Syria
 

to 30 Sep 1918                30 Sep 1918 - 8 Mar 1920                          8 Mar 1920 - 24 Jul 1920              24 Jul 1920 - 1 Sep 1920                   28 Jun 1922 - 1 Jan 1932                           1 Jan 1932 - 22 Feb 1958;                       28 Sep 1961 - 8 Mar 1963              22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961                8 Mar 1963 - 31 Dec 1971                 1 Jan 1972 - 30 Mar 1980                Re-adopted 29 Mar 1980   Map of Syria Hear National Anthem "Homat el Diyar" (Guardians of the Homeland)  Text of National Anthem Adopted 1936 - 1958, 1960 Constitution  (13 Mar 1973) Capital: Damascus Currency: Syrian Pound (SYP)  National Holiday: 17 Apr (1946) Independence Day Population: 19,314,747 (2007) note: in addition, about 40,000 people live in the Golan Heights GDP: $77.66 billion (2006) Exports: $6.92 billion (2006) Imports: $6.63 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: Syrian Arab 74.9%, Bedouin Arab 7.4%, Kurd 7.3%, Palestinian Arab 3.9%, Armenian 2.7%, other 3.8% (2000)  Total Armed Forces: 319,000 (2003) UNDOF Force: 1,088 (2008) Merchant marine: 108 ships (2006) Religions:  Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite (Shi'a) 12%, Christian (various sects) 5.5%, Druze 3%, other Muslim sects 1%, and other 5.5% (1992) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, BTWC (signatory), CAEU, ENMOD (signatory), FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,  ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WMO Syria Index Chronology 3300 BC - 1200 BC          Mostly part of the Egyptian Empire. 1200 BC - 724 BC           Local kingdoms (Phoenicians, Canaanites, etc.) 724 BC - 612 BC            Part of the Assyrian Empire. 612 BC - 539 BC            Part of the Babylonian Empire. 539 BC - 332 BC            Part of the Persian Empire. 332 BC                     Conquered by Macedonia under Alexander "the Great" 319 BC - 301 BC            Antigonid Kingdom 301 BC - 198 BC            Part of Egypt under Ptolemaic dynasty. 198 BC - 63 BC             Part of the Seleucid Empire. 85 BC - 64 BC              Nabataean rule in Damascus 64 BC - 261 AD             Part of the Roman Empire. 261 AD - 272 AD            Ruled by Palmyra. 272                        Roman rule restored. 17 Jan 395 AD              Part of the Byzantine Empire. 529 - 584                  Damascus administered by Kingdom of Ghassan. 635                        Arab Muslim conquest. 1076 - 1154                Part of the Seljuq Empire 1154 - 1176                Egyptian rule. 1176 - 1260                Various local Ayyubid dynasts in Aleppo, Damascus,                              Hamath, and Homs.  1260                       Part of Mameluke Sultanate. 1260 - 1261                Mongol occupation. 1400 - 1401                Occupied by Tamurlane. 23 Aug 1516                Part of the Ottoman Empire. Feb 1799 - Jun 1799        French occupy coastal parts of Syria. 14 Jun 1832                Annexed by Egypt (both nominally under Ottoman                               suzerainty). 10 Oct 1840                Direct Ottoman rule restored. 30 Sep 1918                Independence 25 Oct 1918 - 21 Nov 1919  British/French occupation, divided into British                              southern zone (Palestine), French zone (Lebanon                              and coastal Syria), and an interior Arab state                               (Syria).  8 Mar 1920                Kingdom of Syria 24 Jul 1920                France occupies Damascus and Aleppo.  1 Sep 1920                State of Great Lebanon (part of French Syria).  1 Dec 1920                State of Damascus and State of Aleppo formed                              (under French mandate). 28 Jun 1922                Union of Syrian States 29 Sep 1923 -  1 Jan 1944  Syria a League of Nations Mandate under France.  1 Jan 1925                State of Syria  1 Sep 1926                Lebanese Republic made a separate mandate. 11 Jun 1932                Syrian Republic 23 Jul 1939                France cedes Hatay to Turkey. 10 Jul 1939                State of Syria 10 Jun 1940 - 21 Jun 1941  Administration loyal to Vichy France                               (from 21 Jun 1941, Free French). 21 Jun 1941 - 15 Apr 1946  Occupied by British and (Free) French troops. 16 Sep 1941                Syrian Republic  1 Jan 1944                Independence from France declared. 17 Apr 1946                Independence recognized by France. 22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961  Part of United Arab Republic (see Egypt). 28 Sep 1961                Syrian Arab Republic 10 Jun 1967 -              Israel occupies the Golan Heights (annexed                               by Israel 14 Dec 1981). French Mandated Syria & Lebanon (1919-1946) Aleppo State (1920-1922) Damascus State (1920-1922) Alawite Territory (1920-1936)  Jebel Druze (1920-1936)  Golan Heights (1974-) Syrian Orthodox Church Syrian Catholic Church Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch Map of Syria in 1923

