)
1880 - 1884                Eduard (Ivanovich), Graf Totleben  (b. 1818 - d. 1884)
1882 - 1884                Aleksandr Pavlovich Nikitin        (b. 1824 - d. 1891)
                             (acting) 
1884 - 1893                Ivan Semyonovich Kakhanov          (b. 1825 - d. 1909) 
1893 - 1897                Pyotr Vasilyevich Orzhevsky        (b. 1839 - d. 1897)
1897 - 1901                Vitaly Nikolayevich Trocky         (b. 1835 - d. 19..)
1901 - 1902                Vacant
1902 - 1904                Prince Pyotr Dmitriyevich          (b. 1857 - d. 1914)
                             Svyatopolk-Mirsky 
1904 - 1905                Aleksandr Alekseyevich Freese      (b. 1840 - d. 19..)
1905 - 1909                Konstantin Faddeyevich Krshivicky  (b. 1840 - d. 1910) 
                             (Krzywicki) 
1909 - 13 Jul 1912         Vacant
14 Jul 1912 - 23 Nov 1915  Post abolished
Heads of the Military Administration for Vilnius
23 Nov 1915 - May 1916     Karl W.B. von Alten                (b. 1852 - d. 19..)
May 1916 -  3 Mar 1917     Karl von Harbou
Heads of the Military Administration for Lithuania (Kaunas)
 4 Mar 1917 - 28 Feb 1918  Franz Joseph Fürst zu Isenburg-    (b. 1869 - d. 1939)
                             Birstein
 1 Mar 1918 -  1 Aug 1918  Theodor von Heppe
Head of the Military Administration of Lithuania
 1 Aug 1918 - Nov 1918     Karl von Harbou
Reichskommissare
15 Mar 1918 -  5 Jun 1918  Robert Franz Karl Graf von         (b. 1866 - d. 1959)
                             Keyserlingk-Cammerau
 5 Jun 1918 -  8 Nov 1918  Friedrich Karl Alexander Cäsar     (b. 1869 - d. 1946)
                             Freiherr von Falkenhausen
Chairmen of the Lithuanian Regional (from 16 Feb 1918 State) Council
18 Sep 1917 -  9 Jul 1918  Antanas Smetona                    (b. 1874 - d. 1944)
 9 Jul 1918 -  2 Nov 1918  .... (acting; in opposition)
King
 9 Jul 1918 -  2 Nov 1918  Mindaugas II                       (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
Presidents
 2 Nov 1918 - 19 Jun 1920  Antanas Smetona (1st time)         (s.a.)
                            (chairman Lithuanian National Council 
                             Presidium to 4 Apr 1919)
19 Jun 1920 -  7 Jun 1926  Aleksandras Stulginskis (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1969)  LKDP
                            (chairman of the Constituent 
                             Assembly to 21 Dec 1922)
 7 Jun 1926 - 18 Dec 1926  Kazys Grinius                      (b. 1866 - d. 1950)  LVLS
18 Dec 1926 - 19 Dec 1926  Jonas Staugaitis (acting)          (b. 1868 - d. 1952)  LKDP
19 Dec 1926  (hours)       Aleksandras Stulginskis (2nd time) (s.a.)               LVLS
                             (acting)
19 Dec 1926 - 15 Jun 1940  Antanas Smetona (2nd time)         (s.a.)               LTS
15 Jun 1940 - 17 Jun 1940  Antanas Merkys (acting)            (b. 1887 - d. 1953)  LTS
17 Jun 1940 -  3 Aug 1940  Justas Paleckis (acting)           (b. 1899 - d. 1980)  LDTS
                            (not recognized internationally or 
                             by Lithuanian diplomats abroad)
Chairman of the Lithuanian National Defence Council
23 Jun 1941 -  3 Aug 1941  Kazys Skiroa (in rebellion)
Military Commanders
24 Jun 1941 -  4 Jul 1941  Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb            (b. 1876 - d. 1956)
 4 Jul 1941 - 31 Aug 1941  Max Schenckendorff                 (b. 1875 - d. 1943)
Generalkommissar Litauen
17 Jul 1941 - 28 Jan 1945  Theodor Adrian von Renteln         (b. 1897 - d. 1946)  NSDAP
                             (from 1 Aug 1944 in Memel only)
Presidents
11 Mar 1990 - 25 Nov 1992  Vytautas Landsbergis               (b. 1932)            Sajudis
                             (Chairman of the Supreme Assembly) 
25 Nov 1992 - 25 Feb 1998  Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas        (b. 1932)            LDDP 
                             (acting to 25 Feb 1993)
26 Feb 1998 - 25 Feb 2003  Valdas Adamkus (1st time)          (b. 1926)            Non-party
26 Feb 2003 -  6 Apr 2004  Rolandas Paksas                    (b. 1956)            LLP
 6 Apr 2004 - 12 Jul 2004  Arturas Paulauskas (acting)        (b. 1953)            NS
12 Jul 2004 -              Valdas Adamkus (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Non-party
 

