Spain

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Spain

[Castille and Leon]
                 1230 - 1506
             Castille and León

[Burgundy Cross Flag 1506-1785 (Spain)]
        1506 - 1701 (as Jack to 1785)
   (Carlist flag 1833 - 1860, 1872 - 1876)

[Civil and War Ensign c.1520-c.1701 (Spain)]
                  c.1520 - c.1701
   Civil and War Ensign

[Spain State and War Ensign (1701-1759)]
                   1701 - 1759

               1759 - 25 May 1785

[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]
          25 May 1785 - 11 Feb 1873,
          29 Dec 1874 - 27 Apr 1931

[Spanish Republic (Spain) (1873-1874)]
          11 Feb 1873 - 29 Dec 1874

[Spanish Republic 1931-1939 (Spain)]
    27 Apr 1931 - 1 Apr 1939 (Republic)

[Spain 1936-1938]
   29 Apr 1936 - 2 Feb 1938 (Nationalist)

[State and War Flag and War Ensign 1938-1945 (Spain)]
   2 Feb 1938 - 11 Oct 1945 (Nationalist)

           11 Oct 1945 - 21 Jan 1977

[Spain (1977-1981)]
          21 Jan 1977 - 19 Dec 1981

[Spain]
               Adopted 19 Dec 1981

Map of Spain Hear National Anthem
"Marcha Real"
(Royal March) Text of National Anthem
3 Sep 1770-1822, 1823-1931,
Re-adopted 1939/Jul 1942
(No Lyrics) Constitution
(29 Dec 1978)

Spanish Civil
War Map Former National Anthem
"Himno de Riego"
(Riego's Anthem)
(1822-23, 1931-1939) Republic Constitution
(1931-1939) Former Constitutions
(1808, 1812, 1837, 1845,
1869, 1876)

Capital: Madrid
(Toledo 1479-May 1561;
Madrid 1561 - 1600;
Valladolid 1600-1604;
Republic: Valencia
Nov 1936-Oct 1937;
Barcelona Oct 1937-1939;
Nationalist: Burgos
Jul 1936- Oct 1939) Currency: Euro (EUR);
to 1 Jan 2002: Spanish
Peseta (ESP) National Holiday: 12 Oct (1492)
National Day
(Día de la Hispanidad) Population: 40,491,052 (2008)

GDP: $1.37 trillion (2008) Exports: $292.8 billion (2008)
Imports: $444.9 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Spaniard 44.9%, Catalonian 28%,
Galician 8.2%, Basque 5.5%, Aragonese 5%,
Extremaduran 2.8%, Roma (Gitanos/Gypsy) 2%,
other 3.6% (2000)

Total Active Armed Forces: 147,255 (2006)
Merchant marine: 158 ships (2008) Religions: Roman Catholic 77%, Muslim 2.5%,
Protestant 1%, other (mostly nonreligious) 19.5% (2006)

International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), ACS (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, ANT, APM, BCIE (nonregional), BIS, BTWC, CE, CERN, CFE, CTBT, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ENMOD, ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAIA (observer), LU, MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI (observer), SEGIB, SICA (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Spain Index Chronology

19 Jul 711                 Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula begins.

718                        Kingdom of Asturias founded.

c.824                      Kingdom of Navarre founded.

910                        Asturias split into three kingdoms: Asturias

                            (extinct 925), Galicia (1157), and León (1230).

18 Oct 1035                Upon dynastic split the county of Aragón becomes

                             an independent kingdom (from 1137 united with

                             county of Barcelona).

22 Jun 1038                County of Castilla (Castille) becomes a Kingdom.

24 Sep 1230                Castille and León united.

19 Jan 1479                Accession of Fernando II of Aragón, who was

                             married to Isabel I, Queen of Castille.

2 Jan 1492                Annexation of Granada the last Muslim state.

25 Jul 1512                Lower Navarre annexed.

23 Jan 1516                Under the Habsburg dynasty.

16 Jan 1556                Spanish Monarchy¹ (dated conventionally to the

                             accession of Felipe II; the term España acquires

                             Constitutional status only 1808).

17 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 Portugal in personal union with the Spanish

                             monarchy.

16 Nov 1700                Under the Borbón dynasty.

24 Mar 1808 - 11 Dec 1813 French occupation.

6 May 1808                The kings of the Borbón dynasty abdicate in favor

                             of Napoléon I, emperor of the French and king

                             of Italy.

6 Jun 1808                Napoléon I proclaims his brother Joseph Napoléon,

                             king of the Two Sicilies, as king of Spain.

8 Feb 1810 - 1 Dec 1813 Catalonia annexed to France.

11 Dec 1813                Borbón dynasty restored.

7 Apr 1823 - 1 Oct 1823 French intervention against the Constitutionalists

                             on behalf of Fernando VII.

11 Feb 1873                ("First") Spanish Republic.

29 Dec 1874                Spanish Monarchy (restored).

14 Apr 1931 - 1 Apr 1939 ("Second") Spanish Republic.

17 Jul 1936 - 1 Apr 1939 Civil war (Burgos falls to Nationalists Jul 1936,

                             Bilbao on Oct 1937, Barcelona on 26 Jan 1939,

                             and Madrid on 28 Mar 1939).

23 Jul 1936                Spanish State (to 1 Apr 1939, in opposition).

28 Jul 1947                Spain declared to be a kingdom.

29 Dec 1978                Spain (usually referred to as Kingdom of Spain).

Autonomous
Communities
(from 1978)

Canary Islands

The "Resistance"
(1808-1813)

Republic in Exile
(1939-1977)

Navarra
(1556-1841)

Minorca
(1708-1802)

Historical Maps
of Spain

Note: The dates of the rulers of the intermittent Carlist insurrections correspond to the
actual presence of the rulers or their forces in the territory of the Spanish Monarchy.