Walis (governors) of Damascus
Sep 1516                   Yunus Pasha                        (d. 1517)
Oct 1516 - 1517            Shihab ad-Din Ahma ibn Yahya
1517 - 1518                Nuh Celebi (acting)
Mar 1518 - 1521            Djanbirdi al-Ghazali
1521 - 1522                Ayas Mehmed Pasha 
1522 - 1523                Ferhad Pasha
Jun 1523 - 1525            Hurram Pasha
Jan 1525 - 1526            Süleyman Pasha at-Tawash 
Aug 1526 - 1528            Lufti Pasha (1st time)
May 1528 - 1531            Isabey Pasha Cenderli (1st time)   (d. 1535)
Jun 1531 - 1534            Mustafa Ablaq Pasha
Feb 1534 - 1535            Lufti Pasha (2nd time)
Jul 1535                   Isabey Pasha (2nd time)
Jan 1536 - 1536/37         Mehmed Kuzal Pasha
1536/37 - 1538             Topal Süleyman Pasha
1538 - 1539                Ahmed Pasha
1539 - 1541                Köse Hüsrev Pasha
1541 - 1543                Isa Pasha
1543 - 1545                Piri Pasha (1st time)
1545 - 1500                Hadim Sinan Pasha
1550 - 1551                Piri Pasha (2nd time)
1551 - 1552                Mehmed Pasha Teke-adjlu
1552 - 1555                Samsi Ahmed Pasha
1555 - 1561                Hizr Pasha
1561 - 1562/63             Ali Pasha (1st time)
1562/63 - 1563             Hüsrev Pasha
1563 - 1569                Lal Mustafa Pasha 
1569                       Murad Pasha 
1569 - 1570                Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1570 - 1571                Ahmed Pasha Isfendiyar-odjlu
1571 - 1574/75             Dervis Pasha                       (d. 1574/75)
1574/75 - 1575             Lala Jafer Pasha
1575 - 157.                Murad Pasha (1st time)
1577 - 1581                Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1581 - 1582                Bahram Pasha
1582 - 1583                Hüseyin Pasha 
1583                       Hasan Pasha (2nd time)
1584                       Qobad Süleyman Pasha
                             Ramadan-odjlu
1585                       Hasan Pasha (3rd time)
1586                       Oweis Pasha (1st time)
1587                       Mehmed Pasha Ferhad
1588                       Oweis Pasha (2nd time)
1589                       Ali Pasha Elvenzade
1590                       Hasan Pasha (4th time)
1590                       Koça Sinan Pasha
1590                       Sinanzade Mehmed Pasha
1591                       Mustafa Pasha
1592                       Halil Pasha
1593                       Çagirci Mehmed Pasha
1594                       Hasan Pasha (5th time)
1594                       Ali Pasha Gostanci
1594                       Murad Pasha (2nd time)
1595                       Hüsrev Pasha (1st time)
1596                       Radya Hatunzade Mustafa Pasha
Dec 1597 - 1598            Cigalezade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
                             ibn al-Djaffal
1598                       Ahmed Pasha I
1598                       Ahmed Pasha II
1598/99                    Hüsrev Pasha (2nd time)
1599/00                    Seid Mehmed Pasha
1600                       Cigalezade Mahmud Pasha (1st time)
1600/01                    Osman Pasha (1st time)
1602/03                    Ferhad Pasha Bustanci
1603/04                    Osman Pasha (2nd time)
1604                       Canbalatzade Mehmed Pasha
1604 - 160.                Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
1607                       Cigalezdade Mahmud (2nd time)
1608                       Mehmed Pasha
1608                       Sufi Sinan Pasha at-Talki
Apr 1609 - 1615            Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
Feb 1615 - 161.            Silidar Mehmed Pasha
1618                       Mehmed Pasha al-Djuqadar
1618                       Hafiz Ahmed (2nd time)
1619                       Mustafa Pasha
1620                       Süleyman Pasha Kalwin
1621                       Murteza Pasha Bustanci
1622/23                    Mehmed Pasha Rushand
1623/24                    Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq
1624/25                    Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha Nakzami
1625/26                    Gürci Mehmed Pasha
1626/27                    Tayyar-odjlu Mehmed Pasha
1628                       Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1st time)
1629                       Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1630                       Nawaya Mehmed Pasha
1631?                      Süleyman Pasha
1632                       Ilyas Pasha
1633                       Deli Yusuf Pasha (3 days)
1635 - 1636                Küçük Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
1636 - 163.                Drevish Mehmed Pasha
1638                       Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
1639                       Cifteli Osman Pasha
1640                       Mehmed Pasha 
1641                       Serci Ahmed Pasha
1642                       Melek Ahmed Pasha 
1643                       Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha
                             Ghawan Qabughi
1643                       Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1st time)
1644                       Gürçü Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1645                       Ibrahim Pasha
1645                       Mehmed Pasha Salami (3 days)
1646                       Gürcê Mehmed (2nd time)
1646                       Silihadar Yusuf Pasha (2nd time)
1647                       Sufi Murteza Pasha
1648                       Sofu Mehmed Pasha 
1649                       Damad Ibshir Mustafa Pasha 
1649                       Mehmed Pasha
1650                       Silihdar Murteza Pasha (1st time)
1650                       Shivasly Mustafa Pasha
1651                       Ak Mehmed Pasha 
1652                       Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1653                       Defterdarzade Mehmed Pasha
1655                       Gazi Pasha Shahsuvar-odjlu
1655                       Kara Murad Pasha
1655 - 1656                Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
1656                       Mehmed Pasha Boyunu-igri 
1656                       Mustafa Pasha 
1657/58                    Silihdar Murteza Pasha (2nd time)
1658                       Tayyardzade Mehmed Pasha
1659 - 1661                Köprülü Fazil Ahmed Pasha
1661 - 1663                Sulayman Pasha II
1663 - 1665                Ribleli Mustafa Pasha
1665 - 1666                Salih Pasha I
1666 - 1667                Qara Mustafa Pasha
1667 - 1669                Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu
1669 - 1671                Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan
1671 - 1672                Abazekh Husein Pasha (1st time)
1672 - 1673                Qara Mehmed Pasha
1673 - 1674                Ibrahim Pasha Shushman
1674 - 1675                Qer Husein Pasha
1675 - 1676                Ibrahim Pasha II
1676 - 1679                Osman Pasha Bustardji (1st time)
1679 - 1683                Abazekh Husein Pasha (2nd time)
1684                       Ibrahim Pasha III
1684 - 1685                Osman Pasha Bustardji (2nd time)
1686 - 1687                Kaplan Pasha
1687 - 1688                Arab Salih Pasha
1688 - 1689                Hamza Pasha
1689 - 1690                Silihdar Mustafa Pasha
1690 - 1691                Murtaza Pasha
1691 - 1692                Gurdju Mehmed Pasha III
1693 - 1694                Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
1695 - 1696                Silihdar Osman Pasha
1696 - 1697                Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha
1697 - 1698                Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai
1700/01                    Silihdar Hasan Pasha
1701/02                    Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracy-odjlu
                             (1st time)
1702                       Salih Agha (acting)
1702/03                    Mehmed Pasha Kurd Badjram 
                             Pasha-odjlu (1st time)
1703                       Osman Pasha Arnavud
1703/04                    Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracy-odjlu 
                             (2nd time)
1703/04                    Mustafa Pasha
1704/05                    Firari Hüseyin Pasha
1705/06                    Mehmed Pasha Kurd Badjram 
                             Pasha-odjlu (2nd time)
1706                       Baltaci Süleyman Pasha
1707                       Yusuf Pasha Qubtan Helvaci
1707?                      Halebli Hüseyin Pasha
1708 - 1714                Osmanzade Nasuh Pasha Aydin
1714                       Cerkes Mehmed Pasha
1714 (80 days)             Mehmed Pasha 
1715                       Topal Yusuf Pasha
1716                       Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha     (b. 1670 - d. 1730)
Jan 1717 – Dec 1717        Köprülüzade Abd Allah 
1718                       Reçeb Pasha 
1718                       Matuqzade Osman Pasha, Abu Tawq 
                             (1st time)
1719                       Küçük Osman Pasha
1721/22                    Ali Pasha Maqtul-odjlu
Jan 1723 – Dec 1724        Matuqzade Osman (2nd time)
Mar 1725 - 1730            Azamzade Ismail Pasha 
1730                       Osman Agha (acting)
1730                       Kara Süleyman Agha (acting)
1730/31                    Aidinli Abd Allah Pasha
Jan 1734 – 1738            Azamzade Suleyman Pasha (1st time) (d. 1743)
1738                       Hüseyin Pasha
1739                       Matuqzade Osman Pasha, Abu Tawq 
                             (2nd time)
1740                       Abdi Pashazade Ali Pasha
1741 – 1743                Azamzade Süleyman Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1743 - 1757                Azamzade Esad Pasha 
1757                       Mekkizade Hüseyin Pasha
1758/59                    Abd Allah Pasha
1760                       Ishalyq Mehmed Pasha
1760 – 1771                Uthman Pash al-Kurzi
1771 - 1772                Azamzade Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1772 - 1773                Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanci 
