Luxembourg
 

8 May 1713 -  15 Dec 1792;             28 Apr 1793 -  1 Oct 1795                 15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793;                1 Oct 1795 - 1 Feb 1815                    16 Mar 1815 - 1845                          Adopted 1845           (Officially adopted 16 Aug 1972)    Map of Luxembourg  Hear National Anthem "Ons Heemecht" formerly "Ons Hémécht" (Our Motherland) Adopted 1864 Hear Royal Anthem "Wilhelmus" Adopted 1919 Constitution (17 Oct 1868) Capital: Luxembourg Currency: Euro (EUR); to 1 Jan 2002 Luxembourg Franc (LUF) National Holiday: 23 Jun (1896) National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) Population: 486,006 (2008) GDP: $39.4 billion (2008) Exports: $20.7 billion (2008) Imports: $28.1 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Luxemburger 60.4%, Portuguese 14.8%, French 5%, Italian 4.1%, Belgian 3.5%, German 2.3%, English 1%, other European and other 8.9% (2005) Total Active Armed Forces: 900 (2006) Merchant marine: 45 ships (2008) Religions: Roman Catholic 90.6%, Protestant 2.1%, other Christian 1.1%, Muslim 1%, nonreligious 3.7%, Jewish, others 1.5% (2000)  International Organizations/Treaties: ADB (nonregional), AG, APM, Benelux, BTWC, CE, CFE, CTBT, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ENMOD (signatory), ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, MTCR, NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Luxembourg Index Chronology 17 Apr 963                 Area of modern Luxembourg acquired from the                               abbots of St. Maxim at Trier; title used by                              the rulers Graf im Moselgau und den Ardennen.  6 Jul 1083                Title of Count of Luxembourg adopted                               (Graf von Lützelburg). 13 Mar 1354                Duchy of Luxembourg; formal separation from                              Lorraine/Lothringen. 26 Feb 1388                The duchy is pledged by Wenceslas II to Josse                              (Jobst/Jodok), and from this date to 23 Nov                              1457 there are side by side the hereditary duke                              (duc héréditaire) and the actually governing                              "duke by pledge" (duc par engagère). 23 Nov 1457                Upon the death of hereditary duke Ladislas,                              "Postumus" of Austria, the ducal lines are                              reunited in the Burgundy branch of the house                               of Valois, and from 16 Jan 1556 its heirs the                               kings of the Spanish monarchy as part of                              the Spanish Netherlands (see Belgium).  1 Sep 1542 - 10 Sep 1542  French occupation. 12 Sep 1543 -  6 Aug 1544  French occupation.  4 Jun 1684 - 28 Jan 1698  French occupation. 1702 - 26 Jun 1713         French occupation.  8 May 1713                As a consequence of the War of the Spanish                              Succession, Luxembourg becomes part of the                               Austrian Netherlands (see Belgium) 26 Jun 1713 -  7 Jan 1715  Under Hessian administration.  7 Jan 1715                Austrians take possession. 15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793  Annexation by France.  1 Oct 1795 -  1 Feb 1814  Annexation by France (becomes département                              des Forêts 18 Nov 1795). 15 Feb 1814 -  9 Mar 1814  Under Gouvernement-général de la Belgique                               (see Belgium). 10 Mar 1814 - 12 May 1815  Under Gouvernement-général du Rhin Moyen                               (from 10 Jun 1814, Bas-Rhin et Rhin Moyen). 16 Mar 1815                Style of duke restored for Willem I of                               the Netherlands (Duchy of Luxembourg).  9 Jun 1815                Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 16 Oct 1830                Belgian provisional government declares                              Luxembourg an integral part of Belgium                              (Arlon district defects to the revolutionaries                               19 Oct 1830; district of Luxembourg (excluding                              fortress of Luxembourg) on 22 Oct 1830). 