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Belgium 
 
[Spanish/Austrian Netherlands Ensign 17th cent.-1781 (Belgium)]
17th cent. - 24 Sep 1781
Spanish/Austrian Netherlands Ensign
 
[Austrian Netherlands ensign 1781-1787 (Belgium)]
24 Sep 1781 - 31 Dec 1786
Austrian Netherlands Ensign
 
[Civil Flag of Austria]
8 May 1713 - 11 Jan 1790;
7 Dec 1790 - 27 Jul 1794
 
[Belgian States in rebellion 1789-1790 (Belgium)]
24 Oct 1789 - 11 Jan 1790
(in rebellion)
 
[United Belgian States flag 1790 (Belgium)]
11 Jan 1790 -  7 Dec 1790
United Belgian States
[French flag]
19 Nov 1792 - 15 Feb 1814
 
 
[National flag of the Netherlands]
16 Mar 1815 - 24 Sep 1830
 
[Belgium Provisional flag 1830-1831]
24 Sep 1830 - 23 Jan 1831
 
[Flag of Belgium]
Adopted 23 Jan 1831
 
Map of Belgium Hear National Anthem
"La Brabançonne"
(The Song of Brabant) 		Text of National Anthem
Adopted Sep 1830
(Lyrics 1860/1921) 		Constitution
(7 Feb 1831)
Capital: Brussels
(Bruxelles/Brussel)
Currency: Euro (EUR);
1831 - 1 Jan 2002 Belgian
 Franc (BEF); 1940-1944 German Reichsmark (DER); 1925-1945 Belgian Belga (BEB); 1865-1925 Belgian Union Latine Franc (XULF);
1915-1918 Belgian Franken (BEF); 1714-1792 Austrian Netherlands Ducat (XAND); 1579-1714 Spanish Netherlands Souverain (XNEG)
National Holiday: 21 Jul (1831)
Fête Nationale/Nationale
Feestdag (National Day)
 Population: 11,977,634 (2024)
2,274,000 (1785, Austrian Netherlands)
GDP: $756.6 billion (2023)
Exports: $542.5 billion (2023)
Imports: $546.4 billion (2023)
Ethnic groups: Belgian 75.2%, Italian 4.1%, Moroccan 3.7%, French 2.4%, Turkish 2%, Dutch 2%, other 10.6% (2012)
Total Active Armed Forces: 26,300 (2020)
U.S. Forces: 1,105 (2023)
Merchant marine: 198 ships (2023)
Religions: Roman Catholic 57.1%, Protestant 2.3%, other Christian, 2.8%, Muslim 6.8%, other 1.7%, atheist 9.1%, nonbeliever/agnostic 20.2% (2018)
International Organizations/Treaties: ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT (consultative), APM, Benelux, BIS, BTWC, CCM, CD, CE, CERN, CFE, CTBT, CWC, DC (observer), DLU (associate), EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ENMOD, ESA, ESCR, EU, Euratom, Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partner), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, Moon, MTCR, NATO, NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OS, OSCE, OST, PA (observer), Paris Club, PCA, SEGIB (associate observer), SELEC (observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNRWA, UPU, WA, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Belgium Index
Chronology
   
bf.1139                    Duchy of Lower Lotharingia (Lorraine)(north of 
                             Lotharingia; all states except Liège-Bouillon,
                             Stavelot and Flanders), within Holy Roman Empire.
1384/1406/1430             Personal union of Flanders and principalities of
                             Lotharingia under the Valois dukes of Burgundy.
26 Jun 1548                Under the Habsburg dynasty. By the Transaction of
                             Augsburg the Habsburg possessions, referred to as
                             the Patrimonial Belgian (or Netherlands) Provinces
                             (in German: Nieder-Erblanden), a composite
                             hereditary entity of several provinces, each
                             formally remaining a state of the Holy Roman
                             Empire, not subject to the Imperial courts of
                             justice, and with a single vote in the Council of
                             Princes of the Imperial Diet carried by the title
                             of the Duke of Burgundy (this arrangement generally
                             continues until 1797).
16 Jan 1556                Spanish Netherlands, under the kings of the
                             Spanish monarchy.
13 Jun 1584 - 20 Sep 1604  Ostend under Dutch and English occupation.
Sep 1703 -  8 May 1713     Spanish authority (supported by the French troops
                             from Feb 1701), opposed by Allied (Anglo-Dutch)
                             administration ("Conference of the High Powers")
                             under the titular sovereignty of the Austrian
                             Habsburgs (Brussels occupied by Allies on 28 May
                             1706), during the War of the Spanish Succession.
 8 May 1713                As a consequence of the War of the Spanish 
                             Succession, the Spanish Netherlands passes to 
                             the Archdukes of Austria (Austrian Netherlands)
                             (Belgium Austriacum/Österreichische
                             Niederlande/Pays-Bas Autrichiens/Oostenrijkse
                             Nederlanden).
May 1745 - 18 Oct 1748     Occupied by France (Brussels from 22 Feb 1746),
                             except Limburg, Luxembourg, and Upper Guelders.
11 Jan 1790                United Belgian (or Netherlands) States (United 
                             States of Belgium or United Belgian States
                             [Verenigde Nederlandse Staten/États Belgiques-unis
                             or États-Unis de Belgique]); Luxembourg remains
                             under Austrian control.
 7 Dec 1790                Austrian rule restored.
19 Nov 1792 - 26 Mar 1793  Occupied by France (Brussels on 14 Nov 1792,
                             Antwerp 28 Nov 1792, and Namur 2 Dec 1792); on
                             25 Mar 1793 Belgium organized into departments.
15 Dec 1792                French decree proclaims the eventual "freedom and
                             sovereignty" of the peoples of the Austrian
                             Netherlands and Liège, but from 1 - 30 Mar 1793,
                             it is gradually integrated into France.
26 Mar 1793 - 27 Jul 1794  Austrian rule restored.
27 Jul 1794                Re-occupied by France (Brussels on 10 Jul 1794).
15 Oct 1794                Central and Superior Administration of Belgium
                             (covering all areas except except Bouillon).
31 Aug 1795                Belgian territory is divided into nine departments
 1 Oct 1795                Belgian departments annexed by France.
18 Aug 1797                Officially ceded to France by Austria by Treaty of
                             Campo Formio (confirmed on 9 Feb 1801 by Treaty of
                             Lunéville on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire).
15 Feb 1814                Belgian territory separated from France,
                             provisional government headed by Gouverneur-
                             général de la Belgique installed under authority
                             of the Allies: Belgium (Belgique)(also La
                             Belgique)(and Provinces de la Belgique, Provinces
                             belges also in official use).
21 Jul 1814                Act on transfer of sovereignty to the Sovereign
                             Prince of the Netherlands is signed. The
                             assumption of authority in Belgium is 1 Aug 1814. 
16 Mar 1815                Incorporation of the Belgian lands and Liège into
                             the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
24 Sep 1830                Administrative Commission established by Belgian
                             revolutionary forces.
 4 Oct 1830                The provinces of Belgium are proclaimed an
                             independent state in accordance with an order of
                             the Provisional Government (confirmed by decree of
                             of independence of the Belgian people by the
                             National Congress of 18 Nov 1830)(Belgium
                             [Belgique])(also La Belgique).
  3 Feb 1831                Congress proclaims Louis-Charles-Philippe-Raphaël
                             d'Orléans, duc de Nemours, son of King 
                             Louis-Philippe of the French, to be king; his
                             father refuses in his name.
25 Feb 1831                Kingdom of Belgium (Royaume de Belgique [and from
                             25 May 1898, Koninkrijk België).
23 Dec 1832                Dutch forces evacuate Antwerp citadel.
19 Apr 1839                Netherlands recognizes Belgian independence by the
                             Treaty of London (ratified 8 Jun 1839).
25 May 1898                Dutch is added as a language of official
                             publications in accordance with the Law of 
                             18 Apr 1898.
 4 Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1918  Occupied by Germany (in Brussels 20 Aug 1914),
                             except for a small area behind the Yser River
                            (Kaiserliches Deutsches Generalgouvernement
                             Belgien, included Brussels and surrounding
                             countryside [Etappengebiet zone under the control
                             of the German 4th Army, included the cities
                             of Ghent and Antwerp and a Marinegebiet along the
                             coast including Ostend, Bruges and Zeebrugge was
                             administered by the Imperial German Navy]).
 3 Jan 1915 -  5 Jan 1918  Northern part of the Meuse River valley of French
                             Ardennes département (including Givet and Fumay)
                             (Gebiet um Givet und Fumay) and Maubiege (Gebiet
                             der Kommandantur Maubeuge)(3 Oct 1914 - 1 Oct 1916)
                             attached to German General Government of Belgium.
22 Dec 1917 - 25 Jun 1918  Independent State of Flanders proclaimed.
21 Mar 1917                In preparation for a possible division into two
                             separate autonomous or independent polities, 
                             Belgium was divided into two administrative
                             regions: Flandern, capital Brussels and
                             Wallonien, capital Namur. 
20 Sep 1920                Eupen-Malmedy, and Moresnet formally annexed.
22 Dec 1922                Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union (Union économique
                             belgo-luxembourgeoise/Belgisch-Luxemburgse
                             Economische Unie/Belsch-Lëtzebuerger
                             Wirtschaftsunioun)(signed 25 Jul 1921).
10 May 1940 -  3 Sep 1944  Germany occupies Belgium (in Brussels 17 May 1940)
                             administering it together (from 15 Jun 1940) with
                             Nord and Pas-de-Calais départements of France.
18 May 1940-10/11 Sep 1944 Eupen, Malmedy and Moresnet annexed to Germany.
Jul 1944                   German military administration replaced by a
                             civilian one as a prelude to integration into
                             the German Reich (Reichskommissariat für die
                             besetzten Gebiete von Belgien und
                             Nordfrankreich). In Dec 1944 Belgium is nominally
                              divided into three parts: Distrikt Brüssel,
                              remaining under the Reichskommissar; Reichsgau
                             Flandern, capital Antwerpen; and Reichsgau
                             Wallonien, capital Liège.
 3 Sep 1944 - 21 Sep 1944  Allied occupation.
Dec 1944 - Jan 1945        Brief German re-occupation of parts of the 
                             provinces of Liège and Luxembourg.
 1 Jan 1948                Part of the Benelux Union (Belgium-Netherlands-
                             Luxembourg)(signed 5 Sep 1944).
11 Nov 1991                German is recognized as one of the three languages
                             in which the Constitution is written in accordance
                             with a Constitutional amendment of 23 Oct 1991.
 1 Nov 1993                Part of European Union (1958-93 European Community).
Regions and
Communities
Provinces
(since 1815)
Spanish/Austrian
Netherlands Provinces (1648-1795)
French
Départements
(1793-1815)
Independent Flanders
(1917-1918)
Eupen-Malmedy
(1918-1925)
Bouillon
(1695-1795,
1814-1815)
Liège
(1694-1795)
Ligne (Fagnolle)
(1770-1793)
Neutral Moresnet
(1817-1920)
Reckheim
 (1623-1795)
Stavelot-Malmedy
(1682-1794)
Dutch Ostend
(1584-1603)
Map of Belgium
1559-1794
Historical Maps
of Belgium