1773 – 1783                Azamzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1783                       Osmanzade Mehmed Pasha
1783 - 1784                Osmanzade Dervish Pasha
1784 – 1786                Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (1st time)  (d. 1804)
1786                       Hüseyin Pasha Battal               (d. 1801)
1787 - 1788                Abdi Pasha
1788 - 17..                Ibrahim Pasha al-Halabi
1790 - 1795                Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1795 - 1798                Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (1st time)
1798 - 1799                Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (3rd time)  (s.a.)
1799 - 1803                Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (2nd time) 
1803 - 1804                Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (4th time)  (s.a.) 
1804?- 1807                Azamzade Abdallah Pasha (3rd time) 
1807 - 1810                Kunj Yusuf Pasha
1810 - 1811                Süleyman Pasha 
1812 - 1813?               Süleyman Pasha Silahdar 
1818                       Salih Pasha
18.. - 1821                Abdallah Pasha
1821 – 1822                Dervish Mehmed Pasha
1822 – 182.                Mustafa Pasha 
1828 - 1831                Benderli Selim Sirri Pasha         (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
27 May 1832 - Jun 1832     Ibrahim Pasha -Egyptian commander
1831 - Jun 1832            Ahmed Bey -Military and civil governor
Nov 1832 - 183.            Muhammed Sharif Pasha
Jul 1840 - Jan 1841        Ali Pasha
Military governors
1841 - 1844                Mehmed Reshid Pasha 
1845 - 1846                Mehmed Namiq Pasha 
Walis
1841 – 1844                Mirza Said Pasha
Jan 1841 - Mar 1842        Gürcü Mehmed Necib Pasha
Mar 1842 - Fen 1846        Laz Ali Riza Pasha 
Feb 1846 - Mar 1848        Kirimli Musa Sefveti Pasha     
Mar 1848 - Aug 1848        Halil Kamili Pasha
Aug 1848 - Sep 1849        Osman Nuri Pasha
Sep 1849 - l851            Damad Mehmed Said Pasha
1852                       Osman Pasha
1852                       Izzet Mehmed Pasha
Jul 1852 - Oct 1852        Agha Abdulaziz Pasha
Oct 1852 - Aug 1854        Ali Askar Pasha
Aug 1854 - Oct 1855        Arif Mehmed Pasha                  (b. 1808 - d. 1865)
Oct 1855 - Dec 1855        Serhalifezade Namik Salih Pasha
Dec 1855 - Sep 1856        Mahmud Nedim Pasha                 (b. 1818 - d. 1883)
Sep 1856 - 1856            Arnavud Süleyman Refet Pasha
Dec 1856 - Dec 1857        Ahmed Izzet Pasha (3rd time)
Dec 1857 - Dec 1858        Kutuhyali Haci Ali Pasha
Dec 1858 - Mar 1859        Halil Kamili Pasha
Mar 1859 - Jun 1860        Ahmed Nazir Pasha
Jun 1860 - Nov 1860        Mehmed Muammer Pasha
Nov 1860 – Feb 1862        Muftizade Emin Muhlis Pasha        (b. 1811 - d. 1874)
Feb 1862 - Apr 1863        Pepe Mehmed Emin Pasha
Apr 1863 - Sep 1865        Mütercim (or Shirvanizade) Mehmed  (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
                             Rüstü Pasha                   
Sep 1865 - Jul 1866        Sakizli Esad uhlis Pasha           (d. 1876)
Jul 1866 - Sep 1871        Mehmed Rashid Pasha                (b. 1825 – d. 1876)
Sep 1871 - Sep 1872        Abdullatif Subhi Pasha
Sep 1872 - Jan 1873        Selanikli Mustafa Necib Pasha      (d. 1883)     
Jan 1873 - Sep 1874        Mehmed Halet Pasha
1874 - 1875                Esad Pasha
Jan 1875 - Apr 1876        Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1st time)       (d. 1885)
1876                       Ahmed Pasha
Dec 1876 - Jan 1877        Rashid Nashid Pasha (1st time)     (d. 1888)
Jan 1877 - Jun 1877        Abdulhamid Ziyaeddin Pasha         (b. 1825 - d. 1880)       
Jun 1877 - Feb 1878        Küçük Ömer Fevzi Pasha             (d. 1878)
Feb 1878 - Nov 1878        Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
Nov 1878 – Aug 1879        Ali Haydar Midhat Pasha            (b. 1822 - d. 1884)
Aug 1880 - Sep 1885        Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Sep 1885 - Mar 1888        Rashid Nashid Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1888 - Nov 1889        Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha      (d. 1889)
Dec 1889 - Nov 1891        Mustafa Asim Pasha                 (d. 1891)
Nov 1891 - Jun 1892        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha
Jun 1892 – Jun 1894        Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha           (s.a.)
Jun 1894 – Jul 1896        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha
Jul 1896 - Jul 1897        Hasan Refik Pasha
Jul 1897 - Mar 1906        Huseyni Nazim Pasha                (b. 1854 - d. 1927)
Mar 1906 – Dec 1908        Ibrahim Shukri (or Sükrü) Pasha
1909 – 1910                Ismail Fâzil Bey
Dec 1910 - Jun  1912       Ali Ghâlib Bey
Aug 1912 - Jan 1913        Alpan Kazim Pasha
Jan 1913 - Jul 1914        Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin
Jul 1914 - Oct 1915        Hulusi Bey                         (d. 1918)
Ocr 1915 – Aug 1916        Sakalli Azmi Pasha                 (d. 1944)
Aug 1916 – Jul 1917        Hasan Tahsin Bey
Jul 1917 - Jun 1918        Osman Bedri Bey                  
Jun 1918 - Sep 1918        Refet Bey
Sep 1918 – 30 Sep 1918     Tahsin Bey
Heads of Government
30 Sep 1918                Muhammad Said al-Jazairi
30 Sep 1918 -  5 Oct 1918  Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi           (b. 1866 - d. 1942)
 5 Oct 1918 -  8 Mar 1920  Faysal ibn al-Hussein al-Hashimi   (b. 1885 - d. 1933)
King
 8 Mar 1920 - 28 Jul 1920  Faysal ibn al-Hussein al-Hashimi   (s.a.)
Acting Heads of State
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920  Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Basha         (b. 18.. - d. 1920)
 4 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920  Jamil al-Ulshi                     (b. 1883 - d. 1951)
Governors
30 Nov 1920 - 28 Jun 1922  the Levant States governors
Heads of State
28 Jun 1922 - 21 Dec 1925  Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi       (b. 1883 - d. 1939) 
 9 Feb 1926 - 28 Apr 1926  Marie François Julien Pierre-Alype (b. 1886 - d. 1956)
                             (acting)
28 Apr 1926 - 15 Feb 1928  Damad-i Shahriyari Ahmad Nami Bay  (b. 1878 - d. 1962)
15 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931  Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani        (b. 1880 - d. 1943)
                             (acting)
Presidents
11 Jun 1932 - 21 Dec 1936  Muhammad Ali Bay al-Abid           (b. 1867 - d. 1939)
21 Dec 1936 -  7 Jul 1939  Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1960)  KW
 7 Jul 1939 - 10 Jul 1939  Nasuhi Salim al-Bukhari (acting)   (d. 1961)
10 Jul 1939 -  4 Apr 1941  Bahij ad-Din al-Khatib             (b. 1895 - d. 1981)
                             (chairman Council of Commissioners)
 4 Apr 1941 - 16 Sep 1941  Khalid al-Azm (acting)             (b. 1903 - d. 1965)
16 Sep 1941 - 17 Jan 1943  Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani        (s.a.)
17 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943  Jamil al-Ulshi (acting)            (s.a.)
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943  Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (Head of State)  (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
17 Aug 1943 - 30 Mar 1949  Shukri al-Kuwatli (1st time)       (b. 1891 - d. 1967)  KW;1947 SNP
30 Mar 1949 - 14 Aug 1949  Husni az-Zaim                      (b. 1897 - d. 1949)  Mil/SSNP
14 Aug 1949 - 15 Aug 1949  Muhammad Sami Hilmi al-Hinnawi     (b. 1898 - d. 1950)  Mil
                             (chairman Supreme Military Council)
15 Aug 1949 -  2 Dec 1951  Hashim Khalid al-Atassi            (s.a.)               KW
                             (2nd time) (Head of State)
 2 Dec 1951 -  3 Dec 1951  Adib ash-Shishakli (1st time)      (b. 1909 - d. 1964)  Mil
                             (chairman Supreme Military Council)
 3 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953  Fawzi as-Silu (Head of State)      (b. 1905 - d. 1972)  Mil
11 Jul 1953 - 25 Feb 1954  Adib ash-Shishakli (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Mil/ALM
26 Feb 1954 - 28 Feb 1954  Maamun al-Kuzbari (1st time)       (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
                             (acting) 
28 Feb 1954 -  6 Sep 1955  Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (3rd time) (s.a.)               KW
 6 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958  Shukri al-Kuwatli (2nd time)       (s.a.)               SNP
22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961  part of United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961  Maamun al-Kuzbari (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting)
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961  Izzat an-Nuss (acting)             (b. 1912)            Mil
14 Dec 1961 -  8 Mar 1963  Nazim al-Kudsi                     (b. 1906 - d. 1998)  HS
 9 Mar 1963 - 27 Jul 1963  Louai al-Atassi                    (b. 1926 - d. 2003)  Mil/Baath
                             (chairman National Revolutionary Command Council)
27 Jul 1963 - 23 Feb 1966  Muhammad Amin al-Hafez             (b. 1911)            Mil/Baath
                             (chairman National Revolutionary Command Council 
                             to 13 May 1964, then chairman Presidential Council)
25 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970  Nureddin Mustafa al-Atassi         (b. 1929 - d. 1992)  Mil/Baath
                             (Head of State) 
18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971  Sayyid Ahmed al-Hasan al-Khatib    (b. 1933)            Baath
                             (Head of State)
22 Feb 1971 - 10 Jun 2000  Hafez Ali Sulayman al-Assad        (b. 1930 - d. 2000)  Mil/Baath
                             (acting to 14 Mar 1971)                               /1972 NPF
10 Jun 2000 - 17 Jul 2000  Abdul-Halim Khaddam (acting)       (b. 1932)            Baath/NPF
17 Jul 2000 -              Bashar al-Assad                    (b. 1965)            Baath/NPF

