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Montenegro

Ottoman Empire
                    to 3 Mar 1878
 
 
[Montenegro merchant flag 1878-1880]
                1763 - 1773 Prince's Flag 

         3 Mar 1878 - 1880 Merchant Flag
 
[Montenegro Prince's Flag 1852-1861]
   1852 - 1861 Prince's Flag
 
 
[Montenegro Royal flag 1878-1881, 1910-1918]
  1861 - 1878, 1910 - 28 Nov 1918 Royal Flag
 
[Montenegro merchant flag 1880]
                1880  Civil Ensign
 
[Montenegro merchant flag 1880-1881]
            1880 - 1881  Civil Ensign
 
[Montenegro merchant flag 1881-1918]
     1881 - 29 Nov 1918  Civil Ensign
 
[Montenegro state flag 1910-1918]
         1910 - 29 Nov 1918 State Flag
 
[Flag of SR Montenegro 1946-1993]
                   31 Dec 1946 - 21 Dec 1993
 
[Flag of Montenegro 1993-2004]
                     21 Dec 1993 - 12 Jul 2004
 
[Flag of Montenegro]
                       Adopted 12 Jul 2004
 

Map of Montenegro
Hear National Anthem
 "Oj, Svijetla Majska Zoro"
(O' The Bright Dawn of May)
Adopted 12 Jul 2004
Hear Former Anthem
"Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori"
 (To Our Beautiful Montenegro)
(1870-1918)
Constitution
(22 Oct 2007)
------------------------------------
1992  Constitution
(12 Oct 1992 - 22 Oct 2007)
Capital: Podgorica
(Titograd 1946-1992;
Cetinje 1482-1946;
Obod 1475-1482;
Zabljak 1474-1475;
Bar [Antivari] 1403-1408;
Ulcinj [Olcinium] 1385-1403;
Skadar [Shkoder] 1042-1385
and 1408-1474;
Prapratna  to 1042)
Historic Capital: Cetinje
(from 12 Oct 1992)
Currency: Euro (EUR)
German Mark (DEM)
2 Nov 1999 - 28 Feb 2002;
Yugoslav Dinar (YUD)
1918- 1999; Montenegro
Perper (MEP) 1852-1918 
National Holiday: 13 Jul (1878)
National Day
Population: 678,177 (2008)
615,035 (1991)
311,341 (1921)
436,800 (1918)
GDP: $6.6 billion (2008)
Exports: $171.3 million (2003)
Imports: $601.7 million (2003)
Ethnic groups: Montenegrin 43.16%, Serbs 31.99%, 
Bosniaks 7.77%, Albanian 5.03%, Slavic 
Muslim 3.97%, Croat 1.10%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.42%, 
Yugoslav 0.30%, others 4.69% (2003) 
Total Active Armed Forces: 7,300 (2006)
37,000 (1914)
Merchant marine: 6 ships (2008)
(22 ships [1909]) 
Religions: Montenegrin and Serbian  Orthodox 74.24%,
Muslim 17.74%, Roman Catholic 3.54%, Protestant 0.06%
 other 0.39%, nonreligious and atheist 3.2% (2003)
International Organizations/Treaties: before 1918: ICRM, ITU, PCA, UPU; from 2006: APM, BSEC (dialogue partner), BTWC, CE, CEFTA, CEI, CTBT, CWC, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (applicant), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM (observer), NPT, NTBT, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, SECP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Montenegro
Index
Chronology
   
