Togo
 

5 Jul 1884 - 26 Aug 1914                 1913 (proposed colonial flag)                  26 Aug 1914 - 20 Jul 1922 (joint flag)      26 Aug 1914 - 1957 (joint flag to 20 Jul 1922)                           1957 - 1958                       1958 - 27 Apr 1960                   Adopted 27 Apr 1960   Map of Togo Hear National Anthem "Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux" (Hail to thee, land of our forefathers) Text of National Anthem Adopted 1960-1979, 1991 ------------------------- Former National Anthem (1979 - 1991) Constitution (27 Sep 1992; in French) Capital: Lomé (Aného 1914-1920) Currency: Communauté Financière Africaine Franc (XAF) National Holiday: 27 Apr (1960) Independence Day Population: 5,701,579 (2007) GDP: $9.27 billion (2006) Exports: $868 million (2006) Imports: $1.20 billion (2006)  Ethnic groups: Ewe 22.2%, Kabre 13.4%, Wachi 10%, Mina 5.6%, Kotokoli 5.6%, Bimoba 5.2%, Losso 4%, Gurma 3.4%, Lamba 3.2%, Adja 3%, other 22.4% (2000) Total Armed Forces: 8,550 (2003) Merchant marine: 2 ships (2006) Religions: traditional beliefs 37.7%, Christian 37.8% (Roman Catholic 24.3%), Muslim 18.9%, other 5.6%  (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC, CEN-SAD, CTBT, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA (applicant), IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISESCO, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Togo Index Chronology  5 Jul 1884                Togoland a German protectorate  1 Jan 1905                German colony of Togoland. 26 Aug 1914                British and French occupation of the German                               protectorate of Togoland (Anglo-French                              condominium). 31 Aug 1914                German administration surrenders. 27 Dec 1916                Partitioned into French and British zones. 20 Jul 1922                League of Nations mandates, British and French                              Togolands. 16 Jun 1940 - Nov 1942     French Togo administration loyal to Vichy France                               (from Nov 1942, under Free French). 13 Dec 1946                United Nations trust territories, French Togo                              Associated Territory and British Togoland. 30 Aug 1956                Autonomy (Autonomous Republic of Togo). 13 Dec 1956                British Togoland part of Ghana. 22 Feb 1958                Republic of Togo 27 Apr 1960                Independence from France (Togolese Republic). Togo (since 1960) Traditional states German Togoland (1884-1914) British Togoland (1916-1956) French Togo (1914-1960) Historical Maps of Togo

German Togoland
 

Map of German Togoland

Capital: Lome (Sebe 1887-1897; Bagid 1884-1887)

Population: 1,000,000 (1912) (400 Europeans)

Reichskommissare (imperial commissioner)
 5 Jul 1884 -  6 Jul 1884  Gustav Nachtigal                  (b. 1834 - d. 1885)
                             (Reichskommissar for West Africa)
 6 Jul 1884 - 26 Jun 1885  Heinrich Randad 
                             (provisional consul)
26 Jun 1885 - May 1887     Ernst Falkenthal                  (b. 1858 - d. 1911)
Jul 1887 - 17 Oct 1888     Jesko von Puttkamer (acting)      (b. 1855 - d. 1917)
                             (1st time)
17 Oct 1888 - 14 Apr 1891  Eugen von Zimmerer                (b. 1843 - d. 1918)
14 Apr 1891 -  4 Jun 1892  Vacant
 4 Jun 1892 - Nov 1893     Jesko von Puttkamer (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Landeshauptleute
Nov 1893 - 13 Aug 1895     Jesko von Puttkamer               (s.a.)
18 Nov 1895 - 18 Apr 1898  August Köhler                     (b. 1858 - d. 1902)
Governors
18 Apr 1898 - 20 Jan 1902  August Köhler                     (s.a.)
20 Jan 1902 -  1 Dec 1902  Vacant
 1 Dec 1902 - 27 Jul 1905  Waldemar Horn                     (b. 1864 - d. 19..)
27 Jul 1905 -  7 Nov 1910  Johann Nepomuk Graf Zech auf      (b. 1868 - d. 1914)
                             Neuhofen 
 7 Nov 1910 - 31 Mar 1911  Vacant
31 Mar 1911 - 19 Jun 1912  Edmund Brückner                   (b. 1871 - d. 1935)
19 Jun 1912 - 31 Aug 1914  Adolf Friedrich Herzog von        (b. 1873 - d. 1969)
                             Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
Military administrator
26 Aug 1914 -  4 Sep 1916  Gaston Léon Joseph Fourn (France)

27 Dec 1916 - 30 Sep 1920  Under direct administration of Gold Coast colony; 
                             (also called Transvolta Togoland)(see Ghana).
11 Oct 1923                Under direct administration of Gold Coast colony (see Ghana).
13 Dec 1956                Part of Gold Coast (from 1957 Ghana).