22 Oct 1830 - 19 Jan 1839  Belgian occupation/administration of Luxembourg                               (except the fortress-city of Luxembourg). 17 Feb 1831                Upon separation of Belgium from the Kingdom of                               the Netherlands, the already diminished                               territory of Luxembourg is divided into the                               (larger) Belgian province of Luxembourg and                              the (smaller) surviving Grand Duchy.  19 Jun 1839                Division acquiesced to by the King/Grand-duke. 23 Nov 1890                End of the personal union with the Netherlands.  2 Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1918  Occupied by Germany (de facto to 20 Nov 1918). 10 May 1940 - 11 Sep 1944  Occupied by Germany (part of the Nazi party Gau                              Koblenz-Trier [from Feb 1941 Moselland])                               from 20 Aug 1940).  4 May 1919                Referendum favors continuation of the monarchy. 14 Aug 1940                Luxembourg Constitution voided - all references                              to the "Grand Duchy" or "State of Luxembourg"                              in official documents prohibited by Germany. 30 Aug 1942                Population granted German citizenship. 11 Sep 1944 - 1945         Brief Allied occupation. 16 Dec 1944 - 28 Jan 1945  Northern third of Luxembourg re-occupied by                               Germany during the Battle of the Bulge. Resistance (1944-1945) Republican rebellions (1918, 1919)  Historical Maps of Luxembourg

Counts of Ardenne
17 Apr 963 - 27 Oct 998    Siegfried                          (b. c.922 - d. 998)
                            (Sigefroi de Arras)
27 Oct 998 - 27 Feb 1026   Heinrich I (in Ardennen)           (b. c.960 - d. 1026) 
                            (co-ruler from 993)
                            (Heinrich V of Bavaria)
28 Oct 998 - 18 May 1004   Giselbert (I)                      (b. c.960 - d. 1004)
                            (co-ruler in Moselgau)
18 May 1004 -  6 Oct 1019  Friedrich                          (b. c.970 - d. 1019) 
                            (co-ruler in Moselgau)
27 Feb 1026 - 14 Oct 1047  Heinrich II                        (b c.1005 - d. 1047)
                            (later Heinrich VI of Bavaria)
14 Oct 1047 - 14 Aug 1059  Giselbert (II)                     (b. c.1005 - d. 1059)
14 Aug 1059 -  6 Jul 1083  Konrad                             (d. 1086)
Counts of Luxembourg
 6 Jul 1083 -  8 Aug 1086  Konrad I                           (s.a.)
 8 Aug 1086 - 1096         Heinrich III                       (b. c.1075 - d. 1096)
1096 - 23 Jan 1130         Wilhelm                            (b c.1080 - d. 1130)
23 Jan 1130 - 1136         Konrad II                          (d. 1136)
1136 - 14 Aug 1196         Heinrich IV                        (b c.1113 - d. 1196)
Aug 1196 -  5 Apr 1198     Otto                               (b. 1170 - d. 1200)
 5 Apr 1198-13/17 Feb 1247 Ermesinde -Countess                (b. 1186 - d. 1247)
 5 Apr 1198-11/12 Feb 1214 Thibaut, comte de Bar              (b. 1160 - d. 1214)
                             (husband of Ermesinde, styled Count of Luxembourg)
May 1214-Jun/Jul 1226      Walram Graf von Limburg            (d. 1226)
                             (Valerien III, duc de Limbourg;
                             husband of Ermesinde, styled Count of Luxembourg)
13/17 Feb 1247-24 Dec 1281 Heinrich V                         (b. 1216 - d. 1281)
                            (Hendrik IV of Limburg; Henri III of Namur)
24 Dec 1281 -  5 Jun 1288  Heinrich VI                        (b. 1250 - d. 1288)
5Jun 1288-25 Jun/3Jul 1310 Heinrich VII                       (b. 1274 - d. 1313)
25Jun/3Jul1310-26 Aug 1346 Johann I (John "the Blind")        (b. 1296 - d. 1346)
26Aug1346-15Nov/19Dec 1353 Karl I                             (b. 1316 - d. 1378)
15Nov/19Dec1353-13Mar 1354 Wenczlaw (Wenceslas)               (b. 1337 - d. 1383)