Kings (17 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 also Kings of Portugal)
(Holy Roman Emperor Karl V)
25 Jul 1554 - 1556 Juana (f) (b. 1537 - d. 1573)
Kings²
- of Spanish monarchy -
16 Jan 1556 - 13 Sep 1598 Felipe II (s.a.)
13 Sep 1598 - 31 Mar 1621 Felipe III (b. 1578 - d. 1621)
31 Mar 1621 - 17 Sep 1665 Felipe IV (b. 1605 - d. 1665)
17 Sep 1665 - 1 Nov 1700 Carlos II "el Hechizado" (b. 1661 - d. 1700)
17 Sep 1665 - 6 Nov 1675 Mariana de Austria (f) -Regent (b. 1635 - d. 1696)
1 Nov 1700 - 16 Nov 1700 Governing Board³
16 Nov 1700 - 15 Jan 1724 Felipe V (1st time) (b. 1683 - d. 1746)
- Guido, Graf von Starhemberg (b. 1657 - d. 1737)
12 Sep 1703 - 7 Sep 1714 Carlos (III) (in rebellion) (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
(recognized in Aragón, Catalonia, Valencia and Baleares)
15 Jan 1724 - 31 Aug 1724 Luis I (b. 1707 - d. 1724)
31 Aug 1724 - 6 Sep 1724 Vacant
6 Sep 1724 - 9 Jul 1746 Felipe V (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1746 - 10 Aug 1759 Fernando VI (b. 1713 - d. 1759)
10 Aug 1759 - 14 Dec 1788 Carlos III (b. 1716 - d. 1788)
14 Dec 1788 - 19 Mar 1808 Carlos IV (b. 1748 - d. 1819)
(abdication retracted 21 Mar 1808,
19 Mar 1808 - 6 May 1808 Fernando VII (1st time) (b. 1784 - d. 1833)
Lieutenant-general and Governor of the Realm
4 May 1808 - 6 Jun 1808 Joaquín Murat, gran duque de Berg (b. 1767 - d. 1815)
y de Cleves
Kings²
6 Jun 1808 - 11 Dec 1813 José I Napoleón (b. 1768 - d. 1844)
(on flight in Spain 1 Aug 1808 - 22 Dec 1808
and 16 Aug 1812 - 2 Nov 1812; left Spain 27 Jun 1813)
25 Sep 1808 - 22 Mar 1814 the Supreme Governing Junta
(in opposition to José I Napoleón)
11 Dec 1813 - 29 Sep 1833 Fernando VII (2nd time) (s.a.)
(prisoner in Valençay, France
18 May 1808 - 11 Dec 1813;
returned to Spain 22 Mar 1814)
Set up by the Cortes:
11 Jun 1823 - 15 Jun 1823 Provisional Regency
(for "morally incapacitated" Fernando VII)
- Cayetano Valdés y Flores Bazán (b. 1767 - d. 1835)
(president)
- Gabriel de Císcar y Císcar (b. 1760 - d. 1829)
- Gaspar de Vigodet (b. 1747 - d. 1834)
Set up by the invading Powers:
9 Apr 1823 - 25 May 1823 Francisco Ramón de Eguía Letona (b. 1750 - d. 1827)
(President of the Provisional Government Junta)
25 May 1823 - 1 Oct 1823 Pedro Alcántara de Toledo y (b. 1768 - d. 1841)
Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado
(President of the Regency)
Queen²
29 Sep 1833 - 30 Sep 1868 Isabel II (b. 1830 - d. 1904)
29 Sep 1833 - 12 Oct 1840 Queen María Cristina -Regent (b. 1806 - d. 1878)
1 Oct 1833 - 31 Aug 1839 Carlos V -King (b. 1788 - d. 1855)
(Carlist insurrection)
12 Oct 1840 - 23 Jul 1843 Joaquín Baldomero Fernández (b. 1792 - d. 1879) Mil
Espartero, conde de Luchana
(president of the Provisional Regency to 10 May 1841;
from 10 May 1841, regent)
30 Jul 1843 - 10 Nov 1843 Joaquín María de la Asuncion López (b. 1798 - d. 1855) PM
y López -Regent
(president of the [Provisional] Government acting as regent)
1860 Carlos VI -King (b. 1818 - d. 1861)
(Carlist insurrection)
Presidents of the Interim Revolutionary Junta
30 Sep 1868 - 3 Oct 1868 Pascual Madoz Ibáñez (b. 1806 - d. 1870)
3 Oct 1868 - 8 Oct 1868 Joaquín Aguirre de la Peña (b. 1807 - d. 1869)
(from 5 Oct 1868, President of the Revolutionary Superior Junta)
President of the Provisional Government
8 Oct 1868 - 18 Jun 1869 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, (b. 1810 - d. 1885) PL
duque de la Torre,
conde de San Antonio
(from 25 Feb 1869, President of the Executive Power)
Kings²
18 Jun 1869 - 4 Dec 1870 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, (s.a.) PL
duque de la Torre,
conde de San Antonio -Regent
4 Dec 1870 - 11 Feb 1873 Amadeo I (b. 1845 - d. 1890)
1872 - 28 Feb 1876 Carlos VII (b. 1848 - d. 1909)
(Carlist insurrection)
Presidents of the Executive Power
11 Feb 1873 - 12 Feb 1873 Blas Nicolás María Rivero (b. 1813/14 - d. 1878)
(president of the National Assembly)
12 Feb 1873 - 24 Feb 1873 Estanislao Figueras y Moragas (b. 1819 - d. 1882) PD
(1st time)
24 Feb 1873 Cristino Martos Balbi (b. 1830 - d. 1893)
(president of the National Assembly)
11 Jun 1873 - 18 Jul 1873 Francisco Pi y Margall (b. 1824 - d. 1901) PRF
18 Jul 1873 - 7 Sep 1873 Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso (b. 1838 - d. 1908) PRF
7 Sep 1873 - 3 Jan 1874 Emilio Manuel Castelar Ripoll (b. 1832 - d. 1899) PR
3 Jan 1874 - 30 Dec 1874 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, (s.a.) PL
duque de la Torre,
conde de San Antonio
Kings²
30 Dec 1874 - 25 Nov 1885 Alfonso XII "el Pacificador" (b. 1857 - d. 1885)
(in exile to 8 Jan 1875)
25 Nov 1885 - 17 May 1886 Queen María Cristina -Regent (b. 1858 - d. 1929)
17 May 1886 - 14 Apr 1931 Alfonso XIII (b. 1886 - d. 1941)
17 May 1886 - 17 May 1902 Queen María Cristina -Regent (s.a.)
Presidents of the (until 31 Jul 1931, Provisional) Government of the Republic
14 Apr 1931 - 14 Oct 1931 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (b. 1877 - d. 1949) PRC
14 Oct 1931 - 11 Dec 1931 Manuel Azaña Díaz (b. 1880 - d. 1940) AR
Presidents (from 23 Jul 1936, in Republican Zone only)
11 Dec 1931 - 7 Apr 1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (s.a.) PRC
7 Apr 1936 - 11 May 1936 Diego Martinez Barrio (interim) (b. 1883 - d. 1962) UR
(interim)
11 May 1936 - 3 Mar 1939 Manuel Azaña Díaz (s.a.) IR
(from 5 Feb 1939 in France)
President of the National Council of Defense (Republican Zone)
5 Mar 1939 - 27 Mar 1939 José Miaja Menant (b. 1878 - d. 1958) Mil
Chairman of the National Defense Council (Nationalist Zone)
23 Jul 1936 - 1 Oct 1936 Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer (b. 1862 - d. 1938) Mil
Head of state (to 31 Mar 1939 in Nationalist Zone only)
1 Oct 1936 - 20 Nov 1975 Francisco Franco Bahamonde (b. 1892 - d. 1975) Mil/FET
(self-styled el Caudillo [Leader])
19 Jul 1974 - 2 Sep 1974 Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón (b. 1938) Non-party
(1st time) (acting for Franco)
30 Oct 1975 - 20 Nov 1975 Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time) (acting for Franco)
Chairman of the Regency Council
20 Nov 1975 - 22 Nov 1975 Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel (b. 1917 - d. 1976)
y Nebreda
King²
22 Nov 1975 - Juan Carlos I (s.a.)


