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The Netherlands
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![[Dutch flag c.1572-c.1660 Princeflag]](nl-princ.gif)
![[Flag of the Batavian Republic]](nl-batr.gif)
![[French Flag]](fr.gif)
Stadholders (from 22 Nov 1747, General Hereditary Stadholder)
22 Nov 1747¹- 1 Jan 1751 Willem IV Karel Hendrik
Friso (b. 1711 - d. 1751)
1 Jan 1751 - 16 Feb 1795 Willem V Batavus
(b. 1748 - d. 1806)
(in exile from 17 Jan 1795; rule interrupted
in parts of the Netherlands 1785-1787)
22 Oct 1751 - 12 Jan 1759 Anna von Braunschweig-
(b. 1709 - d. 1759)
Lüneburg -Regent
12 Jan 1759 - 9 Apr 1765 Marie Luise von Hessen-
(b. 1688 - d. 1765)
Kassel -Regent
9 Apr 1765 - 8 Mar 1766 Carolina von Nassau-Diez
-Regent (b. 1743 - d. 1787)
Presidents of the Revolutionary Committee
17 Jan 1795 - 1795
Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, heer (b. 1761 - d. 1825)
van Nyenhuis, Peckedam en Gellicum
1795
Wybo Fijnje
(b. 1750 - d. 1809)
1795 - 6 Feb 1795
Pieter Paulus
(b. 1754 - d. 1796)
Presidents of the General Estates
6 Feb 1795 - 30 Mar 1795 ....
30 Mar 1795 - 6 Apr 1795 Johannes Lambertus Huber (1st
time)(b. 1750 - d. 1826)
5 May 1795 - May 1795 Pieter Paulus
(1st time)
(s.a.)
19 May 1795 - 2 Jun 1795 Jacob George Hieronymus Hahn
(b. 1761 - d. 1822)
6 Jul 1795 - 1795
Willem Aernout de Beveren
(b. 1749 - d. 1820)
Sep 1795 - 1795
Pieter Paulus (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1795 - 25 Nov 1795
Gerrit David Jordens
(b. 1734 - d. 1803)
1795 - Dec 1795
Pieter Pijpers
(b. 1749 - d. 1805)
Dec 1795 - 179.
Johannes Lambertus Huber (2nd time)(s.a.)
Presidents of the National Assembly (often styled National
Convention in imitation
of French parallel)
1 Mar 1796 - 17 Mar 1796 Pieter Paulus
(s.a.)
17 Mar 1796 - 2 Apr 1796 Pieter Leonard van de Kasteele
(b. 1748 - d. 1810)
(acting for Paulus from Mar 1796)
(1st time)
2 Apr 1796 - 18 Apr 1796 Albert Johan de Sitter
(b. 1748 - d. 1814)
18 Apr 1796 - 2 May 1796 Jan Bernd Bicker (1st time)
(b. 1746 - d. 1812)
2 May 1796 - 17 May 1796 Daniël Cornelis de Leeuw
(b. 1747 - d. 1834)
17 May 1796 - 30 May 1796 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, heer
(s.a.)
van Nyenhuis, Peckedam en Gellicum
(1st time)
30 May 1796 - 13 Jun 1796 Joan Arend de Vos van Steenwijk,
(b. 1746 - d. 1813)
heer van Nijerwal, Oldenhof,
Welland en Serooskerke
13 Jun 1796 - 27 Jun 1796 Jacob George Hieronymus Hahn
(s.a.)
27 Jun 1796 - 11 Jul 1796 Paulus Hartog
(b. 1735 - d. 1805)
11 Jul 1796 - 25 Jul 1796 Willem Aernout de Beveren
(s.a.)
25 Jul 1796 - 8 Aug 1796 Ludovicus Timon de Kempenaer
(b. 1752 - d. 1812)
8 Aug 1796 - 22 Aug 1796 Jan Pieter van Wickevoort
(b. 1763 - d. 1837)
Crommelin
22 Aug 1796 - 5 Sep 1796 Paulus Emmanuel Anthony de
la (b. 1760 - d. 1848)
Court
5 Sep 1796 - 19 Sep 1796 Jacob Jan Cambier
(b. 1756 - d. 1831)
19 Sep 1796 - 3 Oct 1796 Jacobus Kantelaar
(b. 1759 - d. 1821)
3 Oct 1796 - 17 Oct 1796 Tammo Adriaan ten Berge
(b. 1756 - d. 1830)
17 Oct 1796 - 31 Oct 1796 Bernardus Blok
(b. 1756 - d. 1818)
31 Oct 1796 - 14 Nov 1796 Gerrit David Jordens
(s.a.)
14 Nov 1796 - 28 Nov 1796 Abraham Gijsbertus Verster
(b. 1751 - d. 1841)
28 Nov 1796 - 12 Dec 1796 Ijsbrand van Hamelsveld
(b. 1743 - d. 1812)
12 Dec 1796 - 27 Dec 1796 Cornelis van Lennep
(b. 1751 - d. 1813)
27 Dec 1796 - 9 Jan 1797 Jan Hendrik Stoffenberg
(b. 1749 - d. 1838)
9 Jan 1797 - 23 Jan 1797 Lambert Engelbert van Eck
(b. 1754 - d. 1803)
23 Jan 1797 - 6 Feb 1797 Willem Queysen
(b. 1754 - d. 1817)
6 Feb 1797 - 20 Feb 1797 Carel de Vos van Steenwijk,
heer (b. 1759 - d. 1830)
van Dikninge en de Hogenhof
20 Feb 1797 - 6 Mar 1797 Hendrik van Castrop
(b. 1736 - d. 1806)
6 Mar 1797 - 20 Mar 1797 Meinardus Siderius
(b. 1754 - d. 1829)
20 Mar 1797 - 3 Apr 1797 Cornelis Wilhelmus de Rhoer
(b. 1751 - d. 1821)
3 Apr 1797 - 18 Apr 1797 Jan Couperus
(b. 1755 - d. 1833)
18 Apr 1797 - 1 May 1797 Jacob Abraham de Mist
(b. 1749 - d. 1823)
1 May 1797 - 15 May 1797 Jan Bernd Bicker (2nd time)
(s.a.)
