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![[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]](es-1785.gif)
![[Standard of the Virgen de Guadalupe (Mexico) 1810]](mx-1810a.gif)
![[Mexico 14 Jul 1815 - 1817 revolt flag]](mx_1815a.gif)
![[1821 Flag of Ejército de las Tres Garantías (Army of Three Guarantees) (Mexico)]](mx-tri1.gif)
![[Mexican Empire (First Empire) flag 1821-1823]](mx_1821.gif)
![[1823-1864/1823-1880 Mexican National Flag]](mx_1823.gif)
![[1864/1865-1867 Mexican Imperial National Flag]](mx_1864.gif)
![[1823 National Mexican Flag, official varinat used in 1881-1899]](mx_1881.gif)
![[1823-National Flag, official variant used in 1899-1916]](mx_1899.gif)
![[Mexico National Flag 1917-1918]](mx_1917.gif)
![[Flag of Mexico 1918-1934]](mx_18.gif)
![[1823-National flag, official variant used in 1934-1968]](mx_1934.gif)
![[Bandera Nacional (National Flag of Mexico)]](mx.gif)
Governors
13 Aug 1521 - 24 Dec 1521
Hernán Cortés
(b. 1485 - d. 1547)
24 Dec 1521 - 30 Dec 1521 Cristóbal de Tapia
Governors and Captains-general
30 Dec 1521 - 12 Oct 1524 Hernán Cortés (1st time)
(s.a.)
12 Oct 1524 - 23 May 1525 Ruling Councils
- Alonso de Estrada
(b. 1480 - d. 1530)
(to 29 Dec 1524, 17 Feb - 20 Apr 1525)
- Rodrigo de Albornoz
(to 29 Dec 1524, 17 Feb - 20 Apr 1525)
- Alonso de Zuazo
(b. 1466 - d. 1539)
- Pedro Almíndez Chirino
(from 29 Dec 1524)
- Gonzalo de Salazar (d. c.1564)
(from 29 Dec 1524)
24 May 1525 - 28 Jan 1526 Gonzalo de Salazar (s.a.)
+ Pedro Almíndez Chirino
29 Jan 1526 — 24 Jun 1526 Alonso de Estrada (1st time) (s.a.)
+ Rodrigo de Albornoz
25 Jun 1526 - 3 Jul 1526 Hernán Cortés (2nd time)
(s.a.)
4 Jul 1526 - 16 Jul 1526 Luis Ponce de León (b. c.1461 - d. 1526)
16 Jul 1526 - 1 Mar 1527 Marcos de Aguilar
(d. 1527)
2 Mar 1527 — 22 Aug 1527 Alonso de Estrada (2nd time) (s.a.)
+ Gonzalo de Sandoval
(b. 1497 - d. 1528)
+ Luis de la Torre (1st time)
22 Aug 1527 - 8 Dec 1528
Alonso de Estrada (3rd time) (s.a.)
+ Luis de la Torre (2nd time)
9 Dec 1528 - 21 Dec 1529
Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán (b. c.1490 - d. 1544)
(President of the Audiencia)
21 Dec 1529 - 9 Jan 1531 Juan Ortiz de Matienzo
(President of the Audiencia)
10 Jan 1531 - 16 Apr 1535 Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal, (b. 1490 - d. 1547)
obispo de Santo Domingo
(President of the Audiencia)
Viceroys
17 Apr 1535 - 25 Nov 1550 Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco (b. 1495 - d. 1552)
25 Nov 1550 - 31 Jul 1564 Luis de Velasco y Ruiz de (b. 1511 - d. 1564)
Alarcón
1 Aug 1564 - 19 Oct 1566 Francisco Ceinos (1st time) (d. 1570)
(President of the Audiencia)
19 Oct 1566 - 10 Mar 1568 Gastón de Peralta, marqués de (b. 1510 - d. 1587)
Falces
11 Nov 1567 - 14 Apr 1568 Alonso Muñoz (b. c.1512 - d. 1568)
+ Luis Carrillo (to Apr 1568) (d. 1568)
(Visitadores; Royal Commissioners)
14 Apr 1568 - 4 Nov 1568 Francisco Ceinos (2nd time) (s.a.)
(President of the Audiencia)
5 Nov 1568 - 3 Oct 1580 Martín Enríquez
de Almanza (d. 1583)
y Ulloa
4 Oct 1580 - 29 Jun 1583
Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, (b. 1518 - d. 1583)
conde de La Coruña
Jun 1583 - 24 Sep 1584 Luis de Villanueva y Zapata (d. 1584?)
(President of the Audiencia)
25 Sep 1584 - 16 Oct 1585 Pedro Moya de Contreras,
(b. 1527 - d. 1591)
arzobispo de México
17 Oct 1585 - 26 Jan 1590
Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga, (d. 1590)
marqués de Villamanrique
27 Jan 1590 - 4 Nov 1595
Luis de Velasco, conde de
Santiago (b. 1539 - d. 1617)
(1st time)
5 Nov 1595 - 26 Oct 1603 Gaspar de Zúñiga
Acevedo y Velasco, (b. 1560 - d. 1606)
conde de Monterrey
27 Oct 1603 - 2 Jul 1607 Juan
Manuel de Mendoza Manrique (b. 1571 - d. 1628)
Hurtado y Padilla, marqués de
Montesclaros
2 Jul 1607 - 10 Jun 1611 Luis de Velasco, conde de
Santiago (s.a.)
