South African Homelands

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Former Black Homelands (Bantustans)

Former Homelands Bophuthatswana - Ciskei - Gazankulu - KaNgwane - KwaNdebele - KwaZulu - Lebowa - Qwaqwa - Transkei - Venda -

Note: Ten self-governing territories for different black ethnic groups were established as part of the policy of apartheid. Four of which were granted "independence" by South Africa (recognized only by South Africa and each other). These former South African Homelands or bantustans ceased to exist 27 Apr 1994 and were re-incorporated into South Africa, and all were absorbed into the new provinces.

Bophuthatswana


19 Apr 1972 - 19 Apr 1973


19 Apr 1973 - 27 Apr 1994

Map of Bophuthatswana	Hear National Anthem "Lefatshe leno la bo-rrarona" (This Land of Our Forefathers)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 1977	Constitution (6 Dec 1977)
Capital: Mmabatho	Currency: South African Rand (ZAR)	National Holiday: 6 Dec (1977) Independence Day	Population: 2,489,347 (1992)
GDP: $420 million R (1984)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Tswana, North Sotho, Ndebele
Total Defense Force: about 4,000 (1993)		Religions: N/A
International Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

1961                       Tswanaland Territorial Authority established.
1968                       Tswanaland
1 Apr 1971                Bophuthatswana
1 Jun 1972                Self-government granted.
6 Dec 1977                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Bophuthatswana)
                            (recognized only by South Africa and the other homelands).
13 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994 Occupied by South Africa.27 Apr 1994                Re-integrated into South Africa.

President
6 Dec 1977 - 13 Mar 1994 Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope     (b. 1923)           BDP/CDP
10 Feb 1988 (hours)        Peter Ishmael Rocky Malebana-Metsing                   PPP/Mil
                             (in dissidence)
Administrators
13 Mar 1994 - 26 Apr 1994 Tjaart van der Walt                (b. 1934)
                           + T. Job Mokgoro                   (b. 1948)

Chief councillor
Dec 1968 - 1 Jun 1972 Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope (s.a.)
Chief minister
1 Jun 1972 - 6 Dec 1977 Lawrence Lucas Manyane Mangope (s.a.) 1974:BNP/BDP

Party abbreviations: CDP = Christian Democratic Party (former BDP); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: BDP= Bophuthatswana Democratic Party (former BNP); BNP = Bophuthatswana National Party (est. 1974, later BDP); PPP = Progressive People's Party (est. 1987, banned 1988)

Ciskei


1 Aug 1972 - 15 Mar 1974 (unofficial)


15 Mar 1974 - 27 Apr 1994
(official from 4 Dec 1981)


Official Variant

Map of Ciskei	Hear National Anthem "Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika" (God, Bless Africa)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 4 Dec 1981	Constitution (4 Dec 1981)
Capital: Bisho (to 1981 Zwelitsha)	Currency: South African Rand (ZAR)	National Holiday: 4 Dec (1981) Independence Day	Population: 1,088,476 (1992)
GDP: $291.9 million R (1989)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Xhosa (Rarabe-Xhosa and Mfengu)
Total Defense Force: about 2,000 (1993)		Religions: N/A
International Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

1961                       Ciskei Territorial Authority established.
14 Nov 1968                Ciskei
1 Aug 1972                Self-government granted.
4 Dec 1981                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Ciskei)
                             (recognized only by South Africa and the other homelands).
22 Mar 1994 - 27 Apr 1994 Occupied by South Africa. 27 Apr 1994                Re-integrated into South Africa.