15 May 1797 - 29 May 1797 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, heer
(s.a.)
van Nyenhuis, Peckedam en Gellicum
(2nd time)
29 May 1797 - 12 Jun 1797 Gerard Willem van Marle
(b. 1752 - d. 1799)
12 Jun 1797 - 26 Jun 1797 Herman Hendrik Vitringa
(b. 1757 - d. 1801)
26 Jun 1797 - 10 Jul 1797 Johan Herman de Lange
10 Jul 1797 - 24 Jul 1797 Ambrosius Justus Zubli
(b. 1751 - d. 1820)
24 Jul 1797 - 7 Aug 1797 Willem Hendrik Teding van
Berkhout (b. 1745 - d. 1809)
7 Aug 1797 - 21 Aug 1797 Scato Trip
(b. 1742 - d. 1822)
21 Aug 1797 - 1 Sep 1797 Pieter Leonard van de Kasteele
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1 Sep 1797 - 18 Sep 1797 Jan David Pasteur
(b. 1753 - d. 1804)
18 Sep 1797 - 2 Oct 1797 Adrianus Ploos van Amstel
(b. 1749 - d. 1816)
2 Oct 1797 - 16 Oct 1797 Joachim Nuhout van der Veen
(b. 1756 - d. 1833)
16 Oct 1797 - 30 Oct 1797 Hugo Gevers
(b. 1765 - d. 1852)
30 Oct 1797 - 13 Nov 1797 Jacob van Manen
(b. 1752 - d. 1822)
13 Nov 1797 - 27 Nov 1797 Pieter Vreede
(b. 1750 - d. 1837)
27 Nov 1797 - 11 Dec 1797 Stefanus Jacobus van Langen
(b. 1758 - d. 1847)
11 Dec 1797 - 27 Dec 1797 Jacobus Blaauw
(b. 1756 - d. 1829)
27 Dec 1797 - 8 Jan 1798 Joan Bernard Auffmorth
(b. 1744 - d. 1831)
8 Jan 1798 - 22 Jan 1798 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus
van (b. 1755 - d. 1816)
Hooff
22 Jan 1798 - 25 Jan 1798 Johannes Henricus Midderigh
(b. 1753 - d. 1800)
(President of the Constituent Assembly)
Chairmen of the Uitvoerend bewind (literally:
Executive Authority; usually translated
as Executive Directory, in imitation of French parallel) (provisional
to 20 May 1798)
25 Jan 1798 - 24 Feb 1798 Pieter Vreede
(s.a.)
25 Feb 1798 - 24 Mar 1798 Wijbo Fijnje
(s.a.)
25 Mar 1798 - 24 Apr 1798 Stefanus Jacobus van Langen
(s.a.)
25 Apr 1798 - 24 May 1798 Berend Wildrik
(b. 1754 - d. 1831)
25 May 1798 - 12 Jun 1798 Johan Pieter Fokker
(b. 1755 - d. 1831)
12 Jun 1798 - 17 Aug 1798 Intermediair Bestuur
(Interim Government);
from 14 Jun 1798, Intermediair uitvoerend bewind
(Interim Executive Authority)
- Jacob Spoors
(signed as Chairman 14 Jun 1798, 19 Jul 1798)
- Gerrit Jan Pijman
(b. 1750 - d. 1839)
(signed as Chairman 25 Jun 1798)
- Isaäk Jan Alexander Gogel
(b. 1765 - d. 1821)
(signed as Chairman 3 Jul 1798, 2 Aug 1798)
- Reinier Willem Tadama
(b. 1771 - d. 1812)
(signed as Chairman 4 Jul 1798, 12 Aug 1798)
- Abraham Jacques La Pierre
(signed as Chairman 12 Jul 1798)
17 Aug 1798 - 16 Sep 1798 Albert Willem Hoeth (1st time)
(b. 1758 - d. 1827)
17 Sep 1798 - 16 Oct 1798 Johannes Willem van Hasselt
(1st time)
(b. 1752 - d. 1833)
17 Oct 1798 - 16 Nov 1798 François Ermerins (1st time)
(b. 1753 - d. 1840)
17 Nov 1798 - 16 Dec 1798 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
(1st time)
(b. 1756 - d. 1830)
17 Dec 1798 - 16 Jan 1799 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus
van Hooff (1st time)
(s.a.)
17 Jan 1799 - 16 Feb 1799 Albert Willem Hoeth (2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 Feb 1799 - 16 Mar 1799 Johannes Willem van Hasselt
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 Mar 1799 - 16 Apr 1799 François Ermerins (2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 Apr 1799 - 16 May 1799 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 May 1799 - 16 Jun 1799 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus
van Hooff (2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 Jun 1799 - 16 Jul 1799 Albert Willem Hoeth (3rd time)
(s.a.)