Dukes1
26 Jun 1548 - 25 Oct 1555  Charles III                          (b. 1500 - d. 1558)
26 Jun 1548 - 25 Oct 1555  Maria von Habsburg (f) -Regent       (b. 1505 - d. 1558)
25 Oct 1555 - 16 Jan 1556  Philip V                             (b. 1527 - d. 1556)
16 Jan 1556 - 16 Nov 1700  the kings of Spain
16 Nov 1700 - 26 May 1711  Philippe                             (b. 1683 - d. 1746)
                             (= Felipe V of Spain)
26 May 1711 -  8 May 1713  Maximilien Emmanuel                  (b. 1662 - d. 1726)
                             (= Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria)
                           (cession by the Treaty of Marly of 26 May 1711;
                           assumed authority 6 Jul 1711 in Namur and Luxembourg;
                           allowed to rule in his name and to keep the respective
                           styles until restoration of Bavaria by the Treaty of Baden
                           of 7 Sep 1714; relinquished actual authority 2 Jan 1715)
                           - opposed by -
 6 Dec 1703 - 20 Oct 1740  Charles                              (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
                             (= Karl III of Austria)
20 Oct 1740 - 17 Oct 1797  the rulers of Austria
                            (interrupted by invasions and occupations listed [s.b.])
Governors-general
26 Jun 1548 - 25 Oct 1555  Maria von Habsburg (f)               (s.a.)
25 Oct 1555 - 27 Jul 1559  Emmanuele Filiberto, duca di Savoia  (b. 1528 - d. 1580)
27 Jul 1559 - 30 Dec 1567  Margarita, duquesa de Parma (f)      (b. 1522 - d. 1586)
30 Dec 1567 - 29 Nov 1573  Fernando Álvarez de Toledo,          (b. 1507 - d. 1582)
                             duque de Alba
 7 Jul 1572 -  8 Nov 1576  Willem, graaf van Nassau,            (b. 1533 - d. 1584)
                             prince d'Orange (in rebellion)
29 Nov 1573 -  5 Mar 1576  Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga           (b. 1528 - d. 1576)
 5 Mar 1576 - 31 Jul 1576  Gerónimo de Roda
                           + Philippe de Croy, duc de Aërschot  (b. 1526 - d. 1595)
                           (acting)
31 Jul 1576 -  3 Nov 1576  Charles Philippe de Croy,            (b. 1549 - d. 1613)
                             marquis de Havré (acting)
 3 Nov 1576 -  1 Oct 1578  Juan de Austria                      (b. 1547 - d. 1578)
                             (acting to 6 May 1577 in Luxembourg)
20 Jan 1578 - 15 Mar 1580  Matthias Erzherzog von Österreich    (b. 1557 - d. 1619)
 1 Oct 1578 -  6 Dec 1592  Alessandro Farnese, duca di Parma    (b. 1545 - d. 1592)
Jun 1580 - Nov 1581        Margarita, duquesa de Parma (f)      (s.a.)
                             (co-ruler, in Namur)
26 Jan 1581 - 26 Jul 1581  Francis Hercule, duc d'Anjou         (b. 1555 - d. 1584)
                             et d'Alençon (in dissidence)
                            (Prince Souverain des Pays-Bas)
1592 - Feb 1594            Peter Ernst Graf von Mansfeld-       (b. 1517 - d. 1604)
                             Heldrungen (acting to 6 Dec 1592)
Feb 1594 - 12 Feb 1595     Ernst Erzherzog von Österreich       (b. 1553 - d. 1595)
12 Feb 1595 - 1596         Pedro Enríquez de Azevedo,           (b. 1525 - d. 1610)
                             conde de Fuentes (interim)
1596 - 1598                Albrecht Erzherzog von Österreich    (b. 1559 - d. 1621)
1598 -  6 May 1598         Andreas Erzherzog von Österreich     (b. 1558 - d. 1600)
 6 May 1598 -  1 Dec 1633  Isabella Clara Eugenia de España (f) (b. 1566 - d. 1633)
                             (Princesse Souveraine des Pays-Bas to 13 Jul 1621)
 5 Sep 1599 - 13 Jul 1621  Albrecht Erzherzog von Osterreich    (b. 1559 - d. 1621)
                             (Prince Souverain des Pays-Bas)
29 Nov 1621 - 1634         Francisco de Moncada, marqués        (b. 1586 - d. 1635)
                             de Aytona (interim from 1633)  
1634 -  9 Nov 1641         Fernando, Arzobispo de Toledo        (b. 1609 - d. 1641)
1641 - 1644                Francisco Melo de Portugal y Castro  (b. 1597 - d. 1651)
                             marqués de Villanueva
1644 - 1647                Emanuel de Moura y Corte-Real,       (b. c.1590 - d. 1651)
                             marqués de Castel Rodrigo
1647 - 1656                Leopold Wilhelm Erzherzog von        (b. 1614 - d. 1662)
                             Österreich
1656 - Mar 1659            Juan José d'Austria                  (b. 1629 - d. 1679)
1659 - Sep 1664            Luis de Benavides y Carrillo de      (b. 1608 - d. 1668)
                             Toledo, marqués de Caracena
1664 - Sep 1668            Francisco de Moura y Cortereal,      (b. 1610 - d. 1675)
                             marqués da Castel Rodrigo
1668 - Jul 1670            Íñigo Melchor Fernández de Velasco   (b. 1629 - d. 1696)
                             y Guzmán, duque de Feria
1670 - Feb 1675            Juan Domingo de Zúñiga y Fonseca,    (b. 1640 - d. 1716)
                             conde de Monterrey
1675 - Dec 1677            Carlos de Aragón de Gurrea y Borja,  (b. 1634 - d. 1692)
                             duque de Villahermosa
1678 - 1682                Alessandro Farnese de Parma          (b. 1635 - d. 1689)
1682 - 19 Jun 1685         Ottone Enrico del Carretto,          (b. 1639 - d. 1685)
                             conte di Millesimo
1685 - 1692                Francisco Antonio de Agurto,         (b. 1640 - d. 1702)
                             marques de Gastañaga
26 Mar 1692 - 26 May 1711  Maximilian II Emmanuel Kurfürst von  (b. 1662 - d. 1726)
                             Bayern (from Nov 1700, for Felipe V of Spain)
                             (in Mons 1706-1709, in Namur from 1709)
23 Mar 1701 –  7 Oct 1704  Isidro Melchor de la Cueva y         (b. 1652 – d. 1723)
                             Benavides, marqués de Bedmar   
                             (acting, for absent Maximilian)
                           - opposed by -
Jul 1706 - Jan 1716        Conference of the High Powers
                           (for Karl III of Austria [2 U.K. & 2 Dutch plenipotentiaries])
                           - John Churchill, Duke of            (b. 1650 - d. 1722)
                               Marlborough (U.K.) (to Dec 1711)
                           - George Stepney (U.K.)(to Sep 1707) (b. 1671 – d. 1707)
                           - William Cadogan (U.K.)             (b. 1675 - d. 1726)
                               (Nov 1707 - Jan 1711, from Nov 1714)
                           - Charles Boyle, Earl of Orrery      (b. 1676 - d. 1731)
                               (U.K.) (Apr 1711 - Jun 1713)
                           - Frederik Adriaan van Reede,        (b. 1659 - d. 1738)
                               Baron van Renswoude (to 1713)
                               (United Netherlands)
                           - Johan van den Bergh                (b. 1664 - d. 1755)
                               (United Netherlands)
 31 Jan 1716 - Nov 1716     Joseph Lothar Dominik Graf von       (b. 1673 - d. 1751)
                             Königsegg-Rothenfels (acting)
25 Jun 1716 - Dec 1724     François-Eugéne (Eugenio), prince    (b. 1663 - d. 1736)
                             de Savoie-Soissons (did not arrive)
                             (= Eugen Prinz von Savoyen)
Dec 1716 – Nov 1724        Ercole Giuseppe Luigi Turinetti      (b. 1658 - d. 1726)
                             marchese di Prié (acting)
Dec 1724 -  9 Oct 1725     Wirich Philipp Lorenz Graf Dhaun     (b. 1669 - d. 1741)
                             (acting)
 9 Oct 1725 - 26 Aug 1741  Maria Elisabeth Erzherzogin von      (b. 1680 - d. 1741)
                             Österreich (f) 
26 Aug 1741 - 16 Mar 1743  Friedrich August Gervas Graf Harrach (b. 1696 - d. 1749)
                             zu Rohrau (acting) 
16 Mar 1743 -  8 Jan 1744  Karl Ferdinand Graf von Königsegg-   (b. 1696 - d. 1759)
                             Erps (acting) 
 8 Jan 1744 - 16 Mar 1746  Karl Alexander Prinz von Lothringen  (b. 1712 - d. 1780)
                             und Bar (1st time)
                           - jointly with -
 8 Jan 1744 - 16 Dec 1744  Maria Anna Erzherzogin von           (b. 1718 - d. 1744)
                             Österreich (f)
French Commander-in-chief 
May 1745 - 18 Oct 1748     Maurice, comte de Saxe               (b. 1696 - d. 1750)
                             (= Moritz Graf von Sachsen)
Governors-general
1746 - 23 Apr 1749         Karl Joseph Graf Batthyány (acting)  (b. 1697 - d. 1772)
                             (in Roermond)
23 Apr 1749 -  4 Jul 1780  Karl Alexander Prinz von Lothringen  (s.a.)
                             und Bar (2nd time)
28 Jun 1780 - Nov 1780     Georg Adam Fürst von Starhemberg     (b. 1724 - d. 1807)
                             (acting)
Nov 1780 - 18 Nov 1789     Marie Christine Johanna Josepha      (b. 1742 - d. 1798)
                             Antonia Erzherzogin von
                             Österreich (f)(1st time)
                           - jointly with -
Nov 1780 - 18 Nov 1789     Albert Kasimir August Prinz von      (b. 1738 - d. 1822)
                             Sachsen-Teschen (1st time)
Jun 1787 - Nov 1787        Joseph Graf Murray                   (b. 1718 - d. 1802)
                             (acting [for the absent governors-general])
 Nov 1789 - 12 Dec 1789     Richard Graf Alton (acting)          (b. 1732 - d. 1790)
Commander of the Patriotic Army (
in rebellion in Turnhout; from 18 Dec 1789, in Brussels)
24 Oct 1789 - 11 Jan 1790  Jan Frans Vonck                      (b. 1743 - d. 1792)
Plenipotentiary of the People of Brabant
(in rebellion in Turnhout; from 18 Dec 1789, in Brussels)
24 Oct 1789 - 11 Jan 1790  Hendrik Karel Nicolaas van der Noot  (b. 1731 - d. 1827)
Presidents of the Sovereign Congress of the Belgian States
(elected at the beginning of each month)
11 Jan 1790 - Mar 1790     François Corneille de Nélis,         (b. 1736 - d. 1798)
                             evêque d'Anvers 
Mar 1790 - Apr 1790        Amour Joseph Philippe Charles Taye,  (b. 1738 - d. 1792)
                             marquis de Wemmel (1st time)
Apr 1790 - May 1790        Louis-Joseph, baron de Haveskercke   (b. 1736 - d. 1812)
c.4 May 1790               Bonaventure Hyacinthe Joseph de      (b. 1755 - d. 1831)  
                             Bousies, vicomte de Rouveroy
                             (1st time)
c.6 May 1790               Amour Joseph Philippe Charles Taye,  (s.a.)
                             marquis de Wemmel (2nd time)
                             (acting for Bousies?)
c.10 May 1790 - Jun 1790   Bonaventure Hyacinthe Joseph de      (s.a.)
                             Bousies, vicomte de Rouveroy 
                             (2nd time)
Jun 1790 - Jul 1790        Charles Joseph de Grave              (b. 1736 - d. 1805)
Jul 1790 - Aug 1790        Jean François Gendebien              (b. 1753 - d. 1838)
 2 Aug 1790 - Sep 1790     François Ignace van der Meersch      (b. 1750 - d. 1825)
 1 Sep 1790 - Oct 1790     Ignace Joseph de La Saulx de         (b. 1734 - d. 1805)
                             Gulchen, seigneur de Ravede et
                             Sainte-Marie
Oct 1790 - Nov 1790        Jean-Baptiste François Xavier        (b. 1737 - d. 1815)
                             Hyacinthe, comte de Baillet
Nov 1790 -  2 Dec 1790     Pierre-Joseph Visbecque              (b. 1750 - d. 1829)
Austrian Governors-general
 6 Dec 1790 - Jun 1791     Florimond Claude Graf Mercy-         (b. 1722 - d. 1794)
                             Argenteau (acting) 
Jun 1791 - 19 Nov 1792     Marie Christine Johanna Josepha      (s.a.)
                             Antonia Erzherzogin von 
                             Österreich (f) (2nd time)
                           - jointly with -
Jun 1791 - 19 Nov 1792     Albert Kasimir August Prinz von      (s.a.) 
                             Sachsen-Teschen (2nd time) 
Commanders of French forces
19 Nov 1792 - 29 Dec 1792  Charles François du Perrier          (b. 1739 - d. 1823)
                             Dumouriez (1st time)
29 Dec 1792 -  2 Feb 1793  Francisco de Miranda (acting)        (b. 1750 - d. 1816)
 2 Feb 1793 -  9 Mar 1793  Charles François du Perrier          (s.a.)
                             Dumouriez (2nd time)
Austrian Governors-general
 9 Mar 1793 - 26 Mar 1793  Franz Karl Johann Nepomuk, Graf      (b. 1746 - d. 1818)
                             von Metternich zu Winneburg (acting)
26 Mar 1793 -  2 Aug 1794  Karl Ludwig Erzherzog von Österreich (b. 1771 - d. 1847)
French Commander
27 Jul 1794 - 15 Oct 1794  Jean Charles Pichegru                (b. 1761 - d. 1804)
                             (from 9 Feb 1794, commander of the Armée du Nord)
Presidents of the Central and Superior Administration of Belgium
(Président de l'administration centrale et supérieure de la Belgique)
Oct 1794 - Dec 1794        Jacques Laurent Béthune              (b. 1713 - d. 1799)
Dec 1794 - Jan 1795        Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts    (b. 1753 - d. 1823)
                             (1st time)
Jan 1795 - Feb 1795        Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delabuisse      (b. 1754 - d. 1809)
Feb 1795 - Mar 1795        Charles Lambert Doutrepont           (b. 1746 - d. 1809)
Mar 1795 - Apr 1795        Antoine Delval-Lagache               (b. 1748 - d. 1823)
Apr 1795 - May 1795        Jacques Guillaume Meyer              (b. 1760 - d. 1805)
 May 1795 - Jun 1795        Henri Denier
Jun 1795 - Jul 1795        Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 Jul 1795 - Aug 1795        Nicolas Bonaventure                  (b. 1753 - d. 1831)
 Aug 1795 - Sep 1795        Claude-Louis Michel
29 Sep 1795 - Oct 1795     Jacques Joseph Chapel                (b. 1740 - d. af.1798)
Chairmen of council of government
13 Oct 1795 - 27 Oct 1795  Julien Urbain François Marie Riel    (b. 1757 - d. 1816)
                             Lefebvre de Nantes            
                           + Jacques Charles Giroust            (b. 1749 - d. 1836)
Oct 1795 - 22 Nov 1795     Louis François René Portiez de       (b. 1756 - d. 1810)
                             l'Oise                      
                           + Emmanuel Pérès de la Haute-Garone  (b. 1752 - d. 1833)
                           + Claude Roberjot (did not arrive)   (b. 1752 - d. 1799)
French Commissioner of the Directory
 22 Nov 1795 - 20 Jan 1797  Louis Ghislain de Bouteville-Dumetz  (b. 1746 - d. 1821)
 1 Oct 1795 - 30 Jan 1814  Annexed to France (see departments below)
Governors-general (on behalf of the Allied Powers)
30 Jan 1814 - 11 Feb 1814  Allied Military Commanders
                           - Karl August Herzog von Sachsen-    (b. 1757 - d. 1828)
                               Weimar
                           - Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von     (b. 1755 - d. 1816)
                               Bülow, Graf von Dennewitz
                           - Ferdinand Freiherr von             (b. 1770 - d. 1818)
                               Wintzigerode
11 Feb 1814 - 18 Mar 1814  Allied Commissioners
                           - Justus Adolf Philipp Wilhelm       (b. 1774 - d. 1845)
                               Ludwig Freiherr von Wolzogen
                              (to 15 Feb 1814)
                           - Leopold Hermann Ludwig von Boyen   (b. 1771 - d. 1848)
                              (to 15 Feb 1814)
                           - Daniel Heinrich Delius             (b. 1773 - d. 1832)
                              (from 15 Feb 1814)
                           - Carl Friedrich Heinrich Graf von   (b. 1767 - d. 1841)
                              Wylich und Lottum (from 15 Feb 1814)
15 Feb 1814 - 19 Mar 1814  Frédéric Auguste Alexandre, duc de   (b. 1751 - d. 1817)
                             Beaufort-Spontin, duc et comte
                             princier de Beaufort-Spontin,
                             marquis de Spontin, de Florennes et
                             de Courcelles, comte de Beauraing
 15 Feb 1814 - 18 Feb 1814  Eugène Jean-Baptiste, comte de       (b. 1741 - d. 1820)
                             Robiano
                            (acting for absent Beaufort-Spontin)
19 Mar 1814 -  5 May 1814  August Friedrich Karl Hermann        (b. 1780 - d. 1861)
                             Freiherr von der Horst       
 5 May 1814 - 31 Jul 1814  Nicholas-Charles, baron de Vincent   (b. 1757 - d. 1834)
                            (= Nikolaus Karl Freiherr von Vincent)
                            (Gouverneur-général pour les Alliés 
                             de la Belgique et du pays de Liége)
 1 Aug 1814 - 16 Mar 1815  Willem Frederik van Oranje-Nassau,   (b. 1772 - d. 1843)
                             Souverein Vorst der Verenigde
                             Nederlanden
                            did not take office in person,
                           delegated his authority to his
                           representative:
                           Godert Alexander Gerard Philip,
                             baron van der Capellen, heer van   (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
                             Berkenwoude en Agterbroek
16 Mar 1815 -  4 Oct 1830  incorporation into Kingdom of Netherlands
24 Sep 1830 - 25 Feb 1831  Administrative Commission (from 26 Sep
                           1830, Provisional Government)
                           - Emmanuel Constant Prismes          (b. 1782 - d. 1866)  Con
                               Ghislain van der Linden,
                               baron d'Hooghvorst, comte de
                               Hornbeéck (to 14 Feb 1831)
                           - Charles Latour Rogier              (b. 1800 - d. 1885)  Lib
                              (signs as chairman on 25 Sep 1830, but never again)
                           - Philippe Félix Balthazar Othon     (b. 1791 - d. 1857)  Con
                               Ghislain, comte de Mérode
                              (from 26 Sep 1830)
                           - Alexandre Joseph Célestin          (b. 1789 - d. 1869)  Lib
                               Gendebien (from 26 Sep 1830)
                           - Jean Sylvain van de Weyer          (b. 1802 - d. 1874)  Lib
                              (from 26 Sep 1830)
                           - André Édouard Jolly                (b. 1799 - d. 1831)  Mil
                           - Feuillen Charles Marie Joseph,     (b. 1800 - d. 1887)  Con
                               baron de Coppin de Falaën 
                           - Joseph van der Linden(Vanderlinden)(b. 1798 - d. 1877)  Lib
                            - Louis Joseph Antoine de Potter     (b. 1786 - d. 1859)  Con
                              (28 Sep - 13 Nov 1830)
                           - Joseph Nicolay (Nicolaï)           (b. 1798? - d. 1842)
                              (25 Sep - 10 Oct 1830)
 5 Oct 1830 - 26 Oct 1830  Willem Frederik, prins van Oranje-   (b. 1792 - d. 1849)
                             Nassau (Netherlands provisional Governor-
                             general of Southern provinces; in Antwerp)    
Regent
25 Feb 1831 - 21 Jul 1831  Érasme Louis, baron Surlet de        (b. 1769 - d. 1839)  Lib
                             Chokier
Kings2
21 Jul 1831 - 10 Dec 1865  Léopold I                            (b. 1790 - d. 1865)
                             (king-elect from 4 Jun 1831)
10 Dec 1865 - 17 Dec 1865  Charles Latour Rogier                (s.a.)               PL
                             (acting Head of State)
17 Dec 1865 - 17 Dec 1909  Léopold II                           (b. 1835 - d. 1909)
                             (also in Congo 29 May 1885 - 15 Nov 1908)
17 Dec 1909 - 23 Dec 1909  Frans Victor Marie Ghislain          (b. 1851 - d. 1917)  CP
                             Schollaert (acting Head of State)
23 Dec 1909 - 17 Feb 1934  Albert I                             (b. 1875 - d. 1934)
                            (at La Panne, Belgium Oct 1914 - 21 Nov 1918)
German Military Commanders
 4 Aug 1914 -  2 Sep 1914  Alexander Heinrich Rudolf von Kluck  (b. 1846 - d. 1934)  Mil
                              (commander 1st Armee)
                           + Karl Wilhelm Paul von Bülow        (b. 1846 - d. 1921)  Mil
                              (commander 2nd Armee)
                           + Max Clemens Lothar Freiherr von    (b. 1846 - d. 1922)  Mil
                             Hausen (commander 3rd Armee)
Governors-general for the Imperial German General Government of Belgium
(Generalgouverneur für das Kaiserlich Deutsche Generalgouvernement Belgien)
 2 Sep 1914 -  3 Dec 1914  Wilhelm Leopold Colmar Freiherr      (b. 1843 - d. 1916)  Mil
                             von der Goltz       
 3 Dec 1914 - 18 Apr 1917  Moritz Ferdinand Freiherr von        (b. 1844 - d. 1917)  Mil
                             Bissing
18 Apr 1917 -  3 May 1917  Johann "Hans" von Zwehl (acting)     (b. 1851 - d. 1926)  Mil
  3 May 1917 - 11 Nov 1918  Ludwig Alexander Friedrich August    (b. 1844 - d. 1936)  Mil
                             Philipp Freiherr von Falkenhausen
King2
17 Feb 1934 - 23 Feb 1934  Charles Marie Pierre Albert,         (b. 1860 - d. 1940)  CP
                             comte de Broqueville    
                            (acting Head of State)
23 Feb 1934 - 27 May 1940  Léopold III (1st time)               (b. 1901 - d. 1983)
                            (German prisoner 27 May 1940 - 8 May 1945)
German Military Commanders
10 May 1940 - 31 May 1940  Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt       (b. 1875 - d. 1953)  Mil
                             (commander-in-chief Heeresgruppe A)
                           + Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich    (b. 1880 - d. 1945)  Mil
                             Fedor von Bock
                              (commander-in-chief Heeresgruppe B)
German Military Governor (Militärbefehlshaber in Belgien und Nordfrankreich)
 1 Jun 1940 - 18 Jul 1944  Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann       (b. 1878 - d. 1966)  Mil
                             Freiherr von Falkenhausen
                            (military governor for occupied Netherlands and Belgium
                             to 29 May 1940, then for Belgium and Northern France)
Reich Commissioner for the occupied territories of Belgium and Northern France
(Reichskommissar für die besetzten Gebiete von Belgien und Nordfrankreich)
18 Jul 1944 -  3 Sep 1944  Josef Grohé (1st time)               (b. 1902 - d. 1987)  NSDAP
Dec 1944 - Jan 1945        Josef Grohé (2nd time)               (s.a.)               NSDAP
Allied Military Commanders
 3 Sep 1944 - 21 Sep 1944  Omar Nelson Bradley (U.S.)           (b. 1893 - d. 1981)  Mil
                             (commanding general 12th Army Group)
                           + Bernard Law Montgomery (U.K.)      (b. 1887 - d. 1976)  Mil
                             (general officer commanding-in-chief 21st Army Group)
Kings2
 8 Sep 1944 - 21 Sep 1944  Hubert Marie Eugène Pierlot          (b. 1883 - d. 1963)  PCS-KVV
                             (acting Head of State)
21 Sep 1944 - 16 Jul 1951  Léopold III (2nd time)               (s.a.)
                            (German prisoner to 8 May 1945; then in
                             Switzerland exile 8 May 1945 - 22 Jul 1950)
21 Sep 1944 - 20 Jul 1950  Charles Théodore Henri Antoine       (b. 1903 - d. 1983)
                             Meinrad, comte de Flandre,
                             prince de Belgique -Regent 
11 Aug 1950 - 16 Jul 1951  Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold      (b. 1930 - d. 1993)
                             Axel Marie Gustave, duc de Brabant,
                             prince de Belgique -Regent
                             (exercising royal functions)
16 Jul 1951 - 17 Jul 1951  Clovis Louis Marie Emmanuel Joseph   (b. 1884 - d. 1968)  CVP-PSC
                             Pholien (acting Head of State)
17 Jul 1951 - 31 Jul 1993  Baudouin I                           (s.a.)
                             (declared incapacitated at own request, 4-5 Apr 1990)
 4 Apr 1990 -  5 Apr 1990  Wilfried Martens                     (b. 1936 - d. 2013)  CVP 
                             (acting Head of State)
31 Jul 1993 -  9 Aug 1993  Jean-Luc Joseph Marie Dehaene        (b. 1940 - d. 2014)  CVP 
                             (acting Head of State)
 9 Aug 1993 - 21 Jul 2013  Albert II                            (b. 1934)
 21 Jul 2013                Elio di Rupo (acting Head of State)  (b. 1951)            PS
21 Jul 2013 -              Philippe                             (b. 1960)