President
4 Dec 1981 - 4 Mar 1990 Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (b. 1926 - d. 1994) CNIP
Chairman of the Military Committee and of the Council of State
4 Mar 1990 - 22 Mar 1994 Joshua Oupa Gqozo                  (b. 1952)            Mil
Administrators
23 Mar 1994 - 26 Apr 1994 Pieter van Rensburg Goosen
                           + Bongani Blessing Finca           (b. 1953)

Chief Executive Councillor
Nov 1968 - 1 Aug 1972     Justice Thandatha Jongilizwe       (b. 1926)            CNP
                             Mabandla
Chief ministers
1 Aug 1972 - 21 May 1973 Justice Thandatha Jongilizwe       (s.a.)               1973:CNIP
                              Mabandla
                             (chief executive councillor to 1 Aug 1972)
21 May 1973 - 1975         Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (s.a.)               CNIP
                             (1st time)
1975                       Charles Sebe (acting)              (d. 1991)    Mil
1975 - 4 Dec 1981         Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe         (s.a.)               CNIP
                             (2nd time)

South African Commissioner-general
1 Sep 1976 - 4 Dec 1981 J.J. Engelbrecht

Party abbreviations: CNIP = Ciskei National Independence Party (est.1973, sole party from 1978, suspended 1990); CNP = Ciskei National Party; Mil = Military

Gazankulu

[Gazankulu]
18 Dec 1973 - 27 Apr 1994

Map of Gazankulu Capital: Giyani Hear Local Anthem
"Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa) Population: 803,806 (1992)
GDP: $323,880,000 R (1986)
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
Ethnic groups: Shangaan-Tsonga, North Sotho,
Venda, Swazi

1 Jul 1971                Machangana
1 Feb 1973                Gazankulu (self-rule granted).
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief Councillor
1 Jul 1971 - 1 Feb 1973 Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi    (b. 1920 - d. 1993)
Chief ministers
1 Feb 1973 - 25 Mar 1993 Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi    (s.a.)               1983: XXP
25 Mar 1993 - Apr 1993     Edward Mhinga (acting)             (b. 1927)
Apr 1993 - 26 Apr 1994     Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo           (b. 1928)            XPP

Party abbreviations: XPP = Ximoko Progressive Party; XXP = Ximoko Xa Rixaka (Whip of the Nation, est.1983)

KaNgwane


No Local Flag Adopted

Map of KaNgwane	Capital: Nyamasane (Louieville)	Hear Local Anthem "Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika" (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 597,783 (1992)
GDP: $151,620,000 R (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Swazi, Shangaan-Tsonga, Zulu and North Sotho

1 Oct 1976                Swazi Territorial Authority established.
1978                       Legislative assembly granted.
1981                       Self-rule granted.
18 Jun 1982 - 9 Dec 1982 Homeland status suspended.
31 Aug 1984                Self-rule restored.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief Councillors
1976 - 1977                Johannes Mkolishi Dlamini
8 Oct 1977 - 18 Jun 1982 Enos John Mabuza (1st time)        (b. 1939 - d. 1997)
                            (from Apr 1981 chief executive councillor)
Administrator
18 Jun 1982 - 9 Dec 1982 N.J. Badenhorst
Chief ministers
9 Dec 1982 - 1 Apr 1991 Enos John Mabuza (2nd time)        (s.a.) 1988: INP
                            (chief executive councillor to Aug 1984)
15 Apr 1991 - 26 Apr 1994 Mangisi Cephas Zitha               (b. 1940)

Party abbreviations: INP = Indyandsa National Movement; IsNP = Insika National Movement

KwaNdebele

[KwaNdebele]
6 Oct 1982 - 27 Apr 1994

Map of KwaNdebele Capital: KwaMhlanga
(Siyabuswa 1981-1986) Hear Local Anthem
"Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa) Population: 373,012 (1992)
Moutse- 130,000 (1986)

GDP: $509,500,000 R (1986)
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
Ethnic groups: South Ndebele, North Sotho, others

7 Oct 1977                Ndebele Territorial Authority established.
1 Oct 1979 KwaNdebele 1 Apr 1981                Self-rule granted.
29 Mar 1988 - 27 Apr 1994 Moutse district (added 1986) administered by South Africa.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief ministers
Oct 1977 - 17 Nov 1986     Simon Somkhahlekwa Skosana         (b. 1927 - d. 1986) Non-party
                            (chief executive councillor to Apr 1981)
17 Nov 1986 - 27 Nov 1986 Klaas Mtshiweni (acting)
27 Nov 1986 - 3 Feb 1989 Prince George Majozi Mahlangu      (b. 1951)
3 Feb 1989 - 30 Apr 1990 Prince Jonas Masana Mabena
30 Apr 1990 - 26 Apr 1994 Prince James Senzangakhona         (b. 1953 - d. 2005) IYP
                             Mahlangu