Dukes
- hereditary dukes - 
13 Mar 1354 -7/8 Dec 1383  Wenczlaw I                         (s.a.)
 8 Dec 1383 - 16 Aug 1419  Wenczlaw II                        (b. 1361 - d. 1419)
 9 Jun 1419 -  6 Jan 1425  Johann II (in opposition)          (b. 1374 - d. 1425)
                             (later Johann III of Bavaria)
16 Aug 1419 -  9 Dec 1437  Sigismund                          (b. 1368 - d. 1437)
 9 Dec 1437 - 22 Feb 1440  Elisabeth -Duchess                 (b. 1409 - d. 1442)
                           - together with the following -
 9 Dec 1437 - 27 Oct 1439  Albrecht                           (b. 1397 - d. 1439)
22 Feb 1440 - 23 Nov 1457  Ladislaus "Postumus"               (b. 1440 - d. 1457)
- dukes by pledge/duc par engagère - 
26 Feb 1388 - 18 Aug 1402  Jobst (1st time) (French: Josse)   (b. 1354 - d. 1411)
                             (Jodok Margrave of Moravia)
18 Aug 1402 - 23 Nov 1407  Louis (duc d'Orléans)              (b. 1372 - d. 1407)
23 Nov 1407 - 18 Jan 1411  Jobst (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
18 Jan 1411 -  1 May 1441  Elisabeth von Görlitz -Duchess     (s.a.)
18 Jan 1411 - 25 Apr 1415  Anton (Antoine)                    (b. 1384 - d. 1415)
                             (husband of Elisabeth, styled Count of Luxembourg)
23 Dec 1439 - 29 Dec 1443  Wilhelm von Thüringen              (b. 1425 - d. 1482)
                             (in dissidence) 
 1 May 1441 -  4 Oct 1441  Jakob                              (b. 1398/99 - d. 1456)
                             (Archbishop of Trier Jakob I)
 4 Oct 1441 - 23 Nov 1457  Philippe "le Bon" -Regent          (b. 1396 - d. 1467)
                            ([nominally for Elisabeth von Görlitz
                             until her death 3 Aug 1451] 
                             continuing after death of Ladislaus)
- hereditary dukes - 
23 Nov 1457 - 15 Jun 1467  Philippe (I) -Regent               (s.a.)
                             (Philippe III of Burgundy)
15 Jun 1467 -  5 Jan 1477  Charles II                         (b. 1433 - d. 1477)
                             (Charles I of Burgundy)
 5 Jan 1477 - 27 Mar 1482  Maria "la Riche" -Duchess          (b. 1457 - d. 1482)
27 Mar 1482 - 25 Sep 1506  Philippe II                        (b. 1478 - d. 1506)
                             (Philippe IV of Burgundy; Felipe I of Spain)
25 Sep 1506 - 25 Oct 1555  Charles III                        (b. 1500 - d. 1558)
                             (Carlos I of Spain; Holy Roman
                             Emperor as Karl V)
25 Oct 1555 -  6 May 1598  Philippe III                       (b. 1527 - d. 1598)
                             (Felipe II of Spain)
1582 - 10 Jun 1584         Francis Hercule, duc d'Anjou       (b. 1555 - d. 1584)
                             et d'Alençon (in dissidence)
                            (Prince Souverain des Pays-Bas)
 6 May 1598 - 13 Jul 1621  Isabelle Claire -Duchess           (b. 1566 - d. 1633)
                            (Princesse Souveraine des Pays-Bas
13 Jul 1621 - 17 Sep 1665  Philippe IV                        (b. 1605 - d. 1665)                              (Felipe IV of Spain)
17 Sep 1665 -  4 Jun 1684  Charles IV (1st time)              (b. 1661 - d. 1700)                              (Carlos II of Spain)
 4 Jun 1684 - 20 Sep 1697  Louis-Dieudonné "le Grand"         (b. 1638 - d. 1715)                              (Louis XIV of France)
20 Sep 1697 -  1 Nov 1700  Charles IV (2nd time)              (s.a.)
 1 Nov 1700 - 16 Nov 1700  Interregnum: under the authority 
                           of the Governing Board in Spain
16 Nov 1700 - 25 May 1711  Philippe V                         (b. 1683 - d. 1746)
                             (Felipe V of Spain)
25 May 1711 -  8 May 1713  Maximilien Marie Emmanuel          (b. 1662 - d. 1726)
                             (Maximilian II of Bavaria)
 8 May 1713 - 20 Oct 1740  Charles IV                         (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
                             (Karl III of Austria)
20 Oct 1740 - 29 Nov 1780  Maria Theresa -Duchess             (b. 1717 - d. 1780)
29 Nov 1780 - 20 Feb 1790  Joseph (Joseph II of Austria)      (b. 1741 - d. 1790)
20 Sep 1790 -  1 Mar 1792  Leopold                            (b. 1747 - d. 1792)
                             (Leopold II of Austria)
 5 Jul 1792 - 12 Dec 1792  François (1st time)                (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
                             (Franz I of Austria)
15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793  Annexed to France
28 Apr 1793 -  1 Oct 1795  François (2nd time)                (s.a.)
 1 Oct 1795 -  1 Feb 1814  Annexed to France
Commissioners
15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793  ....
