Mali

6 Sep 1880 - 24 Nov 1958              24 Nov 1958 - 4 Apr 1959                4 Apr 1959 - 1 Mar 1961                    Adopted 1 Mar 1961   Map of Mali Hear National Anthem "Pour L'Afrique et pour toi, Mali" (For Africa and for You, Mali) Text of National Anthem Adopted 1962 Constitution (12 Jan 1992) Capital: Bamako (Kayes 1880-1908) Currency: Communauté Financière Africaine Franc (XOF); Mali Franc  (MLF) 1962-1984 National Holiday: 22 Sep (1960) Independence Day Population: 12,324,029 (2008) GDP: $14.48 billion (2008) Exports: $294 million (2006) Imports: $2.35 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: Bambara 30.6%, Senufo 10.5%, Fula Macina (Niafunke) 9.6%, Soninke 7.4%, Tuareg 7%, Malinke 6.6%, Songhai 6.3%, Dogon 4.3%, Bobo 3.5%, other 14.2% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 7,350 (2006) Merchant marine: None (2008) Religions: Muslim (nearly all Sunni) 90%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) 5% traditional beliefs and nonreligious 5% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC, CEMAC, CEN-SAD, CTBT, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISESCO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Mali Index Chronology  6 Sep 1880                French territory of Haut-Sénégal (Upper Senegal)                              created (subordinated to Senegal). 18 Aug 1890                Renamed French Sudan Territory. 27 Aug 1892                Made a separate colony, French Sudan (Soudan                               Français). 16 Jun 1895                Part of French West Africa (see Senegal). 17 Oct 1899                French Sudan broken up; part becomes territory                              of Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Upper Senegal and Niger) 10 Oct 1902                Becomes colony of Senegambia and Niger                             (subject to Senegal). 18 Oct 1904                Renamed Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Upper Senegal and                              Niger).  4 Dec 1920                Renamed French Sudan. 16 Jun 1940 - Nov 1942     Administration loyal to Vichy France                               (from Nov 1942, Free French). 27 Oct 1946                French Sudan overseas territory of France. 24 Nov 1958                Autonomy (Sudanese Republic)  4 Apr 1959                Sudanese Republic and Senegal unite                               to form the Mali Federation. 20 Jun 1960                Independence of the Mali Federation from France. 20 Aug 1960                Senegal withdraws from Mali Federation. 22 Sep 1960                Sudanese Republic renamed Republic of Mali. 24 Dec 1960 - 1962         Part of Union of Independent African States                               federation (Ghana, Guinea and Mali). Traditional states Historical Maps of Mali