17 Jul 1799 - 16 Aug 1799 Augustijn Gerhard Besier
(1st time)
(b. 1758 - d. 1829)
17 Aug 1799 - 16 Sep 1799 François Ermerins (3rd time)
(s.a.)
17 Sep 1799 - 16 Oct 1799 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
(3rd time)
(s.a.)
17 Oct 1799 - 16 Nov 1799 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus
van Hooff (3rd time)
(s.a.)
17 Nov 1799 - 16 Dec 1799 Albert Willem Hoeth (4th time)
(s.a.)
17 Dec 1799 - 16 Jan 1800 Augustijn Gerhard Besier
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 Jan 1800 - 16 Feb 1800 François Ermerins (4th time)
(s.a.)
17 Feb 1800 - 16 Mar 1800 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
(4th time)
(s.a.)
17 Mar 1800 - 16 Apr 1800 Joannes Franciscus Rudolphus
van Hooff (4th time)
(s.a.)
17 Apr 1800 - 16 May 1800 Albert Willem Hoeth (5th time)
(s.a.)
17 May 1800 - 16 Jun 1800 Augustijn Gerhard Besier
(3rd time)
(s.a.)
17 Jun 1800 - 16 Jul 1800 François Ermerins (5th time)
(s.a.)
17 Jul 1800 - 16 Aug 1800 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
(5th time)
(s.a.)
17 Aug 1800 - 16 Sep 1800 Jan Hendrik van Swinden (1st time)
(b. 1746 - d. 1823)
17 Sep 1800 - 16 Oct 1800 Albert Willem Hoeth (6th time)
(s.a.)
17 Oct 1800 - 16 Nov 1800 Augustijn Gerhard Besier
(4th time)
(s.a.)
17 Nov 1800 - 16 Dec 1800 François Ermerins (6th time)
(s.a.)
17 Dec 1800 - 16 Jan 1801 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
(6th time)
(s.a.)
17 Jan 1801 - 16 Feb 1801 Jan Hendrik van Swinden (2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 Feb 1801 - 16 Mar 1801 Albert Willem Hoeth (7th time)
(s.a.)
17 Mar 1801 - 16 Apr 1801 Augustijn Gerhard Besier
(5th time)
(s.a.)
17 Apr 1801 - 16 May 1801 François Ermerins (7th time)
(s.a.)
17 May 1801 - 16 Jun 1801 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
(7th time)
(s.a.)
17 Jun 1801 - 16 Jul 1801 Jan Hendrik van Swinden (3rd time)
(s.a.)
17 Jul 1801 - 16 Aug 1801 Gerrit Jan Pijman
(s.a.)
17 Aug 1801 - 16 Sep 1801 Augustijn Gerhard Besier
(6th time)
(s.a.)
17 Sep 1801 - 16 Oct 1801 François Ermerins (8th time)
(s.a.)
17 Oct 1801
Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
(8th time)
(s.a.)
Chairmen of the Staatsbewind (literally:
State Authority, usually translated
as State Council)
17 Oct 1801 - 31 Jan 1802 Willem Aernout de Beveren
(s.a.)
(1st time)
1 Feb 1802 - 30 Apr 1802 Egbert Sjuck Gerrold Juckema
(b. 1745 - d. 1806)
van Burmania Rengers
1 May 1802 - 31 Jul 1802 Samuel van Hoogstraten
(b. 1756 - d. 1830)
1 Aug 1802 - 31 Oct 1802 Gerrit Jan Pijman
(s.a.)
1 Nov 1802 - 31 Jan 1803 Johannes Baptista Verheyen
(b. 1746 - d. 1814)
1 Feb 1803 - 30 Apr 1803 Jacobus Spoors
(s.a.)
1 May 1803 - 31 Jul 1803 Campegius Hermannus Gockinga
(b. 1748 - d. 1823)
1 Aug 1803 - 31 Oct 1803 Daniël Cornelis de Leeuw
(s.a.)
1 Nov 1803 - 31 Jan 1804 Augustijn Gerhard Besier
(s.a.)
1 Feb 1804 - 30 Apr 1804 Anthony Frederik Robbert Evert
(s.a.)
van Haersolte, heer van Staverden
1 May 1804 - 31 Jul 1804 Gerard Brantsen
(b. 1734 - d. 1809)
1 Aug 1804 - 31 Oct 1804 Willem Queysen
(s.a.)
1 Nov 1804 - 31 Jan 1805 Willem Aernout de Beveren
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1 Feb 1805 - 29 Apr 1805 Jan Bernd Bicker
(s.a.)
Pensionaries of the Council (Raadpensionaris, usually
translated Grand Pensionaries)
29 Apr 1805 - 4 Jun 1806 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck,
heer (s.a.)
van Nyenhuis, Peckedam en Gellicum
4 Jun 1806 - 5 Jun 1806 Carel de Vos van Steenwijk,
heer (s.a.)
van Dikninge en de Hogenhof
(acting)
Kings²
5 Jun 1806 - 1 Jul 1810 Lodewijk I Napoleon
(b. 1778 - d. 1846)
(Louis Bonaparte)
1 Jul 1810 - 13 Jul 1810 Napoleon Lodewijk II
(b. 1804 - d. 1831)
(Louis Napoleon II Bonaparte)
Governors-general
9 Jul 1810 - 1812
Nicolas-Charles Oudinot,
(b. 1767 - d. 1847)
duc de Reggio
1812 - 21 Nov 1813
Charles-François Lebrun,
(b. 1739 - d. 1824)
duc de Plaisance
Sovereign Prince²
21 Nov 1813 - 2 Dec 1813 General Government in the
name of the
Prince of Orange (Oranje)-Nassau
- Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp (b. 1762
- d. 1834)
- Adam François Jules Armand van (b. 1771 - d.