1794 - 31 Jan 1795         Bernard Stévenotte
                            (civil administrator)
1795 - May 1798            Nicolas-Vincent Legier             (b. 1754 - d. 1827)
                            (Agent National, then Commissioner)
12 May 1798 - 24 Dec 1798  Jacques Failly                     (b. 1764 - d. ....)
Dec 1798 - 1799            Jean-Baptiste-Bernard Arnoul
1799 - 1800                François-Pierre-Sébastien Delattre
Prefects of Forêts
1800                       Johann Michael Franz Birnbaum
30 Nov 1800 - 1808         Jean Baptiste Lacoste              (b. 1756 - d. 1821)
18 May 1808 - 1814         Jean Baptiste Jourdan              (b. 1762 - d. 1833)
                             (from 1810, André Joseph, baron Jourdan)
Governor-general (on behalf of the Allied powers)
15 Feb 1814 -  9 Mar 1814  part of Gouvernement-Général de la
                           Belgique (see Belgium)
10 Mar 1814 - 12 May 1815  Johann August von Sack             (b. 1764 - d. 1831)
Duke¹
16 Mar 1815 -  9 Jun 1815  Guillaume I                        (b. 1772 - d. 1848)
Grand Dukes¹  
 9 Jun 1815 -  7 Oct 1840  Guillaume I                        (s.a.)
 7 Oct 1840 - 17 Mar 1849  Guillaume II                       (b. 1792 - d. 1849)
17 Mar 1849 - 23 Nov 1890  Guillaume III                      (b. 1817 - d. 1890)
 5 Feb 1850 - 13 Jan 1879  Prince Henri -Regent               (b. 1820 - d. 1879)
23 Nov 1890 - 17 Nov 1905  Adolphe                            (b. 1817 - d. 1905)
 4 Apr 1902 - 17 Nov 1905  Prince Guillaume -Regent           (b. 1852 - d. 1912)
17 Nov 1905 - 25 Feb 1912  Guillaume IV                       (s.a.)
19 Mar 1908 - 25 Feb 1912  Maria Anne de Bragance -Regent     (b. 1861 - d. 1942)
Grand Duchess¹
25 Feb 1912 - 15 Jan 1919  Marie-Adélaïde                     (b. 1894 - d. 1924)
German Commander
 2 Aug 1914 - 1915         Albrecht Maria Alexander Herzog    (b. 1865 - d. 1939)
                             von Württemberg
Commander of the German Forces in Luxembourg (and 
Plenipotentiary of the Quartermaster General)
1915 - 20 Nov 1918         Richard Karl von Tessmar           (b. 1853 - d. 1928)
Grand Duchess¹
15 Jan 1919 - 12 Nov 1964  Charlotte                          (b. 1896 - d. 1985)
                            (9 May 1940 - 14 Apr 1945 in exile [France; from 
                             Aug 1940, London; from 4 Oct 1940, New York; 
                             from Nov 1940, Montreal])
German Commander
10 May 1940 - 20 May 1940  Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt     (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
Military Governor
20 May 1940 - 25 Jul 1940  Alexander Freiherr von             (b. 1878 - d. 1966)
                             Falkenhausen
Chief of civil administration (from Aug 30 1942, also Gauleiter of Moselland)