Superintendent-general (surintendant général) of Finances and Minister of War
(chief executive of the Spanish Netherlands)
 Jun 1702 - May 1711        Jan van Brouchoven Graaf van          (b. 1644 - d. 1725)
                              Bergeyck (1706-1709 in Mons, from 1709 in Namur)
Ministers Plenipotentiary for the Government-General of the Netherlands3
31 Jan 1716 - Nov 1716     Joseph Lothar Dominik Graf von       (s.a.)
                              Königsegg-Rothenfels
 Nov 1716 - Nov 1724        Ercole Giuseppe Luigi Turinetti,     (s.a.)
                              marchese di Prié
Dec 1724 - 1725            Wirich Philipp Lorenz Graf Dhaun     (s.a.)
 1726 - 1732                Giulio, conte de Visconti-Borromeo-  (b. 1664 – d. 1750)
                              Arese
1732 - Mar 1743            Friedrich August Gervas Graf Harrach (s.a.)
                              zu Rohrau
 Mar 1743 - 1744            Karl Ferdinand Graf von Königsegg-   (s.a.)
                              Erps
1744 - May 1746            Wenzel Anton Graf von Kaunitz-       (b. 1711 – d. 1794)
                              Rietberg
French Intendant of Justice, Police et Finances (in Ghent; from 1746, in Brussels)
May 1745 - 18 Oct 1748     Jean Moreau de Séchelles             (b. 1690 - d. 1760)
Minister Plenipotentiary for the Government-General of the Netherlands3
1746 - 1749                Karl Joseph Graf Batthyány           (s.a.)
                              (in Roermond)
Joint Commission of Provisional Government of the Netherlands
(in Brussels, until the return of the Austrian administration)
  8 Oct 1748 - 23 Apr 1749  Leopold Philipp Carl Joseph Herzog   (b. 1690 - d. 1754)
                             von Arenberg Herzog von Aërschot
                             und Croy (president) 
                           + Augustin Dieudonné de Steenhault   (b. 1672 - d. 1758)
                           + Ambroise-Joseph, marquis de        (b. 1680 - d. 1759)
                               Herzelles 
                           + Jean-Henri de Crumpipen            (b. 1693 - d. 1769)
                            + Jean-Daniel Antoine Schockart,     (b. 1698 - d. 1756)
                              comte de Thirimont
Ministers Plenipotentiary for the Government-General of the Netherlands3
 Apr 1749 - 1753            Antonio Ottone (Antoniotto),         (b. 1688 – d. 1754)
                              marchese de Botta-Adorno
 Aug 1753 - 27 Jan 1770     Johann Karl Graf von Cobenzl         (b. 1712 – d. 1770)
 15 Jun 1770 - 1783         Georg Adam Fürst von Starhemberg     (s.a.)
  9 May 1783 - Jun 1787     Ludovico, conte di Barbiano di       (b. 1728 – d. 1801)
                              Belgiojoso
  3 Jul 1787 - 1787         Joseph Graf Murray (interim)         (s.a.)
 11 Oct 1787 - Nov 1789     Ferdinand Graf von Trauttmansdorff   (b. 1749 – d. 1827)
 28 Nov 1789 - 1790         Johann Philipp Graf von Cobenzl      (b. 1741 – d. 1810)
                              (in Luxembourg)
Minister of the Belgian States (Ministre des États Belgiques-unis)
11 Jan 1790 -  2 Dec 1790  Hendrik Karel Nicolaas van der Noot  (s.a.)
Ministers Plenipotentiary for the Government-General of the Netherlands3
 30 Nov 1790 - Jun 1791     Florimond Claude Graf Mercy-         (s.a.)
                              Argenteau
27 Jun 1791 - Aug 1794     Franz Karl Johann Nepomuk, Graf      (s.a.)
                              von Metternich zu Winneburg
                           (Nov 1792 – Mar 1793 in exile in Wesel, Duchy of Cleves;
                             continued in exile in Düsseldorf to 1797)
Chief secretary of the Belgian States Secretariat
 1 Aug 1814 - Sep 1815     Pieter Lodewijk Joseph Servaes 
                             van Gobbelschroy                   (b. 1784 - d. 1850)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
26 Feb 1831 - 27 Feb 1831  Albert Joseph Goblet (1st time)      (b. 1790 - d. 1873)  Uni/Lib
27 Feb 1831 - 15 Mar 1831  Étienne Constantin de Gerlache       (b. 1785 - d. 1871)  Uni/Con
Cabinet Chiefs
15 Mar 1831 - 23 Mar 1831  Étienne Constantin de Gerlache       (s.a.)               Uni/Con
23 Mar 1831 - 26 Jul 1831  Jean Louis Joseph Lebeau (1st time)  (b. 1794 - d. 1865)  Uni/Lib
26 Jul 1831 - 17 Sep 1832  Félix Armand, comte de Mûelenaere    (b. 1794 - d. 1862)  Uni/Con
17 Sep 1832 - 20 Oct 1832  Albert Joseph Goblet (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Uni/Lib
                             (acting)
 20 Oct 1832 -  4 Aug 1834  Charles Latour Rogier (1st time)     (s.a.)               Uni/Lib
 4 Aug 1834 - 18 Apr 1840  Barthélemy Théodore, chevalier       (b. 1794 - d. 1874)  Uni/Con
                             de Theux de Meylandt (1st time) 
                            (from 18 Mar 1840, Barthélemy Théodore,
                             comte de Theux de Meylandt)
18 Apr 1840 - 13 Apr 1841  Jean Louis Joseph Lebeau (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Uni/Lib
13 Apr 1841 - 30 Jul 1845  Jean Baptiste, baron Nothomb         (b. 1805 - d. 1881)  Uni/Con
 30 Jul 1845 - 31 Mar 1846  Jean Sylvain van de Weyer            (s.a.)               Uni/Con
31 Mar 1846 - 12 Aug 1847  Barthélemy Théodore, comte           (s.a.)               CP
                             de Theux de Meylandt (2nd time) 
12 Aug 1847 - 31 Oct 1852  Charles Latour Rogier (2nd time)     (s.a.)               PL
31 Oct 1852 - 30 Mar 1855  Henri Ghislain Joseph Marie de       (b. 1801 - d. 1891)  PL
                             Brouckère       
30 Mar 1855 -  9 Nov 1857  Pierre Jacques François de Decker    (b. 1812 - d. 1891)  CP
10 Nov 1857 -  3 Jan 1868  Charles Latour Rogier (3rd time)     (s.a.)               PL
 3 Jan 1868 -  2 Jul 1870  Hubert Joseph Walthère Frère-Orban   (b. 1812 - d. 1896)  PL
                             (1st time)
 3 Jul 1870 -  7 Dec 1871  Jules Joseph, baron d'Anethan        (b. 1803 - d. 1888)  CP
 7 Dec 1871 - 21 Aug 1874  Barthélemy Théodore, comte de Theux  (s.a.)               CP
                             de Meylandt (3rd time)  
21 Aug 1874 - 18 Jun 1878  Jules Édouard François Xavier Malou  (b. 1810 - d. 1886)  CP
                             (1st time)             
19 Jun 1878 - 16 Jun 1884  Hubert Joseph Walthère Frère-Orban   (s.a.)               PL
                             (2nd time)
16 Jun 1884 - 26 Oct 1884  Jules Édouard François Xavier Malou  (s.a.)               CP
                             (2nd time)              
26 Oct 1884 - 26 Mar 1894  Auguste Marie François Beernaert     (b. 1829 - d. 1912)  CP
26 Mar 1894 - 25 Feb 1896  Jules Philippe Marie de Burlet       (b. 1844 - d. 1897)  CP
25 Feb 1896 - 24 Jan 1899  Paul Joseph de Smet de Nayer         (b. 1843 - d. 1913)  CP
                             (1st time)   
24 Jan 1899 -  5 Aug 1899  Jules Henri Pierre François          (b. 1843 - d. 1917)  CP
                             Vandenpeereboom            
 5 Aug 1899 -  2 May 1907  Paul Joseph de Smet de Nayer         (s.a.)               CP
                             (from 26 May 1900, Paul, comte de Smet de Nayer)
                             (2nd time) 
 2 May 1907 - 31 Dec 1907  Julius Hendrik Maria Gislenus de     (b. 1857 - d. 1907)  CP
                             Trooz                  
31 Dec 1907 -  9 Jan 1908  Vacant
 9 Jan 1908 - 17 Jun 1911  Frans Victor Marie Ghislain          (s.a.)               CP
                             Schollaert                  
17 Jun 1911 -  1 Jun 1918  Charles Marie Pierre Albert,         (s.a.)               CP
                             baron de Broqueville      
                             (in exile 17 Aug - 7 Oct 1914 in Antwerp;
                             from 13 Oct 1914 in Le Havre, France)
 2 Sep 1914 -  4 Jul 1917  Maximilian Karl von Sandt            (b. 1861 - d. 1918)  Non-party
                              (chief of civil administration)
 1 Jun 1918 - 21 Nov 1918  Gérard François Marie Cooreman       (b. 1852 - d. 1926)  CP
                             (in Le Havre, France exile)
 4 Jul 1917 - 11 Nov 1918  Alexander Schaible                   (b. 1870 - d. 1933)  Non-party
                             (verwaltungschef Flandern [chief of civil
                             administration of Flemish Administrative Region], in Brussels)
 4 Jul 1917 - 11 Nov 1918  Karl Haniel                          (b. 1877 - d. 1944)  Non-party
                             (verwaltungschef Wallonie [chief of civil
                             administration of Walloon Administrative Region], in Namur)
10 Nov 1918 - 16? Nov 1918 Hugo Freund                          (b. 1890 - d. 1974) 
                             (chairman of Executive Committee of the Central
                             Soldiers' Council, in rebellion)
Prime ministers
21 Nov 1918 - 20 Nov 1920  Léon Frédéric Gustave Delacroix      (b. 1867 - d. 1929)  CP
20 Nov 1920 - 16 Dec 1921  Henri Victor Marie Ghislain,         (b. 1869 - d. 1951)  CP
                             comte Carton de Wiart       
16 Dec 1921 - 13 May 1925  Georges Emile Pierre Léonard Theunis (b. 1873 - d. 1944)  CP
                             (1st time)          
13 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1925  Aloïs Jean-Marie Joseph van de       (b. 1871 - d. 1961)  CP
                             Vyvere
 17 Jun 1925 - 20 May 1926  Prosper Antoine Marie Joseph,        (b. 1871 - d. 1935)  CP
                             vicomte Poullet          
20 May 1926 -  5 Jun 1931  Henri Jaspar                         (b. 1870 - d. 1939)  CP
 5 Jun 1931 - 22 Oct 1932  Jules Laurent Jean-Louis Renkin      (b. 1862 - d. 1934)  CP
22 Oct 1932 - 20 Nov 1934  Charles Marie Pierre Albert, comte   (s.a.)               CP
                             de Broqueville       
20 Nov 1934 - 25 Mar 1935  Georges Emile Pierre Léonard Theunis (s.a.)               CP
                             (2nd time)          
25 Mar 1935 - 24 Nov 1937  Paul Guillaume van Zeeland           (b. 1893 - d. 1973)  CP
24 Nov 1937 - 15 May 1938  Paul Émile Janson                    (b. 1872 - d. 1944)  PL
15 May 1938 - 20 Feb 1939  Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (1st time)  (b. 1899 - d. 1972)  POB-BWP
21 Feb 1939 - 12 Feb 1945  Hubert Marie Eugène Pierlot          (s.a.)               PCS-KVV
                            (in exile 25 May 1940 - 8 Sep 1944 [first
                              in France, from 25 Oct 1940 in London])
Presidents of the Committee of Secretaries-general (under occupation)
16 May 1940 -  2 Sep 1940  Alexandre Louis Joseph Delmer        (b. 1879 - d. 1974)  Non-party
                             (1st time)       
 3 Sep 1940 - 31 Jan 1941  Antoine Ernst, baron de Bunswyck     (b. 1874 - d. 1943)  Non-party
  3 Feb 1941 - 31 Mar 1941  Alexandre Louis Joseph Delmer        (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time)         
 4 Apr 1941 -  5 Sep 1944  Oscar Endé Plisnier                  (b. 1885 - d. 1952)  Non-party
 8 Dec 1944 - May 1945     Léon Degrelle (in Germany exile)     (b. 1906 - d. 1994)  Rex
                             (Reichsstatthalter Wallonien, Chef-du-Peuple Wallon) 
15 Dec 1944 - May 1945     Jef Van de Wiele (in Germany exile)  (b. 1902 - d. 1979)  DeVlag
                             (Reichsstatthalter Flandern,
                             Landsleider van het Vlaamsche Volk)
Prime ministers
12 Feb 1945 - 13 Mar 1946  Achille Honoré van Acker (1st time)  (b. 1898 - d. 1975)  BSP-PSB
13 Mar 1946 - 31 Mar 1946  Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (2nd time)  (s.a.)               BSP-PSB
31 Mar 1946 -  3 Aug 1946  Achille Honoré van Acker (2nd time)  (s.a.)               BSP-PSB
 3 Aug 1946 - 20 Mar 1947  Jean Joseph Camille Huysmans         (b. 1871 - d. 1968)  BSP-PSB
20 Mar 1947 - 11 Aug 1949  Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (3rd time)  (s.a.)               BSP-PSB
11 Aug 1949 -  8 Jun 1950  Gaston François Marie Eyskens        (b. 1905 - d. 1988)  CVP-PSC
                             (1st time)         
 8 Jun 1950 - 15 Aug 1950  Jean Pierre Armand Ghislain Marie    (b. 1900 - d. 1977)  CVP-PSC
                             Duvieusart                   
16 Aug 1950 - 15 Jan 1952  Clovis Louis Marie Emmanuel Joseph   (s.a.)               CVP-PSC
                             Pholien                     
15 Jan 1952 - 23 Apr 1954  Jean Marie Joseph van Houtte         (b. 1907 - d. 1991)  CVP-PSC
23 Apr 1954 - 26 Jun 1958  Achille Honoré van Acker (3rd time)  (s.a.)               BSP-PSB
26 Jun 1958 - 25 Apr 1961  Gaston François Marie Eyskens        (s.a.)               CVP-PSC
                             (2nd time)           
25 Apr 1961 - 28 Jul 1965  Théodore Joseph Albéric Marie        (b. 1914 - d. 1973)  CVP-PSC
                             Lefèvre
 28 Jul 1965 - 19 Mar 1966  Pierre Charles José Marie Harmel     (b. 1911 - d. 2009)  CVP-PSC
19 Mar 1966 - 17 Jun 1968  Paul Emile François Henri Vanden     (b. 1919 - d. 2001)  CVP-PSC
                             Boeynants (1st time)
17 Jun 1968 - 26 Jan 1973  Gaston François Marie Eyskens        (s.a.)               CVP 
                             (3rd time)          
26 Jan 1973 - 25 Apr 1974  Edmond Jules Isidore Leburton        (b. 1915 - d. 1997)  BSP-PSB
25 Apr 1974 - 20 Oct 1978  Léo Clemence Tindemans               (b. 1922 - d. 2014)  CVP
20 Oct 1978 -  3 Apr 1979  Paul Emile François Henri Vanden     (s.a.)               CVP 
                             Boeynants (2nd time)   
 3 Apr 1979 -  6 Apr 1981  Wilfried Achiel Emma Martens         (s.a.)               CVP 
                             (1st time)       
 6 Apr 1981 - 17 Dec 1981  Marc Maria Frans Eyskens             (b. 1933)            CVP 
17 Dec 1981 -  7 Mar 1992  Wilfried Achiel Emma Martens         (s.a.)               CVP 
                             (2nd time)        
 7 Mar 1992 - 12 Jul 1999  Jean-Luc Joseph Marie Dehaene        (s.a.)               CVP
12 Jul 1999 - 20 Mar 2008  Guy Maurice Marie-Louise Verhofstadt (b. 1953)            VLD
20 Mar 2008 - 30 Dec 2008  Yves Camille Désiré Leterme          (b. 1960)            CD&V
                             (1st time)
30 Dec 2008 - 25 Nov 2009  Herman Achille Van Rompuy            (b. 1947)            CD&V
25 Nov 2009 -  6 Dec 2011  Yves Camille Désiré Leterme          (s.a.)               CD&V
                             (2nd time)             
 6 Dec 2011 - 11 Oct 2014  Elio Di Rupo                         (s.a.)               PS
11 Oct 2014 - 27 Oct 2019  Charles Yves Jean Ghislaine Michel   (b. 1975)            MR
27 Oct 2019 -  1 Oct 2020  Sophie Wilmès (f)                    (b. 1975)            MR
 1 Oct 2020 -  3 Feb 2025  Alexander De Croo                    (b. 1975)            O.VLD
 3 Feb 2025 -              Bart Albert Liliane De Wever         (b. 1970)            N-VA