(from 1609) y marqués de Salinas
(2nd time)
9 Jun 1611 - 22 Feb 1612 Fray Francisco García
Guerra, (b. 1545 - d. 1612)
arzobispo de México (interim)
22 Feb 1612 - 18 Oct 1612 Pedro Otárola
(President of the Audiencia)
18 Oct 1612 - 14 Mar 1621 Diego Fernández
de Córdoba y Lopez (b. 1578 - d. 1630)
de las Roelas Benavides y Melgarejo,
marqués de Guadalcázar
14 Mar 1621 - Sep 1621 Paz de Valecillo
(President of the Audiencia)
12 Sep 1621 - 15 Jan 1624 Diego Carrillo de
Mendoza y Pimentel, (d. 1631)
marqués de Gelves, y conde de Priego
15 Jan 1624 - 3 Oct 1624 Audiencia (president unknown)
3 Oct 1624 - 16 Sep 1635 Rodrigo Pacheco
y Osorio, (b. c.1565 - d. 1652)
marqués de Cerralvo
16 Sep 1635 - 27 Aug 1640 Lope Díez
de Almendáriz, (b. 1575 - d. af.1639)
marqués de Cadereita
28 Aug 1640 - 10 Jun 1642 Diego López
Pacheco Cabrera y (b. 1599 - d. 1653)
Bobadilla, marqués de Villena,
duque de Escalona
10 Jun 1642 - 23 Nov 1642 Juan de Palafox
y Mendoza, (b. 1600 - d. 1659)
obispo de Puebla y México
(interim)
23 Nov 1642 - 13 May 1648 García
Sarmiento de Sotomayor (b. c.1595 - d. 1659)
Enríquez de Luna, conde de
Salvatierra y marqués de Sobroso
13 May 1648 - 22 Apr 1649 Marcos de Torres
y Rueda, (b. 1588 - d. 1649)
obispo de Yucatán (interim)
22 Apr 1649 - 28 Jun 1650 Matías de Peralta
(President of the Audiencia)
28 Jun 1650 - 14 Aug 1653 Luis
Enríquez de Guzmán y Coresma, (b. c.1605 - d. 16..)
marqués de Villaflor y
conde de Alba de Liste
15 Aug 1653 - 15 Sep 1660 Francisco Fernández
de la Cueva, (b. 1616 - d. 1676)
duque de Alburquerque
16 Sep 1660 - 29 Jun 1664 Juan de Leyva de la Cerda, (b. 1604 - d. 1678)
marqués de de Leiva y de Ladrada
y conde de Baños
29 Jun 1664 - 15 Oct 1664 Diego
Osorio de Escobar y Llamas, (b. c.1608 - d. 1673)
obispo de Puebla (interim)
15 Oct 1664 - 20 Nov 1673 Antonio Sebastián
de Toledo Molina (b. c.1625 - d. 1715)
y Salazar, marqués de Mancera
20 Nov 1673 - 13 Dec 1673 Pedro Nuñez
Colón de Portugal y (b. c.1615 - d. 1673)
Castro, duque de Veragua y
de la Vega y marqués de Jamaica
13 Dec 1673 - 7 Nov 1680 Payo Enríquez de Rivera Manrique, (b. 1622 - d. 1685)
arzobispo de México
7 Nov 1680 - 16 Jun 1686 Tomás
Antonio de la Cerda y Aragón, (b. 1638 - d. 1692)
conde de Paredes y marqués de
la Laguna
16 Jun 1686 - 19 Nov 1688 Melchor Portocarrero
Lasso de la (b. 1636 - d. 1705)
Vega, conde de Monclova
20 Nov 1688 - 26 Feb 1696 Gaspar
de la Cerda Sandoval Silva y (b. 1653 - d. 1697)
Mendoza, conde de Galves
27 Feb 1696 - 13 Dec 1696 Juan de Ortega y Montañés
(1st time) (b. 1627 - d. 1708)
(acting)
13 Dec 1696 - 4 Nov 1701 José Sarmiento y Valladares,
(b. 1643 - d. 1688)
conde de Moctezuma y de Tula
4 Nov 1701 - 27 Nov 1702 Juan de Ortega y Montañés
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
27 Nov 1702 - 15 Jan 1711 Francisco Fernández
de la Cueva (b. c.1655 - d. 1733)
Enríquez, duque d'Albuquerque,
marqués de Cuéllar
15 Jan 1711 - 16 Aug 1716 Fernando de Alencastre Noroña
y (b. c.1641 - d. 1717)
Silva, marqués de Valdefuentes,
duque de Linares
16 Aug 1716 - 14 Oct 1722 Baltasar de Zúñiga,
marqués de (b. 1658 -
d. 1727)
Valero, duque de Arión
15 Oct 1722 - 17 Mar 1734 Juan de Acuña, marqués
de
(b. 1657 - d. 1734)
Casafuerte
17 Mar 1734 - 17 Aug 1740 Juan Antonio de Vizarrón
y
(b. 1682 - d. 1747)
Eguiarreta
17 Aug 1740 - 22 Aug 1741 Pedro de Castro y Figueroa,
(b. c.1685 - d. 1741)
marqués de Gracía Real,
duque de la Conquista
23 Aug 1741 - 3 Nov 1742 Pedro Malo
de Villavicencio
(President of the Audiencia)
3 Nov 1742 - 8 Jul 1746 Pedro Cebrián
y Agustín, conde (b. 1687
- d. 1752)
de Fuenclara