Administrators
27 Dec 1916 - 30 Sep 1920  the governors of Gold Coast 
                             (see Ghana)
30 Sep 1920 - 11 Oct 1923  Francis Walter Fillon Jackson     (b. 1881 - d. 1936)
11 Oct 1923 - 13 Dec 1956  the governors of Gold Coast
                             (see Ghana)

Commissioners
 4 Sep 1916 - 27 Apr 1917  Gaston Léon Joseph Fourn
27 Apr 1917 -  2 Jan 1922  Alfred Louis Woelfel               (b. 1873 - d. 19..)
 2 Jan 1922 - 27 Dec 1931  Paul Auguste François Bonnecarrère (b. 1875 - d. 1966)
                             (acting to 22 Dec 1922)
27 Dec 1931 - 18 Oct 1933  Robert Paul Marie de Guise
18 Oct 1933 -  7 May 1934  Léon Charles Alphonse Pêtre 
                             (acting)
 7 May 1934 -  1 Jan 1935  Maurice Léon Bourgine              (b. 1879 - d. 1963)
 1 Jan 1935 - 25 Sep 1936  Léon Geismar 
25 Sep 1936 -  1 Jan 1941  Michel Lucien Montagné             (b. 1886 - d. 1942)
 1 Jan 1941 - 19 Nov 1941  Léonce Joseph Delpech 
                             (acting to 28 Aug 1941)
19 Nov 1941 - 12 Apr 1942  Jean-François de Saint-Alary       (b. 1888 - d. 1970)
12 Apr 1942 - 31 Aug 1943  Pierre Salceti
31 Aug 1943 - 10 Jan 1944  Albert Mercadier (acting)
10 Jan 1944 -  8 Mar 1948  Jean Noutary                       (b. 1896 - d. 1962) 
                             (acting to 4 Nov 1944)
 8 Mar 1948 - 20 Sep 1951  Jean Henri Arsène Cédile           (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
20 Sep 1951 - 25 Apr 1952  Yves Jean Digo                     (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
25 Apr 1952 -  3 Feb 1955  Laurent Elysée Péchoux             (b. 1904 - d. 2000)
 3 Feb 1955 - 21 Sep 1956  Jean Louis Philippe Bérard         (b. 1910) 
                             (acting to 6 Aug 1955)
High commissioners
21 Sep 1956 - 23 Mar 1957  Jean Louis Philippe Bérard         (s.a.)
23 Mar 1957 - Jun 1957     Joseph Édouard Georges Rigal
                             (acting)
Jun 1957 - 27 Apr 1960     Georges Léon Spénale               (b. 1913 - d. 1983)
Presidents 
27 Apr 1960 - 13 Jan 1963  Sylvanus Épiphanio Olympio         (b. 1902 - d. 1963)  CUT
                             (Head of State to 12 Apr 1961)
13 Jan 1963 - 15 Jan 1963  Emmanuel Bodjollé                  (b. 1928)            Mil
                             (chairman Insurrection Committee)
16 Jan 1963 - 13 Jan 1967  Nicolas Grunitzky                  (b. 1913 - d. 1969)  MPT
                             (acting to 5 May 1963)
14 Jan 1967 - 14 Apr 1967  Kléber Dadjo                       (b. 1914 - d. 1979)  Mil
                             (chairman National Reconciliation Committee) 
14 Apr 1967 -  5 Feb 2005  Étienne Eyadéma                    (b. 1937 - d. 2005)Mil;1969 RPT
                             (from 8 May 1974, Gnassingbé Eyadéma)
 5 Feb 2005 - 25 Feb 2005  Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé         (b. 1966)            RPT
                             (1st time)(acting from 21 Feb 2005)
25 Feb 2005 -  4 May 2005  Abass Bonfoh (acting)              (b. 1948)            RPT 
27 Apr 2005 - 20 May 2005  Emmanuel Akitani-Bob               (b. 1930)            PFC
                             (in opposition)
 4 May 2005 -              Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé         (s.a.)               RPT 
                             (2nd time)

Prime ministers
10 Sep 1956 - 16 May 1958  Nicolas Grunitzky                  (s.a.)               PTP
16 May 1958 - 12 Apr 1961  Sylvanus Épiphanio Olympio         (s.a.)               CUT
12 Apr 1961 - 27 Aug 1991  Post abolished
27 Aug 1991 - 23 Apr 1994  Joseph Kokou Koffigoh              (b. 1948)            CFN
23 Apr 1994 - 20 Aug 1996  Édouard "Edem" Kodjovi Kodjo       (b. 1938)            UTD
                             (1st time)
20 Aug 1996 - 21 May 1999  Kwassi Klutse                      (b. 1945)            RPT
21 May 1999 - 31 Aug 2000  Koffi Eugene Adoboli               (b. 1934?)           RPT
31 Aug 2000 - 29 Jun 2002  Agbeyome Messan Kodjo              (b. 1954)            RPT
29 Jun 2002 -  9 Jun 2005  Koffi Sama                         (b. 1944)            RPT
 9 Jun 2005 - 20 Sep 2006  Édouard "Edem" Kodjovi Kodjo       (s.a.)               CPP
                             (2nd time)
20 Sep 2006 -  6 Dec 2007  Yawovi Agboyibo                    (b. 1943)            CAR
 6 Dec 2007 -              Komlan Mally                       (b. 1960)            RPT

Territorial Disputes: In 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary; in 2006 14,000 Togolese refugees remain in Benin and Ghana out of the 40,000 who fled there in 2005. 

Party abbreviations: CAR = Comité d'Action pour le Renouvellement (Action Committee for Renewal); CFN = Coordination des Forces Nouvelles (Coordination of the New Forces, pro-democratic coalition); CPP = Convergence Patriotique Panafricaine (Patriotic Pan-African Convergence); MPT = Mouvement des Personnes Togolaises (Togolese People's Movement); PFC = Parti des Forces du Changement (Union of Forces for Change, pro-democratic, anti-Gnassingbe); RPT = Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais (Rally of the Togolose People, Authoritarian, only legal party 1969-19 Apr 1991); UTD = Union Togolaise pour la Democratie (Togolese Union for Democracy, pro-democracy); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: CUT = Comité de l'Unité Togolaise (Togolese Unity Committee, pro-independence, only legal party 1962-63); PTP = Parti Togolais du Progrés (Togolese Party of Progress)