Presidents of the Royal and Supreme Council of Flanders and Burgundy (in Madrid, Spain)
1588 - 1598                Nicholas Damant                      (b. 1531 -  d. 1616)
1598 - 1627                Council abolished
1628 - 1653                Diego Mexia Felipez de Guzman y      (b. 1580 - d. 1655)
                             Davila, marqués de Leganés
1653 - 1659                Filippo Spinola, duque de San        (b. 1594 - d. 1659)
                             Severino
1660 - 1666                Antonio Sancho Davila y Toledo       (b. 1590 - d. 1666)
                             Colonna, marqués de Velada
1667 - 1668                Luis de Benavides y Carrillo de      (s.a.)
                           Toledo, marqués de Caracena
1668 - 1670                Vacant
1670 - 1675                Francisco de Moura y Cortereal,      (s.a.)
                             marqués da Castel Rodrigo
1675 - 1693                Íñigo Melchor Fernández de Velasco   (s.a.)
                             y Guzmán, duque de Feria
1693 - Jun 1702            Juan Domingo de Zúñiga y Fonseca,    (s.a.)
                             conde de Monterrey
Presidents of the Supreme Council of the Netherlands (in Vienna, Austria)
 1 Apr 1717 - 25 Jun 1729  José Ceverio Folch de Cardona,       (b. 1651 - d. 1729)
                             Príncipe de Cardona Erill y Borja
25 Jun 1729 - 20 Nov 1740  Juan Antonio de Baxador, vizconde
                             de Roccaberti, conde de Savalla    (b. 1673 - d. 1743)
                             (acting to Aug 1729)
20 Nov 1740 - 12 Dec 1740  Karl Ferdinand Graf von Königsegg-   (s.a.)
                             Erps (acting)
12 Dec 1740 - 1757         Manoel Téllez de Menezes e Castro,   (b. 1696 - d. 1771)
                             duque de Sylva, conde de Tarouca
1757 - 31 Mar 1757         Melchior Relles Girón, marqués de    (d. 1763)
                             Pacheco (acting)
Niederländischer Referendar in the State Chancellery (in Vienna, Austria)
 1 Apr 1757 - 27 Apr 1766  Johann Anton Jakob van Dorn          (b. 1722 - d. 1766)
27 Apr 1766 - 20 Oct 1766  Vacant
Conductor of the Netherlands department (in Vienna, Austria)
20 Oct 1766 -  1 Mar 1793  August Gottlob Freiherr von Lederer  (b. 1723 - d. 1795)
Hofrat der Niederländischen Hofkanzlei (in Vienna, Austria)
 1 Mar 1793 -  5 Sep 1795  August Gottlob Freiherr von Lederer  (s.a.)