9 Jul 1746 - 9 Nov 1755 Juan Francisco de Güemes
y (b. 1682 - d. 1768)
Horcasitas, conde de Revillagigedo
10 Nov 1755 - 5 Feb 1760 Agustín de Ahumada
y Villalón, (b. 1702 -
d. 1760)
marqués de las Amarillas
5 Feb 1760 - 28 Apr 1760 Francisco Antonio de Echévarri
(President of the Audiencia)
28 Apr 1760 - 5 Oct 1760 Francisco Antonio Cajigal
de la (b. 1695 - d. 1777)
Vega Salinas y Acevedo (acting)
6 Oct 1760 - 23 Aug 1766 Joaquín de Montserrat
y Ciurana, (b. 1700 - d. 1771)
marqués de Cruillas
23 Aug 1766 - 23 Sep 1771 Carlos Francisco de Croix,
(b. 1699 - d. 1786)
marqués de Croix
23 Sep 1771 - 9 Apr 1779 Antonio María de Bucareli
y Ursúa (b. 1717 - d. 1779)
Hinostrosa Lasso de la Vega
9 Apr 1779 - 23 Aug 1779 Francisco Romá
y Rosell (d. 1784)
(President of the Audiencia)
23 Aug 1779 - 28 Apr 1783 Martín de Mayorga Ferrer
(b. 1721 - d. 1783)
29 Apr 1783 - 3 Nov 1784 Matías de Gálvez
García Madrid y (b. 1717 - d. 1784)
Gallardo
Nov 1784 - 17 Jun 1785 Vicente de Herrera
y Rivero
(President of the Audiencia)
17 Jun 1785 - 30 Nov 1786 Bernardo Vicente Polinarde de
(b. 1746 - d. 1786)
Gálvez y Gallardo, conde de Gálvez
30 Nov 1786 - 8 May 1787 Eusebio Sánchez
Pareja y Beleño
(President of the Audiencia)
8 May 1787 - 18 Aug 1787 Alonso Núñez
de Haro y Peralta, (b. 1729 -
d. 1800)
arzobispo de México (acting)
18 Aug 1787 - 17 Oct 1789 Manuel Antonio Flores Maldonado
(b. 1723 - d. 1799)
Martínez de Angulo y Bodquín
17 Oct 1789 - 11 Jul 1794 Juan Vicente de Güemes-Pacheco
de (b. 1740 - d. 1799)
Padilla y Horcasitas,
conde de Revillagigedo
12 Jul 1794 - 31 May 1798 Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca (b. c.1755 - d. 1812)
y Branciforte, marqués de
Branciforte
31 May 1798 - 30 Apr 1800 Miguel José de Azanza
(b. 1746 - d. 1826)
30 Apr 1800 - 4 Jan 1803 Félix Berenguer de
Marquina (b.
1738 - d. 1826)
4 Jan 1803 - 16 Sep 1808 José de Iturrigaray
y Aréstegui (b. 1742 - d. 1815)
16 Sep 1808 - 19 Jun 1809 Pedro de Garibay
(b. 1727 - d. 1815)
19 Jun 1809 - 8 May 1810 Francisco Javier de Lizana
y (b. 1750 - d. 1811)
Beaumont, arzobispo de México
8 May 1810 - 14 Sep 1810 Pedro Catani
(President of the Audiencia)
14 Sep 1810 - 4 Mar 1813 Francisco Javier Venegas de
Saavedra, (b. 1760 - d. 1838)
marqués de la Reunión de Nueva España
4 Mar 1813 - 20 Sep 1816 Félix María
Calleja del Rey,
(b. 1753 - d. 1828)
conde de Calderón
20 Sep 1816 - 5 Jul 1821 Juan Ruíz de Apodaca
y Eliza López (b. 1754 - d. 1835)
de Letona y Lasquetty, conde de
Venadito
6 Jul 1821 - 30 Jul 1821 Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez
y
Sicardo (acting)
30 Jul 1821 - 28 Sep 1821 Juan O'Donojú
(b. 1762 - d. 1821)
Mexico
Generalissimo of the American Armies
16 Sep 1810 - 19 Mar 1811 Miguel Gregorio Antonio Hidalgo
y (b. 1753 - d. 1811)
Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y
Villanenor
Supreme Governing Junta of America (or Supreme Junta of the
Nation)
19 Aug 1811 - 15 Sep 1813 Ignacio López Rayón
(b. 1733 - d. 1832)
Generalissimo of the North American Armies in charge of the
Executive
(from Jan 1814, Executive Power)
15 Sep 1813 - 14 Mar 1814 José María Telco
Morelos y Pavón (b. 1765 - d. 1815)
14 Mar 1814 - 24 Oct 1814 The Mexican Congress
Presidents of the Supreme Mexican Government
24 Oct 1814 - 24 Feb 1815 José María Liceaga y Rayón
(b. 1780? - d. 1818)
24 Feb 1815 - 5 Nov 1815 José María Telco
Morelos y Pavón (s.a.)
5 Nov 1813 - 13 Nov 1813 Vacant
13 Nov 1815 - 15 Dec 1815 Ignácio Alas
(b. 1780 - d. 1843)
15 Dec 1815 - 1817
Executive Commission
- Manuel de Mier y Terán
(b. 1789 - d. 1832)
- Ignácio Alas
(s.a.)