 7 Aug 1940 - 11 Sep 1944  Gustav Simon                       (b. 1900 - d. 1945)  NSDAP
Grand Dukes¹
 4 May 1961 - 12 Nov 1964  Prince Jean -Regent                (b. 1921)
12 Nov 1964 -  7 Oct 2000  Jean                               (s.a.)
 3 Mar 1998 -  7 Oct 2000  Prince Henri -Regent               (b. 1955)
 7 Oct 2000 -              Henri                              (s.a.)
 

French Governors
 1 Sep 1542 - 10 Sep 1542  Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise   (b. 1496 - d. 1550)
12 Sep 1543 - 1544         François d'Anglure                 (d. 1544)
1544 -  6 Aug 1544         François de Clèves, duc de Nevers  (b. 1516 - d. 1562)
Spanish Governors and Captains-general
 2 Jul 1545 - 23 May 1604  Peter Ernst Graf von Mansfeld      (b. 1517 - d. 1604)
                            (French prisoner 22 Jun 1552 - 18 May 1557)
22 Jun 1552 - 18 May 1557  acting successively for Mansfeld
                           - comte d'Egmont
                           - Martin van Rossem, maréchal de
                              Gueldre
                           - Charles de Brimeu, comte de
                              Menghen
Sep 1576 - Feb 1577        Jean de Naves, sieur de Sivry
                             (acting for Mansfeld)
Jun 1604 - 1627            Florent, comte de Berlaimont       (d. 1627)
Apr 1627 - 1636            Christoph Graf Embden von          (d. 1636)
                             Ostfriesland          
1636 - 1642                Philippe-Thierry, comte de         (b. 1596 - d. 1653)
                             Manderscheid-Blankenheim
                           + Andrea Cantelmo
                           (Aug 1637 - Nov 1637)
18 Jan 1642 - 1648         Jean de Beck                       (b. 1588 - d. 1648)
15 Jan 1646 - Nov 1646     Alonso, marchese Strozzi
                             (acting for Beck)
1648 - 19 Jun 1650         Philippe-François de Croÿ,         (b. 1610 - d. 1650)
                             duc d'Havré 
1650                       Gilles, marquis de Mollinguin
                             (acting)
Aug 1650 - 1652            Alonso, marchese Strozzi (acting)
1652 - 165.                Francesco Sanchez de Pardo
                             (acting)
24 Jan 1654 - 12 Jan 1675  Philippe de Ligne-Arenberg, prince 
                             de Chimay et de Croy d'Arenberg  (b. 1619 - d. 1675)
1675                       Jean-Charles-Chrétien de Sandas et
                             Louvegnies, baron de Grandcourt
                             (acting)
1676                       Carlos de Watteville et de Joux,
                             marquis de Conflans (acting)
1675 - 1680                Johann-Franz-Desiderius Fürst von  (b. 1626 - d. 1699)
                             Nassau-Siegen                  
1680 - 1684                Ernest-Alexandre Dominique de      (b. 1643 - d. 1686)
                             Ligne-Arenberg Croÿ, prince        
                             de Chimay et de Croÿ d'Arenberg
French Governors
12 Jun 1684 - Jul 1686     Henri de Lambert, marquis de       (b. 1631 - d. 1686)
                             Lambert et de Saint Bris,
                             baron de Citry 
                            (governor and lieutenant-general)
10 Aug 1686 - Jul 1687     Louis-François, duc de Boufflers   (b. 1644 - d. 1711) 
25 Jul 1687 - 1690         Nicolas de Catinat, seigneur de    (b. 1637 - d. 1712)
                             Saint Gratien 
                            (from Mar 1690, Lieutenant-general)
1690 - 1697?               Henri, duc de Harcourt             (b. 1654 - d. 1718)
1697                       Louis-François du Parc, marquis    (b. 1647 - d. 1709)
                             de Locmaria
Spanish Governor and captain-general
15 Nov 1697 - 1713         Jean-Frédéric, comte d'Autel       (b. 1645 - d. 1716)
Hessian Governors
1713 - 1714                Reinhardt Vincent, baron Hompesch  (b. 1660 - d. 1733)