Allied Occupation (1945)

Head, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) Mission (Belgium;
from 4 Apr 1945, Beligum and Luxembourg)
15 Sep 1944 - 15 Ju1 1945  George Watkin Eben James             (b. 1899 - d. 1965)  Mil
                             Erskine (U.K.)

 ¹Full style (with respect to the Austrian Netherlands during the 18th century): Duke/Duchess of Burgundy, Lothier, Brabant, Limbourg, Gueldre and Luxembourg, Count/Countess of Flanders, Hainaut, Namur and Chiny, Lord/Lady of Malines and Tournai, Marquis/Marchioness of Anvers of the Holy Roman Empire.

 2Full style of the ruler:
 (a) from 21 Jul 1831: Roi des Belges (French); Koning der Belgen (Dutch: official from 25 May 1898); König der Belgier (German: from 11 Nov 1991)("King of the Belgians"). Under the constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium there was initially no official language, but French was legally authoritative; French and Dutch became official jointly from 25 May 1898, and text of the Constitution is official in German from 11 Nov 1991. 
  A peculiarity of the Constitution of Belgium is the provision that "[the King] does not ascend the throne until he has taken the oath." Thus between a demise of the crown by death or abdication and the taking office of the next king the provisions for a vacancy or incapacity take over: "The constitutional powers of the King are exercised, in the name of the Belgian people, by the Ministers meeting in Council." The entity acting as head of state in these circumstances is thus the council of ministers.

 3the Ministers Plenipotentiary originally were intended to be deputies to the Governors-general, but they became chief executives of the overall government of the Austrian Netherlands (the three Collateral Councils), formally from 1757, and were made presidents of both attempts to create unified governing council: the Joint Council of State (1718-1725) and the General Council of Government (1787-1789).

Noble titles: baron = baron; vicomte/burggraaf/vizconde = viscount; comte/graaf/graf/conde/conte = count; duc/herzog/duque = duke; marquis/markgraaf/marques/marchese = marquess; prins/fürst/prinz/principe = prince; freiherr = allodial (free) lord; kurfürst = prince-elector; erzherzog/erzherzogin = archduke/archduchess; seigneur/heer = lord.

Ecclesiastic titles: archevêque = archbishop; evêque = bishop

Territorial Disputes: None identified.

Party abbreviations: CD&V = Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams (Christian-Democratic and Flemish, christian-democratic, Flemish, ex-CVP, est.2001); MR = Mouvement Réformateur (Reformist Movement, social liberal, union of PFF, FDF [to 2011], PRL, and MCC, est.2002); N-VA = Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (New Flemish Alliance, Flemish nationalist, center-right, soft Eurosceptic, est.13 Oct 2001); O-VLD = Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats, 'Open VLD', conservative liberal, Flemish, former VLD, est.Feb 2007); PS = Parti Socialiste (Socialist Party, social-democratic, Francophone, ex-BSP, est.1978); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: BSP-PSB = Parti Socialiste Belge/Belgische Socialistische Partij (Belgian Socialist Party, 1945-1980, divided into PS and SP); CDH = Centre Démocrate Humaniste (Humanist Democratic Center, Francophone, centrist, Francophone, former PSC, 2002-17 Mar 2022, renamed Les Engagés); Con = Conservative (19th century conservative); CP = Confessionnel Catholique Parti/Confessionele Katholieke Partij (Confessional Catholic Party, 1869-1921, then as Union Catholique/Katholieke Unie [Catholic Union], catholic, conservative, 1921-1936); CVP = Christelijke Volkspartij (Christian People's Party, Flemish, christian-democratic, Flanders, 1968-2001, renamed CD&V); CVP-PSC = Christelijke Volkspartij/Parti Social-chrétien (Christian People's Party-Social Christian Party, 1945-1972, divided into CVP and PSC); DeVlag = Duitschen-Vlaamsche Arbeidsgemeenschap/Deutsch-Vlämische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (German-Flemish Workers Community, Flemish fascist, pro-union with Germany, 1935-1945); Lib = Liberal/Liberalen (19th century liberal); PL/LP = Parti Libéral/Liberale Partij (Liberal Party, liberal, 1846-1961, then PVV-PLP); PSC = Parti Social Chrétien (Social Christian Party, center-right, in Wallonia and Brussels, 1972-2002, renamed CDH); PCS-KVV = Parti Catholique Social/Katholieke Vlaamsche Volkspartij (Social Catholic Party-Catholic Flemish People's Party, catholic federated parties, 1937-1945); POB-BWP = Parti Ouvrier Belge/Belgische Werklieden Partij (Belgian Worker's Party, socialist, 1885-1945, renamed BSP-PSB); PVV-PLP = Partij voor Vrijheid en Vooruitgang/Parti pour la Liberté et la Prosperité (Party for Freedom and Prosperity, liberal, divided 1971 in PVV [in Flanders and Brussels] and PLP [in Wallonia and Brussels], 1961-1992); Rex = Parti Rexiste (Rexist Party, officially Rex, Walloon fascist, corporatist, socialist, 1936-1945); SP = Socialistische Partij (Socialist Party, social-democratic, Flemish, 1980-2001, renamed Socialistische Partij.Anders); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi German fascist, xenophobic, 1920-1945); Uni = Union/Unie (Union, "Unionist," coalition of Lib and Con supporting Belgian independence, 1828-1846); VLD = Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (Flemish Liberals and Democrats, conservative liberal, Flanders, former PVV, 1992-Feb 2007, renamed O-VLD)

Independent State of Flanders

[Flag of Flanders]

 4 Feb 1917                Council of Flanders (Raad van Vlaanderen) established.
22 Dec 1917                The Council of Flanders, believing that the German occupiers would
                             encourage secession, proclaims independence at Brussels.
25 Jul 1918                Terminated by German occupation authorities.