Grand Marshals (chief ministers)
c.13 Jan 1407-20 Apr 1411  Stanislovas Czupurna (or Czapurna) (d. 1411)
c.31 May 1412-15 Oct 1432  Rumbold Wolimuntowicz              (d. 1432)
c.20 Jan 1433-27 Feb 1434  Radvila Ostykowicz (1st time)      (d. 1477)
                             (or Oscikowicz)
c.28 May 1438- 9 Aug 1459  Prince Petras Montigerdavicius     (s.a.)
c.27 May 1463-22 Nov 1474  Radvila Ostykowicz (2nd time)      (s.a.)
c.14 Jul 1477? - c.1479    Marcin (or Maciej) Gasztold        (d. 1483)
                             (or Gasztoldowicz)
c.1 Nov 1480 - 30 Mar 1490 Bohdan Andrejewicz Sakowicz        (d. 1491)
c.9 Apr 1491 -  6 Dec 1497 Prince Petras Montigerdavicius     (s.a.)
May 1495 - 1505            Jonas Jurevicius Zabzezinskas      (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
c.21 Feb 1505-11 May 1505  Mikolaj Mikolajewicz Radvila       (b. c.1470 - d. 1521)
c.12 Jun 1505 - 2 Feb 1508 Jonas Jurevicius Zabzezinskas      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
c.1509 - 1512              Mikolaj Jurjewicz Kiezgajlo        (d. 1512)
c.2 Aug 1512 - 5 Sep 1513  Stanislovas Piotrowicz             (d. 1513/14)
                             (or Pietraszkowicz)
12 Apr 1514 - 30 Mar 1522  Jonas Mikolajewicz Radvila         (b. c.1474 - d. 1522)
c.9 May 1522 - 3 Sep 1537  Jonas Zabzezinskas                 (d. 1538)
Oct 1544 - 28/29 May 1565  Mikolaj Radziwill Czarny           (b. 1515 - d. 1565)
11 Mar 1566 -  4 Aug 1579  Prince Jonas Jeronimaitis          (s.a.)
                             Katkevicius Kosciesza
15 Oct 1579 -  3 Mar 1586  Mikolaj Krzysztof Radvila          (b. 1549 - d. 1616)
                             Sierotka
 1 Jun 1586 - 13 Jul 1592  Prince Albertas Radvila            (s.a.)
22 Oct 1592 -  9 Oct 1595  Stanislovas Radvila                (b. 1559 - d. 1599)
 8 Oct 1597-12 May? 1615   Krzysztof Monwid Dorohostajski     (b. 1562 - d. 1615)
27 Jun 1615 - 10 Sep 1619  Piotr Wiesiolowski                 (d. 1620)
14 Nov 1621 - 10 Apr 1635  Prince Jonas Stanislovas Sapiega   (s.a.)
20 Apr 1635 - 19 Apr 1637  Krzysztof Wiesiolowski             (d. 1637)
 2 May 1637 -  3 Mar 1654  Prince Aleksandras Liudvikas       (s.a.)
                             Radvila
11 Apr? 1654 - Nov 1669    Prince Kristupas Zavisa            (s.a.)
11 Nov 1669 -  3 Nov 1679  Prince Aleksandras Hiliaris        (s.a.)
                             Palubinskis
1679 -  8 Dec 1690         Stanislovas Kazimierz Radvila      (b. 1648 - d. 1690)
 7 May 1691 - 29 Apr 1695  Jan Karol Dolski                   (b. 1640 - d. 1695)
29 Apr 1695 - 15 Jan 1698  Vacant
bf.15 Jan 1698 - 1698      Janusz Antoni Wisniowiecki         (b. 1678 - d. 1741)
14 Jul 1698 - Nov 1703     Prince Aleksandras Povilas         (s.a.) 
                             Sapiega (1st time)
                            (recognized by the Grand Prince 
                             Stanislovas Lescinskis to 9 May 1708)
27 Nov 1703 -  4 Feb 1704  Prince Mykolas Servacas            (b. 1680 - d. 1744)