- Antonio Cumplido
(did not function)
President of the Provisional Governing Junta
24 Aug 1821 - 28 Sep 1821 Agustín de Iturbide y Arámburu
(b. 1783 - d. 1824) Mil
President of the Regency of the Empire
28 Sep 1821 - 21 May 1822 Agustín de Iturbide y Arámburu
(s.a.)
Mil/Con
Emperor¹
21 May 1822 - 29 Mar 1823 Agustín I
(s.a.)
President of the Constituent Congress
29 Mar 1823 - 31 Mar 1823 José Mariano Marín
(b. 1782 - d. 1863) Cen
Presidents of the Supreme Executive Power
31 Mar 1823 - 30 Apr 1823 Pedro Celestino Negrete
(b. 1777 - d. 1846) Con
1 May 1823 - 31 May 1823 José Mariano de Michelena
(b. 1772 - d. 1852) Lib
(1st time)
1 Jun 1823 - 30 Jun 1823 Nicolás Bravo Rueda
(1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1854) Lib
1 Jul 1823 - 31 Jul 1823 José Mariano de Michelena
(s.a.)
Lib
(2nd time)
1 Aug 1823 - 31 Aug 1823 José Miguel Domínguez
Alemán (b. 1756 - d. 1830)
(1st time)
1 Sep 1823 - 30 Sep 1823 Vicente Ramón Guerrero
Saldaña (b. 1783 - d. 1831) Lib
(1st time)
1 Oct 1823 - 31 Oct 1823 José Mariano de Michelena
(s.a.)
Lib
(3rd time)
1 Nov 1823 - 30 Nov 1823 José Miguel Domínguez
Alemán (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1 Dec 1823 - 8 Dec 1823 Vicente Ramón Guerrero
Saldaña (s.a.)
Lib
(2nd time)
8 Dec 1823 - 31 Dec 1823 José Miguel Domínguez
Alemán (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1 Jan 1824 - 31 Jan 1824 José Mariano de Michelena
(s.a.)
Lib
(4th time)
1 Feb 1824 - 29 Feb 1824 José Miguel Domínguez
Alemán (s.a.)
(4th time)
1 Mar 1824 - 31 Mar 1824 Vicente Ramón Guerrero
Saldaña (s.a.)
Lib
(3rd time)
1 Apr 1824 - 30 Apr 1824 Nicolás Bravo Rueda
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Lib
1 May 1824 - 31 May 1824 José Miguel Domínguez
Alemán (s.a.)
(5th time)
1 Jun 1824 - 30 Jun 1824 Vicente Ramón Guerrero
Saldaña (s.a.)
Lib
(4th time)
1 Jul 1824 - 31 Jul 1824 Guadalupe Victoria (1st time)
(b. 1786 - d. 1843) Lib
(José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernandez y
Felix)
1 Aug 1824 - 31 Aug 1824 Nicolás Bravo Rueda
(3rd time) (s.a.)
Lib
1 Sep 1824 - 30 Sep 1824 José Miguel Domínguez
Alemán (s.a.)
(6th time)
1 Oct 1824 - 10 Oct 1824 Guadalupe Victoria (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Lib
Presidents
10 Oct 1824 - 1 Apr 1829 Guadalupe Victoria
(s.a.)
Lib
1 Apr 1829 - 17 Dec 1829 Vicente Ramón Guerrero
Saldaña (s.a.)
Lib
(nominally to 4 Feb 1830, but did not resume
office)
17 Dec 1829 - 23 Dec 1829 José Maria Bocanegra y Villalpando (b. 1787 - d. 1862) Lib
(interim)
23 Dec 1829 - 1 Jan 1830 José Pedro Vélez Zuñiga
(b. 1787 - d. 1848) Lib
+ Lucas Ignacio de Paula Alamán y (b. 1792
- d. 1853) Con
Escalada
+ Luis de Quintanar Bocanegra Soto (b. 1772 - d. 1837)
y Ruiz
(acting)
1 Jan 1830 - 24 Dec 1832 Anastasio Bustamante y Osegera
(b. 1780 - d. 1853) Con
(1st time)(acting)
14 Aug 1832 - 24 Dec 1832 Melchor Eca y Múzquiz
(b. 1790 - d. 1844)
(acting for Bustamante)
24 Dec 1832 - 1 Apr 1833 Manuel Gómez Pedraza
y Rodríguez (b. 1789 - d. 1851) Mod
1 Apr 1833 - 16 May 1833 Valentín Gómez
Farías (1st time) (b. 1781 - d. 1858) Lib
(acting)
16 May 1833 - 27 Feb 1837 Antonio López de Santa Anna
y (b. 1794 - d. 1876) Con
Pérez de Lebrón (1st time)
28 Jan 1835 - 27 Feb 1836 Miguel Francisco Barragán Andrade (b. 1789 - d. 1836)
(acting for Santa Anna)
27 Feb 1837 - 19 Apr 1837 Justo José Corro (interim)
(b. 1794 - d. 1864) Lib?
19 Apr 1837 - 10 Oct 1841 Anastasio Bustamante y Osegera
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time)
18 Sep 1841 – 10 Oct 1841 Francisco Javier Echeverría (b. 1797 - d. 1852)
(acting for Bustamante)
10 Oct 1841 - 1 Feb 1844 Antonio López de Santa
y Pérez (s.a.)