1714 - 1715?               Johann Rabo, baron van Keppel      (b. 1671? - d. 1733)
Austrian Governors
 5 Jan 1715 -  4 Dec 1716  Bertrand Anton Freiherr von
                             Wachtendonck  
 4 Dec 1716 - 17 Apr 1719  Johann Franz von Bronkhorst zu     (d. 1719)
                             Gronsveld und Eberstein 
1719 - Jul 1720            Maximilien de Pasqualini           (d. 1720)
1720 - 1722                Adolf Christian Freiherr von Galen (d. 1722)
Mar 1722 - 27 Apr 1727     Johann Wilhelm Freiherr von Unruhe (d. 1727)
29 May 1727 - Oct 1729     Franz Anton Paul Graf Wallis       (b. 1677 - d. 1737)
Oct 1729 -  7 May 1730     Philippe Henri de Magawly, 
                             baron de Cabry (1st time)(acting)
 7 May 1730 - 22 May 1731  Wilhelm Reinhard Graf Neipperg     (b. 1684 - d. 1774)
                             (1st time)
22 May 1731 - 22 Feb 1732  Philippe Henri de Magawly,
                             baron de Cabry (2nd time)(acting)
22 Feb 1732 -  5 May 1733  Sigismund Freiherr von Thungen     (b. 1687 - d. 1745)
                             (1st time)(acting)
 5 May 1733 - 22 Jun 1734  Wilhelm Reinhard Graf Neipperg     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
22 Jun 1734 - 30 Jul 1736  Sigismund Freiherr von Thungen     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
30 Jul 1736 - Jan 1737     Wilhelm Reinhard Graf Neipperg     (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
Jan 1737 - Apr 1737        Georges Adolphe d'Olizy (1st time) (d. 1739)
                             (acting)
Apr 1737 - May 1737        Antoine de Peissant, comte de      (d. 1748)
                             Rumigny (acting)
May 1737 - Jan 1738        Wilhelm Reinhard Graf Neipperg     (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
Jan 1738 - 16 May 1739     Georges Adolphe d'Olizy (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
1739 - 17 Sep 1742         Carl Urban Graf von Chanclos       (b. 1686 - d. 1761)
                             (acting)
17 Sep 1742 - 1743         Holtzapfel (acting)
1743 - Mar 1744            Melligny (acting)
Mar 1744 - 1753            Wilhelm Reinhard Graf Neipperg     (s.a.)
                             (5th time)
1753 - 20 Oct 1755         Eberhard Freiherr von Gemmingen    (d. 1767)
                             (1st time)(acting)
20 Oct 1755 - 1766         Ernst Dietrich Marschall von       (d. 1781)
                             Biberstein
1756 - 1763                Eberhard Freiherr von Gemmingen    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
                             (acting for Marschall)
1766 - May 1773            Maximilian Friedrich Ernst Fürst   (b. 1732 - d. 1773)
                             von Salm-Salm
 2 Jan 1767 - 1785         Christian Jakob Freiherr von 
                             Vogelsang 
                            (acting for Salm-Salm to May 1773)
 1 Sep 1785 -  7 Jun 1795  Johann Blasius Freiherr von Bender (b. 1713 - d. 1798)
                            (in opposition 15 Dec 1792 - 28 Apr 1793)
Dutch Governors
 2 Sep 1815 - 31 Dec 1830  Jean Georges Othon Victorin M.     (b. 1763 - d. 1831)
                             Zacharie Willmar 
                            (provisional to 29 May 1817)
Dutch Governors-general
 1 Jan 1831 -  5 Mar 1831  Jean Leclerc (acting)              (b. 1765 - d. 1836)
 5 Mar 1831 - 27 May 1831  Carl Bernhard Herzog von Sachsen-  (b. 1792 - d. 1862)
                             Weimar
Belgian Governors (in Arlon)
 5 Oct 1830 - 16 Oct 1830  François d'Hoffschmit              (b. 1797 - d. 1854)
                             (Franz Heinrich von Hoffschmidt)
                             (commissioner-general)
16 Oct 1830 - 1832         Jean Baptiste Thorn                (b. 1783 - d. 1841)
19 Apr 1832 - 21 Sep 1834  Jean N. Rossignon
21 Sep 1834 - 10 Dec 1834  Feuillien-Charles-Marie-Joseph     (b. 1800 - d. 1887)