Secretarios del despacho universal (Secretaries of the Universal Office)
11 Jul 1705 - 15 Apr 1714 Pedro Fernández del Campo y (b. 1656 - d. 1721)
Angulo, marqués de Mejorada
15 Apr 1714 - 30 Nov 1714 Manuel de Vadillo y Velasco (b. 1659 - d. 1729)
30 Nov 1714 - 14 Jan 1724 José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de (b. 1664 - d. 1733)
Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo
(1st time)
14 Jan 1724 - 4 Sep 1724 Juan Bautista Orendayn y
Azpilcueta (1st time)
4 Sep 1724 - 12 Dec 1725 José de Grimaldo y Gutiérrez de (s.a.)
Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo
(2nd time)
12 Dec 1725 - 14 Apr 1726 Juan Guillermo Ripperdá, (b. 1682 - d. 1737)
baron Ripperdá
14 Apr 1726 - 1 Oct 1726 José de Grimadlo y Gutiérez de (s.a.)
Solórzano, marqués de Grimaldo
(3rd time)
1 Oct 1726 - 21 Nov 1734 Juan Bautista Orendayn y
Azpilcueta, marqués de la Paz
(2nd time)
First Secretaries of State
21 Nov 1734 - 26 Nov 1736 José de Patiño y Rosales (b. 1666 - d. 1736)
26 Nov 1736 - 4 Dec 1746 Sebastián de la Cuadra y Llerena, (b. 1687 - d. 1766)
marqués de Villarías
4 Dec 1746 - 9 Apr 1754 José de Carvajal y Lancáster (b. 1698 - d. 1754)
9 Apr 1754 - 15 May 1754 Fernando de Silva y Álvarez de
Toledo, duque de Huéscar (acting)
15 May 1754 - 9 Oct 1763 Ricardo Wall y Devreux (b. 1695 - d. 1778)
9 Oct 1763 - 19 Feb 1777 Pablo-Jerónimo de Grimaldi y (b. 1706 - d. 1789)
Pallavicini, marqués de Grimaldi
19 Feb 1777 - 28 Feb 1792 José Moñino y Redondo, (b. 1728 - d. 1808)
conde de Floridablanca
28 Feb 1792 - 15 Nov 1792 Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea y (b. 1718 - d. 1798)
Ximenez de Urrea, conde de
Aranda (acting)
15 Nov 1792 - 30 Mar 1798 Manuel Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, (b. 1767 - d. 1851)
duque de Alcudia, (from 27 Sep 1795)
príncipe de la Paz
30 Mar 1798 - 21 Feb 1799 Francisco de Saavedra y (b. 1746 - d. 1819)
Sangronis (1st time)
(acting to 6 Sep 1798)
21 Feb 1799 - 13 Dec 1800 Mariano Luis de Urquijo y Muga (b. 1768 - d. 1817)
(acting) (1st time)
13 Dec 1800 - 3 Mar 1808 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (1st time) (b. 1764 - d. 1840)
3 Mar 1808 - 19 Mar 1808 Gonzalo O'Farrill y Herrera (b. 1754 - d. 1831)
(acting)
19 Mar 1808 - 7 Jul 1808 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Jul 1808 - 27 Jun 1813 Mariano Luis de Urquijo y Muga (s.a.)
(2nd time)
10 Oct 1813 - 17 Oct 1813 Juan O'Donojú O'Ryan (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1821)
26 Jan 1816 - 30 Oct 1816 Pedro Cevallos Guerra (4th time) (s.a.) Abs
30 Oct 1816 - 14 Sep 1818 José García de León y Pizarro (b. 1770 - d. 1835) Abs
14 Sep 1818 - 12 Jun 1819 Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo (b. 1765 - d. 1824) Abs
y Tacón, marqués de Casa-Irujo,
duque de Sotomayor
(1st time)(acting)
12 Jun 1819 - 12 Sep 1819 Manuel González Salmón y Gómez (b. 1778 - d. 1832) Abs
de Torres (1st time) (acting)
12 Sep 1819 - 18 Mar 1820 Joaquín José Melgarejo y Saurín, (b. 1780 - d. 1835) Abs
duque de San Fernandode Quiroga
18 Mar 1820 Juan Jabat Aztal (acting)
18 Mar 1820 - 2 Mar 1821 Evaristo Pérez de Castro Brito (b. 1778 - d. 1848) Lib
2 Mar 1821 - 23 Apr 1821 Joaquín Anduaga Cuenca (acting)
23 Apr 1821 Francisco de Paula Escudero (b. 1764 - d. 1831)
(acting)
23 Apr 1821 - 8 Jan 1822 Eusebio Bardají y Azara (2nd time) (s.a.) Lib
8 Jan 1822 - 24 Jan 1822 Ramón López Pelegrín (1st time)
28 Feb 1822 - 5 Aug 1822 Francisco Martínez de la Rosa (b. 1787 - d. 1862) Mod
5 Aug 1822 - 25 Apr 1823 Evaristo Fernández San Miguel y (b. 1785 - d. 1862) Lib
Valledor (acting from 28 Feb 1823)
25 Apr 1823 - 7 May 1823 José Manuel Vadillo (acting) (d. 1858)
7 May 1823 - 13 May 1823 Santiago Usoz y Mozí (acting)
13 May 1823 - 29 Aug 1823 José María Pando de la Riva y (b. 1787 - d. 1840) Lib
Ramírez de Laredo
29 Aug 1823 - 4 Sep 1823 Luis María de Salazar y Salazar (b. 1758 - d. 1838) Lib
(acting) (1st time)
4 Sep 1823 - 6 Sep 1823 Juan Antonio Yandiola y Garay Lib
(acting)
6 Sep 1823 - 1 Oct 1823 José Luyando (2nd time) (s.a.) Lib
25 Apr 1823 - 2 Dec 1823 Víctor Damían Sáez y Sánchez-Mayor (b. 1776 - d. 1839) Abs
(acting to 7 Aug 1823)
(counter-government to 1 Oct 1823)
2 Dec 1823 - 18 Jan 1824 Carlos Martínez de Irujo y Tacón, (s.a.) Abs
marqués de Casa-Irujo,
duque de Sotomayor (2nd time)
18 Jan 1824 - 11 Jul 1824 Narciso de Heredia y Begines (b. 1777 - d. 1843) Lib
de los Ríos, conde de Ofalia
11 Jul 1824 Luis María de Salazar y Salazar (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Jul 1825 - 24 Oct 1825 Francisco Cea Bermúdez (1st time) (b. 1779 - d. 1850) Lib
24 Oct 1825 - 19 Aug 1826 Pedro Alcántara Álvarez de (s.a.)
Toledo y Salm-Salm,
duque de Infantado
19 Aug 1826 - 20 Jan 1832 Manuel González Salmón y Gómez (s.a.) Abs
de Torres (2nd time)
(acting to 15 Oct 1830)
20 Jan 1832 - 22 Feb 1832 Francisco Tadeo Calomarde y Arría (b. 1773 - d. 1842)
(acting)
20 Jan 1832 - 1 Oct 1832 Antonio de Saavedra y Frigola,
conde de Alcudia (acting)
1 Oct 1832 - 29 Nov 1832 José Cafranga Costilla (acting)
29 Nov 1832 - 15 Jan 1834 Francisco Cea Bermúdez (2nd time) (s.a.) Lib/PL
Prime ministers (presidents of the council of ministers)
15 Jan 1834 - 7 Jun 1835 Francisco Martínez de la Rosa (b. 1789 - d. 1862) PL
7 Jun 1835 - 14 Sep 1835 José María Queipo de Llano Ruíz (b. 1786 - d. 1843) PL
de Saravia, conde de Toreno
14 Sep 1835 - 25 Sep 1835 Miguel Ricardo de Álava Esquivel (b. 1771 - d. 1843) PL
25 Sep 1835 - 15 May 1836 Juan Álvarez Mendizábal (acting) (b. 1790 - d. 1853) PM
15 May 1836 - 14 Aug 1836 Francisco Javier Istúriz y Montero (b. 1790 - d. 1871) PL
(1st time)
14 Aug 1836 - 18 Aug 1837 José María Calatrava (b. 1781 - d. 1846) PL
18 Aug 1837 - 18 Oct 1837 Joaquín Baldomero Fernández (s.a.) Mil
Espartero, conde de Luchana
(1st time)
18 Oct 1837 - 16 Dec 1837 Eusebio Bardají y Azara (s.a.) PL
16 Dec 1837 - 6 Sep 1838 Narciso de Heredia y Begines (s.a.) PL
de los Ríos, conde de Ofalia
6 Sep 1838 - 9 Dec 1838 Bernardino Fernández de Velasco (b. 1783 - d. 1851) PL
Enríquez de Guzmán,
duque de Frías
9 Dec 1838 Isidro Alaix (acting) (b. 1790 - d. 1853) PL
9 Dec 1838 - 18 Jul 1840 Evaristo Pérez de Castro Brito (b. 1771 - d. 1849) PL
20 Jul 1840 - 12 Aug 1840 Antonio González y González (b. 1792 - d. 1876) PL
(1st time)