Con
de Lebrón Anna (2nd time)
(provisional)
1 Feb 1844 - 4 Jun 1844 José Valentín
Raimundo Canalizo (b. 1794 - d. 1850) Lib
Bocadillo
4 Jun 1844 - 17 Dec 1844 Antonio López de Santa
y Pérez (s.a.)
Con
de Lebrón Anna (3rd time)
(removed de facto 6 Dec 1844)
7 Dec 1844 - 30 Dec 1845 José Joaquín
Antonio Florencio de (b. 1792 - d. 1854) Lib
Herrera y Ricardos (1st time)
(interim to 16 Sep 1845)
30 Dec 1845 - 2 Jan 1846 Gabriel Valencia (interim)
(b. 1799 - d. 1848)
2 Jan 1846 - 4 Aug 1846 Mariano José Joaquín
Agustín (b. 1797 - d. 1849)
Fed
Paredes y Arrillaga
(General-in-Chief to 4 Jan 1846, then interim)
5 Aug 1846 - 24 Dec 1846 José Mariano de Salas
(acting) (b. 1797 - d. 1867) Fed
(1st time)
24 Dec 1846 - 21 Mar 1847 Valentín Gómez Farías
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Lib
(acting)
21 Mar 1847 - 16 Sep 1847 Antonio López de Santa Anna
y (s.a.)
Con
Pérez de Lebrón (4th time)(interim)
15 May 1847 - 1 Aug 1848 Winfield Scott -Military
governor (b. 1786 - d. 1866) Mil
(commander U.S. forces in central Mexico)
16 Sep 1847 - 13 Nov 1847 José Manuel de la Peña
y Peña (b. 1789 - d. 1850) Con
(1st time) (interim)
13 Nov 1847 - 8 Jan 1848 Pedro María de Anaya
y de Álvarez (b. 1794 - d. 1854) Lib?
(interim)
8 Jan 1848 - 3 Jun 1848 José Manuel de la
Peña y Peña
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time)(provisional to 15 May 1848, then interim)
3 Jun 1848 - 15 Jan 1851 José Joaquín
Antonio Florencio de (s.a.)
Lib
Herrera y Ricardos (2nd time)
15 Jan 1851 - 6 Jan 1853 Mariano Arista Luna
(b. 1802 - d. 1855) Mod
6 Jan 1853 - 8 Feb 1853 Juan Bautista Ceballos
(interim) (b. 1811 - d. 1859) Lib
8 Feb 1853 - 20 Apr 1853 Manuel Apolinario José
María (b. 1802 - d. 1853)
Lib
Ignacio Lombardini de la Torre
(acting)
20 Apr 1853 - 12 Aug 1855 Antonio López de Santa Anna
y (s.a.)
Con
Pérez de Lebrón (5th time)
13 Aug 1855 - 15 Aug 1855 Rómulo Díaz de la
Vega (1st time) (b. 1804 - d. 1877) Mil/Con
(Division General-in-Chief of the Forces of District
of Mexico)
15 Aug 1855 - 12 Sep 1855 Martín Carrera Sabat (interim)
(b. 1806 - d. 1871) L-Mod
12 Sep 1855 - 15 Nov 1855 Rómulo Díaz de la
Vega (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mil/Con
(Governor of District of Mexico and Commander-in-Chief)
4 Oct 1855 - 15 Sep 1856 Juan Nepomuceno Álvarez Hurtad
(b. 1790 - d. 1867) Lib-R
(interim)(in dissidence as General-in-Chief of Army
of Restoration of Liberty 14 Mar 1855 - 4 Oct 1855)
15 Sep 1856 - 21 Jan 1858 Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los
(b. 1812 - d. 1863) Lib
Ríos (substitute to 1 Dec 1857;
provisional from 19 Dec 1857)
19 Jan 1858 - 15 May 1867 Benito Pablo Juárez García
(b. 1806 - d. 1872) Lib
(in opposition to 15 May 1867;
abandons Mexico City on 31 May 1863)
21 Jan 1858 - 23 Dec 1858 Félix María Zuloaga
Trillo (b. 1813 - d. 1898)
Mil/Con
(1st time) (General-in-Chief to 23 Jan 1858; then interim)
23 Dec 1858 - 21 Jan 1859 Manuel Robles Pezuela (acting)
(b. 1817 - d. 1862) Con
21 Jan 1859 - 23 Jan 1859 José Mariano de Salas (acting)
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time)
23 Jan 1859
Miguel Gregorio de la Luz
(b. 1831 - d. 1867) Con
Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo
(1st time) (interim)
23 Jan 1859 - 13 Aug 1860 Félix María Zuloaga
Trillo
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time) (acting)
13 Aug 1860 - 15 Aug 1860 José Ignacio Pavón
(acting) (b. 1791 - d. 1866)
Con
15 Aug 1860 - 24 Dec 1860 Miguel Gregorio de la Luz
(s.a.)
Con
Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo
(2nd time)
28 Dec 1860 - 23 Mar 1862 Félix María Zuloaga
Trillo
(s.a.)
Con
(3rd time)
21 Apr 1862 - 12 Jan 1863 Juan Nepomuceno Almonte
(b. 1803 - d. 1869) Con
(Supreme Chief of the Nation)
22 Jun 1863 - 25 Jun 1863 Teodosio Lares
(b. 1806 - d. 1870) Con
(President of the Superior Governing Junta)
25 Jun 1863 - 20 May 1864 Supreme Provisional Executive
Power
(from 11 Jul 1863, Regency)
- Juan Nepomuceno Almonte
(s.a.)