10 Dec 1834 - 19 Jan 1839  Victorin Jean François, baron de   (b. 1791 - d. 1841)
                             Steenhault 
Chairman of the Government Commission (in Luxembourg)
27 May 1831 - 18 Jun 1839  Friedrich Wilhelm von Goedecke     (b. 1771 - d. 1857)
Chiefs of the Government
16 Jun 1839 - 21 Oct 1840  Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich       (b. 1794 - d. 1862)
                             Hassenpflug 
21 Oct 1840 -  1 Jan 1842  Jean Baptiste Gellé                (b. 1777 - d. 1847)
Governor
 1 Jan 1842 -  1 Aug 1848  Gaspar-Théodore-Ignace de la       (b. 1787 - d. 1871)
                             Fontaine (acting to 6 Jun 1842)
Prime ministers (to 29 Nov 1857, Presidents of the Council; 29 Nov 1857
to 14 Jul 1989, Presidents of the Government)
 1 Aug 1848 -  2 Dec 1848  Gaspar-Théodore-Ignace de la       (s.a.)               Con/Lib
                             Fontaine
 2 Dec 1848 - 23 Sep 1853  Jean-Jacques Madelaine Willmar     (b. 1792 - d. 1866)  Lib
23 Sep 1853 - 26 Sep 1860  Charles Mathias Simons             (b. 1802 - d. 1874)  Con/Lib
26 Sep 1860 -  3 Dec 1867  Baron Victor de Tornaco            (b. 1805 - d. 1875)  Lib
 3 Dec 1867 - 26 Dec 1874  Lambert Jospeh Emmanuel Servais    (b. 1811 - d. 1890)  Lib
26 Dec 1874 - 20 Feb 1885  Félix de Blochausen                (b. 1834 - d. 1915)  Lib
20 Feb 1885 - 22 Sep 1888  Jules Georges Édouard Thilges      (b. 1817 - d. 1904)  Lib
22 Sep 1888 - 12 Oct 1915  Paul Eyschen                       (b. 1841 - d. 1915)  Lib
12 Oct 1915 -  6 Nov 1915  Mathias Mongenast (acting)         (b. 1843 - d. 1926)  Lib
 6 Nov 1915 - 24 Feb 1916  Hubert Loutsch                     (b. 1879 - d. 1946)  Con
24 Feb 1916 - 19 Jun 1917  Victor Thorn                       (b. 1844 - d. 1930)  Lib
19 Jun 1917 - 28 Sep 1918  Léon Kauffman                      (b. 1869 - d. 1952)  PD
28 Sep 1918 - 19 Mar 1925  Émile Reuter                       (b. 1874 - d. 1973)  PD
19 Mar 1925 - 16 Jul 1926  Pierre Prüm                        (b. 1886 - d. 1950)  NIP
16 Jul 1926 -  5 Nov 1937  Joseph Bech (1st time)             (b. 1887 - d. 1975)  PD
 5 Nov 1937 - 29 Dec 1953  Pierre Dupong                      (b. 1885 - d. 1953)  PD;1944 CSV
                             (10 May 1940 - 23 Sep 1944 in London exile)
10 May 1940 - 22 Oct 1940  Albert Wehrer                      (b. 1895 - d. 1967)  Non-party
                             (head of the Government Commission)
29 Dec 1953 - 29 Mar 1958  Joseph Bech (2nd time)             (s.a.)               CSV
29 Mar 1958 - 23 Feb 1959  Pierre Frieden                     (b. 1892 - d. 1959)  CSV
26 Feb 1959 - 15 Jun 1974  Pierre Werner (1st time)           (b. 1913 - d. 2002)  CSV
15 Jun 1974 - 16 Jul 1979  Gaston Thorn                       (b. 1928 - d. 2007)  DP
16 Jul 1979 - 20 Jul 1984  Pierre Werner (2nd time)           (s.a.)               CSV
20 Jul 1984 - 20 Jan 1995  Jacques Santer                     (b. 1937)            CSV
20 Jan 1995 -              Jean-Claude Juncker                (b. 1954)            CSV
 

Dutch Secretary for the Affairs of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (in The Hague)
 1 Jan 1831 -  4 Nov 1841  Christian Ernst Stifft             (b. 1780 - d. 1855)
State Chancellor for Luxembourg (in The Hague)
1841 - 1848?               Friedrich Georg Prosper von        (b. 1802 - d. 1886)
                             Blochhausen 
Secretaries for the Affairs of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (in The Hague)
1848 - 1849                Joseph Paquet                      (b. 1804 - d. 1858)
 4 Aug 1849 - 1882         Gustave d'Olimart                  (d. 1882?)
1882 - 23 Nov 1890         Hippolyte de Villiers

Resistance 1944-1945

1944                       Four Luxembourgian resistance movements, set up 
                             previously, unite into a new organization
                             called Union des Mouvements de Résistance (UNION).