mid 9th cent.              Principality of Dioclea (Duklja) located
                             in present-day Montenegro, a Byzantine vassal.
c.1030                     First reliable mention of the state of Zeta,
                             encompassing the region of Brda and a small 
                             part of present-day Montenegrin coast.
Aug 1036 - Dec 1037        Byzantine occupation.
1042                       Kotor (Cattaro) and Skadar (Shkodër/Scutari) areas 
                             form the independent state of Zeta.
1077                       The Pope sends a crown to Prince Mihajlo as
                             "King of Dioclea" (Rex Docleae) recognizing the 
                             independence of Kingdom of Zeta.
1091 - 1101                Byzantine occupation.
1189 - 1356                Incorporated into the Serbian Empire.
1296                       Name Crna Gora (Montenegro) mentioned for the 
                             first time in a charter of St. Nicholas' 
                             monastery.
1356 - 1421                Zeta Vojvodstvo (Voivodeship).
28 Apr 1421 - 1435         Zeta under Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarevic who
                             passed rule to Djuradj Brankovic in 1427.
c.1430                     Name Crna Gora (Montenegro) in general use
1474                       Skadar (capital of Montenegro) falls to Ottomans.
1479 - 1481                Ottoman occupation.
1496                       Montenegro falls under Ottoman suzerainty.
Nov 1496 - 1498            Ottoman occupation.
1499 - 1503                Venetian-Ottoman war; tribal anarchy in 
                             Montenegro.
1513 - 1528                Montenegro a Sanjak of Ottoman Empire.
1516                       Djuradj V Crnojevic transfers rule to the Vladika. 
1799                       Sultan Selim III renounces Ottoman suzerainty 
                             over Montenegro.
28 Feb 1806 - 12 Aug 1807  Allied to Russians during Napoleonic wars,
                             Petar I occupies Boka Kotorska (Cattaro).
11 Sep 1813 - 10 Jun 1814  Montenegro administers the Boka Kotorska.
13 Mar 1852                Principality of Montenegro
30 Mar 1856                By Treaty of Paris, Ottomans forced to abandon 
                             claim to Montenegro.
 3 Mar 1878                By Treaty of San Stefano, Ottomans recognize
                             the independence of Montenegro.
13 Jul 1878                Independence recognized by the Congress 
                             of Berlin; Montenegro acquires Bar (Antivari)
                             Ulcinj and Podgorica.
13 Jul 1878 - 10 Aug 1913  Austria-Hungary occupies the Sanjak of Novi 
                             Pazar, however remains part of the Ottoman
                             Empire.
28 Aug 1910                Kingdom of Montenegro 
23 Apr 1913 -  6 May 1913  Montenegro occupies Shkodër (Skadar).
10 Aug 1913                Sanjak of Novi Pazar partitioned between Serbia
                             and Montenegro (Montenegro gets Pljevlja, Bijelo
                             Polje, Berane, Plav, Rozaje and Metohija [Pec]).
14 Jun 1915 - 23 Jan 1916  Montenegro occupies Shkodër.
17 Jan 1916 - Oct 1918     Occupied by Austria-Hungary (in Cetinje from 
                             15 Jan 1916).
20 Jul 1917                Corfu Declaration declares Montenegro unified
                             with Serbia.
26 Nov 1918                Unification with Serbia proclaimed.
 1 Dec 1918                Merged into what became Yugoslavia (see Serbia).
11 Dec 1920                By Treaty of Rapallo Allies recognizes de facto
                             union with Serbia.
13 Jul 1921                Paris Ambassadors conference recognizes de jure
                             union with Serbia.
 4 Oct 1929                Part of the Banovina of Zeta (Zetska Banovina).
17 Apr 1941 - 10 Sep 1943  Occupied by Italy.
12 Jul 1941 - 24 Jul 1941  Independence of the Montenegrin state as a 
                             constitutional monarchy declared (under Italian
                             protectorate) exiled King Mihajlo I refuses 
                             the throne, the Montenegrin crown is offered to
                             Prince Roman Romanov of Russia (b. 1896 - d. 
                             1978) who also refuses.
13 Jul 1941 - Jul 1941     Partisan uprising in Montenegro, in next few days
                             almost all Montenegro liberated (except Podgorica,
                             Cetinje, Niksic, and Pljevlja).
10 Sep 1943 - 18 Dec 1944  Occupied by Germany (in Kotor to 21 Nov 1944, 
                             Budva to 22 Nov 1944, Podgorica to 18 Dec 1944).
 4 Dec 1943                Re-incorporation into Yugoslavia declared
                             (see under Serbia).
 2 Dec 1945                Part of Federative People's Republic of 
                             Yugoslavia (People's Republic of Montenegro).
 7 Jul 1963                Socialist Republic of Montenegro
12 Oct 1992                Republic of Montenegro
 4 Feb 2003 -  3 Jun 2006  Part of Serbia and Montenegro (a loose
                             confederation)(see under Serbia).
21 May 2006                Independence referendum approved 55.5% to 44.5%.
 3 Jun 2006                Independence declared (Republic of Montenegro).
 8 Jun 2006                Independence recognized by Serbia (formally from 
                             15 Jun 2006).
Socialist Republic of
Montenegro
(1946-1991)
Kingdom in Exile
(1917-1922)
Boka Kotorska
(Cattaro)
(1687-1814, 1941-1943)
Montenegrin
Orthodox Church
 Montenegrin
Orthodox Church
(Schismatic
from 1993)
Ethnic map of
Montenegro
(1981) 
Historical Maps
of Montenegro
 
 