Prime ministers
Oct 1918 - 14 Dec 1919     Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi           (s.a.)
                             (1st time) (head of administration) 
14 Dec 1919 - Dec 1919     Abdul Hamad Pasha
Dec 1919 - May 1920        Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
May 1920 - 28 Jul 1920     Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920  Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Basha         (s.a.)
 6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920  Jamil al-Ulshi (1st time)          (s.a.)
30 Nov 1920 - 26 Jan 1925  Post abolished
26 Jan 1925 - 21 Dec 1925  Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi       (s.a.)
29 Dec 1925 -  6 Jan 1926  Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani        (s.a.)
                             (acting) (1st time) 
 6 Jan 1926 - 27 Apr 1926  Vacant
27 Apr 1926 -  9 Feb 1928  Damad-i Shahriyari Ahmad Nami Bay  (s.a.)
15 Apr 1928 - 19 Nov 1931  Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
19 Nov 1931 -  7 Jun 1932  Vacant
 7 Jun 1932 - 16 Mar 1934  Haqqi Bay al-Azm                   (b. 1864 - d. 1955)
16 Mar 1934 - 22 Feb 1936  Shaykh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) 
22 Feb 1936 - 21 Dec 1936  Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (1st time)       (s.a.)
21 Dec 1936 - 18 Feb 1939  Jamil Mardam Bay (1st time)        (b. 1893 - d. 1960)  KW
23 Feb 1939 - 13 Mar 1939  Lutfi al-Haffar                    (b. 1885 - d. 1968)  KW
 6 Apr 1939 -  9 Jul 1939  Nasuhi Salim al-Bukhari            (s.a.)
 4 Apr 1941 - 21 Sep 1941  Khalid al-Azm (1st time)           (s.a.)               KW
21 Sep 1941 - 19 Apr 1942  Hassan al-Hakim (1st time)         (b. 1886 - d. 1988)
19 Apr 1942 - 10 Jan 1943  Husni al-Barazi                    (b. 1893 - d. 19..)
10 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943  Jamil al-Ulshi (2nd time)          (s.a.)
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943  Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (2nd time)       (s.a.)
19 Aug 1943 - 14 Oct 1944  Saadallah al-Jabiri (1st time)     (b. 1893 - d. 1947)  HI
14 Oct 1944 -  1 Oct 1945  Faris al-Khuri (1st time)          (b. 1879 - d. 1962)  KW
 1 Oct 1945 - 16 Dec 1946  Saadallah al-Jabiri (2nd time)     (s.a.)               HI
16 Dec 1946 - 29 Dec 1946  Khalid al-Azm (2nd time) (acting)  (s.a.)               KW
29 Dec 1946 - 17 Dec 1948  Jamil Mardam Bay (2nd time)        (s.a.)               RP
17 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949  Khalid al-Azm (3rd time)           (s.a.)
17 Apr 1949 - 26 Jun 1949  Husni al-Zaim                      (s.a.)               Mil/SSNP
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949  Muhsin al-Barazi                   (b. 1904 - d. 1949)
17 Aug 1949 - 24 Dec 1949  Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (2nd time) (s.a.)               KW
24 Dec 1949 - 27 Dec 1949  Nazim al-Kudsi (1st time)          (s.a.)               HS
27 Dec 1949 -  4 Jun 1950  Khalid al-Azm (4th time)           (s.a.)
 4 Jun 1950 - 27 Mar 1951  Nazim al-Kudsi (2nd time)          (s.a.)               HS
27 Mar 1951 -  9 Aug 1951  Khalid al-Azm (5th time)           (s.a.)               DB
 9 Aug 1951 - 13 Nov 1951  Hassan al-Hakim (2nd time)         (s.a.)
13 Nov 1951 - 28 Nov 1951  Zaki al-Khatib (acting)
28 Nov 1951 - 29 Nov 1951  Maaruf ad-Dawalibi (1st time)      (b. 1907 - d. 2004)  HS
 3 Dec 1951 - 19 Jul 1953  Fawzi as-Silu                      (s.a.)               Mil
19 Jul 1953 -  1 Mar 1954  Adib ash-Shishakli                 (s.a.)               Mil/ALM
 1 Mar 1954 - 18 Jun 1954  Sabri al-Assali (1st time)         (b. 1903 - d. 1976)  SNP
18 Jun 1954 -  3 Nov 1954  Said al-Ghazzi (1st time)
 3 Nov 1954 - 13 Feb 1955  Faris al-Khuri (2nd time)          (s.a.)               HS
13 Feb 1955 - 13 Sep 1955  Sabri al-Assali (2nd time)         (s.a.)
13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956  Said al-Ghazzi (2nd time)
14 Jun 1956 -  6 Mar 1958  Sabri al-Assali (3rd time)         (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Northern (Syrian) Region
 7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960  Nureddin Kuhala                                     Baath/Non-party
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961  Abdul Hamid Serraj                 (b.c.1923-d.af.1963) Non-party
Prime ministers
28 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961  Maamun al-Kuzbari                  (s.a.)
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961  Izzat an-Nuss                      (s.a.)               Mil
22 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962  Maaruf ad-Dawalibi (2nd time)      (s.a.)
16 Apr 1962 - 14 Sep 1962  Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah              (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
17 Sep 1962 -  9 Mar 1963  Khalid al-Azm (6th time)           (s.a.)
 9 Mar 1963 - 12 Nov 1963  Salah ad-Din Bitar (1st time)      (b. 1912 - d. 1980)  Baath
12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964  Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (1st time)  (s.a.)               Mil/Baath
13 May 1964 -  3 Oct 1964  Salah ad-Din Bitar (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Baath
 4 Oct 1964 - 23 Sep 1965  Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil/Baath
23 Sep 1965 - 21 Dec 1965  Yusuf Zuaiyin (1st time)           (b. 1931)            Baath
 1 Jan 1966 - 23 Feb 1966  Salah ad-Din Bitar (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Baath
25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968  Yusuf Zuaiyin (2nd time)           (s.a.)               Baath
29 Oct 1968 - 21 Nov 1970  Nureddin Mustafa al-Atassi         (s.a.)               Mil/Baath
21 Nov 1970 -  3 Apr 1971  Hafez Ali Sulayman al-Assad        (s.a.)               Mil/Baath
 3 Apr 1971 - 21 Dec 1972  Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (1st time)  (b. 1930)            Mil/Baath
21 Dec 1972 -  7 Aug 1976  Mahmoud al-Ayyubi                  (b. 1932)            Baath/NPF
 7 Aug 1976 - 27 Mar 1978  Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil/Baath
27 Mar 1978 -  9 Jan 1980  Muhammad Ali al-Halabi             (b. 1937)            Baath/NPF
 9 Jan 1980 -  1 Nov 1987  Abdul Rauf al-Kasm                 (b. 1932)            Baath/NPF
 1 Nov 1987 - 13 Mar 2000  Mahmoud Zuabi                      (b. 1938 - d. 2000)  Baath/NPF
13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003  Muhammed Mustafa Mero              (b. 1941)            Baath/NPF
10 Sep 2003 -              Muhammad Naji al-Otari             (b. 1944)            Baath/NFP
 