                             Visnioveckis (acting; styled grand hetman)
 4 Feb 1704 -  5 Aug 1712  Marcijonas Dominykas Vollovicius   (s.a.)
 5 Aug 1712 - 10 Apr 1713  Juozas Vandalinas Mnisekas         (b. 1670 - d. 1747)
                             (acting)
10 Apr 1713 -  4 Jan 1734  Prince Aleksandras Povilas         (s.a.) 
                           Sapiega (2nd time)
 4 Jan 1734 - 15 Apr 1750  Prince Povilas Karolis Sanguska    (b. 1682 - d. 1750)
                             (acting to 4 Feb 1734)
15 Apr 1750 - 22 Feb 1768  Prince Ignotas Oginskis            (s.a.)
                             (acting to 21 Aug 1750)
22 Feb 1768 - 12 May 1781  Prince Juozas Paulinas Jonas       (b. 1740 - d. 1781)
                             Adomas Sanguska 
                             (acting to 7 Mar 1768)
12 May 1781 - 23 May 1790  Vladyslovas Rokas Gurovskis        (b. 1717 - d. 1790)
                             (acting to 23 May 1781)
23 May 1790 -  3 May 1791  Count Romanas Ignacas Potockis     (b. 1750 - d. 1809)
                             (acting to 16 Apr 1791)
19 May 1791 -  7 May 1793  Stanislaw Soltan                   (s.a.) 
                             (acting)
 7 May 1793 - 24 Apr 1794  Count Liudvikas Skuminas           (b. 17.. - d. 1808)
                             Tiskevicius
Chairmen of the Supreme Lithuanian Council
24 Apr 1794 - 12 Jun 1794  Jokubas Jasinskis                  (b. 1761 - d. 1794)
12 Jun 1794 - Oct 1794     Central Deputacy (chair rotating)
                           - Juozas Neselauskas               (b. 1728 -  d. 1814)
                           - A. Tizenhauzas 
                           - J. Belapetravicius 
                           - Stanislovas Mirskis              (b. 1756 - d. 1805)
                           - B. Marikonis
                           - D. Pilchauskas                   (b. 1735 - d. 1808)
Prime ministers
 4 Nov 1918 - 26 Dec 1918  Augustinas Voldemaras (1st time)   (b. 1883 - d. 1942)  LTS
26 Dec 1918 - 12 Mar 1919  Mykolas Slezevicius (1st time)     (b. 1882 - d. 1939)  LVLS 
12 Mar 1919 - 12 Apr 1919  Pranas Dovydaitis                  (b. 1886 - d. 1942)  LKDP
12 Apr 1919 -  6 Oct 1919  Mykolas Slezevicius (2nd time)     (s.a.)               LVLS
 7 Oct 1919 - 19 Jun 1920  Ernestas Galvanauskas (1st time)   (b. 1882 - d. 1967)  Non-party
19 Jun 1920 -  2 Feb 1922  Kazys Grinius                      (s.a.)               LSDP
 2 Feb 1922 - 18 Jun 1924  Ernestas Galvanauskas (2nd time)   (s.a.)               Non-party
18 Jun 1924 -  4 Feb 1925  Antanas Tumenas                    (b. 1880 - d. 1946)  LKDP
 4 Feb 1925 - 19 Sep 1925  Vytautas Petrulis                  (b. 1890 - d. 1942)  LKDP
25 Sep 1925 - 15 Jun 1926  Leonas Bistras                     (b. 1890 - d. 1971)  LKDP
15 Jun 1926 - 17 Dec 1926  Mykolas Slezevicius (3rd time)     (s.a.)               LVLS
17 Dec 1926 - 23 Sep 1929  Augustinas Voldemaras (2nd time)   (s.a.)               LTS
