U.S. Native American Nations
 

Contents:  Abenaki (St Francis Sokoki Band) - Alabama-Coushatta - Cheyenne River Sioux - Cherokee of Oklahoma - Chickasaw - Chitimacha - Choctaw of Mississippi - Choctaw of Oklahoma - Coeur d'Alene Tribe (Schitsu'Umsh) - Flandreau Santee Sioux - Kanatak - Las Vegas Paiute - Mashantucket Pequot - Menominee - Miccosukee - Mohegan - Muskogee (Creek) of Oklahoma - Navajo - Oglala Sioux - Sault Ste. Marie - Seminole of Florida - Seminole of Oklahoma - Southern Ute - Tlingit and Haida Central Council - Warm Springs - White Mountain Apache -

Note: In 2000, there were 556 Native American tribal entities recognized by the United States government, the Constitution, by treaty or statute, or by court decisions as "sovereign domestic dependent nations under the U.S. protection." They have formal government-to-
government relations with the federal government, enjoy full internal self-government and administer the territories they reserved for themselves. Currently this page lists only a small fraction of Native American Nations. More data will be added as information becomes available.

                     Adopted 24 Jul 1991

1976                       Abenaki (St. Francis-Sokoki Band) recognized by Vermont.
1977                       Recognition rescinded.

Chairmen
1974                       Wayne Hoague 
1974 - 1980                Homer St. Francis (1st time)    (d. 2001)
1980 - 1987                Blackie Lampman 
1987 - 2001                Homer St. Francis (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1996 -                     April St. Francis Rushlow (f)
                             (acting to 2001)

1854                       Tribal reservation granted to the Alabama-Coushatta tribe 
                             of the Muskogee Nation.
1938                       Introduction of constitutional government.
18 Aug 1987                Tribe recognized by Federal government.

Chiefs
.... - c.1838              Long King
c.1838 - 18..              Tempe
18.. - 1871                Long Tom
1871 -  5 Mar 1913         John Scott                      (b. 1805 - d. 1913)
1913 - 1928                Vacant
1928 -  8 Sep 1935         Charles Martin Thompson         (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1936                Mikko-Se Hotkas Clem Fain, Jr.
                             (acting)
 1 Jan 1936 - 23 Feb 1969  Bronson Cooper Sylestine        (b. 1879 - d. 1969)
                             (Tic-Ca-Che)
23 Feb 1969 -  8 Feb 1994  Robert Fulton Battise (Kina)    (b. 1909 - d. 1994)
                             (acting to 1 Jun 1972)
 9 Feb 1994 -              Clayton Marion Sylestine (Oscola)
                             (acting 1 Jan 1995)

Chairmen
1938 -                     ....

7 Oct 1861 - 23 Jun 1865                      Cherokee Braves Battle Flag

Adopted 9 Oct 1978

 7 Oct 1861                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America.
20 Feb 1863                Pro-U.S. faction revokes treaty with the Confederacy.
19 Jul 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
24 Apr 1906                End of national self-government.
1971                       Restoration of tribal self-government.