President of the Union of Resistance Movements
1944 - 1945                François Schammel

Head of the Allied Military Administration
11 Sep 1944 - 1945         Edgar Jett (U.S.)

 ¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) 16 Mar 1815 - 9 Jun 1815: Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi des Pays-Bas, Prince d'Orange-Nassau, Duc de Luxembourg, etc., etc., etc. (French); Von Gottes Gnaden König der Niederlande, Prinz von Oranien-Nassau, Herzog von Luxemburg, etc., etc., etc. (German)("by the Grace of God, King of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Duke of Luxembourg, etc., etc, etc.");
(b) 9 Jun 1815 - 23 Nov 1890: Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi des Pays-Bas, Prince d'Orange-Nassau, Grand-Duc de Luxembourg, etc., etc., etc. (French); Von Gottes Gnaden König der Niederlande, Prinz von Oranien-Nassau, Grossherzog von Luxemburg, etc., etc., etc. (German)("by the Grace of God, King of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, etc., etc, etc.");
(c) 23 Nov 1890 -  7 Oct 2000: Par la grâce de Dieu, Grand-Duc/Grande-Duchesse de Luxembourg, Duc/Duchesse de Nassau, etc., etc., etc. (French); Von Gottes Gnaden Grossherzog/Grossherzogin von Luxemburg, Herzog/Herzogin von Nassau (from 27/28 Jun 1906 - 12 Nov 1964 zu Nassau), etc., etc., etc. (German); Vu Gottes Gnod, Groussherzog vu Lëtzebuerg, Herzog vun Nassau, etc., etc., etc. (Luxembourgish, from 24 Feb 1984)("by the Grace of God, Grand Duke/Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Duke/Duchess of Nassau, etc., etc., etc.");
(d) from 7 Oct 2000: Grand-Duc de Luxembourg, Duc de Nassau (French); Grossherzog von Luxemburg, Herzog von Nassau (German); Groussherzog von Lëtzebuerg, Herzog von Nassau (Luxembourgish)("Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau").

Party abbreviations: CSV = Chrëschtlich Sozial Vollekspartei/Parti Chrétien-social (Christian Social People's Party, christian-democratic); DP = Demokratesch Partei/Parti démocratique (Democratic Party, liberal); LSAP = Lëtzebuergesch Sozialistesch Arbechterpartei/Parti Ouvrier Socialiste (Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party, social-democratic); 
- Former parties: Con = Conserviatve; Lib = Liberal; NIP = Parti National Indépendant (National Independence Party, 1918-31); PD = Parti de la Droite (Party of the Right, conservative, 1944 renamed CSV); PL = Part Libéral (Liberal Party); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker's Party, German Nazi fascist, only legal party 1940-1944)

Note: The end of World War I was followed by at chaotic period, as several groups, having
different points of view on the status of post-war Luxembourg opposed each other (partisans of the reigning Grand Duchess of the House of Nassau -but not the current Grand Duchess, of the republic, of annexation to Belgium or France).

 9 Nov 1918 (hours)        First failed bid to create a republic.
11 Nov 1918 (hours)        Second failed attempt.
10 Jan 1919                Some members of the Luxembourgian Chamber declare the
                             House of Nassau deposed and for Committee of Public
                             Safety (Comité de Salut Public) to govern the "Republic."
11 Jan 1919                Chamber members dispersed by French troops.
 

 9 Nov 1918 (hours)        Luxembourg-City Committee
                           - Aloys Kaiser
                           - Émile Mark                                            SPL
                           - Jean Schaak
11 Nov 1918 (hours)        Esch-sur-Alzette Committee
                           - Pierre Kappweiler                (b. 1887 - d. 1931)
                           - Jacques Tillmany
                           - Jean Schaak
Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety
10 Jan 1919 - 11 Jan 1919  Émile Servais                      (b. 1847 - d. 1928)  PL

Party abbreviations: PL = Parti Libéral (Liberal Party); SPL = Sozialdemokratesch Partei vu Lëtzebuerg (Social-democratic Party of Luxembourg)