Princes
c.900                      Petrislav I
... - ...                  Predimir
                           - jointly with -
... - ...                  Hvalimir I
                           - jointly with -
... - ...                  Boleslav 
                           - jointly with -
... - ...                  Dragislav 
                           - jointly with -
... - ...                  Svevlad 
                           - jointly with -
... - ...                  Legec
9.. - 9..                  Silvester
9.. - 9..                  Tugomir
9.. - 971                  Hvalimir II 
971 - 996                  Petrislav II 
996 -  4 Jun 1016          Jovan Vladimir II                  (d. 1016) 
 4 Jun 1016 - 23 Apr 1034  Dragomir I                         (d. 1040) 
23 Apr 1034 - Aug 1036     Stefan Vojislav (1st time)         (d. 1052)
                             (Dobroslav I)
Aug 1036 - Dec 1037        Byzantine rule
Dec 1037 - 1052            Stefan Vojislav (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1052 - 1077                Stefan Mihajlo                     (b. 1042 - d. 1081)
1052 - 1054                Neda (f) -Regent
Kings 
1077 - 1081                Stefan Mihajlo I                   (s.a.)
1081 - 1091                Konstantin Bodin                   (d. 1101)
1091 - 1101                Byzantine rule
1101 - 1102                Mihajlo II
                           - jointly with -
1101 - 1102                Dobroslav II
1102                       Dobroslav III
1102 - 1103                Kocapar 
1103 - 1113                Vladimir II                        (d. 1114) 
1113 - 1118                Djordje (1st time)                 (d. 1135)
1118 - 1125                Grubesa                            (d. 1125) 
1125 - 1127                Djordje (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
1127 - 1146                Gradinja                           (d. 1146) 
1146 - 1162                Radoslav                           (d. 1162) 
1162 - Jan 1186            Mihajlo III                        (d. 1186)
Kings (as Serbian Viceroys of Zeta)
Jan 1186 - 1190            Stefan Nemanja                     (b. 1113 - d. 1199) 
1190 - May 1208            Stefan Vukan Nemanjic              (d. 1208)
May 1208 - 1248            Djordje Nemanjic                   (d. 1248) 
1248 - 1276                Stefan Nemanjic
1276 - 1309                Jelena of Anjou -Queen             (d. 1314)
1309 - 1314                Stefan Uros III Decani             (b. 1274 - d. 1331)
1314 - 1322                Stefan Konstantin                  (d. 1322)
1322 - 1331                Stefan Uros IV Dusan "the Mighty"  (b. 1308 - d. 1355) 
Princes
1356 - 1362                Balsa I Balsic                     (d. 1362)
1362 - 1372                Stracimir                          (d. 1372/73) 
                           - jointly with the following -
1362 - 13 Jan 1378         Djuradj I                          (d. 1379) 
1362 - 18 Sep 1385         Balsa II                           (d. 1385)
30 Sep 1385 - 1417         Rudjina -Princess                  (d. 1422)
                           - jointly with the following -
30 Sep 1385 - Mar 1391     Komnina Ksenija -Princess
                           - jointly with the following -
Mar 1391 - 1414            Mrksa Zarkovic                     (d. 1414)
                           - jointly with the following -
30 Sep 1385 - Apr 1403     Djuradj II Stracimirovic Balsic    (d. 1403) 
Apr 1403 - 10 May 1421     Balsa III                          (b. 1387 - d. 1421) 
Apr 1403 - 1405            Jelena-Jela Lazarevic-             (b. 1366 - d. 1443)
                             Balsic (f) -Regent
Serbian governors
28 Apr 1421 - 1427         Despot Stefan Lazarevic            (b. 1374 - d. 1427)
1427 - 1435                Despot Djuradj Brankovic           (b. 1375 - d. 1456)
Grand Voivodes
1426 - Jan 1465            Stefan I Crnojevic                 (d. 1465)
Jan 1465 - 1479            Ivan-beg I Crnojevic (1st time)    (d. 1490)
1479 - 1481                Ottoman rule
1481 - Jul 1490            Ivan-beg I Crnojevic (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Jul 1490 - Nov 1496        Djuradj IV Crnojevic               (d. 1504) 
Nov 1496 - 1498            Ottoman rule 
1496 - 1499                Stefan II Crnojevic                (d. 1499) 
1499 - 1515                Ivan II
1515 - 1516                Djuradj V 
Sanjak Bey
1513 - 1528                Stanisa (Skender-beg) Crnojevic    (d. 1531) 
Bishops (Vladikas) and Governors¹
1516 - 1520                Vavila (vladika from 1493)
1520 - 1530                German II
1530 - 1532                Pavle 
1532 - 1540                Vasilije I
1540                       Nikodim 