Principal Chiefs, Western Cherokees
1795 - 1813                John Bowles
1813 - 1818                Takatoka
1818                       Tahlonteeskee
1818 - Dec 1836            John Jolly
Dec 1836 - Oct 1839        John Brown
Oct 1839 - 1840            John Rogers                        (b. 1778 - d. 1846)
Principal Chiefs, Eastern Cherokees
1730 - c.1753              Moytag                             (d. c.1753)
1753 - Aug 1760            Old Hop (Kanagatoga)               (d. 1760)
1760 - 1778                Attacullaculla                     (d. 1778)
1778 - 1780                Oconocoasta                        (d. 1783)
1780 - Jun 1788            Old Tassel (Kayatihi)              (d. 1788)
1788 - 1792                Haning Maw (Uskwaliguta)           (d. 1794)
1792 - 1801                Little Turkey (Kanagadoga)         (b. 1738 - d. 1838)
1801 - 22 Jul 1811         Blackfox (Enoli)                   (d. 1811)
1811 - Jan 1827            Pathkiller (Nunnadihi)             (b. 1749 - d. 1827)
Jan 1827 - 20 Jan 1827     Charles Renatus Hicks              (b. 1767 - d. 1837)
1827 - 1828                William Hicks                      (b. c.1769 - d. 1827)        
Oct 1828 - 11 Aug 1866     John Ross                          (b. 1790 - d. 1866)
Principal Chiefs
 2 Oct 1839 -  1 Aug 1866  John Ross                          (s.a.)
                            (in exile in Kansas, 3 Aug 1862 - Jun 1865)
21 Aug 1862 - 1866         Stand Watie (in rebellion)         (b. 1806 - d. 1871)
                            (elected by Confederate sympathizers;
                             surrendered to U.S. 23 Jun 1865)
 1 Aug 1866 - 19 Oct 1866  Lewis Downing (1st time) (acting)  (b. 1823 - d. 1882)
19 Oct 1866 -  4 Nov 1867  William Potter Ross (1st time)     (b. 1820 - d. 1891)
 4 Nov 1867 -  9 Nov 1872  Lewis Downing (2nd time)           (s.a.)
10 Nov 1872                Charles Thompson (1st time)        (d. 1891)
11 Nov 1872 -  1 Nov 1875  William Potter Ross (2nd time)     (s.a.)
 1 Nov 1875 -  3 Nov 1879  Charles Thompson (2nd time)        (s.a.)
 3 Nov 1879 -  1 Aug 1887  Dennis Wolf Bushyhead              (b. 1826 - d. 1898)
 1 Aug 1887 - 14 Dec 1891  Joel Bryan Mayes                   (b. 1833 - d. 1891)
14 Dec 1891 - 23 Dec 1891  Thomas Mitchell Buffington         (b. 1855 - d. 1938)
                             (1st time) (acting)
23 Dec 1891 -  4 Nov 1895  Colonel Johnson Harris             (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
 4 Nov 1895 -  6 Nov 1899  Samuel Houston Mayes               (b. 1845 - d. 1927)
 6 Nov 1899 -  2 Nov 1903  Thomas Mitchell Buffington         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 2 Nov 1903 - 21 Nov 1905  William Charles Rogers (1st time)  (b. 1849 - d. 1917)
21 Nov 1905 - 1905/06      Frank Josiah Boudinot              (b. 1866 - d. af.1937)
1905/06 - 1917             William Charles Rogers (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1917 - 1919                Vacant
 8 Nov 1919 - 25 Nov 1919  Andrew Bell Cunningham
1919 - 1923                Vacant
23 Jun 1923 (1 day)        Edward M. Frye
1923 - 1925                Vacant
1925  (1 day)              Richard Baxter Choate
1925 - 1927                Vacant
27 Dec 1927 (1 day)        Charles J. Hunt
1927 - 1931                Vacant
26 May 1931 (1 day)        Oliver P. Brewer
1931 - 1936                Vacant
22 Jan 1936 (1 day)        William Wirt Hastings              (b. 1866 - d. 1938)
1936 - 1941                Vacant
1941 - 1949                Jesse Bartley Milam                (b. 1884 - d. 1949)
1949 - 1975                William Wayne Keeler               (b. 1908 - d. 1987) 
1975 - 1985                Ross O. Swimmer
1985 - 1995                Wilma Pearl Mankiller (f)          (b. 1945)
1995 - 1999                Joe Byrd
14 Aug 1999 -              Chadwick Smith                     (b. 1941)

Cherokee Indian Agents
177. - 1779                Alexander Cameron 
1779 - 178.                Thomas Brown 
c.1785                     Joseph Martin
1794 - 1799                John McKee 
1801 - 1823                Return J. Meigs 
1823 - 1824                Joseph McMinn 
1824 - 1828                Hugh Montgomery 
1828 - 1830                Edward W. Du Val
1830 - 1831                George Vashon 
1831 - 16 Dec 1836         Benjamin Currey                    (d. 1836)
16 Dec 1836 -  3 Jan 1837  Wilson Lumpkin 
 3 Jan 1837 - 1837         Nathaniel Smith
1837 -  7 Mar 1840         Montford Stokes
1840                       Arbuckle
1841 - 1846                Pierce Mason Butler                (b. 1798 - d. 1847)
1846 - 13 Jan 1848         James McKissick
Jan 1848 - Mar 1848        Gustavus Loomis (acting)
1848 - May 1849            Richard C.S. Brown
29 May 1849 - 21 Sep 1850  William Butler, Jr.                (d. 1850)
24 Sep 1850 -  8 Dec 1850  William G. Belknap (acting)
31 Oct 1850 -  4 Apr 1861  George Butler
Apr 1861 - Jun 1861        John Crawford 
                             (for the Confederate States Jun 1861 - 186.)
Jun 1861 - 31 Aug 1862     Charles W. Chatterton              (d. 1862)
1863 - 1866                Justin Harlin 
1866 - 1867                John P. Humphreys
1867                       E.C. Cleaveland 
1867                       William Touples
1867 - 1868                J.J. Henderson
1868 - 1869                William B.D. Davis
1869 - 1870                John Craig 
1870 - 1874                John Buttrick Jones                (b. 1824 - d. 1876) 
1874 - 1914                the Muskogee Union Agents 

Chairmen Tribal Council 
1936 - 1942                Luke Gilbert
1942 - 1946                Samuel Charger
1946                       Iron Lightning
1946 - 1950                Albert LeBeau, Sr.
1950 - 1958                Frank Ducheneaux
1958 - 1962                Anthony A. Rivers II
1962                       Andrew LeBeau 
1962 - 1970                Frank Ducheneaux
1970 - 1974                Theophile O. Traversie
1974 - 1978                Wayne Ducheneaux (1st time)
1978 - 1982                Melvin Garreau, Sr. 
1982                       Kenneth West
1982                       Lanny LaPlant
1982                       Robert Chasing Hawk
1982 - 1986                Morgan Garreau
1986 - 1990                Wayne Ducheneaux (2nd time)
1990 -                     Gregg Bourland

17 Jan 1837 - 22 Jun 1855  Component part (District) of the Choctaw Nation.
 1 Jul 1861                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America.
28 Apr 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
24 Apr 1906                End of national self-government.
1971                       Restoration of tribal self-government.