British Commander
25 Oct 1918 - 21 Nov 1919  Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby        (b. 1861 - d. 1936) 

High Commissioners of French-mandated Syria and Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
 9 Oct 1919 - 19 Apr 1923  Henri-Joseph-Eugène Gouraud        (b. 1867 - d. 1946)
19 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924  Maxime Weygand                     (b. 1867 - d. 1965)
29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925  Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail      (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926  Baron Henry de Jouvenel des Ursins (b. 1876 - d. 1935)
Aug 1926 - Jul 1933        Auguste-Henri Ponsot               (b. 1877 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939     Damien de Martel, comte de Martel  (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
Jan 1939 - Nov 1940        Gabriel Puaux                      (b. 1883 - d. 1970)
24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940  Jean Chiappe (did not take office) (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
 6 Dec 1940 -  1 Feb 1942  Henri-Fernand Dentz                (b. 1881 - d. 1945)
Delegates-general
24 Jun 1941 -  7 Jun 1943  Georges-Albert-Julien Catroux      (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
                             (also chief of Free French in Levant states)
 7 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943  Jean Helleu                        (b. 1885 - d. 1955)
23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944  Yves Chataigneau                   (b. 1891 - d. 1961)
23 Jan 1944 -  1 Sep 1946  Étienne-Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet    (b. 1883 - d. 1969)