1848)
der Duyn, heer van Maasdam
- Leopold Karel, graaf van
(b. 1758 - d. 1840)
Limburg Stirum
2 Dec 1813 - 16 Mar 1815 Willem VI Frederik
(b. 1772 - d. 1848)
(in exile since 1806)
Kings² (also Grand dukes of Luxembourg
1815-1890)
16 Mar 1815 - 7 Oct 1840 Willem I
(s.a.)
7 Oct 1840 - 17 Mar 1849 Willem II
(b. 1792 - d. 1849)
17 Mar 1849 - 23 Nov 1890 Willem III
(b. 1817 - d. 1890)
1889 - 23 Nov 1890
Gerlach Cornelis Johannes
(b. 1818 - d. 1893)
van Reenen -Regent
Queen²
23 Nov 1890 - 4 Sep 1948 Wilhelmina
(b. 1880 - d. 1962)
(13 May 1940 - 13 Mar 1945 in London exile)
8 Dec 1890 - 31 Aug 1898 Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont (f)-Regent
(b.
1858 - d. 1934)
13 May 1940 - 29 May 1940 Henri Gerard Winkelman
(b. 1876 - d. 1952) Mil
(Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy;
Supreme Authority in the Netherlands)
Military Governors
10 May 1940 - 20 May 1940 Fedor von Bock
(b. 1880 - d. 1945) Mil
20 May 1940 - 29 May 1940 Alexander von Falkenhausen
(b. 1878 - d. 1966) Mil
(military governor of Netherlands and Belgium)
Reichskommissar
29 May 1940 - 5 May 1945 Artur von Seyss-Inquart
(b. 1892 - d. 1946) NSDAP
Queens²
14 Oct 1947 - 1 Dec 1947 Juliana (f) -Regent
(1st time) (b. 1909 - d. 2004)
14 May 1948 - 30 Aug 1948 Juliana (f) -Regent (2nd
time) (s.a.)
4 Sep 1948 - 30 Apr 1980 Juliana
(s.a.)
30 Apr 1980 -
Beatrix
(b. 1938)
Pensionaries of the Council (Raadpensionaris, usually
translated Grand Pensionaries)
29 Apr 1805 - 4 Jun 1806 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck,
heer (s.a.)
van Nyenhuis, Peckedam en Gellicum
4 Jun 1806 - 5 Jun 1806 Carel de Vos van Steenwijk,
heer (s.a.)
van Dikninge en de Hogenhof
(acting)
Chief ministers
5 Jun 1806 - 1809
Willem Frederic Roëll, baron Roell (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
1809 - 13 Jul 1810
Cornelis Rudolphus Theodorus, (b. 1758 -
d. 1840)
baron Kraijenhoff
Secretaries of State
31 Dec 1813 - 19 Mar 1818 Anton Reinhard Falck
(b. 1777 - d. 1843) Con
21 Sep 1815 - 11 Oct 1815 Godert Alexander Gerard
(b. 1778 - d. 1848) Con
Philip van der Capellen
28 Dec 1823 - 12 Nov 1835 Jean Gijsberto de Mey van
(b. 1782 - d. 1841) Con
Streefkerk (from 16 Jun 1826,
Jean Gijsberto baron de Mey
van Streefkerk)
4 Nov 1835 - 22 Sep 1836 Gerrit graaf Schimmelpenninck
(b. 1794 - d. 1863) Con
1 Dec 1836 - 20 Oct 1840 Henri baron van Doorn van
(b. 1786 - d. 1853) Con
Westcapelle
1841 - 1844
Ministers
(in montly rotation)
- Willem Anne baron
(b. 1800 - d. 1872) Con
Schimmelpenninck van der Oye
- Jan Willem ridder Huyssen
(b. 1816 - d. 1866) Con
van Kattendijke
(to 6 Oct 1841)
- Felix van Maanen
(b. 1769 - d. 1846) Con
(to 1 Apr 1842)
- Floris Adriaan van Hall
(b. 1791 - d. 1866) Mod
(from 1 Apr 1842)
- Jan Jacob Rochussen
(b. 1797 - d. 1871) Con
- Jules Constantijn Rijk
(b. 1787 - d. 1854) Con
(from 1 Jan 1842)
- Jacques Jean Quarles van Ufford (b. 1788 - d. 1855)
Non-party
(acting for Rijk to 2 Jun 1842)
- Jean Chrétien Baud
(b. 1789 - d. 1859) Con
1844 - 25 Mar 1848
King Willem II
(s.a.)
Non-party
Prime ministers (until 19 Feb 1937, Formers of the cabinet)
25 Mar 1848 - 21 Nov 1848 Gerrit graaf Schmmelpenninck
(s.a.)
Con
(provisional)
21 Nov 1848 - 1 Nov 1849 Dirke Donker Curtius (1st
time) (b. 1792 - d. 1863) Con-Lib
+ Jacob Matthaeus de Kempenaer (b. 1793
- d. 1870) Con-Lib
1 Nov 1849 - 19 Apr 1853 Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (1st
time) (b. 1798 - d. 1872) Lib
19 Apr 1853 - 1 Jul 1856 Baron Floris Adriaan von Hall
(b. 1791 - d. 1866) Con-Lib
(1st time)
+ Dirke Donker Curtius (2nd time) (s.a.)