Minko (hereditary chiefs)
17.. - 1784                Payamataha                               (d. 1784)
                           - jointly with - 
17.. - 1784                Mincohouma (Mingo Houma) 
1784 - 1794                Taski Etoka 
1794 - 1819                Chinubbee                                (d. 1819)
1819 - 1820?               Chehopieschee
1820 - 1822                Ishtehotopa
Chiefs of the Chickasaw District, Chiefs of the Chickasaw People
1838 - 1839                George Colbert
1839 - 1844                ....
1844 - 1846                Isaac Alberson (Samuel Seeley)
1846 - 1848                James McLaughlin
1848 - 1850                Edmund Pickens
1850 - 1856                Daugherty Colbert
Governors
1856 - 1858                Cyrus H. Harris (1st time)               (b. 1817 - d. 1888)
1858 - 1860                Daugherty Winchester Colbert (1st time)  (b. 1810 - d. 1880)
1860 - 1862                Cyrus H. Harris (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1862 - 1866                Daugherty Winchester Colbert (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (in Texas exile Feb 1864 - 16 Jul 1865)
1864                       Horace Pratt (acting)
1866                       Jackson Kemp (acting)
1866 - 1870                Cyrus H. Harris (3rd time)               (s.a.)
1870 - 1871                William P. Brown
1871 - 1872                Thomas J. Parker                         (b. 1775 - d. 1890)
1872 - 1874                Cyrus H. Harris (4th time)               (s.a.)
1874 - 1878                Benjamin Franklin Overton (1st time)     (b. 1836 - d. 1884)
1878 - 1880                Benjamin Crooks Burney                   (b. 1844 - d. 1892)
1880 -  8 Feb 1884         Benjamin Franklin Overton (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1884 - 1886                Jonas Wolfe (1st time)                   (d. 1900)
1886 - 1888                William Malcom Guy                       (b. 1845 - d. 1918)
1888 - 1892                William Leander Byrd                     (b. 1844 - d. 1915)
1892 - Jun 1894            Jonas Wolfe (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
Jun 1894 - Oct 1894        Tecumsah A. McClure (acting)             (b. c.1830 - d. ....)
Oct 1894 - Aug 1896        Palmer Simeon Mosely (1st time)          (b. 1851 - d. 1908)
Aug 1896 - 1898            Robert Maxwell Harris                    (b. 1850 - d. 1927)
1898 - 1902                Douglas Henry Johnston (1st time)        (b. 1858 - d. 1939)
1902 - 1904                Palmer Simeon Mosely (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1904 - 26 Apr 1906         Douglas Henry Johnston (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1906                       Peter Maytubby 
1906 - 1939                Douglas Henry Johnston (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1939 - 1963                Floyd Ernest Maytubby                    (b. 1893 - d. 1963) 
1963                       Hugh Maytubby 
1963 - 1987                Overton James
1987 -                     Bill Anoatubby                           (b. 1945)

Chickasaw Indian Agents
1794 - 1796                John McKee
1797 - 1806                Samuel Mitchell 
1806 - 1808                William Hill
1808 - 1809                Thomas Wright
 8 Jul 1809 -  3 Jun 1812  James Neelly (or Neeley)
1812 - 1814                James Robertson
1814 - 1818                William Cocke 
1818 - 18..                Thomas J. Sherburne
18.. - 1822/23             Nicholas
1822/23 - 1829             Benjamin Fort Smith 
1829 - 1830                John Allen (acting)
1830 - 1837                Benjamin Reynolds
 9 Mar 1837 - 1851         A.M.M. Upshaw 
1851 - 1852                Kenton Harper 
c.1853 - 1856              A.J. Smith 
1856 - 1874                the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian Agents
1874 - 1914                the Muskogee Union Agents

Chiefs 
1903 - 1934                Benjamin Paul 
1934 - 1947                Ernest "Papa Jack" Darden 
1947                       Alexander Darden 
1948 - 1950                Leroy Burgess (chairman)
1950 - 1969                Emile "Bizz" Stouff 
1969 - 1971                Leonard "Nick" Stouff 
Chairmen 
1971 - 1981                Leroy Burgess
1981 - 1983                Daniel Darden (1st time)
1983 - 1987                Larry Burgess 
1987 - 1989                Daniel Darden (2nd time)
1989 - 1998                Ralph Darden 
1998 -                     Alton D. LeBlanc, Jr.

1786                       Choctaws under protection of the U.S., the original boundaries of
                             the Choctaw country fixed.
1805 & 1820                Main Choctaw land cessions to the U.S.
1826                       Choctaw tribal government (Choctaw Nation) established, governed by
                             the chiefs of the Okla Tannip District, the Okla Falaya District,
                             and the Okla Hannali District.
1830                       Choctaw Indian Reservation ceded to the U.S. in return for a new
                             reservation in the Indian Territory.
1834                       Majority of the Choctaws moved to the Indian Territory.
1918                       Choctaws of Mississippi recognized as separate from the Choctaw 
                             Nation of Oklahoma.
1939                       Mississippi Choctaw Indian Reservation established.
1945                       Choctaw tribal government (Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians).