Party abbreviation: IYP = Intando Yesizwe Party

KwaZulu


31 Aug 1977 - 14 Jan 1985


14 Jan 1985 - 27 Apr 1994

Map of KwaZulu	Capital: Ulundi	Hear Local Anthem "Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika" (God, Bless Africa)	Population: 5,748,950 (1992)
GDP: $1,434,540,000 R (1986)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Basotho, others

9 Jun 1970                Zululand
1 Apr 1972                KwaZulu
1 Feb 1977                Self-rule granted.
27 Apr 1994                Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief minister
9 Jun 1970 - 26 Apr 1994 Ashpenaz Nathan Mangosuthu (b. 1928) INCLM; Gatsha Buthelezi 1990 IFP (chief executive councillor to 1 Apr 1972)

Party abbreviations: INCLM = Inkatha National Cultural Liberation Movement, est.1975 renamed Inkatha Freedom Party [IFP] 14 Jul 1990)

Lebowa

[Lebowa]
5 Jul 1974 - 27 Apr 1994

Map of Lebowa Capital: Lebowakgomo Hear Local Anthem
"Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa) Population: 2,924,584 (1992)
GDP: $733,710,000 R (1986)
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
Ethnic groups: North Sotho, Shangaan-Tsonga,
Ndebele, Swazi, others

1 Jul 1971 Lebowa 2 Oct 1972 Self-rule granted.
27 Apr 1994 Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief ministers
Aug 1969 - 8 May 1973     Mokgama Maurice Matlala           (b. 1923?)           LNP
                            (chief councillor to 2 Oct 1972)
8 May 1973 - 30 Sep 1987 Cedric Makepeace Namedi           (b. 1912 - d. 1987) LPP
                             Phatudi
30 Sep 1987 - 21 Oct 1987 Z.T. Seleki (acting)
21 Oct 1987 - 26 Apr 1994 Mogoboya Noko Nelson Ramodike     (b. 1941)            LPP
                             (from 1989, Prime minister)

Party abbreviations: LNP = Lebowa National Party; LPP = Lebowa People's Party (est.1973)

Qwaqwa

[Qwaqwa]
1975 - 27 Apr 1994

Map of Qwaqwa Capital: Phuthaditjhaba Hear Local Anthem
"Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika"
(God, Bless Africa) Population: 288,155 (1992)
GDP: $151,990,000 R (1986)
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
Ethnic groups: Basotho (Qwaqwa, Kwena, Tlokwa)

24 Apr 1969            Basotho ba Borwa Territorial Authority established.
1 Apr 1972                Basotho Qwaqwa
1 Nov 1974                Qwaqwa (self-rule achieved).
27 Apr 1994            Re-integration into South Africa.

Chief ministers
Apr 1969 - Feb 1975        Wessels Motha                     (d. 1988)         1974: BUP
                            (chief councillor to 1 Nov 1974,
                             then chief executive councillor)
Mar 1975 - 26 Apr 1994 Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli              (b. 1930)           BUP
                            (chief executive councillor to 19 May 1975)

Party abbreviations: BUP = Basotho Unity Party; DP = Dikwankwetla Party

Transkei


1964 - 31 May 1966 (provisional)


31 May 1966 - 27 Apr 1994

Map of The Transkei	Hear National Anthem "Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika" (God, Bless Africa)	Text of National Anthem Adopted 26 Oct 1976	Constitution (26 Oct 1976)
Capital: Umtata	Currency: South African Rand (ZAR)	National Holiday: 26 Oct (1976) Independence Day	Population: 4,746,796 (1992)
GDP: $784 million R (1989)	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: mainly Xhosa, Basotho, Zulu, white
Total Defense Force: 3,500-4,000 (1993)		Religions: N/A
International Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

29 May 1959                Transkei Territorial Authority established.
30 May 1963                Self-government granted.
26 Oct 1976                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Transkei)
                             (recognized only by South Africa and the other homelands).
27 Apr 1994                Re-integrated into South Africa.