Con-Lib
1 Jun 1856 - 18 Mar 1858 Jastinus Jacob Leonard van
der (b. 1804 - d. 1863) Con-P
Bruggen
18 Mar 1858 - 23 Feb 1860 Jan Jacob Rochussen
(b. 1797 - d. 1871) Con-Lib
+ Pieter Philip van Bosse
(b. 1809 - d. 1879) Lib
(1st time)
23 Feb 1860 - 14 Mar 1861 Baron Floris Adriaan von Hall
(s.a.)
Con-Lib
(2nd time)
+ Baron Schelte Heemstra
(b. 1807 - d. 1864) Lib
14 Mar 1861 - 31 Jan 1862 Baron Jacob Pieter Pompejus
(b. 1816 - d. 1890) Con-Lib
van Zuylen van Nijevelt
+ James Loudon
(b. 1824 - d. 1900) Lib
1 Feb 1862 - 10 Feb 1866 Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Lib
10 Feb 1866 - 1 Jun 1866 Isaac Dignus Fransen van de
Putte (b. 1822 - d. 1802) Lib
1 Jun 1866 - 4 Jun 1868 Count Julius Philip Jacob
Adriaan (b. 1819 - d. 1894) ARP
graaf van Zuylen van Nijevelt
+ Jan Heemskerk Abrahamzoon
(b. 1818 - d. 1897) Con
(1st time)
4 Jun 1868 - 4 Jan 1871 Philip Peter van Bosse
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Lib
+ Cornelis Fock
(b. 1828 - d. 1910) Lib
4 Jan 1871 - 6 Jul 1872 Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
(3rd time) (s.a.)
Lib
6 Jul 1872 - 27 Aug 1874 Gerrit de Vries
(b. 1818 - d. 1900) Lib
+ Isaac Dignus Fransen van de Pute (b. 1822 - d. 1902) Lib
27 Aug 1874 - 3 Nov 1877 Jan Heemskerk Abrahamzoon
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time)
+ Count Constantijn Theodor van (b. 1826 - d.
1885) ARP
Lynden van Sandenburg (1st time)
3 Nov 1877 - 20 Aug 1879 Johannes Kappeyne van de Coppello
(b. 1822 - d. 1895) Lib
20 Aug 1879 - 22 Apr 1883 Count Constantijn Theodoor van
(s.a.)
Con-P
Lynden van Sandenburg (2nd time)
22 Apr 1883 - 20 Apr 1888 Jan Heemskerk Abrahamzoon
(s.a.)
Con
(3rd time)
20 Apr 1888 - 21 Aug 1891 Æneas baron Mackay
(b. 1838 - d. 1909) ARP
21 Aug 1891 - 8 May 1894 Gijsbert van Tienhoven
(b. 1841 - d. 1914) LU
8 May 1894 - 26 Jul 1897 Jonkheer Joan Roëll
(b. 1844 - d. 1914) Ofl
26 Jul 1897 - 31 Jul 1901 Nicolaas Gerard Pierson
(b. 1839 - d. 1909) LU
31 Jul 1901 - 16 Aug 1905 Abraham Kuyper
(b. 1837 - d. 1920) ARP
16 Aug 1905 - 11 Feb 1908³ Theodoor Herman de Meester
(b. 1851 - d. 1919) LU
11 Feb 1908 - 29 Aug 1913 Theodoorus "Theo" Heemskerk
(b. 1852 - d. 1932) ARP
29 Aug 1913 - 9 Sep 1918 Pieter Willem Adriaan Cort
van (b. 1846 - d. 1935) Lib
der Linden
9 Sep 1918 - 3 Aug 1925 Jonkheer Charles Joseph
Maria Ruys (b. 1873 - d. 1936) AB
de Beerenbrouck (1st time)
4 Aug 1925 - 8 Mar 1926 Hendrikus Colijn (1st
time) (b. 1869 - d. 1944)
ARP
8 Mar 1926 - 10 Aug 1929 Dirk Jan de Geer (1st time)
(b. 1870 - d. 1960) CHU
10 Aug 1929 - 26 May 1933 Jonkheer Charles Joseph Maria Ruys
(s.a.)
RKSP
de Beerenbrouck (2nd time)
26 May 1933 - 10 Aug 1939 Hendrikus Colijn (2nd time)
(s.a.)
ARP
10 Aug 1939 - 3 Sep 1940 Dirk Jan de Geer (2nd time)
(s.a.)
CHU
(from 13 May 1940 in London exile)
3 Sep 1940 - 24 Jun 1945 Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
(b. 1885 - d. 1961) ARP
(to 23 May 1945 in London exile)
Nov 1942 - 5 May 1945 Anton Adriaan
Mussert
(b. 1894 - d. 1946) NSB
(German authorized honorific
style Leider van het Nederlandse Volk
["Leader of the Netherlands People"])
24 Jun 1945 - 3 Jul 1946 Willem Schermerhorn
(b. 1894 - d. 1977)VDB;1946 PvdA
3 Jul 1946 - 7 Aug 1948 Louis J.M. Beel (1st
time) (b. 1902 - d. 1977)
KVP
7 Aug 1948 - 22 Dec 1958 Willem Drees
(b. 1886 - d. 1988) PvdA
22 Dec 1958 - 19 May 1959 Louis J.M. Beel (2nd time)
(s.a.)