12 Aug 1840 - 28 Aug 1840 Valentín Ferraz y Barrau (b. 1793 - d. 1866) PL
29 Aug 1840 - 11 Sep 1840 Modesto Cortázar (acting)
11 Sep 1840 - 16 Sep 1840 Vicente Sancho (b. 1784 - d. 1868) PPg
(designated but did not take office)
16 Sep 1840 - 10 May 1841 Joaquín Baldomero Fernández
Espartero, duque de la Victoria (s.a.) Mil/PPg
(2nd time)
10 May 1841 - 20 May 1841 Joaquín María Ferrer Cafranga (b. 1777 - d. 1861)
(acting)
20 May 1841 - 17 Jun 1842 Antonio González y González (s.a.) PM
(2nd time)
17 Jun 1842 - 9 May 1843 José Ramón Rodil y Gallosa, (b. 1789 - d. 1853) PM
marqués de Rodil
9 May 1843 - 19 May 1843 Joaquín María López y López (s.a.) PM
(1st time)
19 May 1843 - 23 Jul 1843 Álvaro Gómez Becerra (b. 1771 - d. 1855)
23 Jul 1843 - 20 Nov 1843 Joaquín María López y López (s.a.) PM
(2nd time)
20 Nov 1843 - 5 Dec 1843 Salustiano de Olózaga y Almandoz (b. 1805 - d. 1873) PM
5 Dec 1843 - 3 May 1844 Luis González Bravo (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1871) PM
3 May 1844 - 12 Feb 1846 Ramón María Narváez y Campos, (b. 1800 - d. 1868) PM
duque de Valencia (1st time)
12 Feb 1846 - 16 Mar 1846 Manuel Pando Fernández de Pineda, (b. 1792 - d. 1872) PM
marqués de Miraflores (1st time)
16 Mar 1846 - 5 Apr 1846 Ramón María Narváez y Campos, (s.a.) PM
duque de Valencia (2nd time)
5 Apr 1846 - 28 Jan 1847 Francisco Javier Istúriz y Montero (s.a.) PM
(2nd time)
28 Jan 1847 - 28 Mar 1847 Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo (b. 1804 - d. 1889) PM
y McKean, marqués de Casa-Irujo,
duque de Sotomayor
28 Mar 1847 - 31 Aug 1847 Joaquín Francisco Pacheco y (b. 1808 - d. 1865) PM
Gutiérrez Calderón
31 Aug 1847 - 12 Sep 1847 José de Salamanca y Mayol (b. 1811 - d. 1883) PM
12 Sep 1847 - 4 Oct 1847 Florencio García Goyena (b. 1783 - d. 1855) PM
4 Oct 1847 - 19 Oct 1849 Ramón María Narváez y Campos
duque de Valencia (3rd time) (s.a.) PM
19 Oct 1849 - 20 Oct 1849 Serafín María de Soto y Abacu,
conde de Cleonard (b. 1793 - d. 1862) PM
20 Oct 1849 - 14 Jan 1850 Ramón María Narváez y Campos, (s.a.) PM
duque de Valencia (4th time)
14 Jan 1850 - 14 Dec 1852 Juan Bravo Murillo (b. 1803 - d. 1873) PM
14 Dec 1852 - 14 Apr 1853 Federico Roncali y Ceruti, (b. 1809 - d. 1875) PM
conde de Alcoy
14 Apr 1853 - 19 Sep 1853 Francisco de Lersundi y Ormaechea (b. 1817 - d. 1874) PM
19 Sep 1853 - 17 Jul 1854 Luis José Sartorius Tapia, (b. 1817 - d. 1871) PM
conde de San Luis
17 Jul 1854 - 18 Jul 1854 Fernando Fernández de Córdova y (b. 1809 - d. 1883) PM
Valcárcel (1st time)
18 Jul 1854 - 19 Jul 1854 Ángel de Saavedra y Ramírez de (b. 1791 - d. 1865) PM
Baquedano, duque de Rivas
(acting)
19 Jul 1854 - 14 Jul 1856 Joaquín Baldomero Fernández (s.a.) Mil/PPg
Espartero, duque de la Victoria
(3rd time)
14 Jul 1856 - 12 Oct 1856 Leopoldo O'Donnell Jorris, (b. 1809 - d. 1867) UL
conde de Lucena (1st time)
12 Oct 1856 - 15 Oct 1857 Ramón María Narváez y Campos, (s.a.) PM
duque de Valencia (5th time)
15 Oct 1857 - 14 Jan 1858 Francisco Armero y Fernández (b. 1804 - d. 1867) UL
Peñaranda, marqués de Nervión
14 Jan 1858 - 30 Jun 1858 Francisco Javier Istúriz y Montero (s.a.) UL
(3rd time)
30 Jun 1858 - 2 Mar 1863 Leopoldo O'Donnell Jorris, (s.a.) UL
(from 1860) duque de Tetuán
(2nd time)
2 Mar 1863 - 17 Jan 1864 Manuel Pando Fernández de Pineda, (s.a.) UL
marqués de Miraflores (2nd time)
17 Jan 1864 - 1 Mar 1864 Lorenzo Arrazola García (b. 1797 - d. 1873) UL
1 Mar 1864 - 16 Sep 1864 Alejandro Món Menéndez (b. 1801 - d. 1882) UL
16 Sep 1864 - 21 Jun 1865 Ramón María Narváezy Campos, (s.a.) UL
duque de Valencia (6th time)
21 Jun 1865 - 10 Jul 1866 Leopoldo O'Donnell Jorris, (s.a.) UL
duque de Tetuán (3rd time)
10 Jul 1866 - 23 Apr 1868 Ramón María Narváez y Campos, (s.a.) PM
duque de Valencia (7th time)
23 Apr 1868 - 19 Sep 1868 Luis González Bravo (2nd time) (s.a.) UL
19 Sep 1868 - 30 Sep 1868 José Gutiérrez de la Concha (b. 1809 - d. 1895) UL
Irigoyen
3 Oct 1868 - 18 Jun 1869 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, (s.a.) UL/PL
duque de la Torre,
conde de San Antonio (1st time)
18 Jun 1869 - 27 Dec 1870 Juan Prim y Prats, marqués de (b. 1814 - d. 1870) PPg
Castillejos, conde de Reus,
vizconde del Bruch
27 Dec 1870 - 4 Jan 1871 Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo (b. 1821 - d. 1885) PL
(1st time) (acting)
4 Jan 1871 - 24 Jul 1871 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, (s.a.) PL
duque de la Torre,
conde de San Antonio (2nd time)
24 Jul 1871 - 5 Oct 1871 Manuel Ruíz Zorrilla (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. 1895) PPg
5 Oct 1871 - 21 Dec 1871 José Malcampo y Monge, marqués (b. 1828 - d. 1880) PL
de San Rafael, conde de Jolo
21 Dec 1871 - 26 May 1872 Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y (b. 1825 - d. 1903) PL
26 May 1872 - 4 Jun 1872 Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo (s.a.) PL
(2nd time)(acting)
4 Jun 1872 - 13 Jun 1872 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, (s.a.) PL
duque de la Torre,
conde de San Antonio (3rd time)
13 Jun 1872 - 16 Jun 1872 Fernando Fernández de Córdova y (s.a.) PM
Valcárcel (2nd time)(acting)
16 Jun 1872 - 12 Feb 1873 Manuel Ruíz Zorrilla (2nd time) (s.a.) PPg
4 Jan 1874 - 26 Feb 1874 Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, (s.a.) PL
duque de la Torre,
conde de San Antonio (4th time)
26 Feb 1874 - 3 Sep 1874 Juan de Zavala y de la Fuente, (b. 1804 - d. 1879) Non-party
conde de Paredes de Nava,
marqués de Sierra Bullones
3 Sep 1874 - 30 Dec 1874 Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y (s.a.) PL
(1st time)
12 Sep 1875 - 2 Dec 1875 Joaquín Jovellar y Soler (b. 1819 - d. 1892) Non-party
2 Dec 1875 - 7 Mar 1879 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (s.a.) PL
(2nd time)
7 Mar 1879 - 9 Dec 1879 Arsenio Martínez Campos y Antón (b. 1831 - d. 1900) PL
9 Dec 1879 - 8 Feb 1881 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (s.a.) PL
(3rd time)
8 Feb 1881 - 13 Oct 1883 Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y (s.a.) PL
Escolar (3rd time)
13 Oct 1883 - 18 Jan 1884 José Posada Herrera (b. 1815 - d. 1885) PPg
18 Jan 1884 - 27 Nov 1885 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (s.a.) PL
(4th time)
27 Nov 1885 - 5 Jul 1890 Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y (s.a.) PL
Escolar (4th time)