Presidents of the Council of Flanders (voorzitter van de Raad van Vlaanderen)
22 Dec 1917 - 25 Jul 1918  Willem Ludovicus de Vreese           (b. 1869 - d. 1938)  Non-party

President of the Commission of Plenipotentiaries (voorzitter de Commissie van Gevolmachtigden)
 22 Dec 1917 - 25 Jul 1918  Pieter Lodewijk Tack                 (b. 1870 - d. 1943)  Non-party


Eupen and Malmedy


[Flag of Belgium]
10 Jan 1920 - 10 Jun 1925
Population: 60,924 (1919)

 1 Oct 1795 - 1813         Annexed to France.
25 Dec 1813 - Mar 1815     Allied (Swedish and Prussian) occupation.
 6 Mar 1815                Malmedy (Malmédy) part of Prussia (from 1871, Germany).
 1 Dec 1918 -  1 Jan 1920  Allied occupation (British in Malmédy to 12 Aug 1919, and
                             French in Eupen to 28 May 1919, then Belgian occupation).
28 Jun 1919                Ceded to Belgium by Germany under Treaty of Versailles.
12 Aug 1919                Belgian troops occupy the area.
10 Jan 1920                Under Belgian administration (East Cantons [Cantons de l'Est]),
                             by the "Loi concernant le gouvernement des territoires annexés à
                             la Belgique par le Traité du Versailles du 28 juin 1919, No. 281"
                             of 15 Sep 1919, effective on take ovr (10 Jan 1920).
20 Sep 1920                Decision of the Council of the League of Nations awards sovereignty
                             over Eupen and Malmédy to Belgium.
 1 Jun 1925                Incorporation into Belgium effective (as cantons of Eupen, Malmédy,
                             and St. Vith within Verviers arrondissement in the province
                             of Liège) by "Loi de rattachement des cantons d'Eupen, de Malmedy
                             et de Saint-Vith" of 6 Mar 1925.
18 May 1940 - 11 Sep 1944  Annexed to Germany as Landkreise Eupen und Malmedy, along
                             with former Neutral Moresnet (made part of Prussia's Rhine
                             province [Rheinprovinz] as part of Regierungsbezirk Aachen).
11 Sep 1944                Occupied by Allied (U.S.) forces, restored to Belgium.

Commanders of Allied Forces
1918 - 28 May 1919         .... (France)(in Eupen)
1918 - 12 Aug 1919         Henry Hugh Gordon Hyslop (U.K.)      (b. 1873 - d. 1932)
                             (in Malmédy)
12 Aug 1919 - 1920         Augustin Édouard Michel (Belgium)    (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
                             (from 15 Nov 1921, baron du Faing d'Aigremont)
High Commissioner of the King, Governor of the Territories United with Belgium
(Haut Commissaire du Roi, Gouverneur des Territoires réunis à la Belgique)
Jul 1919 - 10 Aug 1919     Henry Charles Marie Adolphe Delvaux  (b. 1863 - d. 1947)
                             de Fenffe (high commissioner-designate)
                             (did not take office)
10 Jan 1920 - 10 Jun 1925  Herman Baltia (appointed 13 Sep 1919)(b. 1863 - d. 1938)
                             (from 19 Jul 1921, baron Baltia) 
Regierungspräsident in Aachen
1940 - 11 Sep  1944        Franz Vogelsang                      (b. 1899 - d. 1979)  NSDAP 
Former Polities in Belgium

Note: There were some immediate Imperial baronies (Reichsfreiherrschaften) of the Holy Roman
Empire in Limburg, not recorded below. According to the archives of the Reichskammergericht, the following baronies were considered immediate as of 1794 in the territory of the modern Belgian provinces of Limburg or Liège: Kessenich, Leut, Pietersheim, Tignée. The first of them had population of 1,280 in 1796 and the others had less. Imperial baronies were not represented in the Imperial Diet, not included in Reichsmatrikel (Imperial register for taxation), and were not compensated in 1803 by the Imperial recess (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) with territories east of the Rhine.
Bouillon

[Flag of Duchy of Bouillon]
to 25 Oct 1795, 1815
Map of Bouillon
(to 1795)
Capital: Bouillon
Population: 12,000 (1790)

988                        First mention of the castle of Bouillon.
1095                       Lordship of Bouillon (Bullionensis dominium) part of the Bishopric
                             of Liège (sold or mortgaged to the Bishop of Liège by Godfrey de
                             Bouillon [b. c.1058 - d. 1100]), within the Holy Roman Empire.
1129 - 1141                Count Renaud of Bar captures Bouillon castle.
1155                       Holy Roman Emperor confirms Bishop of Liège's rights to Bouillon.
1291                       First recorded style of the Bishop Liège as Duke of Bouillon
                             (Dux Bullonens).
14th cent.                 Bouillon Castle, as an exclave of the prince-bishopric of Liège, is
                             governed by specially appointed castellans.
1415                       The office of castellan becomes a hereditary possession of the van
                             der Marck (de la Marck) family, a cadet branch of the future
                             dukes of Clèves and Jülich.
1456                       Title Duke of Bouillon a permanent part of the prince-bishop's
                             style (although merely titular during certain periods noted).
31 Aug 1482 - 1521         Bouillon under the La Marck dynasty, contested by Bishops of Liège
                             (Bullionensis Ducatus/Duché de Bouillon).
21 May 1484                Treaty of Tongeren whereby the La Marck family forfeits its claims
                             to the prince-bishopric and supports Liège's struggle against
                             Emperor Maximilian for the reward of 30,000 livres. Bouillon
                             Castle is mortgaged to William de la Marck until the time of
                             repayment.
 3 Nov 1492                Peace of Étaples reiterates the provisions of the Treaty of
                             Tongeren. As no repayment follows, the La Marck family retains
                             Bouillon Castle and assumes the title of the Dukes of Bouillon.
1521                       Restored to the Bishop of Liège by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
 3 Aug 1529                The Treaty of Cambrai obligates King Francois I of France not to help
                             Robert III in his struggle to retake Bouillon.
29 Apr 1547                Robert IV de la Marck is made a Marshal of France. The letters patent
                             officially style him "Duc de Bouillon".
1552 - 1559                French occupation, restored to the La Marck dynasty.
 3 Apr 1559                Restored again to the Bishopric of Liège by the Treaty of Cateau-
                             Cambresis.
 3 Apr 1559 -  1 May 1678  The La Marck dynasty and its successor La Tour d'Auvergne
                             dynasty maintain its claims to the Duché de Bouillon and
                             their style of duc/duchesse de Bouillon is recognized by
                             France, possibly with technical regard to some fragments of
                             the territory still in their possession.
 8 May 1594                Charlotte de la Marck dies without issue, and her claims to Bouillon
                             pass to her husband, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne.
20 Mar 1651                Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne exchanges his sovereign
                             princely titles for several ducal and comital titles in the
                             Peerage of France. The agreement obligates France to restitute
                             Bouillon to the La Tour d'Auvergne family on the first opportunity.
30 Sep 1676 -  1 May 1678  French occupation.
 1 May 1678                The King of France establishes the La Tour d'Auvergne dynasty
                             in "sovereignty" over the Duchy of Bouillon (Duché de Bouillon)
                             under French protectorate (confirmed by Treaties of Nijmegen
                             1679 with the Holy Roman Empire; the duchy is effectively lost by
                             the Empire and the Bishop of Liège).
25 Jun 1791                The Duke of Bouillon issues a declaration naming Philippe
                             d'Auvergne as successor in Bouillon after the extinction of the
                             La Tour d'Auvergne.
26 May 1790                General Assembly abolishes manorial and feudal rights.
26 Apr 1792                Bouillon becomes a constitutional monarchy when the Duke approves
                             the 23 Mar 1792 constitution issued by the General Assembly.
19 Nov 1792 - 25 Oct 1795  French occupation.
10 Dec 1793                Duke is deprived of the rents from his estates by French decree.
24 Apr 1794                With the Duke imprisoned in France, administration is taken over
                             by the General Assembly, which however did not explicitly
                             abolish the ducauté. This period is often erroneously
                             called the République Bouillonnaise or République de Bouillon
                             (Bouillonasise Republic/Republic of Bouillon).
25 Oct 1795                Annexed to France (divided between the départements of Ardennes,
                             Sambre-et-Muse, and des Forêts).
27 Dec 1796                French Republic promulgates a law restoring all the estates of
                             Bouillon to the former Duke.
26 Aug 1798 -  8 Mar 1800  French Republic sequesters all the estates of Bouillon.
 7 Feb 1802                Death of Duke and the extinction of the La Tour d'Auvergne family.
31 Dec 1814                French administration, but not military, withdraw from Bouillon.
 1 Jan 1815 - 22 Jul 1815  Duchy of Bouillon (restored)(provisional government under Philip
                             d'Auvergne in canton de Bouillon and claiming the villages of
                             Sugny, Pussemange, and Bagimont).
Mar 1815                   France sends a new commander of the fortress, without any other
                             mission and without civil authority.
31 May 1815                Congress of Vienna by Article 4 says "the King of the Netherlands
                             undertakes to restore the part of this duchy which is included in
                             the demarcation drawn to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg by the
                             same article, to that of the claimants whose rights will be
                             legitimately established."
 9 Jun 1815                Congress of Vienna awards all of the Duchy of Bouillon to The
                             Netherlands along with that part of the Duchy not ceded to France
                             by the Treaty of Paris of 1814.
26 Jun 1815 -  1 Dec 1815  Occupied by France (French fort commander occupies the city and
                             dismisses the authorities of the Duke).
22 Jul 1815 - 30 Oct 1830  Part of Luxembourg (in personal union with The Netherlands).
 1 Dec 1815                Bouillon castle is surrendered to the Dutch.
30 Oct 1830                Part of Belgium (part of province of Luxembourg).

Dukes¹
 1 May 1678 - 26 Jul 1721  Godefroi Maurice                   (b. 1636 - d. 1721)
                             (claimant from 7 Nov 1652)
26 Jul 1721 - 17 Apr 1730  Emmanuel-Théodose (E.-Théodosius)  (b. 1668 - d. 1730)
17 Apr 1730 - 24 Oct 1771  Charles-Godefroi                   (b. 1706 - d. 1771)
24 Oct 1771 -  3 Dec 1792  Godefroi Charles Henri             (b. 1728 - d. 1792)
 3 Dec 1792 - 24 Apr 1794  Jacques-Léopold Charles Godefroy   (b. 1746 - d. 1802)
                             (French prisoner from 7 Feb 1794)
24 Apr 1794 - 25 Oct 1795  Executive Committee
                           - Claude-Pierre Jobard             (b. 17.. - d. 1818)
                           - Remacle Poncelet                 (b. 1752 - d. 1813)
                           - François-Gérard Pirson           (b. 1765 - d. 1850)
                              (chairman Oct - Dec 1794)
                           - Nicolas(?) Renault
                              (chairman Dec 1794 - c.Jan 1795)
                           - Pierre Castilhon                 (b. 1767 - d. 1831)
                           - Perot (chairman Apr - Jun 1795)
                           - Jaqcues Reneaume de La Tache     (b. 1725 - d. 1796)
                           - Dominique Millard
                           - Jean-Joseph Nannan
                              (chairman from Jul 1795)
25 Oct 1795 -  1 Jan 1815  post abolished
 1 Jan 1815 - 22 Jul 1815  Philippe                           (b. 1754 - d. 1816)
                             (= Philip d'Auvergne)
 1 Jan 1815 - 26 Jun 1815  Alard Antoine Joseph Nepomucène,   (b. 1749 - d. 1839)
                             baron de Vauthier de 
                             Baillamont -Governor-general (for Philippe)
                            (appointed 18 Aug 1814)
26 Jun 1815 -  1 Dec 1815  Clément Bonichon                   (b. 1773 - d. 18..)
                             (commandant for Napoléon, then Louis XVIII)