British Military Commander
21 Jun 1941 - 1945         Henry "Jumbo" Maitland Wilson      (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
British Resident Ministers for Lebanon and Syria
25 Mar 1943 - 1944         Sir Edward L. Spears (1st time)    (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
28 Jan 1944 -  6 Nov 1944  Walter Edward Guinness, Lord Moyne (b. 1880 - d. 1944)
1944 - 1945                Sir Edward L. Spears (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1945 - 1946?               Sir Terence Allen Shone            (b. 1894 - d. 1965)

Territorial Disputes: Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shaba'a farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan; approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan.

Party abbreviations: Baath = Hizb al-Baath al'Arabi al-Ishtriraki (Arab Socialist Rebirth Party [Syrian Baath Party], authoritarian, socialist 1940-1958, 1962- ); NPF = National Progressive Front (Baath led coalition, est. 1972 by Baath, Arab Socialist Union Party,
Arab Socialist Party, Syrian Social Nationalist Party, Syrian Communist Party [Yusuf Faisal group], Syrian Communist Party [Khalid Bakdash group], Union Socialist Party, and Union Socialist Democratic Party); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: ALM = Arab Liberation Movement (authoritarian -only legal party Apr 1952-Feb 1954); DB = Democratic Bloc; HI = Hizb Istiqlal (Independence Party, Arab independence movement, est.1919); HS = Hizb ash-Sha'b (People's Party, nationalist, est.1948); KW = al-Kutla al-Wataniya (National Bloc, Syrian nationalist coalition, est.1927); LNA = League of National Action (est.1933); RP = Republican Party; SNP = Syrian National Party (est.1947); SSNP = Syrian Socialist National Party