5 Jul 1890 - 11 Dec 1892 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (s.a.) PL
(5th time)
11 Dec 1892 - 23 Mar 1895 Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y (s.a.) PL
(5th time)
23 Mar 1895 - 8 Aug 1897 Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (s.a.) PL
Escolar (6th time)
8 Aug 1897 - 4 Oct 1897 Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero (b. 1832 - d. 1915) PL
(1st time)(acting to 21 Aug 1897)
4 Oct 1897 - 4 Mar 1899 Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y (s.a.) PL
Escolar (6th time)
4 Mar 1899 - 23 Oct 1900 Francisco Silvela y le Vielleuze (b. 1843 - d. 1905) PC
(1st time)
23 Oct 1900 - 6 Mar 1901 Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero (s.a.) PC
(2nd time)
6 Mar 1901 - 6 Dec 1902 Práxedes Mariano Mateo-Sagasta y (s.a.) PL
Escolar (7th time)
6 Dec 1902 - 20 Jul 1903 Francisco Silvela y le Vielleuze (s.a.) PC
(2nd time)
20 Jul 1903 - 5 Dec 1903 Raimundo Fernández Villaverde (b. 1848 - d. 1905) PC
(1st time)
5 Dec 1903 - 16 Dec 1904 Antonio Maura y Montaner (1st time)(b. 1853 - d. 1925) PC
16 Dec 1904 - 27 Jan 1905 Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero (s.a.) PC
(3rd time)
27 Jan 1905 - 23 Jun 1905 Raimundo Fernández Villaverde (s.a.) PC
(2nd time)
23 Jun 1905 - 1 Dec 1905 Eugenio Montero Ríos (b. 1832 - d. 1914) ID
1 Dec 1905 - 6 Jul 1906 Sigismundo Moret y Prendergast (b. 1838 - d. 1913) PL
(1st time)
6 Jul 1906 - 30 Nov 1906 José López Domínguez (b. 1829 - d. 1911) PL
30 Nov 1906 - 4 Dec 1906 Sigismundo Moret y Prendergast (s.a.) PL
(2nd time)
4 Dec 1906 - 25 Jan 1907 Antonio Aguilar y Correa, (b. 1824 - d. 1908) PL
marqués de la Vega de Armijo
25 Jan 1907 - 21 Oct 1909 Antonio Maura y Montaner (2nd time)(s.a.) PC
21 Oct 1909 - 9 Feb 1910 Sigismundo Moret y Prendergast (s.a.) PL
(3rd time)
9 Feb 1910 - 12 Nov 1912 José Canalejas y Méndez (b. 1854 - d. 1912) PL
12 Nov 1912 - 14 Nov 1912 Manuel García Prieto, marqués de (b. 1859 - d. 1938) PL
Alhucemas (1st time) (acting)
14 Nov 1912 - 27 Oct 1913 Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta, (b. 1863 - d. 1950) PL
conde de Romanones (1st time)
27 Oct 1913 - 9 Dec 1915 Eduardo Dato y Iradier (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1921) PC
9 Dec 1915 - 19 Apr 1917 Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta, (s.a.) PL
conde de Romanones (2nd time)
19 Apr 1917 - 11 Jun 1917 Manuel García Prieto, (2nd time) (s.a.) PL
marqués de Alhucemas
11 Jun 1917 - 3 Nov 1917 Eduardo Dato y Iradier (2nd time) (s.a.) PC
3 Nov 1917 - 22 Mar 1918 Manuel García Prieto, (3rd time) (s.a.) PL
marqués de Alhucemas
22 Mar 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 Antonio Maura y Montaner (3rd time)(s.a.) PC
9 Nov 1918 - 5 Dec 1918 Manuel García Prieto, (4th time) (s.a.) PL
marqués de Alhucemas
5 Dec 1918 - 15 Apr 1919 Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta, (s.a.) PL
conde de Romanones (3rd time)
15 Apr 1919 - 20 Jul 1919 Antonio Maura y Montaner (4th time)(s.a.) PC
20 Jul 1919 - 12 Dec 1919 Joaquín Sánchez de Toca Calov (b. 1852 - d. 1942) PC
12 Dec 1919 - 5 May 1920 Manuel Allendesalazar Muñoz (b. 1856 - d. 1923) PC
de Salazar (1st time)
5 May 1920 - 8 Mar 1921 Eduardo Dato y Iradier (3rd time) (s.a.) PC
8 Mar 1921 - 13 Mar 1921 Gabino Bugalial Araujo, (b. 1861 - d. 1932) PC
conde de Bugallal (acting)
13 Mar 1921 - 14 Aug 1921 Manuel Allendesalazar Muñoz (s.a.) PC
de Salazar (2nd time)
14 Aug 1921 - 8 Mar 1922 Antonio Maura y Montaner (4th time)(s.a.) PC
8 Mar 1922 - 7 Dec 1922 José Sánchez Guerra y Martínez (b. 1859 - d. 1935) PC
7 Dec 1922 - 15 Sep 1923 Manuel García Prieto, (5th time) (s.a.) PL
marqués de Alhucemas
15 Sep 1923 - 30 Jan 1930 Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, (b. 1870 - d. 1930) Mil
marqués de Estella (from 1925)
y de Ajdir
(president of the Military Directory to 3 Dec 1925)
30 Jan 1930 - 18 Feb 1931 Dámaso Berenguer y Fusté, (b. 1873 - d. 1953) Non-party
conde de Xauen
18 Feb 1931 - 14 Apr 1931 Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas (b. 1860 - d. 1933) Non-party
14 Apr 1931 - 14 Oct 1931 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (s.a.) PRC
14 Oct 1931 - 12 Sep 1933 Manuel Azaña Díaz (1st time) (s.a.) AR
12 Sep 1933 - 8 Oct 1933 Alejandro Lerroux García (b. 1864 - d. 1949) PRR
(1st time)
8 Oct 1933 - 16 Dec 1933 Diego Martínez Barrio (1st time) (s.a.) PRR
16 Dec 1933 - 28 Apr 1934 Alejandro Lerroux García (s.a.) PRR
(2nd time)
28 Apr 1934 - 4 Oct 1934 Ricardo Samper Ibáñez (b. 1881 - d. 1938) PRR
4 Oct 1934 - 25 Sep 1935 Alejandro Lerroux García (3rd time)(s.a.) PRR
25 Sep 1935 - 14 Dec 1935 Joaquín Chapaprieta y Torregrosa (b. 1871 - d. 1951) Non-party
14 Dec 1935 - 19 Feb 1936 Manuel Portela Valladares (b. 1867 - d. 1952) PC
19 Feb 1935 - 10 May 1936 Manuel Azaña Díaz (2nd time) (s.a.) IR
10 May 1936 - 13 May 1936 Augusto Barcia Trelles (interim) (b. 1881 - d. 1961) IR
13 May 1936 - 19 Jul 1936 Santiago Casares Quiroga (b. 1884 - d. 1950) IR
19 Jul 1936 Diego Martínez Barrio (2nd time) (s.a.) UR
19 Jul 1936 - 4 Sep 1936 José Giral Pereira (b. 1879 - d. 1962) IR
4 Sep 1936 - 17 May 1937 Francisco Largo Caballero (b. 1859 - d. 1946) PSOE
17 May 1937 - 31 Mar 1939 Juan Negrín López (b. 1894 - d. 1956) PSOE
Chairmen of the Technical Junta (Nationalist Zone)
3 Oct 1936 - 3 Jun 1937 Fidel Dávila Arrondo (b. 1878 - d. 1962) Mil
3 Jun 1937 - 31 Jan 1938 Francisco Gómez Jordana y Souza (b. 1876 - d. 1944) Mil
Prime ministers (presidents of the Government)(to 31 Mar 1939 in Nationalist Zone only)
31 Jan 1938 - 8 Jun 1973 Francisco Franco Bahamonde (s.a.) Mil/FET
8 Jun 1973 - 20 Dec 1973 Luis Carrero Blanco (b. 1903 - d. 1973) Mil/FET
20 Dec 1973 - 2 Jan 1974 Torcuato Fernández Miranda Hevia (b. 1915 - d. 1980) FET
(acting)
2 Jan 1974 - 1 Jul 1976 Carlos Arias Navarro (b. 1908 - d. 1989) FET
1 Jul 1976 - 5 Jul 1976 Fernando de Santiago y Díaz de (b. 1910 - d. 1994) Mil
Mendivil (acting)
5 Jul 1976 - 25 Feb 1981 Adolfo Suárez González (b. 1932) UCD
25 Feb 1981 - 2 Dec 1982 Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo y Bustelo (b. 1926 - d. 2008) UCD
2 Dec 1982 - 5 May 1996 Felipe González Márquez (b. 1942) PSOE
5 May 1996 - 17 Apr 2004 José María Aznar López (b. 1953) PP
17 Apr 2004 - José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (b. 1960) PSOE