Chiefs of Okla Tannip District
180. - 1809                Homastubbee                    (d. 1809)
1809 - 1826                Moshulatubbee (1st time)       (b. 1778 - d. 1838)
1826 - 1830                David Folsom                   (b. 1791 - d. 1847)
1830 - 1834                Moshulatubbee (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Chiefs of Okla Falaya District
180. - 1824                Apukshunnubbee                 (d. 1824)
1824 - 1826                Robert Cole
1826 - 1834                Greenwood LeFlore              (b. 1800 - d. 1865)
Chiefs of Okla Hannali District
180. - 1824                Pushmataha                     (b. 1764 - d. 1824)
1824 - 1826                Humming Bird                   (d. 1828)
1826 - 1830                John "Sam" Garland
1830 - 1834                Nitakechi                      (b. 1792 - d. 1846)
Chairmen
1945 - 1949                Joe Chitto
1949 - 1959                Emmett York (1st time)
1959 - 1967                Phillip Martin                 (b. 1926)
1967 - 1975                Emmett York (2nd time)
Chiefs
1975 - 1979                Calvin Issac
1979 -                     Phillip Martin                 (s.a.)

1834 - 1838                Governed by the chiefs of the Moshulatubbee District,
                             the Oklafalaya District, and the Pushmataha District.
1838 - Oct 1857            Governed by the chiefs of the Moshulatubbee District,
                             the Apukshunnubbee District, the Pushmataha District,
                             and the Chickasaw District (s.a.).
 1 Jul 1861                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America.
28 Apr 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
24 Apr 1906                End of national self-government.
1971                       Restoration of tribal self-government.

Chiefs of Moshulatubbee District
1834 - 1836                Moshulatubbee
1836 - 1838                Joseph Kincaid
1838 - 1842                John McKinley
1842 - 1846                Nathaniel Folsom
1846 - 1850                Peter Folsom
1850 - 1854                Cornelius McCurtain
1854 - Oct 1857            David McCoy
Chief of Oklafalaya District
1834 - 1838                Thomas LeFlore
Chiefs of Apukshunnubbee District
1838 - 1842                James Fletcher
1842 - 1850                Thomas LeFlore
1850 - Oct 1857            George Washington Harkins
Chiefs of Pushmataha District
1834 - 1838                Nitukechi (1st time)
1838 - 1841                Pierre Jusan
1841 - 1846                Isaac Folsom
1846                       Nitukechi (2nd time)
1846 - 1850                Silas D. Fisher
1850 - 1854                George Folsom
1854 - Oct 1857            Nicholas Cochnauer
Governors
Oct 1857 - 1858            Alfred Wade                        (d. c.1868)
1857 - Oct 1859            Tandy C. Walker
Oct 1859 -  1 Oct 1860     Basil LeFau LeFlore
Principal chiefs
 1 Oct 1860 -  6 Oct 1862  George Hudson                      (b. 1808 - d. 1865)
 6 Oct 1862 -  3 Oct 1864  Samuel Garland                     (b. 1803 - d. 1870)
 3 Oct 1864 -  1 Oct 1866  Peter Perkins Pitchlynn            (b. 1806 - d. 1881)
 1 Oct 1866 -  3 Oct 1870  Allen Wright
 3 Oct 1870 -  5 Oct 1874  William J. Bryant 
 5 Oct 1874 -  7 Oct 1878  Coleman Cole                       (b. c.1800 - d. 1886)
 7 Oct 1878 - Feb 1880     Isaac Levi Garvin                  (b. 1832 - d. 1880)
Feb 1880 -  6 Oct 1884     Jackson Frazier McCurtain          (b. 1830 - d. 1885)
                             (acting to 3 Oct 1880)
 6 Oct 1884 -  3 Oct 1886  Edmund McCurtain                   (b. 1842 - d. 1890)
 3 Oct 1886 -  1 Oct 1888  Thompson McKinney                  (d. 1889)
 1 Oct 1888 -  6 Oct 1890  Benjamin Franklin Smallwood        (b. 1829 - d. 1891)
 6 Oct 1890 -  1 Oct 1894  Wilson Nathaniel Jones             (b. 1831 - d. 1901)
 1 Oct 1894 -  5 Oct 1896  Jefferson Gardner                  (b. 1847 - d. 1906)
 5 Oct 1896 -  1 Oct 1900  Green McCurtain (1st time)         (b. 18.. - d. 1910)
 1 Oct 1900 -  6 Oct 1902  Gilbert W. Dukes                   (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
 6 Oct 1902 - 1910         Green McCurtain (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1910 - 1918                Victor Locke, Jr.                  (b. 1876 - d. 1929)
1918 - 1922                William Finley Sample              (b. 1883 - d. 1969)
1922 - 1929                William Henry Harrison             (b. 1876 - d. 1929)
1930 - 1936                Ben H. Dwight                      (b. 1890 - d. 1953)
1937 - 1948                William H. Durrant                 (b. 1866 - d. 1948)
1948 - 1975                Harry J.W. Belvin                  (d. 1975)
1975 - 1978                C. David Gardner
Chiefs
1978 - 1997                Hollis E. Roberts
 9 Jun 1997 -              Gregory E. Pyle 