1540 - 1559                Romil
1560 - 1561                Makarije
1561 - 1569                Ruvim I 
1569 - 1579                Pahomije II Komanin 
1575 - 1582                Gerasim 
1582 - 1591                Venijamin 
1591 - 1593                Nikanor
                           - jointly with -
1591 - 1593                Stefan 
1593 - 1636                Ruvim II Boljevic-Njegos
1639 - 1639                Vacant
1639 - 1649                Mardarije I Kornecanin 
1649 - 1659                Visarion II
1659 - 1673                Mardarije II Kornecanin 
1673 - 1685                Ruvim III Boljevic                 (d. 1685)
1685                       Vasilije II Velikrasic 
1685 - 1692                Visarion II Banjica
1692 - 1694                Vacant
1694 - Jul 1696            Sava I Kaludjerovic 
Jul 1696 - 22 Jan 1735     Danilo I Petrovic-Njegos           (b. 1675 - d. 1735)
22 Jan 1735 -  9 Mar 1781  Sava II Petrovic-Njegos            (b. 1700 - d. 1781)
                           - jointly with following -
1750 - 21 Mar 1766         Vasilije Petrovic-Njegos           (b. 1709 - d. 1766)
Oct 1767 -  9 Oct 1773     Scepan "Mali" ("the Short")        (b. c.1734 - d. 1773) 
                             (false Russian Emperor Peter III; titled 
                             Tsar and given civil authority by Sava II)
 9 Mar 1781 - Mar 1782     Arsenije II Plamenac -Regent       (b c.1700 - d. 1784)
Mar 1782 - 30 Oct 1830     Petar I Petrovic-Njegos            (b. 1747 - d. 1830)
30 Oct 1830 - 31 Oct 1851  Petar II Petrovic-Njegos           (b. 1813 - d. 1851)
 1 Nov 1851 - 13 Jan 1852  Pero Petrovic-Njegos               (b. 1811 - d. 1854)
                             (regent; assumes style, but not position, of Prince)
13 Jan 1852 - 13 Mar 1852  Danilo II Petrovic-Njegos          (b. 1826 - d. 1860)
Princes¹
13 Mar 1852 - 13 Aug 1860  Danilo I Petrovic-Njegos           (s.a.)
13 Aug 1860 - 28 Aug 1910  Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos           (b. 1841 - d. 1921)
King¹
28 Aug 1910 - 26 Nov 1918  Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos           (s.a.)
                             (from 17 Jan 1917, in France exile)
Austro-Hungarian Military Governors-general
17 Jan 1916 - 26 Feb 1916  Herman Freiherr Kövess             (b. 1854 - d. 1924)
                             von Kövessháza (1st time)
26 Feb 1916 - 10 Jul 1917  Viktor Weber Edler von Webenau     (b. 1861 - d. 1932)
10 Jul 1917 - Oct 1918     Heinrich Graf von Clam-Martinic    (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
Oct 1918                   Herman Freiherr Kövess             (s.a.)
                             von Kövessháza (2nd time)
President of the Assembly
26 Nov 1918 - 23 Apr 1919  Savo Cerovic
Bans of Zeta
 9 Oct 1929 - 1931         Krsto Smiljanic                    (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
1931 - 1932                Uros Krulj                         (b. 1875 - d. 1961)
1932 - 1934                Aleksa Stanisic                    (b. 1877 - d. 19..)
1934 - 1936                Mujo Socica                        (d. 1942)
1936 - 1939                Petar Ivanisevic                   (b. 1878 - d. 1961)
1939 - 1941                Bozidar Krstic 
1941 - 17 Apr 1941         Blazo Djukanovic                   (b. 1883 - d. 1943) 
Italian Commandant of Montenegro and the Cattaro district
17 Apr 1941 - 29 Apr 1941  Principe Alessandro Pirzio Biroli  (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
Civil Commissioner
29 Apr 1941 - 22 May 1941  Conte Serafino Mazzolini           (b. 1890 - d. 1945)
High commissioner (to 12 Jul 1941, also styled Regent)
22 May 1941 - 23 Jul 1941  Conte Serafino Mazzolini           (s.a.)
President of the Assembly
12 Jul 1941 - 13 Jul 1941  Mihailo Ivanovic
Governors
23 Jul 1941 - 13 Jul 1943  Principe Alessandro Pirzio Biroli  (s.a.)
13 Jul 1943 - 10 Sep 1943  Conte Curio Barbasetti di Prun     (b. 1885 - d. 1962)
German plenipotentiary generals
10 Sep 1943 - 31 May 1944  Theodor Geib                       (b. 1885 - d. 1944)
 1 Jun 1944 - 15 Dec 1944  Wilhelm Keiper                     (b. 1893 - d. 1957)
Presidents
23 Dec 1990 - 15 Jan 1998  Momir Bulatovic                    (b. 1956)            DPSC
15 Jan 1998 - 25 Nov 2002  Milo Djukanovic                    (b. 1962)            DPSC
25 Nov 2002 - 19 May 2003  Filip Vujanovic (1st time)         (b. 1954)            DPSC
                             (acting)
19 May 2003 - 22 May 2003  Rifat Rastoder                     (b. 1950)            SDP
                           + Dragan Kujovic                   (b. 1948)            DPSC
                           (acting)
22 May 2003 -              Filip Vujanovic (2nd time)         (s.a.)               DPSC
 