Presidents of the Assembly
 7 Mar 1790                Jacques Barthélémy (acting)
                            + François Gérard Pirson           (s.a.)
Chairman of the Committee of Action
 7 Mar 1790 - 19 Apr 1790  Richard Chauchet-Bourgeois         (b. 1767 - d. 1844)
Presidents of the Constituent Assembly
19 Apr 1790 -  4 Jun 1790  Richard Chauchet-Bourgeois         (s.a.)
 4 Jun 1790 - 12 Mar 1791  Philippe Aubry                     (b. 1740 - d. 1829)
 1791                       Gérard Gérard
1791 - 24 Jan 1792         .... 
24 Jan 1792                Nicholas Nannan (acting)
24 Jan 1792 - 27 Jan 1792  François-Gérard Pirson             (s.a.)
 Presidents of the General Legislative Assembly (from 1794, National Convention)
 27 Jan 1792 - 22 Nov 1793  François-Gérard Pirson             (s.a.)
22 Nov 1793 - 20 Feb 1794  Marie-Joseph Maignaud
 20 Feb 1794 - 1794         Claude-Pierre Jobard (1st time)    (s.a.)
 c.Jun 1794 - c.Sep 1794    Remacle Poncelet                   (s.a.)
 c.Sep 1794 - c.Dec 1794    Claude-Pierre Jobard (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 c.Dec 1794 - c.Apr 1795    Pierre Castilhon                   (s.a.)
 c.Apr 1795 - c.Jul 1795    Dominique Millard
 1795 - 25 Oct 1795         G. Philippe

Governors (title gouverneur des ville et duché de Bouillon)
 3 Nov 1653 - Dec 1675     Charles Maximilien Ernest de
                             Pottier
 4 Jan 1676 - 30 Sep 1676  Jean-Amour, baron de Berlo         (d. 1678)
1676 - 1678                de Franlieu
1678 - 1690                de Servigny
1690 - 1692                du Bac                             (d. 1692)
1694 - 1704                Jean-François de Beauverge,        (d. 1713)
                             seigneur de Château-Charles de Romy              
1704 - 1713                Jean-Antoine de Peramorgue, 
                             seigneur de Veyrac et du Pouget
1713 - 1722                Marquet de la Barthe
1722 - 1730                Jean Edmé Frénicle de Bessy        (b. 1673 - d. af.1730)
1730 - 1757                Antonin de Bacqueville             (d. 1765)
1757 - 1773                sieur de Larzac
1773                       Jean-Louis Bodson                  (b. 1711 - d. 1783)
1773 - 1794                Pierre-Louis de Saint-Germain

Chancellor
 28 May 1781 - 24 Apr 1794  Jean-François Félix Dorival        (b. 1755 - d. 1815)
                              de Fignamont (1st time)
24 Apr 1794 - 10 Jan 1795  post abolished
10 Jan 1815 - 26 Jun 1815  Jean-François Félix Dorival        (s.a.)
                              de Fignamont (2nd time)
                             (for Duke Philippe)

 ¹Royal Style:
(a) 1 May 1678 - 26 Jul 1721: duc de Bouillon ("Duke of Bouillon");
(b) 26 Jul 1721 - 17 Apr 1730: vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon, duc d'Albret, comte d'Évreux ("Viscount of Turenne, Duke of Bouillon, Duke of Albret, Count of Evreux");
(c) 17 Apr 1730 - 24 Oct 1771: duc de Bouillon, duc d'Albret ("Duke of Bouillon, Duke of Albret");
(d) 24 Oct 1771 - 24 Apr 1794: duc de Bouillon, comte d'Évreux ("Duke of Bouillon, Count of Everux");
(e) 1 Jan 1815 - 22 Jul 1815: par la grâce de Dieu prince souverain et duc régnant de Bouillon, etc., etc., etc. ("by the Grace of God, Sovereign Prince and Reigning Duke of Bouillon, etc., etc., etc.")
Liège

[Bishopric of Liege national flag to 1794 (Belgium)]
Liège National Flag to 1794
 [Banner of princely arms Bishopric of Liege]
  Banner of Princely Arms
  
[Liege Ruling City Council Flag 1789/1792]
1789/92 Ruling City Council Flag
  
Map of Bishopric
of Liège (to 1794)
 Capital: Liège
(Lüttich)
 Military: 680 (1789) Population: 220,000
(1784)

343                        Traditional date of the founding of the Bishopric of Liège
                             (Leodiensium Episcopatus/Hochstift Lüttich).
14 Apr 972                 Bishop made a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, an immediate
                             vassal of the Emperor (Principatus Leodiensis/Principauté de Liège/
                             Fürstbistum Lüttich).
21 Sep 1366                Counties of Looz and Horn incorporated (de facto from 5 Apr 1361).
1456 - 1477                Under the Burgundian protection and (from 1467) occupation.
1545 - 16 May 1769         Liège claims suzerainty over Saint Hubert Abbey (Abbaye de Saint-
                             Hubert) until convention between Austria and France confirms its
                             suzerainty under Luxembourg.
1675 - 1676                Briefly occupied by France.
1688 - 1689                Briefly occupied by France.
1691 - 1693                Briefly occupied by France.
Jan 1703 – Nov 1714        Austrian occupation (prince-bishop under the Imperial ban).
1765                       First modern European gambling resort opens in Spa.
18 Aug 1789                Liégeoise revolution (Révolution liégeoise) begins. This
                             period is informally called the République Liégeoise to 1791,
                             though the republic was not proclaimed.
30 Nov 1789 - 16 Apr 1790  Occupied by Prussia (as the Imperial intervention).
12 Jan 1791 - 28 Nov 1792  Occupied by Austria (as the Imperial intervention).
28 Nov 1792 -  4 Mar 1793  Occupied by France (annexed 30 Mar 1793).
 5 Mar 1793 - 27 Jul 1794  Re-occupied by Austria.
 8 May 1793                The French National Convention decrees the incorporation
                             of Liège into France (ineffective at the time).
27 Jul 1794 -  1 Oct 1795  Occupied by France, and treated as if incorporated,
                             together with the Belgian provinces, as arrondissement Liège.
 1 Oct 1795 - 15 Feb 1814  Annexation to France (part of départements of Ourthe and
                             Meuse-Inférieure [see below]. Thereafter, Liège undergoes
                             the same developments as the rest of Belgium).
 9 Feb 1801                Officially ceded to France by the Holy Roman Empire by Treaty of
                             Lunéville.
15 Feb 1814 - 16 Mar 1815  Allied administration (see under Belgium).
16 Mar 1815 -  4 Oct 1830  Incorporation into the Netherlands (part of Luik/Liège province).
 4 Oct 1830                Part of independent Belgium (part of Liège province).

Prince-Bishops (title Prince-évêque de Liège, comte de Looz, marquis de Franchimont, etc./
Fürstbischof zu Lüttich, Graf zu Loos und Horne, Markgraf zu Franchimont, usw.)
 25 Oct 1694 - 12 Nov 1723  Joseph Clément, duc de Bavière     (b. 1671 - d. 1723)
                              (= Joseph Clemens Herzog von Bayern)
                             (in exile in France 1704-1714)
 Jan 1703 - Nov 1714        Imperial Plenipotentiaries
                            - Philipp Ludwig Wenzel Graf von   (b. 1671 - d. 1742)
                               Sinzendorff (1703-1705)
                            - Gotthard Helfried Graf von       (b. 1654 – d. 1724)
                               Weltz (1705-1714)
 12 Nov 1723 -  7 Dec 1724  Maximilien-Henri, comte de         (d. 1724)
                              Poitiers -Regent
                            (Grand Provost and Archdeacon of the Cathedral Chapter)
  7 Dec 1724 -  5 Dec 1743  Georges II Louis, comte de Berghes (b. 1662 - d. 1743)
 5 Dec 1743 - 10 Mar 1744  Berthold baron de Wansoulle -Regent(b. 1665 - d. 1748)
                             (Grand Provost and Archdeacon of the Cathedral Chapter)
 10 Mar 1744 - 27 Jan 1763  Jean XI Théodore, duc de Bavière   (b. 1703 - d. 1763)
                            (= Johann Theodor Herzog von Bayern)
27 Jan 1763 -  8 Apr 1763  François-Charles, comte de         (b. 1719 - d. 1784)
                              Vellbrueck -Regent
                             (Grand Provost and Archdeacon of the Cathedral Chapter)
  8 Apr 1763 - 22 Oct 1771  Charles Nicolas Alexandre, comte   (b. 1716 - d. 1771)
                              d'Oultremont                  
22 Oct 1771 - 14 Mar 1772  Gaspard-Lambert de Clercx -Regent  (b. 1703 - d. 1772)
                             (Grand Provost and Archdeacon of the Cathedral Chapter)
 14 Mar 1772 - 30 Apr 1784  François Charles, comte de         (s.a.)
                             Vellbrueck             
30 Apr 1784 - 15 Aug 1784  Ferdinand-Conrad, baron de         (b. 1715 - d. 1793)
                              Haxhe -Regent (1st time)
                             (Grand Provost and Archdeacon of the Cathedral Chapter)
 15 Aug 1784 -  3 Jun 1792  César Constantin François, comte
                             de Hoensbroek                    (b. 1724 - d. 1792)
                            (in exile in Trier Aug 1789 - Jan 1791)
 27 Aug 1789 - 13 Sep 1790  Burgomaster-regents of the Council
                           of the City of Liège
                            - Jacques-Joseph Fabry             (b. 1722 - d. 1798)
                            - Jean-Remy, baron de Chestret     (b. 1739 - d. 1809)
13 Sep 1790 - 10 Jan 1791  Ferdinand Maximilien Mériadec de
                             Rohan, prince de Guémenée,
                             archevêque de Cambrai -Regent    (b. 1738 - d. 1813)
 3 Jun 1792 - 16 Aug 1792  Ferdinand-Conrad, baron de         (s.a.)
                              Haxhe -Regent (2nd time)
                             (Grand Provost and Archdeacon of the Cathedral Chapter)
 16 Aug 1792 - 20 Jul 1794  François Antoine Marie Constantin,
                             comte de Méan et de Beaurieux    (b. 1756 - d. 1817)
                             (in exile in Düsseldorf Nov 1792 - Apr 1793)
 Chairmen of the Council of the City of Liège 
 3 Dec 1792 -  8 Jan 1793  Jacques-Joseph Fabry               (s.a.)
 8 Jan 1793 - 16 Feb 1793  Jean-Baptiste Winant Digneffe      (b. 1761 - d. 1844)
 President of the National Convention
16 Feb 1793 -  4 Mar 1793  Jacques-Joseph Fabry               (s.a.)
Imperial administrator 
 5 Mar 1793 - 21 Apr 1793  Friedrich Josias Prinz von und zu  (b. 1737 - d. 1815)  Mil
                             Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld
 President of the Emergency Committee
 27 Jul 1794 - 21 Aug 1794  Benoît-Louis Bouchet               (b. 1731 - d. 1802)  Mil
 President of the Commune of Liège
 21 Aug 1794 - 12 Sep 1794  Jacques-Joseph Fabry               (s.a.)
 Presidents of Provisional Central Administration
12 Sep 1794 - 22 Sep 1794  Thomas Joseph Jehin                (b. 1732 - d. 1806)
 22 Sep 1794 - 1794         Jean-Nicolas Bassenge l'aîné       (b. 1758 - d. 1811)
 12 Oct 1794 - 1794         Nicolas Vanderheyden à Hauzeur     (b. 1741 - d. 1807)
 Oct 1794 -  4 Dec 1794     Pierre-Joseph Henkart              (b. 1761 - d. 1815)
 Agent National of the Administration of Arrondissement de Liège
 Dec 1794 -  1 Oct 1795     Louis Ghislain de Bouteville       (b. 1746 - d. 1821)

Grand Chancellors of the Privy Council
 1696 - 1715                Jean-Pierre, baron de Rosen        (b. 1640 – d. 1722)
                              (1st time)
1715                       Maximilien-Henri, comte de Poitiers(s.a.)
 1715 - 1722                Jean-Pierre, baron de Rosen        (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)
1722 - 1723                Bertrand-Martin de la Naye         (b. 1696 – d. 1741)
 1724 - 1730                Adrien-François, baron de          (b. 1680 - d. 1730)
                              Berlaimont de la Chapelle
 1730 - 1743                Philippe-Alexandre-Théodore, comte (b. 1680 - d. 1747)
                              de Rougrave  
 1744 - 1763                Charles-Ernest, baron de Breidbach (b. 1701 - d. 1771)
                              de Burresheim
 Prime ministers of the Prince-Bishop (Premier ministre)
 1748 - 1759                Maximilien-Henri, comte de Horion  (b. 1694 – d. 1759)
 1759 - 1763                François-Charles, comte de         (s.a.)
                              Vellbrueck
 1764 - 1772                Jean-François, comte d'Oultremont  (b. 1715 – d. 1782)
 Grand Chancellors of the Privy Council
 1764 - 1771                César-Constantin-François, comte   (s.a.)
                              de Hoensbroeck
1772 - 1784                Conrad-Philippe, baron van der     (b. 1728 - d. 1786)
                              Heyden a Blisia
 1784 - 1793                Jean-Pierre-Louis, baron de Sluse  (b. 1723 – d. 1795)
                              de Beurs
 1793 - 1794                César-Constantin, comte de Méan    (b. 1759 – d. 1833)
                              de Beaurieux