23 Sep 1929 - 24 Mar 1938  Juozas Tubelis                     (b. 1882 - d. 1939)  LTS
24 Mar 1938 - 28 Mar 1939  Vladas Mironas                     (b. 1880 - d. 1954)  LTS 
28 Mar 1939 - 21 Nov 1939  Jonas Cernius                      (b. 1898 - d. 1977)  LTS 
21 Nov 1939 - 17 Jun 1940  Antanas Merkys                     (s.a.)               LTS 
17 Jun 1940 - 24 Jun 1940  Justas Paleckis                    (s.a.)               LDTS
                            (not recognized internationally or 
                             by Lithuanian diplomats abroad)
24 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940  Vincas Kreve-Mickevicius (acting)  (b. 1882 - d. 1954)  LDTS
                            (not recognized internationally or 
                             by Lithuanian diplomats abroad)
23 Jun 1941 -  5 Aug 1941  Juozas Ambrazevicius               (b. 1903 - d. 1974)
                             (in rebellion)
First General Councillor of the Land Self-Government
22 Aug 1941 - 1944         Petras Kubiliunas
                             (not recognized officially until 18 Mar 1942)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime minister)
11 Mar 1990 - 10 Jan 1991  Kazimiera-Danute Prunskiene (f)    (b. 1943)            Sajudis
                             (acting to 17 Mar 1990)
10 Jan 1991 - 13 Jan 1991  Albertas Simenas                   (b. 1950)            Sajudis
13 Jan 1991 - 21 Jul 1992  Gediminas Vagnorius (1st time)     (b. 1957)            Sajudis
21 Jul 1992 - 25 Nov 1992  Aleksandras Abisala                (b. 1955)            Sajudis
Prime ministers
25 Nov 1992 -  2 Dec 1992  Aleksandras Abisala                (s.a.)               Sajudis
 2 Dec 1992 - 10 Mar 1993  Bronislovas Lubys                  (b. 1938)            Non-party
10 Mar 1993 - 15 Feb 1996  Adolfas Slezevicius                (b. 1948)            LDDP
15 Feb 1996 - 27 Nov 1996  Mindaugas Laurinas Stankevicius    (b. 1935)            LDDP
27 Nov 1996 -  4 May 1999  Gediminas Vagnorius (2nd time)     (s.a.)               TS-LK
 4 May 1999 - 19 May 1999  Irena Degutiene (f)(1st time)      (b. 1949)            TS-LK
                             (acting) 
19 May 1999 - 27 Oct 1999  Rolandas Paksas                    (s.a.)               TS-LK
27 Oct 1999 -  3 Nov 1999  Irena Degutiene (f)(2nd time)      (s.a.)               TS-LK
                             (acting) 
 3 Nov 1999 - 26 Oct 2000  Andrius Kubilius                   (b. 1956)            TS-LK
26 Oct 2000 - 20 Jun 2001  Rolandas Paksas (2nd time)         (s.a.)               LLS
20 Jun 2001 -  3 Jul 2001  Eugenijus Gentvilas (acting)       (b. 1960)            LLS
 3 Jul 2001 -  1 Jun 2006  Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas        (s.a.)               LSDP
 1 Jun 2006 -  4 Jul 2006  Zigmantas Balcytis (acting)        (b. 1953)            LSDP
 4 Jul 2006 -              Gediminas Kirkilas                 (b. 1951)            LSDP
 