The "Resistance" 1808-1814

May 1808                   The abdication of Fernando VII (s.a.) on 6 May 1808 is not
                             recognized by the "Resistance"; Supreme Governing Juntas
                             are established in the provinces (ultimately numbering 18),
                             as well as in the Indies, ruling in the name of Fernando VII.
25 Sep 1808                The Supreme Central Governing Junta is established, ruling
                             in the name of Fernando VII, and gradually superseding the
                             previously established Juntas.
31 Jan 1810                A Supreme Council of Regency is established, governing in
                             the name of Fernando VII.
22 Mar 1814                Upon the return of Fernando VII the Regency is dissolved.

Presidents of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
25 Sep 1808 - 30 Dec 1808 José Moñino y Redondo, conde de    (s.a.)
                             Floridablanca
                             (interim to 1 Oct 1808)
30 Dec 1808 - 1 Nov 1809 Vicente Isabel Osorio de Moscoso   (b. 1777 - d. 1837)
                             y Álvarez de Toledo, marqués de
                             Astorga (interim to 1 May 1809)
1 Nov 1809 - 31 Jan 1810 Juan Acisclo de Vera y Delgado,    (b. 1761 - d. 1818)
                             arzobispo de Laodicea
Presidents of the Supreme Council of Regency 1 Feb 1810 - 29 May 1810 Francisco Javier Castaños y        (b. 1758 - d. 1852)
                           Aragorri                 29 May 1810 - 26 Sep 1810 Pedro de Quevedo y Quintano,       (b. 1736 - d. 1818)
                         obispo de Orense          27? Sep 1810 - 28 Oct 1810 Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis (s.a.) Presidents of the Council of Regency 28 Oct 1810 - 8 Dec 1810 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (1st time)   (b. 1760 - d. 1822) 8 Dec 1810 - 8 Apr 1811 Joaquín Blake y Joyes              (b. 1739 - d. 1827) 8 Apr 1811 - 8 Aug 1811 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (2nd time)   (s.a.) 8 Aug 1811 - 8 Dec 1811 Gabriel de Císcar y Císcar         (b. 1760 - d. 1829) 8 Dec 1811 - 22 Jan 1812 Pedro Agar y Bustillo (3rd time)   (s.a.) Presidents of the Regency 22 Jan 1812 - 15 Jun 1812 Joaquín de Mosquera y Figueroa     (b. 1748 - d. 1830) 15 Jun 1812 - 15 Dec 1812? Pedro Alcántara de Toledo y                              Salm-Salm, duque del Infantado   (s.a.) 15 Dec 1812? - 8 Mar 1813 Juan María de Villavicencio        (b. 1755 - d. 1830) President of the (to 22 Mar 1813, Provisional) Regency 8 Mar 1813 - 10 May 1814 Cardenal Luis María de Borbón y (b. 1777 - d. 1823)
                           Vallabriga, arzobispo de Toledo,                              primado de las Españas

First Secretaries of State
15 Oct 1808 - 5 Jan 1809 Pedro Cevallos Guerra              (s.a.)
5 Jan 1809 - 13 Oct 1809 Martín de Garay Perales (acting)   (b. 1760 - d. 1822)
13 Oct 1809 - 30 Oct 1809 Pedro Rivero (acting)
30 Oct 1809 - 31 Jan 1810 Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
31 Jan 1810 - 20 Mar 1810 Nicolás Ambrosio de Garro y
                             Arizcún, marqués de las Hormazas
                             (acting)
20 Mar 1810 - 6 Feb 1812 Eusebio Bardají y Azara (1st time) (s.a.)
                             (acting to 27 May 1810)
6 Feb 1812 - 12 May 1812 José García de León y Pizarro      (s.a.)
                             (acting)
12 May 1812 - 23 Jun 1812 Ignacio de la Pezuela y Sánchez    (d. 1850)
                             (acting)
23 Jun 1812 - 27 Sep 1812 Carlos Fernando Martínez de Irujo
                             y Tacón, marqués de Casa Irujo   (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
27 Sep 1812 - 11 Jul 1813 Pedro Gómez-Labrador Avelo         (b. 1765 - d. 1850)
11 Jul 1813 - 10 Oct 1813 Antonio Cano Manuel y Ramírez de
                             Arellano (acting)

Spanish Republic in Exile

[Spanish Republican flag]