Choctaw Indian Agents
1799 - 1802                John McKee (1st time)
1802 - 1814                Silas Dinsmoor 
1814 - 1821                John McKee (2nd time)
1821 - 1822                William Ward (1st time)
1822 - 182.                Edmund Fulsom 
1825 - 1831                William Ward (2nd time)
1832 - 1835                F.W. Armstrong 
1835 - 1846                William Armstrong 
1846 - 185.                Samuel Rutherford
185./52                    William Wilson
1853 - 1856                Douglas H. Cooper
Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian Agents
1856 - 1861                Douglas H. Cooper
1861 - 1862                Richard P. Pulliam
1862 - 1866                Isaac Coleman
1870 - 1873                Theophilus D. Griffith
1873 - 1874                Albert Parsons
1874 - 1914                the Muskogee Union Agents

Chiefs
1660 - 1760                Circling Raven
1760 - 1844                Twisted Earth
1844 - 1865                Vincent (Bassah)
1865 - 1902                Andrew Seltice
1902 - 1907                Peter Wildshoe
1907 - 1932                Peter Moctelme
1932 - 1949                Joseph Seltice
1949 - 1965                Ignace Garry

Chairmen
1947 - 1948                Joseph Seltice
1948 - 1950                Ignace Garry 
1950 - 1954                Pascal George
1954 - 1955                Felix Aripa
1955 - 1956                Lawrence Nicodemus
1956 - 1968                Joseph Garry
1968 - 1970                Oswald George
1970 - 1972                Bernard LaSarte (1st time)
1972 - 1974                Hillary Skanen
1974 - 1982                Bernard LaSarte (2nd time)
1982 - 1985                Dave Matheson
1985 - 1986                Bernard LaSarte (3rd time)
1986 -                     Ernie Stensgar 

Tribal Presidents
1937 - 1938                George Eastman
1938                       John Allen 
1938 - 1940                Jess Wakeman 
1940 - 1941                Benjamin Jones 
1941 - 1948                Alexander Wakeman 
1948 - 1953                Francis Wakeman 
1953 - 1956                Richard Wakeman, Sr. 
1956 - 1963                George Allen, Sr. 
1963                       Felix Heminger
1963 - 1972                Gordon Jones, Sr. 
1972 - 1974                Agnes Ross (f)
1974 - 1979                Richard P. Allen 
1978 - 1979                Andrew Weston 
1979 - 1983                Kenneth Allen 
1983 - 1985                Carolyn Sorensen (f)
1985 - 1987                Elmer Weston 
1987 - 1990                Judith Peterson (f)
1990 - 1992                Lee Taylor 
1992 - 1989                William Schumacher
1989 - 2002                Thomas Ranfranz 
2002 - 2004                Leonard Eller 
2004 -                     Mark Allen

1950's - 1994              Kanatak Tribe of Alaska tribal government dormant.
1994                       Tribal government organized.

Chief
1994 -                     Henry Forshey

1912                       Las Vegas Indian Colony established (part of the Moapa River
                             Indian Reservation) in Nevada.
1934                       Las Vegas Paiutes recognized as separate from the Moapa River.
1970                       Las Vegas Paiute tribal government (Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute 
                             Indians) established.

Chairmen
1970 - 1978                ....
1978 - 1980                Gloria Yazzie (f)
1980 - 1988                ....
1988 - 1990                Margaret Henry (f)
1990 - 1993                Alfreda Mitre (f) (1st time)    (b. 1954)
1993 - 1994                ....
1994 - 1998                Alfreda Mitre (f) (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1998 - 1999                Kenny Anderson
1999 -                     Curtis Anderson

Chiefs
19.. - 1973                Elisabeth George-Plouffe (f)
1973 - 1975                Amos George 
1975 - 1999                Richard Hayward 
Jan 1999 - Jan 2003        Kenneth M. Reels
Jan 2003 -                 Michael J. Thomas 

Head chiefs
.... - 1804                Glode                           (d. 1804)
1804 - 1818                Tomau (or Tomah)                (d. 1818)
1827 - 1858                Oshkosh                         (d. 1858)
1858 - 1875                Akwine'me                       (d. 1875)
1875 - 1890                Neopit                          (d. 1913)
1890 - 1979                Post abolished
Chairmen
1979 - 1980                Gordon Dickie Sr. (1st time)
1980 - 1981                Lucille Chapman (f)(1st time)
1981 - 1982                Gordon Dickie Sr. (2nd time)
1982 - 1983                Lucille Chapman (f)(2nd time)
1983 - 1984                Gordon Dickie Sr. (3rd time)
1984 - 1985                Apesanahkwat (1st time)
1985 - 1986                Lynn Shenadore 
1986 - 1987                Gordon Dickie Sr. (4th time)
1987 - 1988                Lucille Chapman (f)(4th time)
1988 - 1989                Apesanahkwat (2nd time)
1990 - 1991                Gordon Dickie Sr. (5th time)
1991 - 1994                Glen T. Milller 
1995 - 1996                John H. Teller 
1997 - 2001                Apesanahkwat (3rd time)
2002 - 2003                Lisa Waukau (f)
2003 - 2004                Joan R. Delabreau (f)
2005 - 2006                Michael Chapman
2006 -                     Karen Washinawatok (f)