Republic of Lithuania in Exile

Heads of the Diplomatic Service
15 Jun 1940 - 24 Dec 1983  Stasys Lozoraitis, Sr.             (b. 1898 - d. 1983)
                            (in Rome; from 19.. in Washington, D.C.)
24 Dec 1983 - 15 Nov 1987  Stasys Backis (in Washington, D.C.)(b. 1906 - d. 1999)
15 Nov 1987 -  6 Sep 1991  Stasys Lozoraitis, Jr.             (b. 1924 - d. 1994)
                            (in Washington, D.C.) 

Resistance to German and Soviet Occupation 1943-1956

Note: Anti-German (at the same time also anti-Soviet) resistance already began in 1941 by establishment of Lithuanian Freedom Army. All resistance groups united in 1943 to form Supreme Lithuanian Liberation Committee. After the World War II anti-Soviet resistance groups united in 1949, sometimes having full control over large areas of western Lithuania. Resistance continued into 1956 when their activities were suppressed by Soviet troops.

Chairman of the Supreme Lithuanian Liberation Committee
25 Nov 1943 - 1945         Steponas Kairys                    (b. 1879 - d. 1964)  LSDP

Chairmen of the Lithuanian Freedom Fighters' Council and
Commanders of the Lithuanian Defence Forces
10 Feb 1949 - Jan 1950     Jonas Zemaitis (1st time)          (b. 1919 - d. 1953)
Jan 1950 - Feb 1953        Adolfas Ramanauskas (1st time)     (b. 1918 - d. 1957)
Feb 1953 - 30 May 1953     Jonas Zemaitis (2nd time)          (s.a.)
30 May 1953 - 12 Oct 1956  Adolfas Ramanauskas (2nd time)     (s.a.)

 ¹The style "didysis kunigaikstis" is better rendered "grand prince" rather than "grand duke", just as is the case with the Russian "veliki knyaz". The confusion arises from the fact that the same Russian style is used for what is definitely "grand duke" in the case of Finland. 
The style of the polity should therefore be correctly rendered as "Grand Principality".

 ²Under the elective monarchy, a grand prince assumed office upon his coronation at the Coronation Diet. The record also includes the date of proclamation of the election at the Election Diet. From 6 Jan 1573, during a vacancy, the primate of Poland ex officio (occasionally another prelate, in emergency situations) headed the state with the style Interrex. Informally from 4 Jul 1569, constitutionally from 3 May 1791, Poland and Lithuania constituted the United Commonwealth of Two Nations; the Polish king also had the style of Grand Prince of Lithuania, and the two countries were governed together and were represented on the Diets. Although de jure the Polish Interrex only dealt with Poland during a vacancy in the monarchy (the Lithuanian Council of State [Lietuvos Ponu Taryba], chaired by the Grand Marshal [Lietuvos didysis marsalka] dealing with Lithuania), this is de facto a spurious distinction.
  The full style of Grand Princes of Lithuania (and Polish kings) from 1573 was (in official Latin): Dei Gratiae Rex Poloniae, Magnus Dux Lituaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogithiae, Kiioviae, Volhyniae, Podoliae, Podlachiae, Livoniae, Smolensciae, Severiae, Czernichoviaeque. In Polish: Z Bozej laski Król Polski, Wielki Ksiaze Litewski, Ruski, Pruski, Mazowiecki, Zmudzki, Kijowski, Wolynski, Podolski, Podlaski, Inflancki, Smolenski, Siewierski i Czernihowski ("By the Grace of God, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Russia, Prussia, Mazovia, Samogithia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and Chernigov").

Territorial Disputes: Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons; as of Jan 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation. 

Party abbreviations: LLP = Lietuvos Liberaldemokratu Partija (Lithuanian Liberal-Democratic Party, populist, est.2002); LLS = Lietuvos Liberalu Sajunga (Lithuanian Liberal Union, liberal, est.1990); NS = Naujoji Sajunga (New Union, social-liberal, est.1998); 
LSDP = Lietuvos Socialdemokratu Partija (Lithuanian Social-Democratic Party, social-democratic, 1896-1936, est.1989, merger with LDDP 2001); TS-LK = Tevynes Sajunga-Lietuvos Konservatoriai (Homeland Union-Conservatives of Lithuania, conservative reformist, est.1993); Mil = Military;
- Former parties (parliament was dissolved 12 Apr 1927): LDDP = Lietuvos Demokratine Darbo Partija (Democratic Labor Party of Lithuania, socialist [ex-communist], 1989-2001 [1989-1990 named Lithuanian Independent Communist Party], 2001 merged with LDSP); LDTS = Lietuvos Darbo Tautos Sajunga (Lithuanian Working People's Union, communist front bloc, in 1940);
LKDP = Lietuvos Kriscioniu Demokratu Partija (Lithuanian Christian-Democratic Party, christian-democratic, 1905-36); LKP = Lietuvos Komunistu Partija (Lithuanian Communist Party, 1918-91, branch of All-Russia Communist Party 1918-20, only legal party in LSSR and Litbel, underground in Lithuania, 1919-20 named Lithuanian-Belorussian Communist Bolshevik Party [LBKP]; branch of All-Union Communist Party 1940-91, only legal party 1940-89 [1940-52 named Lithuanian Communist Bolshevik Party]); LTS = Lietuviu Tautininku Sajunga (Lithuanian Nationalist Union, called "Tautininkai", nationalist, 1924-1940, only legal party 1936-39); LVLS = Lietuvos Valstieciu Liaudininku Sajunga (Lithuanian Peasant Populist Union, called "Liaudininkai", populist, 1922-36); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party, Nazi fascist, authoritarian, German nationalist -only legal party 1941-44); Sajudis = Sajudis ("Unity", pro-independence, multi-party movement 1988-92)