Presidents
1940 - 17 Aug 1945 Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana (b. 1879 - d. 1959) IR
(acting)
17 Aug 1945 - 1 Jan 1962 Diego Martínez Barrio (s.a.) UR
11 Feb 1962 - 16 Nov 1970 Luis Jiménez de Asúa (b. 1889 - d. 1970) Non-party
Nov 1970 - 1 Jul 1977 José Antonio Maldonado (b. 1901 - d. 1985) IR

Prime ministers
4 Mar 1939 - 17 Aug 1945 Juan Negrín López (s.a.) PSOE
17 Aug 1945 - 9 Feb 1947 José Giral Pereyra (s.a.) IR/Non-party
9 Feb 1947 - 8 Aug 1947 Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz (b. 1895 - d. 1983) PSOE
8 Aug 1947 - 13 Aug 1951 Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana (s.a.) IR/Non-party
13 Aug 1951 - 9 May 1960 Félix Gordón Ordás (b. 1885 - d. 1973) Non-party
9 May 1960 - 28 Feb 1962 Emilio Herrera Linares (b. 1876 - d. 1967) Non-party
28 Feb 1962 - 28 Feb 1971 Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y (b. 1893 - d. 1984) UR/Non-party
Menduiña
28 Feb 1971 - 23 Jul 1977 Fernando Valera Aparicio (b. 1899 - d. 1981) Non-party

[Falange Española (Spain)]
FET Party flag 1938-1977

¹What we usually think of as Spain had no constitutional identity until 1808. The style Monarquía Española gradually came into use for the whole complex, while several of the component units maintained (in some cases fanatically) their political identity, with their own Cortes, their own charters of rights (fueros), etc. Españas (or Españas e Indias) more closely reflects usage before 1808 than España.

²In official documents the ruler used a full style that included effective and titular non-Hispanic titles (e.g., Archduke of Austria) the following is a typical form, while variants are not uncommon:
(a) Por la gracia de Dios, Rey/Reina de Castilla, de León, de Aragón, de las dos Sicilias, de Jerusalén, de Navarra, de Granada, de Toledo, de Valencia, de Galicia, de Mallorca, de Menorca, de Sevilla, de Cerdeña, de Córdoba, de Córcega, de Murcia, de Jaén, del Algarve, de Algeciras, de Gibraltar, de las Islas Canarias, de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales, de las Islas y Tierrafirme del Continente Oceánico, Archiduque/Archiduquesa de Austria, Duque/Duquesa de Borgoña, de Brabante y de Milán, Conde/Condesa de Abspurg, de Flandes, del Tirol y de Barcelona, Señor/Señora de Vizcaya y de Molina, etc ("by the grace of God, King/Queen of Castille, of Leon, of Aragon, of the Two Sicilies, of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Mallorca, of Minorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Cordoba of Corsica, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarve, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies, of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Continent, Archduke/Archduchess of Austria, Duke/Duchess of Burgundy, of Barabant and Milan, Count/Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, and of Barcelona, Lord/Lady of Vizcaya and of Molina, etc.") The following short style gradually comes into official use before 1808: Por la gracia de Dios Rey/Reina de las Españasy de las Indias ("by the grace of God, King/Queen of the Spanish and of the Indies").
(b) from 1978: Rey Constitucional de España, Rey de Castilla, de León, de Aragón, de las Dos Sicilias, de Jerusalén, de Navarra, de Granada, de Toledo, de Valencia, de Galicia, de Cerdeña, de Córdoba, de Córcega, de Murcia, de Jaén, de los Algarves, de Algerciras, de Gibraltar, de las Islas Canarias, de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales, de las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Océano; Archiduque de Austria; Duque de Borgoña, de Brabante, de Milán, de Atenas y Neopatria; Conde de Habsburgo, de Flandes, del Tirol, del Rosellón, y de Barcelona; Señor de Vizcaya y de Molina; Capitán General de las Reales Fuerzas Armadas y su Comandante Supremo; Soberano Gran maestre de la Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro, y de cuantas Ordenes discierne el Estado Español ("Constitutional king of Spain, king of Castile, king of Leon, king of Aragon, king of the Two Sicilies, king of Jerusalem, king of Navarra, king of Granada, king of Toledo, king of Valencia, king of Galicia, king of Sardinia, king of Cordoba, king of Corsica, king of Murcia, king of Jaén, king of the Algarves, king of Algeciras, king of Gibraltar, king of the Canaries Islands, king of the West and East Indies, king of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea [the Americas]; Archduke of Austria; duke of Burgundy, duke of Brabant, duke of Milan, duke of Athens and duke of Neo-Patras, count of Habsburg, count of Flanders, count of Roussillon, count of Barcelona; lord of Viscaya, lord of Molina; Captain-General and Supreme Head of the Royal Armed Forces, Sovereign Grand-Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Grand-Master of the orders awarded by the Spanish State").

³The Governing Board (Junta de Gobierno) had no formal chairman, but only one of its members was con voto de calidad, i.e., with "preferred vote," namely the widow of Carlos II: María Ana de Baviera-Neoburgo y Hessen-Darmstadt, Reina de las Españas y de las Indias (b. 1667 - d. 1740).

Noble titles: archiduque/archiduquesa = archduke/archduchess; barón/baronesa = baron/baroness; conde/condesa = count/countess; duque/duquesa = duke/duchess; marqués = marquis;
rey/reina = king/queen; señor/señora = lord/lady; vizconde = viscount;
príncipe/princesa = prince/princess

Territorial Disputes: Since Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum in 2002 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement, talks between the U.K. and Spain over the fate of the 300-year old U.K. colony have stalled; Spain disapproves of U.K. plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Peñón de Alhucemas, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz.

Party abbreviations: PP = Partido Popular (People's Party, center-rightist, to 1989 called Popular Alliance [AP]); PRC = Partido Republicano Conservador (Conservative Republican Party);
PSOE = Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, social- democratic); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Abs= Absolutist (royalist, right-wing reactionary); AR = Agrario (Agrarian);
FET = Falange Española Tradicionalista-Juntas de Ofensivas Nacional Sindicalistas (Spanish Phalange Traditionalists-Junta of National Syndicalist Offensive, main party of the National Movement, authoritarian, fascist, only legal party 1939-75); ID = Izquierda Democratico (Left-Democratic Party); IR = Izquierda Republicana (Republican Left, ex-UR); IU = Izquierda Unido (United Left, leftist-communist-greens coalition including PCE); Lib = Liberal;
Mod = Moderato (Moderate); PC = Partido Liberal Conservador (Liberal Conservative Party, conservative); PD = Partido Democratic (Democratic Party); PL = Partido Liberal (Liberal Party); PM = Partido Monárquico Constitutional (Constitutional Monarchy Party, moderate, 1834-73]); PPD= Partido Progresista-Democrático (Progressive Democratic Party, 1849-73);
PPg = Partido Progresista (Progressive Party, 1834-73); PR = Partido Republicano (Republican Party, conservative); PRF = Partido Republicano Federalista (Federalist Republican Party);
PRR = Partido Republicano Radical (Radical Republican Party); UCD = Unión Centro Democrático (Union of Democratic Center, centrist, 1977-83); UL = Unión Liberal (Liberal Union); UR = Unión Republicana (Republican Union)

Navarra

old navarre
to 16 Aug 1841

Map of Kingdom of Navarra Capital: Pamplona Population: N/A (1841)

c.824                      Kingdom of Navarra (Basque: Nafarroa, French: Navarre).
1200                       Southern Basque province of Gipuzkoa (Guipúzcoa) united
                             with the Kingdom of Castile.
1332                       Southern Basque province of Araba (Álava) part of Castile.
1379                       Southern Basque province of Bizkaia (Vizcaya) part of
                             Castile.
1451                       Northern Basque province of Lapurdi (Labourd) under
                             French rule.
1510                       Northern Basque province of Zuberoa (Soule) united with France
25 Jul 1512                Lower Navarre (Kingdom of Navarra south of the Pyrenees)
                             fully part of the Spanish monarchy, but retaining many
                             privileges (fueros).
1581                       Northern Basque province of Benapara (Fr.: Basse-Navarre)
                             under French rule
Aug 1589                   Northern or Lower Navarre (Basse-Navarre) inherited by the
                             Kings of France.
1790                       Benapara, Lapurdi and Zuberoa merged with neighboring Béarn into
                             the French department Basse-Pyrénées.
6 May 1808 - 11 Dec 1813 Separate identity disrupted by French invasion.
16 Aug 1841                Kingdom of Navarra fully incorporated into the Spain.
1874                       Last remaining fueros are abolished.