                  Adopted 1962

Chairmen
1962 - 1985                Buffalo Tiger                  (b. 1920)
1986 -                     Billy Cypress                  (b. 1952)

1994                       Tribe granted federal recognition.

Chiefs
1902 - 1903                Henry Mathews (Wegun) 
1903 - 1928                Lemuel Fielding (Occum) 
1929 - 1935                Everett Fielding 
1935 - 1937                Julian Harris (Peegee Uncas) 
1937 - 1952                Burrill Fielding (Matahga) 
1952 - 1970                Harold A. Tantaquidgeon 
1970 - 1989                Courtland Fowler (Little Hatchet) 
1992 -  1 Oct 2007         Ralph W. Sturges (G'tinemong)   (b. 1918 - d. 2007) 

1836 - Dec 1867            Divided into the Lower Towns and the Upper Towns.
 1 Jul 1861                Lower Creeks sign treaty of alliance with the Confederate States.
14 Jun 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
24 Apr 1906                End of national self-government.
1971                       Restoration of tribal self-government.

Principal chiefs of the Lower Towns
1836 - 1837                Heneha Micco
1837 - 1859                Roderick McIntosh "Roley McIntosh"
1859 - 1863                Motey Canard "Motey Kennard"
1863 - Dec 1867            Samuel Checote                     (b. 1819 - d. 1884)
Principal chiefs of the Upper Towns
1836 - 18..                Nehathlucco Hopoie "Little Doctor"
18.. - 18..                Hupuihilth Yahola "Opothle Yahola"
                            (in opposition to Confederate sympathizers;
                             from Dec 1861, in Missouri exile)
18.. - 18..                Tamarthla Micco
18.. - 1859                Tuckabatchee Micco (1st time)
1859 - 1863                Echo Harjo
1863 - 1865                Tuckabatchee Micco (2nd time)
1865 - Dec 1867            Oktarharsars Harjo "Sands"
                            (already proclaimed 5 Aug 1861)
Principal chiefs
Dec 1867 - Dec 1875        Samuel Checote (1st time)          (s.a.)
Dec 1875 -  5 Dec 1876     Lochar Harjo                       (d. 1879)
 5 Dec 1876 -  6 Dec 1879  Ward Coachman
 6 Dec 1879 -  5 Dec 1883  Samuel Checote (2nd time)          (s.a.)
 5 Dec 1883 - Dec 1887     Joseph Moses Perryman              (b. 1833 - d. 1896)
Dec 1887 - 25 Nov 1895     Legus C. Perryman                  (b. 1838 - d. 1922)
25 Nov 1895 -  5 Dec 1895  Hotulke Emarthla "Edward Bullet"
 5 Dec 1895 - Dec 1899     Isparhecher                        (b. 1858 - d. 1902)
Dec 1899 - 1907            Pleasant Porter                    (b. 1840 - d. 1907)
1907 - 1917                Moty Tiger                         (b. 1840 - d. 19..)
1917 - 1920                George Washington Grayson          (b. 1843 - d. 1920)
1921 - 1923                Washington Grayson
1923 - 1928                George W. Hill
1928 - 1935                Vacant
1930  (1 day)              Henry Harjo
1930 - 1931                Vacant
1931  (1 day)              Peter Ewings
1931 - 1935                Vacant
1935 - 1939                Roley Canard (1st time)
1939 - 1943                Alex Noon 
1943 - 1951                Roley Canard (2nd time)
1951 - 1955                John Davis
1955 - 1957                Roley Buck
1957 - 1961                Turner Bear
1961 - 1971                W.E. "Dode" McIntosh 
1971 - 1991                Claude A. Cox 
1991 - 1995                Bill Fife 
1996 -                     R. Perry Beaver

Creek Indian Agents
Sep 1791 - 1795            James Seagrove
1796 - Jun 1816            Benjamin Hawkins 
1816 - Aug 1816            Daniel Hughes
1816 - 1817                Christian Limbaugh (acting)
Mar 1817 - Mar 1821        David Brydie Mitchell 
1821 - 1829                John Crowell (for Eastern Creek)
1827 - 1831                David Brearley (for Western Creek)
1831 - 1834                John Campbell (for Western Creek)
1834 - 1836                Leonard Tarrant 
May 1842 - 1844            James L. Dawson 
1844 - 1851?               James Logan
Jun 1854 - 1861            William H. Garrett 
                             (to 1863? for the Confederate States)
1861 - 1864                George A. Cutler
May 1863 - 1865            Israel G. Vore
                             (for the Confederate States)
1864/65 - Aug 1869         Reynolds
Aug 1869 - 1870            Baldwin
1870 - 1871                Vacant
1871 - 1873                Francis S. Lyon
1873 - 1874                Edward S. Roberts (acting)
Muskogee Union Agents
1874                       John Buttrick Jones (acting)       (b. 1824 - d. 1876) 
1874 - 1876                George W. Ingalls                  (b. 1838 - d. 1920)
1876                       J.J. Upham
1876 - 1879                Sylvester W. Marston
1879 - 1885                John Q. Tufts
1885 - 1889                Robert Latham Owen                 (b. 1856 - d. 1947)
1889 - 1893                Leo E. Bennet                      (b. 1857 - d. ....)
1893 - 1899                Dew Moore Wisdom                   (b. 1836 - d. ....)
1899 - 1905                J. Blair Shoenfelt                 (b. 1859 - d. ....)
1905 - 1914                Dana H. Kelsey