Con
- Juan Bautista de Ormaechea y
(b. 1812 - d. 1884) Con
Ernaíz (to 19 Oct 1863)
- Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y (b. 1816
- d. 1891) Con
Dávalos, Arzobispo de México
(19 Oct - 18 Nov 1863)
- José Mariano de Salas
(s.a.)
Con
Emperor¹
10 Apr 1864 - 15 May 1867 Maximiliano I
(b. 1832 - d. 1867)
(Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Josef von Habsburg;
in Querétaro from 13 Feb 1867)
Lieutenants of the Emperor
20 Apr 1864 - 12 Jun 1864 Juan Nepomuceno Almonte
(s.a.)
Con
19 Mar 1867 - 15 May 1867 Leonardo Teófilo Guadalupe
Ignacio (b. 1820 - d. 1913) Con
Márquez Araujo
Presidents
15 May 1867 - 18 Jul 1872 Benito Pablo Juárez García
(s.a.)
Lib
(in opposition from 19 Jan 1858 [interim to 11 Jun 1861])
19 Jul 1872 - 21 Nov 1876 Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
y Corral (b. 1825 - d. 1889) Lib
(interim to 30 Nov 1872)
21 Nov 1876 - 23 Nov 1876 José María Iglesias
Inzáurraga (b. 1823 - d. 1891) Lib
(interim; with this title in revolt
from 28 Oct 1876 and to 17 Jan 1877)
23 Nov 1876 - 30 Nov 1880 José de la Cruz Porfirio
Díaz (b. 1830 - d. 1915) Con
Mori (1st time)(Chief of Armed Forces to 28 Nov 1876;
interim president 28 Nov 1876 - 5 May 1877)
1 Dec 1880 - 30 Nov 1884 Manuel del Refugio González
Flores (b. 1833 - d. 1893) Lib
1 Dec 1884 - 25 May 1911 José de la Cruz Porfirio
Díaz (s.a.)
Con
Mori (2nd time)
25 May 1911 - 6 Nov 1911 Francisco León de la
Barra y (b. 1863 - d. 1939) Con
Quijano (interim)
6 Nov 1911 - 19 Feb 1913 Francisco Ignacio
Madero González (b. 1873 - d. 1913)
PCP
6 Nov 1911 - 19 Feb 1913 Pascual Orozco Vazquez (b. 1882 - d. 1915) PNA
(pretender in opposition; in Chihuahua)
15 Feb 1913 (hours) Emilio
Vázquez Gomez
(b. 1858 - d. 1926) PNA
(pretender, in opposition)
19 Feb 1913 (minutes) Pedro
José Domingo de la Calzada (b. 1858 - d. 1952)
PCP
Manuel María Lascuraín Paredes
(interim)
19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914 José Victoriano Huerta Márquez
(b. 1854 - d. 1916) PC
(interim)
19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914 Venustiano Carranza de la Garza
(b. 1859 - d. 1920) PNA
(pretender, in opposition; in Coahuila and Sonora)
19 Jun 1914 - 10 Apr 1919 Emiliano Zapata Salazar
(b. 1879 - d. 1919) Mil/Conv
(commander of Liberation Army of
the South in rebellion, in Morelos)
15 Jul 1914 - 13 Aug 1914 Francisco Sebastián Carvajal
y (b. 1870 - d. 1932) PC
Gual (interim)
20 Aug 1914 - 31 Oct 1914 Venustiano Carranza de la Garza
(s.a.)
PNA
(1st time)(first chief of the Constitutionalist
Army in charge of the executive power)
30 Sep 1914 - 29 Jul 1920 Francisco "Pancho" Villa
(b. 1878 - d. 1923) Mil/Conv
(José Doroteo Arango Arambula)
(commander of Division of the North,
in rebellion, in Chihuahua)
31 Oct 1914 - 6 Nov 1914 Antonio I. Villarreal González
(b. 1879 - d. 1944) Lib
(president of Revolutionary Convention)
6 Nov 1914 - 16 Jan 1915 Eulalio Martín Gutiérrez
Ortiz (b. 1881 - d. 1939) Conv
(provisional; continued in rebellion to 2 Jun 1915)
16 Jan 1915 - 10 Jun 1915 Roque González Garza (acting)
(b. 1885 - d. 1962) Conv
(loyal to Zapata)
1 May 1915 - 21 May 1920 Venustiano Carranza
de la Garza (s.a.)