Governors (for the Vladika)
.... - ....                Dijkan Vukotic
.... - ....                Stano Radonjic
c.1711                     Vukota Vukotic (or Vukota Ozrinic,
                             some sources Vukajle Vukotic)
17.. - 17..                Stefan Kovacevic
1739 - 1742                Vukadin Vukotic
1755 - 1758                Stanislav Radonjic
1758 - 1762                Vukajlo Radonjic
1762 - 1764                Vukotic
1764 - 1802                Jovan Radonjic 
1803 - 17 Nov 1831         Vukolaj "Vuk" Radonjic
17 Nov 1831 - 1832         Sima Milutinovic Sarajlija         (b. 1791 - d. 1847)
1832 - 20 Mar 1879         Post abolished
Prime ministers
20 Mar 1879 - 19 Dec 1905  Bozo Petrovic-Njegos               (b. 1846 - d. 1929)  Non-party
19 Dec 1905 - 24 Nov 1906  Lazar Mijuskovic (1st time)        (b. 1867 - d. 1936)  PNS
24 Nov 1906 -  1 Feb 1907  Marko Radulovic                    (b. 1866 - d.af.1935)RP?
 1 Feb 1907 - 17 Apr 1907  Andrija Radovic (1st time)         (b. 1872 - d. 1947)  NS
17 Apr 1907 - 19 Jun 1912  Lazar Tomanovic                    (b. 1845 - d. 1932)
19 Jun 1912 -  8 May 1913  Mitar Martinovic                   (b. 1870 - d. 1954)  Mil
 8 May 1913 - 16 Jul 1915  Janko Vukotic                      (b. 1866 - d. 1927)  Mil
17 Aug 1914 - 16 Jul 1915  Risto Popovic (acting for Vukotic)
16 Jul 1915 -  2 Jan 1916  Milo Matanovic (1st time)          (b. 1879 - d. 1955)  Mil
 2 Jan 1916 - 12 May 1916  Lazar Mijuskovic (2nd time)        (s.a.)               PNS
                             (from Mar 1916 in Bordeaux, France exile)
12 May 1916 - 17 Jan 1917  Andrija Radovic (2nd time)         (s.a.)               NS
                             (in Bordeaux exile to Oct 1916;
                             from Oct 1916 in Neuilly-sur-Seine)
17 Jan 1917 - 11 Jun 1917  Milo Matanovic (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Mil
                             (in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France exile)
11 Jun 1917 - 26 Nov 1918  Evgenije Popovic                   (b. 1842 - d. 1931?) Non-party
                             (in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France exile)
President of the Executive National Council
26 Nov 1918 - 23 Apr 1919  Stevo Vukotic
Chairman of the Advisory Council 
28 Apr 1941 - 12 Jul 1941  Jovo Popovic
Prime minister
12 Jul 1941 - 13 Jul 1941  Sekula Drljevic                    (b. 1884 - d. 1945)  MPFM
Presidents of the National Committee
1941 - 19 Oct 1943         Blazo Djukanovic                   (s.a.)               NM
19 Oct 1943 - Apr 1945     Ljubo Vukcevic
Prime ministers 
15 Feb 1991 -  5 Feb 1998  Milo Djukanovic (1st time)         (s.a.)               DPSC 
 5 Feb 1998 -  8 Jan 2003  Filip Vujanovic                    (s.a.)               DPSC 
 5 Nov 2002 -  8 Jan 2003  Dragan Djurovic                    (b. 1959)            DPSC
                             (acting for Vujanovic)
 8 Jan 2003 - 10 Nov 2006  Milo Djukanovic (2nd time)         (s.a.)               DPSC/DLECG
10 Nov 2006 - 29 Feb 2008  Zeljko Sturanovic                  (b. 1960)            DPSC/DLECG
29 Feb 2008 -              Milo Djukanovic (3rd time)         (s.a.)               DPSC/DLECG
 