        Adopted 1968

1786 - 1793                Subject to the Spanish.
1849                       Navajos under protection of the U.S., the original boundaries 
                             of the Navajo country fixed.
1864 - 1868                Settled at Bosque Redondo Reservation.
1868                       Navajo country formally ceded to the U.S. in exchange 
                             for a reservation (Navajo Reservation).
1922                       Navajo tribal government established.
1969                       Navajo Nation.

Head Chiefs
1800 - 1849                Narbona (Naat'aa)              (b. 1766 - d. 1849)
1849 - 1853                Mariano Martinez
1853 - 1855                Zarcillos Largos (1st time)    (d. 1858)
1855 - 1858                Manuelito (Ch'ilhajini)        (b. 1818 - d. 1893)
                             (1st time)
1858                       Zarcillos Largos (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1858 - 1861                Herrero Delgado (A'tsidii Sani)(b. 1830 - d. 1870)
1861 - 1866                Herrero Grande
1866 - 1871                Barboncito (Da'ghaaii)         (b. 1820 - d. 1871)
1871 - 18..                Ganado Mucho (To'tso'nii)      (b. 1809 - d. 1890)
                             (for Western Navajos)
1871 - 1885                Manuelito (2nd time)           (s.a.)
                             (for Eastern Navajos)
1885 - 1922                Henry Chee Dodge (Adiitsa'ii)  (b. 1857 - d. 1947)
Chairmen 
1922 - 1923                Business Council
                           - Henry Chee Dodge             (s.a.)
                           - Dugal Chee Bekiss
                           - Charley Mitchell
1923 - 1929                Henry Chee Dodge (1st time)    (s.a.)
1929 - 1933                Deshna Chischilze
1933 - 1937                Thomas Dodge
1937 - 1939                Henry Taliman, Sr.
1939 - 1943                Jacob C. Morgan
1943 - 1947                Henry Chee Dodge (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1947 - 1955                Sam Ahkeah                     (b. 1896 - d. 1967)
1955 - 1963                Paul Jones
1963 - 1971                Raymond Nakai
1971 - 1983                Peter MacDonald (1st time)     (b. 1928)
1983 - 1987                Peterson Zah
1987 - 1989                Peter MacDonald (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1989 - 1991                Leonard Haskie (interim)
Presidents
1991 - 1995                Peterson Zah
1995 - 1998                Albert A. Hale
1998                       Thomas E. Atcitty
1998 - 1999                Milton Bluehouse, Sr.          (b. 1935)
1999 - Jan 2003            Kelsey A. Begaye               (b. 1951)
Jan 2003 -                 Joe Shirley, Jr.               (b. 1947)

 

Map of Oglala Sioux

Capital: Pine Ridge, South Dakota

Population: 14,304 (2000)

17..                       Seven Fires Confederacy
1825                       Under U.S. protection (Great Sioux Nation).
1868                       Great Sioux Reservation
1889                       Split into five reservations, the largest being the
                             Pine Ridge Reservation.
1934                       Oglala Sioux Tribe

Chief
1865 - 1909                Makhpiya-Luta "Red Cloud"      (b. 1822 - d. 1909)
1909 - 1934                ....
Presidents
1934 - 1936                Robert Bad Wound
1936 - 1940                Frank Wilson
1940 - 1942                Henry Jumping Eagle
1942 - 1946                William Fire Thunder 
1946 - 1948                James Roan Eagle 
1948 - 1950                William Fire Thunder
1950 - 1952                Chester Red Kettle
1952 - 1954                Charles Under Baggage
1954 - 1956                Moses Two Bulls
1956                       Frank G. Wilson (1st time)
1956 - 1958                James Iron Cloud (acting)
1958 - 1960                Frank G. Wilson (2nd time)
1960 - 1962                Johnson Holy Rock (1st time)
1962 - 1964                William Whirlwind Horse
1964 - 1966                Enos Poor Bear (1st time)
1966 - 1968                Johnson Holy Rock (2nd time)
1968 - 1970                Enos Poor Bear (2nd time)
1970 - 1972                Gerald One Feather
1972 - 1976                Richard Wilson
1976 - 1978                Albert W. Trimble
1978 - 1980                Elijah Whirlwind Horse
1980 - 1982                Stanley Looking Elk
1982 - 1984                Joe American Horse (1st time)
1984 - 1986                Newton Cummings
1986 - 1988                Joe American Horse (2nd time)
1988 - 1990                Paul Iron Cloud
1990 - 1992                Harold Dean Salway (1st time)
1992 - 1994                John Yellow Bird Steele        (b. 1948)
                             (1st time)
1994 - 1996                Wilbur Between Lodges
1996 - 1998                John Yellow Bird Steele        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1998 - 2000                Harold Dean Salway (2nd time)
2000                       Wilbur Between Lodges (2nd time)
                             (acting)
2000 -                     John Yellow Bird Steele        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)