L-Mod
(2nd time)(revolutionary commander to 1 May 1917)
10 Jun 1915 - 10 Oct 1915 Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús
Lagos (b. 1878 - d. 1932) Conv
Cházaro Mortero (acting)
23 Apr 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta
Marcor (b. 1881 - d. 1955) PNA/PLC
(revolutionary commander to 1 Jun 1920,
then substitute president)
1 Dec 1920 - 30 Nov 1924 Álvaro Obregón
Salido
(b. 1880 - d. 1928) PLC
1 Dec 1924 - 30 Nov 1928 Plutarco Elías Calles
(b. 1877 - d. 1945) PNR
1 Dec 1928 - 5 Feb 1930 Emilio Cándido
Portes Gil (b. 1891
- d. 1978) PNR
(provisional)
5 Feb 1930 - 4 Sep 1932 Pascual Ortiz Rubio
(b. 1877 - d. 1963) PNR
4 Sep 1932 - 30 Nov 1934 Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
(b. 1889 - d. 1969) PNR
(substitute)
1 Dec 1934 - 30 Nov 1940 Lázaro Cárdenas
del Río
(b. 1895 - d. 1970) PNR/PRM
1 Dec 1940 - 30 Nov 1946 Manuel Ávila Camacho
(b. 1897 - d. 1955) PRM/PRI
1 Dec 1946 - 30 Nov 1952 Miguel Alemán Váldez
(b. 1900 - d. 1983) PRI
1 Dec 1952 - 30 Nov 1958 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
(b. 1891 - d. 1973) PRI
1 Dec 1958 - 30 Nov 1964 Adolfo López Mateos
(b. 1910 - d. 1969) PRI
1 Dec 1964 - 30 Nov 1970 Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
Bolaños Cacho (b. 1911 - d. 1979) PRI
1 Dec 1970 - 30 Nov 1976 Luis Echeverría Álvarez
(b. 1922)
PRI
1 Dec 1976 - 30 Nov 1982 José López Portillo
y Pacheco (b. 1920 - d. 2004) PRI
1 Dec 1982 - 30 Nov 1988 Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado
(b. 1934)
PRI
1 Dec 1988 - 30 Nov 1994 Carlos Salinas de Gortari
(b. 1948)
PRI
1 Dec 1994 - 30 Nov 2000 Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León
(b. 1951)
PRI
1 Dec 2000 - 30 Nov 2006 Vicente Fox Quesada
(b. 1942)
PAN
1 Dec 2006 -
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (b.
1962)
PAN
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
13 Jun 1864 - 6 Oct 1866 José María de
la Asunción Juan (b. 1809 - d. 1869)
Con
Nepomuceno de Lacunza y Blengua
6 Oct 1866 - 19 Mar 1867 Teodosio Lares
(s.a.)
Con
19 Mar 1867 - 15 May 1867 Santiago Vidaurri Valdez
(b. 1808 - d. 1867) Imp
15 May 1867
Post abolished
French Military Commanders
5 Mar 1862 - 1 Oct 1862 Charles-Ferdinand Latrille,
(b. 1814 - d. 1892)
comte de Lorencez
1 Oct 1862 - 1 Oct 1863 Elié-Frédéric
Forey
(b. 1804 - d. 1872)
1 Oct 1864 - 12 Mar 1867 François-Achille Bazaine
(b. 1811 - d. 1888)
¹Full style of the ruler was:
(a) 21 May 1822 - 29 Mar 1823: por la divina providencia y por
el Congreso de la Nación, primer emperador constitucional de México
("by
divine providence and by the Congress of the Nation, First Constitutional
Emperor of Mexico");
(b) 10 Apr 1864 - 15 May 1867: por la gracia del Dios y la voluntad
de la gente, emperador de México ("by the grace of God and the
will of the people, Emperor of Mexico").
Territorial Disputes: Abundant rainfall in
recent years along much of the Mexico-U.S. border region has ameliorated
periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; the US has intensified
security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport,
and commodities across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands
of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous
border looking for work in Mexico and the United States.
Party abbreviations: PAN = Partido Acción Nacional
(National Action Party, conservative);
PRI = Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional
Revolutionary Party, socialist, 1929-38 National Revolutionary Party [PNR];
1938-46 Party of the Mexican Revolution [PRM]);
Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Cen = Centralista (Centralist);
Con
= Partido Conservador (Conservative Party); Conv = Convencionistas
(Conventionists, revolutionary generals and supporters of Zapata and Villa);
Fed
=
Partido Federalista (Federalist Party, conservative); Imp = Imperialista
(Imperialist); Lib = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party);
Lib-R
= Liberal Radical; L-Mod = Liberal Moderate;
Mod = Partido
Moderato (Moderate Party); PCP = Partido Constitucional Progressista
(Constitutional Progressive Party); PC = Partido Constitucionalista
(Constitutionalist Party);
PLC = Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (Constitutionalist Liberal
Party); PNA = Partido Nacional Antireeleccionista (National Anti-Reelection
Party, anti-Porfirio Diaz)
Chiapas
-
![[Chiapas Flag 1823-1824]](gua_23a.GIF)
- 31 Jul 1823 - 14 Sep 1824
-
-
- 1529 - 1821 Part of the colonial Kingdom of Guatemala (see provinces
- of New Spain).
- 20 Sep 1786 Intendencia of Ciudad Real de Chiapas.
- 1 Sep 1821 Chiapas declares its acceptance of Mexico's Plan de Iguala,
- expecting Guatemala to follow.
- 3 Sep 1821 Chiapas declares its independence from Spain.
- 26 Sep 1821 Chiapas, confronted with the declaration of independence of
- the Kingdom of Guatemala on 15 Sep 1821, protests its inclusion
- in the text of that declaration and the fact that it does not
- adhere to Mexico.
- 16 Jan 1822 The Regency of the Mexican Empire decrees the incorporation of
- Chiapas.
- 8 Jun 1823 Chiapas establishes a Provisional Supreme Government Junta.
- 1 Jul 1823 The declaration of independence of the United Provinces of Central
- America omits Chiapas and does not include it in the list of
- Provinces invited to re-join.