            1 Sep 1920 - 25 Jan 1925

 1 Dec 1920                State of Aleppo
28 Jun 1922                Incorporated into Union of Syrian States.

Walis (Governors) of Halab (Aleppo)
16.. - 1684                Cerkes Ahmed Pasha
1684                       Tekfurdagli Bekri Pasha
1684 - 1685                Seytan Ibrahim Pasha
1685                       Arnavut Abdi
1685 - 1686                Bosnak Ahmed
1686                       Abaza Siyavus Pasha
1686 - 1687                Hazinedar Hasan Pasha
1687                       Yegen Osman Pasha
1687                       Hazinedar Hasan
1687 - 1688                Yegen Osman
1688 - 1689                Arap Receb Pasha
1689 - 169.                Arnavut Halil Pasha
1691                       Topal Huseyin Pasha
1692                       Büyük Çafer (1st time)
1694                       Dursun Mehmed Pasha
1695                       Büyük Çafer (2nd time)
1696                       Cerkes Osman Pasha
1696/1697                  Kanicali Osman
1697                       Morali Hasan Pasha
1698                       Eyüplu Hasan Pasha
1699                       Beyzade Ali Pasha
1700 - 170.                Cerkes Mehmed Pasha
1702 - 170.                Cetrefiloglu Yusuf Pasha
1703 - 170.                Cerkes Mehmed
1709 - 1710                Baltaci Mehmed Pasha               (b. 1660 - d. 1712)
1710 – 1724                ....
1724 – 1725                Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (1st time)     (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
1725 - 1734                ....
1734 - 1735                Ahmed Pasha 
1735 – 17..                ....
1745 – 17..                Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1747 - 17..                Kur Vesir Pasha
17.. – 1756                Mehmed Raghib Pasha
1762                       Abdullah Pasha al-Farari
1763                       Kusta Mustafa Bakir Pasha
1764                       Azmzade Mehmed Pasha
1765                       Sunbatzade Mehmed Pasha
1765 – 1767                Ahmed Pasha
1767                       Mehmed Pasha
1767                       Kul Ahmed Pashazade Ali Pasha
1767 - 1768                Silahdar Hamza Pasha
1769 - 1770                Topal Osmanzade Mehmed Pasha
1771                       Aberrahman Pasha
1774 - 1775                Ibrahim Pashazade Mehmed Pasha
1775                       Ali Pasha
1776 – 1780                Ahmed Izzet Pasha
1780 - 1781                Quca Abdi Pasha
1781 – 178.                Osman Pasha
1784 - 1785                Kekei Abdi Pasha
1785                       Haci Mustafa Pasha
1786 – 17..                Hüseyin Battal Pasha 
17.. – 1791                Bayrakli Kucsa Mustafa Pasha
1792                       Qilici Osman Pasha
1792                       Osman Pasha
1792                       Ibrahim Aga Kara Agazi
1793 – 1794                Süleyman Fayzi Pasha               (d. 1794)
1795 – 179.                Azamzade Abd Allah Pasha 
1798 - ....                Sherif Mehmed Pasha
18.. - 1804                Ibrahim Pasha Qattar Agisi 
1804 - 1805                Hamid Hamud Mehmed Pasha
1805 – 180.                Alaeddin Pasha
1808 – 1809                Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha              (d. 1818)
1811 - 1813                Shemli Raghib Mehmed Pasha
1813 - 1816                Capan-odjlu Celâleddin Mehmed Pasha
1816 - 1820                Kurshid Ahmed Pasha
1820 - 1824                Muzaffar Pasha
1824 – 182.                Mehmed Wahid Pasha
Aug 1827 - Oct 1828        Mehemet Emin Rauf Pasha
1830 – 183.                Ali Pasha
27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840  Ismail Bey -Egyptian governor
Jul 1840 - Aug 1842        Ayasli Esad Mehemet Muhlis Pasha
Aug 1842 - Jan 1845        Yozgatli Mehemet Vecihi Pasha
Feb 1845 - Jun 1846        Dellalzade Osman Pasha
Jul 1846 - Aug 1848        Musrafa Mazhar Pasha               (d. 1852)
Aug 1848 - Sep 1848        Halil Kamil Pasha
Aug 1849 - Oct 1850        Mustafa Zarif Pasha                (d. 1863)
Oct 1850 - Sep 1851        Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha              (b. 1813 - d.  1865)
Sep 1851 - Nov 1852        Osman Nuri Pasha
Nov 1852 - Dec 1854        Arnavut Süleyman Pasha Re'fet      (b. 1807 - d. 1864)
Jan 1855 - Dec 1855        Tepedenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
Dec 1855 - Jan 1857        Nasuhzade Mehemet Hamdi Pasha
Jan 1857 - Aug 1857        Mustafa Sherifi Pasha
Aug 1857 - Aug 1858        Mühendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha
Aug 1858 - May 1860        Bostançibashizade Mehemet Reshid   (d. 1876)
                             Pasha  
May 1860 - Dec 1860        Sehsuvarzade Ismail Hakki Pasha
Dec 1860 - Feb 1863        Ramazanoglu Mehemet Ismet Pasha
Feb 1863 - Jan 1866        Mustafa Süreyya Pasha (1st time)   (b. 1825 - d. 1879)
Jan 1866 - Feb 1868        Ahmed Çevdet Pasha                 (b. 1822 – d. 1895)
May 1868 – Jan 1869        Rashid Nashid Pasha
Jan 1869 - Jan 1872        Lofçali Ibrahim Dervish Pasha
Jan 1872 - Jun 1872        Mustafa Süreyya Pasha (2nd time)   (s.a.)
Jun 1872 - May 1873        Haci Ali Pasha Kütahyali
May 1873 - Jun 1874        Babanli Ahmed Pasha
Dec 1874 - Mar 1875        Hasan Samih Pasha
Mar 1875 – Jun 1876        Sakizli Esad Muhlis Pasha          (d. 1876)
Jun 1876 - Feb 1878        Kartalli Mehmed Emin Pasha
Feb 1878 - Mar 1879        Kibrizli Mehemet Kamil Pasha       (b. 1832 - d. 1913)
Mar 1879 - Sep 1879        Abdullah Ghâlib Pasha              (b. 1829 – d. 1905)
Sep 1879 - Jan 1881        Ingiliz Mehemet Said Pasha         (b. 1830 - d. 1896)
Jan 1881 - Dec 1886        Çemil Huseyin Pasha                (d. 1890)
Dec 1886 - Oct 1887        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1887 - Mar 1890        Hasan Haqqi Pasha (1st time)       (b. 1826 - d. 1896)
Mar 1890 - Dec 1892        Yenisehirli Arif Pasha
Dec 1892 - Jun 1894        Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time)  
Jun 1894 – Nov 1895        Hasan Haqqi Pasha (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Nov 1895 - Jan 1896        Mustafa Zihni Pasha                (b. 1838 - d. 1912)
Jan 1896 - Jul 1900        Köseraif Mehemet Raif Pasha        (b. 1836 - d. 1911)
Jul 1900 - Sep 1902        Enis Pasha
Sep 1902 – Aug 1904        Mecid Efendi (acting)
Aug 1904 – Aug 1905        Osman Kazim Pasha 
Aug 1905 - Sep 1906        Mehemet Nazim Pasha 
Sep 1908 - Sep 1909        Ahmed Reshid Pasha                 (b. 1870 - d. 1955)
Sep 1909 - Aug 1910        Fahri Pasha
Aug 1910 - Jul 1911        Kadri Huseyin Kazim Bey            (b. 1870 - d. 1934)
Jul 1911 - Jun 1912        Ali Mazhar Bey
Jun 1912 - Aug 1912        Ali Galib Bey
Aug 1912 – Dec 1912        Mustafa Vefiq Pasha                (d. 1912)
Jan 1913 - Jun 1913        Ali Münif Bey
Jul 1913 - Jun 1915        Mehemet Celal Bey
Oct 1915 - Apr 1917        Renda Mustafa Abdulhaliq Bey
                             (1st time)
Apr 1917 - Apr 1918        Tevfik Bey
Jun 1918 - Sep 1918        Bayindir Mustafa Atif Bey          (b. 1883 - d. 1977)
Sep 1918 - Oct 1918        Renda Mustafa Abdulhaliq Bey
                             (2nd time)
Governor of the State of Aleppo 
 1 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922  Kamil Basha al-Kudsi