Kings
16 Jan 1556 - 13 Sep 1598 Felipe IV               (Felipe II in Spain)   (s.a.)
13 Sep 1589 - 31 Mar 1621 Felipe V                (Felipe III in Spain) (s.a.)
31 Mar 1621 - 17 Sep 1665 Felipe VI               (Felipe VI in Spain)   (s.a.)
17 Sep 1665 - 1 Nov 1700 Carlos V                (Carlos II in Spain)   (s.a.)
1 Nov 1700 - 16 Nov 1700 Governing Board³
16 Nov 1700 - 14 Jan 1724 Felipe VII (1st time)   (Felipe V in Spain)    (s.a.)
14 Jan 1724 - 31 Aug 1724 Luis II                 (Luis I in Spain)      (s.a.)
31 Aug 1724 - 6 Sep 1724 Vacant
6 Sep 1724 - 9 Jul 1746 Felipe VII (2nd time)                          (s.a.)
9 Jul 1746 - 10 Aug 1759 Fernando II             (Fernando VI in Spain) (s.a.)
10 Aug 1759 - 14 Dec 1788 Carlos VI               (Carlos III in Spain) (s.a.)
14 Dec 1788 - 19 Mar 1808 Carlos VII (1st time)   (Carlos IV in Spain)   (s.a.)
19 Mar 1808 - 6 May 1808 Fernando III (1st time) (Fernando VII in Spain)(s.a.)
6 May 1808                Carlos VII (2nd time)                          (s.a.)
6 May 1808 - 11 Dec 1813 interruption
11 Dec 1813 - 29 Sep 1833 Fernando III (2nd time)                        (s.a.)
29 Sep 1833 - 16 Aug 1841 Isabel I -Queen         (Isabel II in Spain)   (s.a.)
1 Oct 1833 - 31 Aug 1839 Carlos VIII             (Carlos V in Spain)    (s.a.)
                            (Carlist insurrection)

Minorca


24 Sep 1708 - 28 May 1756;
10 Feb 1763 - 20 Jan 1782;
15 Nov 1798 - 27 Mar 1802

Map of Minorca

Capital: Port Mahon

Population: N/A (1802)

28 Sep 1706 - 13 Jun 1715 Mallorca (Majorca) occupied by Austria. 14 Sep 1708                Minorca (Menorca) Island occupied by Britain, in the name of King Carlos (III).
Aug 1712       British take full possession. 13 Jul 1713                Formally ceded to Britain by Treaty of Utrecht.
1714                       British colony.
28 May 1756 - 10 Feb 1763 French occupation.
5 Feb 1782                Spanish occupation.
20 Jan 1783                Restored to Spain by Treaty of Paris.
15 Nov 1798                British colony.
27 Mar 1802                Restored to Spain by Peace of Amiens.

British Military commanders
14 Sep 1708 - 1708         James Stanhope                     (b. 1673 - d. 1721) 1708 - 1711    Petit1711 - 1712    John Fermor
Governors1708? - Aug 1712    Francisco Tomás    (Spanish civil governor)Jun 1712 - Apr 1714    John Campbell, Duke of Argyll      (b. 1680 - d. 1743)
                             (1st time)
1714               Charles Mordaunt,                  (b. 1658 - d. 1735)
                             Earl of Peterbough
5 Oct 1714 - 29 Jun 1716 John Campbell, Duke of Argyll      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1716 - 1732                George Carpenter                   (b. 1657 - d. 1732)
1733 - 31 Dec 1736       Sir Richard Kane                   (b. 1666 - d. 1736)
1737 - 1742                Algernon Seymour, Earl of Hertford (b. 1684 - d. 1750)
1742 - 1747                John Dalrymple, Earl of Stair      (b. 1673 - d. 1747)
1747 - 28 May 1756         James O'Hara, Earl of Tyrawley     (b. c.1682 - d. 1773)
1756 - 1758                Hyacinthe Gaëtan, comte de Lannion (b. 1719 - d. 1762)
                             (1st time)
1 May 1758 - 2 Apr 1759 Jean Toussaint de la Pierre de     (b. 1697 - d. 1759)
                             Frémeur, marquis de Frémeur
1759 - 1760                Louis-Félicien de Boffin (d. 1778)
                             d'Argenson et Pusignieu (1st time)
1760 - 2 Oct 1762         Hyacinthe Gaëtan, comte de Lannion (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1762 - 1763                Louis-Félicien de Boffin (s.a.)
                             d'Argenson et Pusignieu (2nd time)
1763 - 1766                Richard Lyttleton                  (b. 1718 - d. 1770)
1766 - 1768                George Howard                      (b. 1718 - d. 1796)
1768 - 1779                John Mostyn                        (b. 1710 - d. 1779)
1779 - 5 Feb 1782         James Murray                       (b. 1721 - d. 1795)
5 Feb 1782 - 15 Nov 1798 Spanish rule
15 Nov 1798 - 1801         Charles Stuart                     (b. 1753 - d. 1801)
1801 - 27 Mar 1802         Henry Edward Fox                   (b. 1755 - d. 1811)

Lieutenant governors (sometimes acting for the governors)1708 - 1711    Petit (Spanish appointed Lieutenant governor)1711 - 1712                John Fermor10 Nov 1712 - 1733         Richard Kane                       (s.a.) 1717 - 1718 George, Lord Forbes        (b. 1685 - d. 1765) (acting for Kane)1719 - 1720 Louis Petit(acting for Kane)
1726 Otway (acting for Kane)1733 - 1747                Philip Anstruther (b. c.1680 - d. 1760)1736 - 1738                William Pinfold (acting for Anstruther)1742 - 1744                Roger Handasyde?       (b. c.1684 - d. 1763)
(acting for Anstruther)1745 - 1747                John Wynyard (acting for Anstruther)
1748 - 28 May 1756         William Blakeney (b. 1672 - d. 1761)
Intendant
1759 - 1763                Antoine de Causan
Lieutenant governors
1763 - 1774                James Johnston
1764 - 1765 Townshend(acting for Johnston) 1774 - 1779                James Murray                       (s.a.)
1779 - 5 Feb 1782         Sir William Draper (b. 1721 - d. 1787)
5 Feb 1782 - 15 Nov 1798 Spanish rule
1798                       William Anne Villettes (b. 1754 - d. 1808)
1798 - 1800                Sir James St. Clair Erskine    (b. 1762 - d. 1837)
1800 - 1801 Henry Edward Fox                   (s.a.)
1801 - 27 Mar 1802         William Douglas McLean Clephane (b. 17.. - d. 1805)