Kingdom of Montenegro in Exile
 

[Montenegro state flag 1910-1918]

Kings¹
26 Nov 1918 -  1 Mar 1921  Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos         (s.a.)
                            (in France exile 25 Jan 1916 - 1 Mar 1921
                             [to Mar 1916 in Lyon; Mar - Oct 1916
                             in Bordeaux; Oct 1916 - 1920 in
                             Neuilly-sur-Seine; from 1920 in Antibes])
 1 Mar 1921 -  7 Mar 1921  Danilo I Petrovic-Njegos         (b. 1871 - d. 1939)
                            (in San Remo, Italy exile)
 7 Mar 1921 - 14 Sep 1929  Mihajlo I Petrovic-Njegos        (b. 1908 - d. 1986)
                            (in San Remo, Italy exile)
 7 Mar 1921 - 16 Mar 1923  Queen Milena Vukotic (f) -Regent (b. 1847 - d. 1923)
                            (in San Remo, Italy exile)
                           - jointly with -
 7 Mar 1921 - 14 Nov 1929  Anto Gvozdenovic -Regent         (b. 1853 - d. 1935)  Mil 
 

Prime ministers 
26 Nov 1918 - 17 Feb 1919  Evgenije Popovic                 (s.a.)
                             (in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France exile)
Dec 1918 - 17 Feb 1919     Pero Soc (acting for Popovic)    (b. 1884 - d. 1966)
17 Feb 1919 - 28 Jun 1921  Jovan S. Plamenac (1st time)     (b. 1873 - d. 1944)
                             (in San Remo, Italy exile)
28 Jun 1921 - 13 Jul 1922  Milutin Vucinic                  (b. 1869 - d. 1922)
                             (in San Remo, Italy exile)
Sep 1922 - 1922            Jovan S. Plamenac (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1922                       Milo Vujovic (acting)            (b. 1881 - d. 19..)
23 Oct 1923 - 14 Sep 1929  Anto Gvozdenovic                 (s.a.)

 ¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) before 13 Mar 1852 (New Style): Vladika i upravitelj Crne Gore i Brde ("Vladika [bishop] and Ruler of Montenegro and Brda");
(b) 13 Mar 1852 - 28 Aug 1910 (New Style): Po Bozjoj milosti knjaz i gospodar Crne Gore i Brde
("By the grace of God Prince and Sovereign of Montenegro and Brda");
(c) from 28 Aug 1910 (New Style): Po Bozjoj milosti kralj i gospodar Crne Gore ("By the grace of God, King and Sovereign of Montenegro").

Territorial Disputes: None

Party abbreviations: DLECG = Demokratska Lista za Evropsku Crnu Goru (Democratic List for European Montengro, pro-European Union, center-left coalition, DPS and SDP, est.2002);
DPSC = Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crna Gore (Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, est.22 Jun 1991 from SKCG); LSCG = Liberalnu Savez Crne Gore (Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, est.26 Jan 1990); NSCG = Narodna Stranka Crne Gore (People's Party of Montenegro); 
SDP = Socijaldemokratija Partija (Social Democratic Party); SNPCG = Socijalisticka Narodna Partija Crne Gore (Socialist People's Party of Montenegro, pro-Serbia, est.21 Mar 1998 by M. Bultovic, authoritarian); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: KPCG = Komunisticka Partija Crne Gore (Communist Party of Montenegro, 1952 renamed SKCG); MPFM = Montenegrin Peasant's Federal Movement; NM = National Movement (Montenegrin separatist); NSCG-Bozidar Bojovic = Narodna Stranka Crne-Gore (People's Party of Montenegro, Bozidar Bojovic personalist); PNS = Prava Narodna Stranka (True People's Party);
RP = Radical Party; SKCG = Savez Komunista Crne Gore (League of Communists of Montenegro, to 1952 KPCG)

Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor) (Cattaro)