             1 Sep 1920 -  25 Jan 1925

 

Map of  Damascus State

Capital: Damascus

Population: 594,000 (1923)

 1 Dec 1920                State of Damascus
28 Jun 1922                Incorporated into Union of Syrian States.

Governor
 1 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922  Haqqi Bay al-Azm                  (b. 1864 - d. 1955)

 2 Sep 1920                Alawite Territory
 1 Jul 1922                Incorporated into Syria.
 1 Jan 1925                Alawite State
22 Sep 1930                State of Latakia
 5 Dec 1936                Incorporated into Syria.

Governors
 2 Sep 1920 - 192.         Marie Joseph Émile Niéger          (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
192. -  1 Jul 1922         Gaston Henri Gustave Billotte      (b. 1875 - d. 1940)
 1 Jan 1925 - 1925         Léon Henri Charles Cayla           (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
Jul 1925 -  5 Dec 1936     Ernest Schoeffler

 1 May 1921                Autonomous
 4 Mar 1922                State of Souaida
1927                       Renamed Jebel Druze State
 2 Dec 1936                Incorporated into Syria.

Governors
 1 May 1921 - 15 Sep 1923  Amir Salim Basha al-Atrash         (d. 1923)
Sep 1923 -  6 Mar 1924     Trenga (provisional)
 6 Mar 1924 - 14 Oct 1925  Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet     (b. 1884 - d. 19..)
                             (provisional to 1 Oct 1924)
18 Jul 1925 -  1 Jun 1927  Amir Sultan Basha al-Atrash
                             (chief of state; in dissidence)
14 Oct 1925 - 1927         Charles Andréa
1927                       Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry   (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
1927 - 1932                Abel Jean Ernest Clément-Grancourt (b. 1873 - d. 1948)
 3 Feb 1932 - 28 Jan 1934  Claude Gabriel Renaud Massiet      (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
1934 - 1935                Devicq
1935 -  2 Dec 1936         Tarit

21 Sep 1918                British occupation.
24 Jul 1922                Part of British Palestine mandate.
 7 Mar 1923                The Golan is ceded to French Syria by Britain.
 1 Jan 1944                Part of independent Syria.
20 Jul 1949                Israeli-Syrian armistice; demilitarized zones
                             in El Auja on Israeli side and near Lake Tiberias
                             established under UN Truce Supervision Organization
                             (UNTSO) protection.
21 Sep 1956                El Auja demilitarized zone occupied by Israel.
9/10 Jun 1967              Israel occupies the Golan Heights. 
 6 Oct - 8 Oct 1973        Partial Syrian re-occupation.
 1 Jun 1974                UNDOF mission established.
14 Dec 1981                Golan Heights annexed by Israel (not recognized).

Commanders of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
 3 Jun 1974 - 15 Dec 1974  Gonzalo Briceño Zevallos (Peru)      (b. 1923)
                             (interim)
15 Dec 1974 - Apr 1979     Hannes Philipp (Austria) 
Apr 1979 - Feb 1981        Günther G. Greindl (Austria) 
Feb 1981 - 19 Feb 1982     Erkki Raine Kaika (Finland)
19 Feb 1982 - 12 Jun 1982  Walter Schmit (Austria) 
                             (acting) 
13 Jun 1982 - Apr 1985     Carl Gustav Stahl (Sweden) 
 3 May 1985 - 31 May 1986  Gustav Hägglund (Finland)            (b. 1938) 
 1 Jul 1986 - Apr 1988     Gustaf Welin (Swedish)
31 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1986  W.A.D. Yull (Sweden)
                             (acting for Welin)
Apr 1988 - Apr 1991        Adolf Radauer (Austria)
Apr 1991 - 30 Nov 1994     Roman Misztal (Poland)
 6 Jan 1995 - 31 May 1997  Johannes C. Kosters (The Netherlands)
 1 Jun 1997 - Sep 1998     David Stapleton (Ireland)            (b. 1937)
Sep 1998 - 30 Jun 2000     Hugh Cameron Ross (Canada)
 1 Aug 2000 - 13 Aug 2003  Bo Wranker (Sweden)
13 Aug 2003 - 16 Jan 2004  Franciszek Gagor (Poland)            (b. 1951)
16 Jan 2004 - 17 Jan 2007  Bala Nanda Sharma (Nepal)            (b. 1949)
23 Jan 2007 -              Wolfgang Jilke (Austria)             (b. 1949)