KVP
19 May 1959 - 24 Jul 1963 Jan Eduard de Quay
(b. 1901 - d. 1985) KVP
24 Jul 1963 - 14 Apr 1965 Victor Marijnen
(b. 1917 - d. 1975) KVP
14 Apr 1965 - 22 Nov 1966 Joseph "Jo" Cals
(b. 1914 - d. 1971) KVP
22 Nov 1966 - 5 Apr 1967 Jelle Zijlstra
(b. 1918 - d. 2001) ARP
5 Apr 1967 - 6 Jul 1971 Petrus "Piet" de Jong
(b. 1915)
KVP
6 Jul 1971 - 11 May 1973 Barend Willem Biesheuvel
(b. 1920 - d. 2001) ARP
11 May 1973 - 19 Dec 1977 Johannes "Joop" den Uyl
(b. 1919 - d. 1987) PvdA
19 Dec 1977 - 4 Nov 1982 Andreas van Agt
(b. 1931) KVP;11Oct1980 CDA
4 Nov 1982 - 22 Aug 1994 Rudolphus "Ruud" Lubbers
(b. 1939)
CDA
22 Aug 1994 - 22 Jul 2002 Willem "Wim" Kok
(b. 1938)
PvdA
22 Jul 2002 -
Jan Peter Balkenende
(b. 1956)
CDA
French Envoys
5 Sep 1795 - Jul 1797 Noel
Jul 1797 - 1798
Charles Delacroix
(b. 1741 - d. 1805)
1798 - Jun 1798
Claude Roberjot
(b. 1752 - d. 1799)
Jun 1798 - 1798
Louis Champigny-Aubin (acting) (b. 1756 - d. 1847)
1798 - 1799
Vincent Lombard de Langres
(b. 1765 - d. 1830)
May 1799 - Jun 1799 Joseph
Fouché de Nantes
(b. 1763 - d. 1820)
Jun 1799 - 1799
Florent-Guyot
1799 - Dec 1799
Perrochel
30 Dec 1799 - Jan 1805 Charles-Louis Huguet,
marquis de
Sémonville
German and Allied Occupation 1940-1945
Military commanders
10 May 1940 - 16 May 1940 Fedor von Bock
(b. 1880 - d. 1945)
16 May 1940 - 29 May 1940 Alexander Freiherr von
(b. 1878 - d. 1966)
Falkenhausen
29 May 1940 - 5 May 1945 Friedrich Christiansen
(b. 1879 - d. 1972)
Chief of the General Staff, Military Authority for the Liberated
Areas
14 Sep 1944 - Feb 1946 Hendrik Johan Kruls
(Netherlands) (b. 1902 - d. 1975)
Note: Until 1944 the different resistance movements acted separately under the supervision of the Bureau Bijzondere Opdrachten (Bureau Special Missions) of the Netherlands government in exile. In 1944 they were united into the Nederlandse Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten (Netherlands Forces of the Interior).
Commander
3 Sep 1944 - 13 Sep 1945 Bernhard Leopold Frederik,
(b. 1911 - d. 2004)
Prins der Nederlanden
¹ Willem IV became stadholder as Willem II in Friesland 1 Sep 1711, in Groningen 1718; as Willem III in Gelderland 2 Nov 1722, in Drenthe May 1747; as Willem IV in Holland en Westfriesland, in Zeeland, and in Overijssel 10 May 1747, in Utrecht 18 May 1747.
² The full style of the rulers:
(a) 5 Jun 1806 - 13 Jul 1810: Koning van Holland {"King of Holland");
(b) 2 Dec 1813 - 16 Mar 1815: Bij de Gratie Gods, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Souverein Vorst der Verenigde Nederlanden, enz., enz., enz. ("by the Grace of God, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands, etc., etc., etc.");
(c) 16 Mar 1815 - 23 Nov 1890: Bij de Gratie Gods, Koning der Nederlanden, Prins van Oranje-Nassau, Groothertog van Luxemburg, enz., enz., enz. ("by the Grace of God, King of the The Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, etc, etc, etc.");
(d) from 23 Nov 1890: Bij de Gratie Gods,
Koning/Koningin der Nederlanden, Prins/Prinses van Oranje-Nassau, enz.,
enz., enz. ("by the Grace of God, King/Queen of The Netherlands, Prince/Princess
of Orange-Nassau, etc., etc., etc.")
³ 16 Aug 1905 - 11 Feb 1908 Edward Ellis van Raalte (b. 1841 - d. 1921) is sometimes listed as joint former of the cabinet.