                    Adopted 1970's

Chairmen
1973 - 1987                Joseph "Joe" K. Lumsden          (d. 1987)
1987 -                     Bernard Bouschor
                             (acting to 1988)

1823                       Seminole country ceded to the U.S. in return for the Seminole
                             Indian Reservation.
1832                       Seminole Indian Reservation ceded to the U.S. in return for a new
                             reservation in the Indian Territory.
1835 - 1842                Second Seminole War.
1839                       Majority of the Seminoles moved to the Indian Territory.
1856 - 1858                Third Seminole War.
1913                       Seminoles of Florida recognized as separate from the Seminole 
                             Nation of Oklahoma.
1917                       Big Cypress Indian Reservation established.
1926                       Dania (1966, renamed Hollywood) Indian Reservation added.
1935                       Brighton Indian Reservation added.
1953                       Seminole tribal government established (Seminole Tribe of
                             Indians of Florida).
1957                       Seminole Tribe of Florida.
1962                       Miccosukee Tribe of Indians recognized as separate.

Principal Chiefs
1750 - 1785                Cowkeeper (Abaya)
1785 - 1812                King Payne
1812 - 1821                King Bowlegs 
1821 - 1849                Mikanopi (Sint Chakkee)        (d. 1849)
War Chiefs
1835 - 1837                Osceola (William Powell)       (b. 1804 - d. 1838)
1837 - 1842                Abiaka (Sam Jones)             (b. 1774 - d. 1866)
1856 - 1858                Holata Micco (Billy Bowlegs)   (b. 1810 - d. 1864)
Chairmen
1953 - 1967                Bill "Billy" Osceola
1967 - 1971                Betty Mae Jumper (f)           (b. 1923)
1971 - 1979                Howard E. Tommie
1979 - 2001                James E. "Jim" Billie          (b. 1944)
2001 -                     Mitchell Cypress (acting)      (b. 1947)

 1 Jul 1861                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America
                             divided the Seminole nation.
21 Mar 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
24 Apr 1906                End of national-self government.
1971                       Restoration of tribal self-government.

Principal chiefs
1839 - Jan 1841            Mikanopi                           (d. 1849)
Jan 1841 - 18..            Miconnutcharsar "Jim Jumper"
18.. - 1865                John Jumper (1st time)             (b. c.1820 - d. 1896)
                            (continues in opposition to 1875;
                             1861 - 1865, pro-Confederacy chief)
1866 - Mar 1881            John Chupco                        (d. 1881)
                            (1861 - 1865, pro-Union chief in
                             Kansas exile)
Mar 1881 - 1882            Hulputta Che
Jul 1882 - 1885            John Jumper (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1885 - 1901                John Frippo Brown (1st time) -Governor
1901 - 1905                Hulputta Micco                     (b. 18.. - d. 1905)
1905 - 1919                John Frippo Brown (2nd time) -Governor
Chiefs
1922 - 21 Jun 1935         Alice Brown Davis (f)              (b. 1852 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1936                Chilli Fish
1936 - 1942                George Jones
1942 - 1944                Willie Haney
1944 - 1946                Jeffie Brown 
1948 - Dec 1952            George Harjo                       (b. 1886 -  d. 1952) 
1952 - 1954                Marci Cullie                       (b. 1910)
1955 - 1959                Philip Walker
1960 - 1969                John A. Brown 
1969 - 1972                Terry Walker
1972 - 1973                Floyd Harjo
1973 - 1977                Edwin Tanyan (1st time)
1977 - 1978                Richmond Tiger
1978 - 1981                Tom Palmer
1979 - 1985                James Milan
1985 - 1989                Edwin Tanyan (2nd time)
1989 - 2001                Jerry Haney
 1 Sep 2001 -              Kenneth Edward Chambers

Seminole Indian Agents
18.. - 1821                J.A. Peniere
1821 - 1822                John R. Bell
1822 - 1832                Gad Humphrey 
1832 - 1833                John Phagan 
29 Aug 1833 - 28 Dec 1835  Wiley Thompson                     (d. 1835)
1836 - 1838                ....
1838 - 1845/6              Thomas L. Judge
1845/46 - 1852             Marcellus Duval 
1852 - 1855                B.J. Smithson 
1855 - 1856                J.W. Washbourne
1857 - 1861                Samuel Morton Rutherford
                             (1861 - 186. for the Confederate States)
1861 - 1862                George C. Snow 
1862 - 1865                Joseph Samuel Murrow               (b. 1835 - d. 1929)
                             (for the Confederate States)
1865 - 1866                George A. Reynolds
1866 - 1870                ....
1870 - 1874                Henry F. Breiner
1874 - 1914                the Muskogee Union Agents

Tribal Chairmen 
1936 - 1939                Antonio Buck, Sr. 
1940 - 1944                Julius N. Cloud (1st time) 
1945 - 1948                Samuel Burch (1st time)
1949        &n