 
1391 - 1420                Kotor an independent city state.
1420                       Part of Venetian Republic (Cattaro)
                             (see Dalmatia under Croatia).
1483 - 1687                Part of Ottoman Empire.
1538 - 1539                Venetian occupation.
1687                       Venetian possessions in present-day Montenegro (Gulf 
                             of Boka Kotorska and coastal Montenegro) organized
                             into one administrative unit: Albania Veneta,
                             subordinated to Dalmatia.
 4 Oct 1797                Occupied by Austria.
24 Aug 1798                Part of Austria.
26 Dec 1805                Ceded to France by Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg.
28 Feb 1806 - 12 Aug 1807  Russian occupation.
 7 Jul 1807                Ceded to France by Russia by the Treaty of Tilsit.
12 Aug 1807                French rule; part of Dalmatia; from 14 Oct 1809 annexed
                             to France as part of the Illyrian provinces
                             (see under Croatia).
11 Sep 1813 - 10 Jun 1814  Rule by a central commission, based in Dobrota under the
                             Prince of Montenegro.
10 Jun 1814                Restored to Austria; part of Austrian crownland of Dalmatia
                             (see under Croatia).
 1 Dec 1918                Part of Yugoslavia (part of Croatia).
 3 May 1941 - 10 Sep 1943  Annexed by Italy (as province of Cattaro within Dalmatia).
 2 Dec 1945                Re-incorporated into Yugoslavia (part of Montenegro).

Governors
1687 - 1688                ....
1688 - 1692                Jovan Antonije Bolica              (b. 1666 - d. 1706)
1692 - 1797                ....
Commissioner
 4 Oct 1797 - 1801         Thomas Freiherr von Brady          (b. 1752 - d. 1827)
Civil governors
1801 - Aug 1802            Count Rosetti
Aug 1802 - Feb 1806?       Gian-Pietro Baroni-Cavalcabo       (b. 1773 - d. 1850?)
Military governors
1801 - Jul 1802            Gauss von Starnberg
Jul 1802 - 1804?           Nicoletti
Jun 1804 - Feb 1806        Thomas Freiherr von Brady          (b. 1752 - d. 1827)
Military Governor
28 Feb 1806 - 12 Aug 1807  Dimitry Nikolayevich Senyavin      (b. 1763 - d. 1831)
Civil Governor (imperial commissioner)
28 Feb 1806 - 12 Aug 1807  Stevan Andreyevich Sankovsky 
Subdelegate of Kotor
1810 - 1813?               Luigi Paulucci                     (b. 1774 - d. 1844)
President of the Central Commission
11 Sep 1813 - 10 Jun 1814  Petar I Petrovic-Njegos            (s.a.)
Prefects of the Province of Cattaro
Jun 1941 - Jun 1943        Francesco Scassellati Sforzolini   (b. 1901 - d. 1967)
Jun 1943 - Aug 1943        Mario Pigli                        (b. 1904)
 1 Sep 1943 - 14 Sep 1943  Umberto Sciorilli Borrelli         (b. 1892 - d. 1969) 


Socialist Republic of Montenegro

  [Flag of SR Montenegro 1946-1993]                
                      31 Dec 1946 - 27 Apr 1992
 
 2 Dec 1945                People's Republic of Montenegro
 7 Jul 1963                Socialist Republic of Montenegro

Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
(from 1952, League of Communists)
May 1943 - Jun 1963        Blazo Jovanovic                    (b. 1907 - d. 1976)
Jun 1963 - Dec 1968        Djordjije "Djoka" Pajkovic         (b. 1917 - d. 1980)
Dec 1968 - May 1977        Veselin Djuranovic                 (b. 1925 - d. 1997)
May 1977 -  1 Jul 1982     Vojo Srzentic                      (b. 1934)
 1 Jul 1982 - May 1984     Dobrosav-Toro Culafic              (b. 1926)
May 1984 - 30 Jul 1984     Vidoje Zarkovic                    (b. 1927 - d. 2000)
30 Jul 1984 - May 1986     Marko Orlandic                     (b. 1930)
May 1986 - 11 Jan 1989     Miljan Radovic                     (b. 1933)
11 Jan 1989 - 26 Apr 1989  Veselin Vukotic (acting)           (b. 1949)
26 Apr 1989 - 28 Apr 1989  Milica Pejanovic-Djurisic (f)      (b. 1959)
28 Apr 1989 - 1991         Momir Bulatovic                    (b. 1956)
 