Commandants-superior
27 Feb 1880 - 29 Jul 1880  Charles Émile Boilève (1st time)   (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
 6 Sep 1880 -  3 Sep 1883  Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes          (b. 1839 - d. 1900)
 3 Sep 1883 - 18 Jun 1884  Charles Émile Boilève (2nd time)   (s.a.)
18 Jun 1884 - Sep 1885     Antoine Vincent Auguste Combes
                             (acting to 4 Sep 1884)
Sep 1885 - Aug 1886        Henri Nicolas Frey
Aug 1886 - 10 Sep 1888     Joseph Simon Galliéni              (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
10 Sep 1888 - 1891         Louis Archinard (1st time)         (b. 1850 - d. 1932)
1891 - 27 Aug 1892         Pierre Maire Gustave Hubert
27 Aug 1892 -  2 Aug 1893  Louis Archinard (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 2 Aug 1893 - 26 Dec 1893  François Bonnier (acting)
Governors
26 Dec 1893 - 16 Jun 1895  Louis Albert Grodet                (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
16 Jun 1895 - 1898         Louis Edgard de Trentinian         (b. 1851 - d. 1942)
1898 - 17 Oct 1899         Marie Michel Alexandre René        (b. 1854 - d. 1909)
                             Audéoud (acting)
Delegate
17 Oct 1899 - 20 Oct 1904  William Merlaud-Ponty              (b. 1866 - d. 1915)
Lieutenant-governors
20 Oct 1904 - 18 Feb 1908  William Merlaud-Ponty              (s.a.)
18 Feb 1908 - 16 Jun 1915  François Joseph Clozel             (b. 1860 - d. 1918)
16 Jun 1915 -  1 Jul 1915  Philippe Henry (acting)
 1 Jul 1915 - 28 Jul 1916  Louis Digue (acting)
28 Jul 1916 - 20 Apr 1917  Raphaël Antonetti (acting)         (b. 1872 - d. 1938)
20 Apr 1917 - 21 May 1917  Albert Nebout (acting)             (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
21 May 1917 - 20 Feb 1918  Louis Periquet (acting)
20 Feb 1918 - 16 May 1919  Auguste Brunet                     (b. 1878 - d. 1957)
16 May 1919 - 21 Aug 1921  Marcel Achille Olivier             (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
Governors
21 Aug 1921 - 31 Dec 1930  Jean Henri Terrasson de Fougères   (d. 1930)
                             (acting to 26 Feb 1924)
31 Dec 1930 -  4 Apr 1931  Joseph Urbain Court (acting)       (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
 4 Apr 1931 - 11 Jun 1931  Gabriel Omar Descemet (acting)     (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
11 Jun 1931 - 19 Feb 1935  Louis Jacques Eugène Fousset
31 Mar 1933 - 22 May 1933  René Desjardins 
                             (acting for Fousset)
22 May 1933 - 30 Nov 1933  Léon Solomiac                      (b. 1873 - d. 1960) 
                             (acting for Fousset)
19 Feb 1935 - 20 Nov 1935  Félix Sylvestre Adolphe Éboué      (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
                             (acting)
20 Nov 1935 -  9 Nov 1936  Matteo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa     (b. 1876 - d. 19..)
 9 Nov 1936 - 28 Mar 1938  Ferdinand Jacques Louis Rougier
                             (acting to 4 Dec 1936)
28 Mar 1938 - 17 Apr 1942  Jean Desanti                       (b. 1899 - d. 1944)
                             (acting to 15 Nov 1940)
17 Apr 1942 - 15 May 1946  Auguste Calvel
                             (acting to 29 Dec 1942)
15 May 1946 - Apr 1952     Edmond Louveau                     (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
Apr 1952 - 10 Jul 1952     Camille Victor Bailly              (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
10 Jul 1952 - 23 Feb 1953  Salvador Jean Etchéber (acting)    (b. 1901 - d. 1967)
23 Feb 1953 -  2 Dec 1953  Albert Jean Mouragues              (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
 2 Dec 1953 -  3 Nov 1956  Lucien Eugène Geay                 (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
                             (acting to 10 Feb 1954)
High Commissioners
 3 Nov 1956 - 24 Nov 1958  Henri Victor Gipoulon
24 Nov 1958 - 20 Jun 1960  Jean Charles Sicurani              (b. 1915 - d. 1977)
Chief of State
20 Jun 1960 - 1965         Modibo Keita                       (b. 1915 - d. 1977)  US-RDA
                            (4 Apr 1959 - 20 Aug 1960 also
                             President of Mali Federation)
Presidents
1965 - 19 Nov 1968         Modibo Keita                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
19 Nov 1968 - 26 Mar 1991  Moussa Traoré                      (b. 1936)          Mil;1976 UDPM
                            (chairman Military National Liberation
                             Committee to 19 Sep 1969; Head of State 
                             19 Sep 1969 - 19 Jun 1979)
26 Mar 1991 -  8 Jun 1992  Amadou Toumani Touré  (1st time)   (b. 1948)            Mil
                            (chairman National Reconciliation Council 
                             to 31 Mar 1991, then chairman Transitional 
                             Committee for the Salvation of the People)
 8 Jun 1992 -  8 Jun 2002  Alpha Oumar Konaré                 (b. 1946)            ADM
 8 Jun 2002 -              Amadou Toumani Touré (2nd time)    (s.a.)             CCD/Non-party

Vice President of the Government Council
24 May 1957 - 26 Jul 1958  Jean-Marie Koné                    (b. 1913 - d. 1988)  US-RDA
President of the Government Council
26 Jul 1958 - 24 Nov 1958  Jean-Marie Koné                    (s.a.)               US-RDA
President of the Provisional Government
24 Nov 1958 -  5 Apr 1959  Jean-Marie Koné                    (s.a.)               US-RDA
Prime ministers
 5 Apr 1959 - 1965         Modibo Keita                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
1965 - 19 Nov 1968         Post abolished
19 Nov 1968 - 18 Sep 1969  Yoro Diakité                       (b. 1932 - d. 1973)  Mil
18 Sep 1969 -  6 Jun 1986  Post abolished
 6 Jun 1986 -  6 Jun 1988  Mamadou Dembelé                    (b. 1936)            UDPM
 6 Jun 1988 -  2 Apr 1991  Post abolished
 2 Apr 1991 -  9 Jun 1992  Soumana Sacko (interim)            (b. 1949)            Non-party
 9 Jun 1992 - 12 Apr 1993  Younoussi Touré                    (b. 1941)            Non-party
12 Apr 1993 -  4 Feb 1994  Abdoulaye Sékou Sow                (b. 1931)            Non-party
 4 Feb 1994 - 15 Feb 2000  Ibrahim Boubacar Keita             (b. 1945)            ADM
15 Feb 2000 - 18 Mar 2002  Mande Sidibe                       (b. 1940)            ADM
18 Mar 2002 -  9 Jun 2002  Modibo Keita                       (b. 1942)            Non-party
 9 Jun 2002 - 30 Apr 2004  Ahmed Mohamed Ag Hamani            (b. 1942)            Non-party
30 Apr 2004 - 28 Sep 2007  Ousmane Issoufi Maïga              (b. 1946)            Non-party
28 Sep 2007 -              Modibo Sidibé                      (b. 1952)            Non-party

Party abbreviations: ADM = "Adema" Alliance pour la Démocratie en Mali-Parti Pan-Africain pour la Liberté, la Solidarité et la Justice (Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity and Justice, centrist); CCD = Coalition for Change and Democracy;
PARENA = Party for National Renewal; Mil = Military;
- Former parties: UDPM = Union Démocratique des Pepul Maliens (Democratic Union of the Malian People, only legal party 1976-90); US-RDA = Union Soudanais/Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally, socialist, sole party 1965-68)