Party Abbreviations: CDA = Christen Democratisch Appèl
(Christian-Democratic Appeal, christian-democratic, union of KVP, ARP,
and CHU, est. 11 Oct 1980); GL = Groen Links (Green Left, ecologist
and socialist, est.1990); LPF = Lijst Pim Fortuyn (List Pim Fortuyn,
conservative, anti-immigration, est.2002); PvdA = Partij van de
Arbeid (Labor Party, social-democratic, est. 9 Feb 1946 by the merger
of the Social Democratic Workers Party [SDAP est.1919], VDB, and the Christian
Democratic Union [CDU]); SP = Socialistische Partij (Socialist Party,
socialist); VVD = Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (People's
Party for Freedom and Democracy, conservative 'liberal'); Mil =
Military;
- Former parties: AB = General Federation
of Roman Catholic Voting Unions (later RKSP);
ARP
= Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Anti-Revolutionary Party,
1878-1980, confessionalist [protestant-christian], merged into CDA 1980);
CHU
=
Christelijk-Historische Unie (Christian Historical Union, 1908-1980 merged
into CDA 1980); Con = Conservatieven (Conservative);
Con-P = Conservative-Protestant; KVP = Katholieke
Volkspartij (Catholic People's Party, 1945-80, confessionalist [catholic],
merged into CDA 11 Oct 1980); Lib = Liberale (Liberal);
LU = Liberale Unie (Liberal Union, liberal, 1885-1921);
Mod
= Moderate;
NSB = Nationaal Socialistische Beweging (National Socialist
Movement, Dutch fascist party, pro-Nazi-German 1931-1945);
Ofl =
Old or Free Liberals;
PvdV = Partij van de Vrijheid (Freedom Party,
liberal, merged into VVD 1948);
RKSP = Rooms-Katholieke Staatspartij
(Roman Catholic States Party, confessionalist [catholic], 1926-45, from
1945 KVP); SDAP = Sociaal-Democratishe Arbeiderspartij (Social Democratic
Worker's Party, socialist, 1894-1946);
VDB = Radicale Partij/Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond (Radical
Party/Free Democratic League, liberal, 1901-9 Feb 1946);
NSDAP
=
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German
Worker's Party, Nazi fascist)
Limburg
![[Flag Limburg 19th century]](nl-li18x.gif)
Aug 1815
Netherlands province of Limburg established by the merger
of several territories that had been part of France
from
1795 to 1814 (Meuse-Inférieure département).
4 Oct 1830
Administration by Belgium established (except
in Maastricht).
19 Apr 1839
Final Act of the London Conference divides the province:
part becomes Belgian, the rest becomes the Duchy of Limburg,
in personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
5 Sep 1839
Duchy of Limburg accepted as a member state of the German
Confederation.
11 May 1867
Following the dissolution of the German Confederation,
Limburg is incorporated into the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
Hertogdom Limburg continues in some official use to 1906,
while the style Hertog van Limburg remains incorporated
(tacitly, as part of enz., enz., enz.) into the royal style.
Dukes
19 Apr 1839 - 11 May 1867 the kings of the Netherlands
(s.a.)
Maastricht
- Note: Until the French conquest the territory of the town was divided into four different administrations, acting independently of each other: (A) the Dutch fortress; (B) the City of Maastricht; (C) the Chapter of the Church of Sint Servaas; the Chapter of the Church of Onze Lieve Vrouw: Church founded c.1000. Dependent of the Prince Bishops of Liège. Territory: in the city -the Church, the surrounding streets and buildings. outside the city -the village of Bemelen. Not part of the condominium. The Lordship of Sint Pieter: The village - later (small)town - of Sint Pieter was a possession of the Prince-Bishops of Liège. In 1515/17 part of its territory was annexed to the city of Maastricht. But both parts of it (inside and outside the city walls) remained a separate polity until the French conquest, not part of the condominium.; and the Lordship and Court of Vroenhof: (the villages of Wilre, Heukelom en Montenaken) given by the emperor to the Ducs of Brabant as a separate dependency in 1204. As the territory of the city of Maastricht expanded part of Vroenhof was included within its city walls between 1300 and 1350. Like Sint Pieter it remained however a separate polity until the French conquest, the part within the city walls being however also under the supervision of the Brabant-Liège condominium. Items (C) to (F) had negligible territory and a full list of these rulers is currently unavailable.
- 1204 The Holy Roman Emperor gives the city to the Dukes of Brabant,
- this donation is not recognized by Bishop of Liège.
- 1284 Agreement between Brabant and Liège. Maastricht becomes a neutral
- territory under common government. The system of administration
- is set up with 2 mayors, one Brabants, one Liègeois -
- 2 Commissarissen Décideurs to represent the governing states)
- All decisions taken in common according to the saying
- "Een Heer, Geen Heer/Twee Heren, Een Heer" (One Lord, No Lord/
- Two Lords, One Lord).
- 23 Aug 1632 Dutch conquest of Maastricht. The Staten Generaal assume the
- rights of the Dukes of Brabant, Dutch garrison and annex
- the fortress.
- 1664 The separate status of Maastricht as independent territory under
- Dutch-Liègeois condominium confirmed.
- 7 May 1748 - 3 Feb 1749 French occupation.
- 4 Nov 1794 French occupation of Maastricht. All traditional polities abolished
- and area subjected to the "Administration Centrale of
- Aix la Chapelle."
- 1794 Arrondissement provisional of Maastricht, formed from condominium
- of Maastricht and Outremeuse (Dutch territories ceded to France.
- 16 May 1795 Annexed to France département of Meuse-Inférieure (see Belgium).
- 1814 Incorporated into the Netherlands.
-
![[National flag of the Netherlands]](nl.gif)
- 1632 - 1794
1567 - 1568 Philipp, graf von Eberstein (b. 1523 - d. 1589)
1568 Sancho de Londoño (Spain) (d. 1569)
1568 - 1569 Bernard van Schauwenburg
15 Sep 1569 - 28 Apr 1577 Francesco de Montesdoca (Spain) (b. 1516 - d. 1597)
(1st time)
Apr 1577 - Aug 1577 Arnold Huyn van Amstenrade
1577 - Apr 1578 Jan van Merode, heer van
Pietersheim
Apr 1578 - Sep 1578 Willem van Hornes, heer van Heze
Sep 1578 - Jul 1579 Melchior van Schwarzenberg (d. 1579)
1579 - 1580 Francesco de Montesdoca (Spain) (s.a.)