              12 Oct 1920 - 24 Mar 1922 

Map of Central Lithuania

Capital: Wilno (Vilnius)

Currency: Marek

Population: 489,000 (1922)

31 Dec 1918 -  4 Jan 1919  Polish administration of Vilnius.
 5 Jan 1919 - 19 Apr 1919  Part of Lithuanian Soviet Republic (from 27 Feb
                             1919 Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic [s.a.]).
19 Apr 1919 - 14 Jul 1920  Polish administration.
 4 Jul 1920                Provisionally recognized by Poland as part of Lithuania by the
                             Treaty of Spa (confirmed 7 Oct 1920 by the Treaty of Suwalki).
12 Jul 1920                Recognized by Soviet Russia as part of Lithuania.
14 Jul 1920                Occupied by Soviet Russia.
25 Aug 1920                Transferred to Lithuania.
 9 Oct 1920                Polish "irregular" occupation of Vilnius.
12 Oct 1920                Central Lithuania (in Polish: Litwa Srodkowa).
24 Mar 1922                Annexation to Poland (not recognized by Lithuania).
19 Oct 1939                Occupied by Soviet Union.
22 Oct 1939                Re-incorporated into Lithuania.

Polish Commanders
31 Dec 1918 -  4 Jan 1919  Wladyslaw Wejtko                   (b. 1859 - d. 1933)
19 Apr 1919 - 22 Apr 1919  Gustaw Zygadlowicz                 (b. 1869 - d. 1923)
Chief of civil administration of the eastern regions
22 Apr 1919 - 14 Jul 1920  Jerzy Osmolowski                   (b. 1872 - d. 1954)
Polish Commander
 9 Oct 1920 - 12 Oct 1920  Lucjan Zeligowski                  (b. 1865 - d. 1947)
Head of State
12 Oct 1920 - 24 Mar 1922  Lucjan Zeligowski                  (s.a.)

Chairmen of the Provisional Commission of Government
19 Oct 1920 - Jan 1921     Witold Abramowicz                  (b. 1874 - d. c.1940)
Jan 1921 - 30 Nov 1921     Stefan Mokrzecki                   (b. 1862 - d. 1932)
30 Nov 1921 - 24 Mar 1922  Aleksander Michal Marian           (b. 1864 - d. 1943)
                             Meysztowicz 

                        to 26 Apr 1795

....                       Principality of Samogitia established.
124.                       Vassal of Lithuania.
c.1294 - 1341              Incorporated into Lithuania
31 Oct 1382                Ceded by Lithuania to the Teutonic Order.
 1 Feb 1411                Provisionally returned to Lithuania (confirmed 27 Sep 1422).
1413                       Autonomous within Lithuania, governed by an elected
                             ruler, the Elder (Seniunas), with capital (from 1569)
                             in Raseiniai. Grand Prince of Lithuania takes style of the
                             "Prince of Samogitia."
1701 - 1709                Occupied by Sweden.
 3 May 1791                Autonomy formally abolished under the first constitution of the
                             Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (de facto continues until 1795).
25 Oct 1795                Annexed by Russia in the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian
                             Commonwealth, the Russian Emperor adopts additional style of
                             "Prince of Samogitia" (de facto from 26 Apr 1795).

Princes
.... - 1214                Dangeruther                       (d. 1214)
1214 -