President of the Anti-Fascist Council of People's Liberation of Montenegro and Boka
15 Nov 1943 - 13 Jul 1944  Nikola Miljanic                    (b. 1892 - d. 1957)  KPCG
President of the Montenegrin Anti-Fascist Assembly of People's Liberation
13 Jul 1944 - 21 Nov 1946  Nikola Miljanic                    (s.a.)               KPCG
President of the Presidium of the Constitutional Assembly
21 Nov 1946 -  1 Jan 1947  Milos Rasovic                                           KPCG
Presidents of the Presidium of the People's Assembly
 1 Jan 1947 -  6 Nov 1950  Milos Rasovic                                           KPCG 
 6 Nov 1950 -  4 Feb 1953  Nikola Kovacevic                   (b. 1890 - d. 1964)  KPCG;
Presidents of the People's Assembly                                                1952 SKCG
 4 Feb 1950 - 15 Dec 1953  Nikola Kovacevic                   (s.a.)               SKCG
15 Dec 1953 - 12 Jul 1962  Blazo Jovanovic                    (s.a.)               SKCG
12 Jul 1962 -  5 May 1963  Filip Bajkovic                     (b. 1910 - d. 1985)  SKCG
 5 May 1963 -  5 May 1967  Andrija Mugosa                     (b. 1912 - d. 2006)  SKCG
 5 May 1967 -  6 Oct 1969  Veljko Milatovic                   (b. 1921 - d. 2004)  SKCG
 6 Oct 1969 - Apr 1974     Vidoje Zarkovic                    (s.a.)               SKCG
Apr 1974 -  5 Apr 1974     Budislav Soskic                    (b. 1925 - d. 1979)  SKCG
Presidents of the Presidency
 5 Apr 1974 -  7 May 1982  Veljko Milatovic                   (s.a.)               SKCG
 7 May 1982 -  7 May 1983  Veselin Djuranovic                 (s.a.)               SKCG
 7 May 1983 -  7 May 1984  Marko Orlandic                     (s.a.)               SKCG
 7 May 1984 -  7 May 1985  Miodrag Vlahovic                                        SKCG
 6 May 1985 -  6 May 1986  Branislav Soskic                   (b. 1922)            SKCG
 6 May 1986 -  6 May 1988  Radivoje Brajovic                  (b. 1935)            SKCG
 6 May 1988 - 13 Jan 1989  Bozina Ivanovic                    (b. 1931 - d. 2002)  SKCG
13 Jan 1989 - 17 Mar 1989  Slobodan Simovic (acting)                               SKCG
17 Mar 1989 - 23 Dec 1990  Branko Kostic                      (b. 1939)         SKCG;1990 DPSC
President
23 Dec 1990 - 15 Jan 1998  Momir Bulatovic                    (s.a.)               DPSC


Minister for Montenegro (part of Yugoslav government)
 7 Mar 1945 - 1945         Milovan Djilas                     (b. 1911 - d. 1993)  KPCG
Prime minister
17 Apr 1945 -  4 Feb 1953  Blazo Jovanovic                    (s.a.)           KPCG;1952 SKKCG
Chairmen of the Executive Council
 4 Feb 1953 - 16 Dec 1953  Blazo Jovanovic                    (s.a.)               SKCG 
16 Dec 1953 - 12 Jul 1962  Filip Bajkovic                     (s.a.)               SKCG 
12 Jul 1962 - 25 Jun 1963  Djordjije "Djoka" Pajkovic         (s.a.)               SKCG 
25 Jun 1963 -  8 Dec 1966  Veselin Djuranovic                 (s.a.)               SKCG 
 8 Dec 1966 -  5 May 1967  Mijusko Sibalic                    (b. 1915 - d. 1995)  SKCG 
 5 May 1967 -  7 Oct 1969  Vidoje Zarkovic                    (s.a.)               SKCG 
 7 Oct 1969 -  6 May 1974  Zarko Bulajic                      (b. 1922 - d. 2009)  SKCG
 6 May 1974 - 28 Apr 1978  Marko Orlandic                     (s.a.)               SKCG
28 Apr 1978 -  7 May 1982  Momcilo Cerovic                    (b. 1928 - d. 2001)  SKCG
 7 May 1982 -  6 Jun 1986  Radivoje Brajovic                  (s.a.)               SKCG 
 6 Jun 1986 - 29 Mar 1989  Vuko Vukadinovic                   (b. 1937)            SKCG 
29 Mar 1989 - 15 Feb 1991  Radoje Kontic                      (b. 1937)            SKCG 

Party abbreviations: DPSC = Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crna Gore (Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, est.22 Jun 1991 from SKCG); KPCG = Komunisticka Partija Crne Gore (Communist Party of Montenegro, 1952 renamed SKCG); SKCG = Savez Komunista Crne Gore (League of Communists of Montenegro, to 1952 KPCG)





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