Presidents26 Oct 1976 - 1 Dec 1978 Botha Manzolwandle Jongilizwe (b. 1913 - d. 1978) NIPT Sigcau 1 Dec 1978 - 19 Feb 1979 Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla (acting)19 Feb 1979 - 20 Feb 1986 Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima (b. 1915 - d. 2003) NIPT20 Feb 1986 - 26 Apr 1994 Tutor Nyangilizwe Vulindlela (b. 1921 - d. 1997) NIPT; 1987 Ndamase Non-party

Chief Councillor1961 - 6 Dec 1963 Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima (s.a.) Chief minister 6 Dec 1963 - 26 Oct 1976 Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima (s.a.) 1964: NIPT Prime ministers26 Oct 1976 - 20 Feb 1979 Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima (s.a.) NIPT20 Feb 1979 - 24 Sep 1987 George Mzimvubu Matanzima (b. 1918 - d. 2000) NIPT25 Sep 1987 - 5 Oct 1987 Dumnisani Gladstone Gwadiso (b. 1952) NIPT (acting) 5 Oct 1987 - 30 Dec 1987 Stella Margaret Nomzano Sigcau (f) (b. 1937 - d. 2006) NIPT Chairman of the Military Council and of the Council of Ministers30 Dec 1987 - 26 Apr 1994 Harrington Bantu Holomisa (b. 1955) Mil

South African Commissioner-generalMay 1963 - 26 Oct 1976 D. Potgieter

Party abbreviations (from 1987 parties banned): DP = Democratic Party (suspended from 1987); NIPT = National Independence Party of Transkei (est. 1964, suspend from 1987); Mil = Military

Venda

[Venda]
1 May 1973 - 27 Apr 1994

Map of Venda Hear National Anthem
"Pfano na vhuthihi"
(Peace and Togetherness)
Text of National Anthem
Adopted 1979 Constitution
(13 Sep 1979)

Capital: Thohoyandou Currency: South African
Rand (ZAR) National Holiday: 13 Sep (1978)
Independence Day
Population: 718,207 (1990)

GDP: $688.2 millon R (1989) Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A Ethnic groups: vhaVenda, others

Total Defense Force: about 1,800 (1993) Religions: N/A

International Organizations/Treaties: CMA, DBSA, ECOSA, SACU, SECOSAF

1962                       Thohoyandou Territorial Authority established.
20 Jun 1969                Venda Territorial Authority
1 Jun 1971                Venda
1 Feb 1973                Self-government achieved.
13 Sep 1979                Declared independent by South Africa (Republic of Venda)
                             (recognized only by South Africa and the other homelands).
27 Apr 1994                Re-integrated into South Africa.

Presidents
13 Sep 1979 - 17 Apr 1988 Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu (b. 1926 - d. 1988) NPV
17 Apr 1988 - 5 Apr 1990 Frank Nndwakhulu Ravhele           (b. 1926 - d. 1999) NPV
                            (acting to 10 May 1988)
Heads of State (Chairmen of the Council of National Unity)
5 Apr 1990 - 25 Jan 1994 Gabriel Mutheiwana Ramushwana      (b. 1941)            Mil
25 Jan 1994 - 26 Apr 1994 Tshamano Gerso Ramabulana                               Mil

Chief Councillor
Oct 1969 - 1 Feb 1973 Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu (s.a.)
Chief minister
1 Feb 1973 - 13 Sep 1979 Patrick Ramaano Mbulaheni Mphephu (s.a.) NPV

Party abbreviations: NPV = National Party of Venda (only legal party Aug 1986-1990, suspended from 1990); Mil = Military