(2ns time)
11 Mar 1580 - 1590 Nicolas Adrien de Gomicourt, (d. 1596)
seigneur de Cunchy
1590 - 1616 Antoine de Grenet, seigneur
de Werpe
1616 - 1632 Claude de Lannoy, comte de (b. 1575? - d. 1643)
la Motterie
1632 - 22 Aug 1632 Guillaume Bette, baron de Lede
1632 - 1641 Frédéric-Maurice de La Tour (b. 1605 - d. 1652)
d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon
1641 - 1648 Johan Albrecht, graf von Solms- (d. 1648)
Braunfels
1648 - 27 Jan 1673 Friedrich I Magnus, Rheingraf von
Salm-Neuwiller (b. 1607 - d. 1673)
28 Jan 1673 - 30 Jun 1673 Jacob de Fariaux (acting)
Jul 1673 - 1676 Godefroy d'Estrades (France) (b. 1607 - d. 1686)
1676 - 1678 Jean Salvador de Calvo
1679 - 1693 Georg Friedrich, graf von Waldeck-
Pyrmont und von Culemburg (b. 1620 - d. 1692)
1693 - 1700 Johann-Adolf, herzog von Holstein-
Plön (b. 1634 - d. 1704)
1700 - 1718 Daniel Wolff, baron van Dopff (b. 1655 - d. 1718)
1718 - 10 Apr 1723 Claude Fréderic 't Serclaes,
graaf de Tilly (b. 1648 - d. 1723)
31 May 1723 - Jul 1747 Wilhelm VIII, Landgraf von Hessen- (b. 1682 - d. 1760)
Kassel
1747 - 1748 Hobbe baron van Aylva (acting)
1748 Ulric Frederic Woldemar de Löwendal
7 May 1748 - 3 Feb 1749 Maurice de Courten (b. 1692 - d. 1766)
(French governor)
26 Mar 1749 - 15 Dec 1772 Hobbe, Baron van Aylva (b. 1696 - d. 1772)
1772 - Nov 1784 Karl Christian von Nassau-Weilburg
2 Dec 1784 - 4 Nov 1794 Frederik, prins von Hessen-Kassel
(B)City of Maastricht
-
- 1647 - 1795
1699 - 4 Nov 1794 the Prince-Bishops of Liège
- jointly with the following -
1678 - 1748 the Dutch Staten-Generaal
1748 - 1749 Louis XV, King of France (b. 1710 - d. 1774)
1749 - 4 Nov 1794 the Dutch Staten-Generaal
Dutch Commissarissen Decideurs
(appointed for two years by the Dutch Staten Generaal)
1699 - 4 Nov 1794 .... [unavailable]
Liègeois Commissaires Décideurs
(appointed for life by the Prince-Bishops of Liège)
1699 - 4 Nov 1794 .... [unavailable]
Mayors (Burgemeesters)
- Liègeois mayors -
1700 - 1702
Servaes Loyens
1702 - 1704
Henrich Thisius
1704 - 1706
Johannes Olislaegers (1st time)
1706 - 1708
Guillaume van Aecken (1st time)
1708 - 1710
Johannes Olislaegers (2nd time)
1710 - 1712
Servaes Lenarts
1712 - 1715
Guillaume van Aecken (2nd time)
1715 - 1716
Servaes Loyens
1716 - 1718
Arnoldus Intbroeck
1718 - 1720
Leo Emerix (1st time)
1720 - 1722
Guillaume van Aecken (3rd time)
1722 - 1724
Emondus Cox
1724 - 1726
Mathias Carolus Lenaers
1726 - 1728
Philip Kerens
1728 - 1730
Eustachius van der Maessen
1730 - 1732
Leo Emerix (2nd time)
1732 - 1734
Guillaume de Requilé
1734 - 1736
Johannes Olislagers (3rd time)
1736 - 1738
Jacob van Brienen
1738 - 1740
Lambertus Emanuel de
Loneux (1st time)
1740 - 1742
Guillaume d'Requilé
1742 - 1744
Johannes Olislagers (4th time)
1744 - 1745
Jocobus Hamelars
(d. 1745)
1745 - 1746
Lambertus Emanuel de
Loneux (2nd time)(acting)
1746 - 1748
Corolus van Brienen
1749 - 1750
Johannes Olislagers (5th time)
1750 - 1752
Lambertus Emanuel de
Loneux (3rd time)
1752 - 1754
H.J. van der Maesen
1754 - 1756
H. Joppen (1st time)
1756 - 1758
Johannes Olislagers (6th time)
1758 - 1760
Lambertus Emanuel de
Loneux (4th time)
1760 - 1762
H. Joppen (2nd time)
1762 - 1764
Johannes Olislagers (7th time)
1764 - 1766
G.H. Cruts
1766 - 1768
J.A.J. Olislagers (1st time)
1768 - 1770
H. Joppen (3rd time)
1770 - 1772
P. Banens (1st time)
1772 - 1774
J.A.J. Olislagers (2nd time)
1774 - 1776
J.P.J. Munix
1776 - 1778
P. Banens (2nd time)
1778 - Mar 1780
W.H. Cruts
(d. 1780)
Mar 1780 - 1780
P. Kerens (1st time)(acting)
1780 - 1782
H.M. Vliex
1782 - 1784
J.A.J. Olislagers (3rd time)
1784 - 1786
P. Banens (3rd time)
1786 - 1788
P. Kerens (2nd time)
1788 - 1790
A.C. Membrede
1790 - 1792
Jean Arnould Servais Munix
1792 - 4 Nov 1794
H. Joppen de Beegden
- Brabantse (Staaten) mayors -
1700 - 1702 &nb