- 30 Jul 1823 The United Provinces of Central America recognize the Chiapas
- Provisional Supreme Government Junta. and declare the right of
- Chiapas to decide its future freely.
- 31 Jul 1823 The "absolute" independence of Chiapas declared.
- 5 Sep 1823 General Filísola (who governed Central America originally on
- behalf of Mexico, but later served to facilitate the transition
- to independence) dissolves the Junta and re-installs the Imperial
- Diputación Provincial.
- 26 Oct 1823 Revolts in various parts of the Province demand independence.
- 31 Oct 1823 The Junta is re-installed.
- 26 May 1824 Mexico's Constituent Congress declares that Chiapas is free to
- choose its future.
- 24 Jul 1824 The district of Soconusco declares its will to be incorporated
- into Guatemala. It is eventually successful, but remains a source
- of discord between Guatemala and Mexico throughout the 19th
- century.
- 14 Sep 1824 Following a referendum on either joining Federal Republic of
- Central America or Mexico, the government junta proclaims the
- definitive incorporation of Chiapas into Mexico.
-
|
|
las Casas |
|
1821 - 1823 Manuel José de Rojas (1st time)
Jun 1823 - 1823 Gregorio Suasnavar (1st time)
27 Sep 1823 - 29 Oct 1823 Manuel José de Rojas (2nd time)
29 Oct 1823 - 182. Manuel Zebadúa
16 Feb 1824 - 1824 Gregorio Suasnavar (2nd time)
Intendants
1821 - Jun 1823 Luis Antonio García
31 May 1823 - Jun 1823 Fernando Luis Corona
Presidents of the Provisional Supreme Junta
Jun 1823 - 20 Jun 1823 Fernando Luis Corona
20 Jun 1823 - 1823 Francisco Guillén
President of the Provincial Junta
1823 - 5 Sep 1823 José Diego Lara
Presidents of the Provisional Supreme Junta
5 Sep 1823 - 29 Oct 1823 ....
29 Oct 1823 - 1823 Luis Antonio García
(16 Dec 1823) Carlos Castañón
16 Feb 1824 - 1824 Manuel Ignacio Escarra (1st time)
24 Mar 1824? José Simón Moguel
(24 Apr 1824) Manuel Ignacio Escarra (2nd time)
12 Sep 1824? - 14 Sep 1824 Manuel de Jesús Robles
Republic of the Rio Grande
17 Jan 1840 - 6 Nov 1840
|
|
(Guerrero Jan 1840-Mar 1840; Victoria, Texas Mar-Nov 1840) |
|
17 Jan 1840 Federalist leaders in states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and
Tamaulipas declare independence from the centralist
government of Mexico.
6 Nov 1840 Leaders surrender to the Mexican army.
President
17 Jan 1840 - 6 Nov 1840 Jesús de Cárdenas
Yucatan
-
![[Yucatán Republic, later unofficial state flag]](mx-yuc.gif)
- 20 Oct 1841 - 15 Dec 1843, 1 Jan 1846 - 17 Aug 1848
|
|
|
(20 Oct 1841) |
|
3 Sep 1821
Yucatan declares independence from Spain.
28 Sep 1821
Part of independent Mexico (1821-41, and
since 1848 see Mexican states).
2 Nov 1821
Incorporation into Mexico.
16 Mar 1841
Independence rebellion begins.
20 Oct 1841
Yucatan declares independence from Mexico.
15 Dec 1843
Re-incorporated into Mexico.
1 Jan 1846
Independence declared.
23 Feb 1847
Re-incorporation into Mexico declared; Campeche proclaims itself
the "State of Yucatán" and subsequently occupies
entire
peninsula.
17 Aug 1848
Re-incorporated into Mexico.
Governor-Intendants
Jan 1821 - 1822
Juan María Echéverri
9 Mar 1822 - May 1823? Melchor Alvarez
May 1823 - 23 Aug 1823 First Junta
[membership unavailable]
23 Aug 1823 - 16 Sep 1823 Second Junta
- Raimundo Pérez
- Pablo de Lanz
- Francisco Facio
16 Sep 1823 - 23 Apr 1824 Francisco Facio
Governors
22 Aug 1840 - 11 Jun 1841 Santigao Méndez Ibarra (1st
time) (b. 1790 - d. 1870)
11 Jun 1841 - 13 Oct 1841 Miguel Barbachano Terrazo
(b. 1806 - d. 1859)
(1st time)
13 Oct 1841 - 18 Aug 1842 Santigao Méndez Ibarra (2nd
time) (s.a.)
18 Aug 1842 - 14 Nov 1843 Miguel Barbachano Terrazo
(b. 1806 - d. 1859)
(2nd time)
14 Nov 1843 - 15 May 1844 Santiago Méndez Ibarra (3rd
time) (s.a.)
15 May 1844 - 2 Jun 1844 Miguel Barbachano Terrazo
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
2 Jun 1844 - 1 Jan 1846 José Tiburcio
López Constante
(4th time)
1 Jan 1846 - 21 Jan 1847 Miguel Barbachano Terrazo
(s.a.)
(4th time)
21 Jan 1847 - 3 Oct 1847 Manuel Salas Barahona
3 Oct 1847 - 26 Mar 1848 Santiago Méndez Ibarra
(4th time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1848 - 13 Feb 1853 Miguel Barbachano Terrazo
(s.a.)
(5th time)
©2000 Ben Cahoon