Ligne (Fagnolle) 

[Flag of the Princes of Ligne (Fagnolle) Belgium 1765-1793]

Map of Fagnolle/Ligne
Capital: Fagnolle
Population: 1,000 (1790)

869                        Fagnolle is mentioned in the polyptych of Lobbes Abbey under the
                              name of Eucharlia.
 c.1142                     Barony Ligne (Ligniacum Baronis), a fief of the County of Hainaut.
 18 Dec 1544                County of Ligne (Ligniacum Comitatus/Grafschaft Ligne/
                             Comté de Ligne) raised by Emperor Charles V.
 1549                       Made Imperial counts (Reichsgraf von Ligne/Comte du Saint Empire)
                             by Emperor Charles V.
 1571                       Barony of Fagnolle (Fagnolensis Baronis/Freiherrschaft von
                             Fagnolle/Baronie Fagnolle)(also spelled (Faignuelles, Faigneul,
                              Fagneulle, Fagnolle/Fagnolles, Fagnoeulle, and Fagnol), a fief
                             of the County of Hainaut.
 20 Mar 1601                Counts of Ligne created Princes (Reichsfürst) of Ligne of the
                             Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Rudolf II, without immediate
                             possessions.
1634                       Barony of Fagnolle acquired by princes of Ligne.
 20 Jul 1770                County of Fagnolle (Grafschaft Fagnolle/Comté de Fagnolle), barony
                             raised to an immediate imperial county by Emperor Joseph II, ceases
                             to be the fief of the County of Hainault (in 1786 acquired
                             representation in the Imperial Diet as a member of the College of
                             the Counts of Westphalia).
  8 Mar 1789                Renamed County of Ligne (Grafschaft Ligne/Comté de Ligne).
 21 Mar 1789                Admission of the prince to the Council of Princes of the Reichstag is
                             ordered by Imperial decree of Emperor Joseph II, but the necessary
                             decision by the three colleges of the Reichstag was delayed.
 19 Nov 1792 - 12 May 1793  Occupied by France.
 12 May 1793 - 15 Feb 1814  Annexed by France (part of the département Ardennes).
 9 Feb 1801                Officially ceded to France by the Holy Roman Empire by Treaty of
                             Lunéville.
25 Feb 1803                The prince of Ligne is granted the former Edelstetten Abbbey in
                             Swabia as the Princely County of Ligne-Edelstetten (with title Fürst
                             von Ligne zu Edelstetten) in compensation by the Imperial recess
                             (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss)(on 22 May 1804, Edelstetten is sold
                             to Prince Esterházy de Galántha).
 15 Feb 1814 - 16 Mar 1815  Allied administration (see under Belgium).
 16 Mar 1815 - 1830         Incorporation into the Netherlands (part of Namen/Namur province).
  4 Oct 1830                Part of independent Belgium (part of Namur province).

Counts (title Fürst von Ligne und Graf zu Fagnolle/Prince de Ligne et Comté de Ligne) 
21 Dec 1679 -  8 Feb 1702  Henri Louis Ernest              (b. 1644 - d. 1702)
  8 Feb 1702 -  8 Aug 1750  Antoine Joseph Ghislain         (b. 1682 - d. 1750)
  8 Aug 1750 -  7 Apr 1766  Claude Lamoral II               (b. 1685 - d. 1766)
  7 Apr 1766 - 12 May 1793  Charles Joseph Lamoral          (b. 1735 - d. 1814)


Neutral Moresnet

[Flag Neutral Moresnet 1883-1919 (Belgium)]   1883/85 - 27 Jun 1915
Map of Neutral Moresnet
 Capital: Klemis
 Unofficial Anthem
“Amikejo-march”
Adopted 1908
 Border Treaty of Aachen
(26 Jun 1816; in French)
GDP: $N/A
Demilitarized by Treaty
 Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A 		Currencies: French Franc
 (FRF); 1831-1920 Belgian
Franc (BEF); 1871-1918
 German Mark (DED); 1816-1831 Dutch Guilder (NLG) 		Population: 3,596 (1919);
256 (1816); 500 (1830);
2,572 (1858)
3,432 (1903)
International Organizations/Treaties: None

26 Jun 1816                Part of Moresnet, claimed by both The Netherlands and
                             Prussia, is "temporarily neutralized" and put under
                             a common administration (Onverdeelde Gebied van Moresnet/
                             Territoire neutre de Moresnet/Neutralen Gebietes von Moresnet).
23 Sep 1818                Border demarcation markers formally installed.
22 Sep 1830                Belgium replaces The Netherlands as claimant and administrator
                             (recognized by The Netherlands 22 Jun 1839).
26 Jun 1831                Transfer of the Dutch law from the contract of 26 Jun 1816 to
                             Belgium.
 8 Aug 1914                German occupation.
27 Mar 1915                Administration by Prussia only (separate administration abolished
                             27 Jun 1915).
Nov 1918                   Administration by Belgium only.
28 Jun 1919                Ceded to Belgium by Germany under Treaty of Versailles.
10 Jan 1920                Annexed to Belgium (as municipality of Kelmis/La Calamine,
                             within the province of Liège).
18 May 1940 - 10 Sep 1944  Annexed by Germany.
10 Sep 1944                Occupied by Allied (U.S.) forces, restored to Belgium.
Dec 1944 - Jan 1945        Brief German re-occupation.
Netherlands Royal Commissioners
 8 Dec 1817 -  2 Dec 1823  Werner Jacob
 2 Dec 1823 - 1830         Joseph Brandès                      (b. 1772 - d. 1849)
1830 - 8 Jun 1835          Vacant
Belgian Commissioners (from 1889, also district commissioner of Verviers)
(Commissaires belge pour l'administration du Territoire neutre de Moresnet)
 8 Jun 1835 -  1 Feb 1840  Lambert Joseph Henri Ernst          (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
 1 Feb 1840 - 24 Sep 1889  Mathieu Nicholas Joseph Crémer      (b. 1805 - d. 1889)
30 Nov 1889 - 27 Mar 1915  Fernand Jacques Bleyfuesz (1st time)(b. 1858 - d. 1935)
27 Mar 1915 - 15 May 1915  Konstantin Kurt von Bayer-Ehrenberg (b. 1882 - d. 1961)
                             (acting; kaiserliche Zivilkommissar bei dem Kreischef zu Verviers)
15 May 1915 - Nov 1918     Vacant
Nov 1918 - 10 Jan 1920     Fernand Jacques Bleyfuesz (2nd time)(s.a.)

Prussian Royal Commissioners (from 1850, also Landratsamt of Eupen)
(Königlich Preussische Kommissare für die Verwaltung des neutralen Gebietes von Moresnet)
 6 Aug 1817 - 1819         Wilhelm Hardt                       (b. 1755 - d. 1831)
22 Apr 1819 - 26 Nov 1835  Johann Martin Daniel Mayer          (b. 1769 - d. 1835)
 9 Jul 1836 -  1 Oct 1849  Heinrich Martins
 1 Oct 1849 -  7 Jan 1866  Peter Benedict Joseph Amand         (b. 1813 - d. 1866)
                             von Harenne (acting to 9 Nov 1850)
16 Jan 1866 -  2 Jul 1866  Johann Julius The Losen (1st time)  (b. 1812 - d. 1882)
                             (acting)
 2 Jul 1866 - 12 Dec 1866  Carl Heinrich Otto Jaeger (acting)  (b. 1835 - d. 1902)
12 Dec 1866 - 26 Apr 1868  Robert Freiherr von der Heydt       (b. 1837 - d. 1877)
26 Apr 1868 -  5 Sep 1868  Johann Julius The Losen (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 5 Sep 1868 - 3  Sep 1870  Theodor Edwin Gülcher               (b. 1822 - d. 1870)
 3 Sep 1870 - 18 Jan 1871  Johann Julius The Losen (3rd time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting)
18 Jun 1871 - 18 Apr 1893  Theodor Alfred Sternickel           (b. 1825 - d. 1894)
18 Apr 1893 -  1 Jan 1909  Alfred Jakob Bernhard Theodor       (b. 1849 - d. 1922)
                             Gülcher
13 Jan 1909 -  6 Aug 1914  Walter Karl Maria The Losen         (b. 1880 - d. 1919)
 6 Aug 1914 - Nov 1918     Wilhelm August Spiess (acting)
Nov 1918 - 10 Jan 1920     Vacant

Mayors
1817 - 21 Feb 1859         Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx (acting) (b. 1774 - d. 1861) 
21 Feb 1859 - 30 May 1859  Adolf Hubert van Scherpenzeel-Thim  (b. 1824 - d. 1877)
 1 Jul 1859 -  7 Feb 1882  Joseph Kohl 
 7 Feb 1882 - 20 Jun 1885  Oskar Anton Bilharz                 (b. 1831 - d. 1917)
 20 Jun 1885 - 15 Mar 1915  Hubert Schmetz                      (b. 1862 - d. 1930)
29 Mar 1915 -  7 Dec 1918  Wilhelm Kyll                        (b. 1876 - d. af.1956)
 7 Dec 1918 - 10 Jan 1920  Pierre Joseph Grignard              (b. 1851 - d. 1925)
                              (then mayor of Kelmis to 7 Feb 1923)

Reckheim (Rekem)

[Aspremont Dynasty Possible Flag at Reckheim to 1793 (Belgium)]
Aspremont Possible Flag to 1793
Map of Reckheim (Rekem)
Capital: Reckheim (Rekem/Raekem)
Population: 1,500 (1784)

1108                       First lord of Reckheim (Radekeim) mentioned (Redquem dominum/
                             Herrschaft Reckheim/Heerlijkheid Rekem), Reckheim a free
                             lordship under the Emperor.
1134 - 20 Apr 1317         Under the Bronckhorst dynasty.
1317 - 1335                Gerard Van der Marck is lord of Reckheim/Rekem.
1335 - 1397                Under Arnold, then Hendrik, von Stein
1356                       Barony of Reckheim (Redquem Baronis/Freiherrschaft von
                             Reckheim/Baronie Rekem).
1397 - 1501                Under the Sombreffe dynasty.
1501 - 1545                Under Count Robert I and Robert II van der Marck en Arenberg.
1545 - 1553                Emperor Charles V appoints Jan van Hennin as landlord.
1553                       Jan van Hennin sells Rekem to Willem van Vlodrop.
1564 - 1590                Under the Quadt von Wickrath family (who in 1590 exchange the
                             barony with Herman von Lynden for estates in Germany).
 6 Nov 1590                Under Lynden (from 1675, Aspremont-Lynden) dynasty, with the title
                             Free Baron (Reichsfreiherr) granted by Emperor Rudolf II
                             (Reichsfrei-herrschaft Reckheim/Vrij Baronie van Reckheim).
 1 Apr 1623                Reckheim raised to an immediate County of the Holy Roman Empire
                             (Reichsgrafschaft Reckheim/Rijksgraafschap Rekem) by Emperor
                             Ferdinand II, represented in the Imperial Diet as a member of the
                             College of the Counts of Wetterau (from 1653, the Counts of
                             Westphalia).
16 Mar 1676                Confirmation of the title Count of Aspremont-Lynden (Graf von
                             Aspremont-Lynden) for Ferdinand Gobert by Emperor Leopold I.
1684                       Title of Imperial Count of Aspremont-Lynden and Reckheim (Reichsgraf
                             von Aspremont-Lynden und Reckheim) granted to Ferdinand Gobert
                             by Emperor Leopold I.
Jan 1793 -  1 Oct 1795     French occupation (Nov 1794 part of département Meuse-Inférieure).
 1 Oct 1795 - 20 Nov 1813  Annexed to France (part of département Meuse-Inférieure).
 9 Feb 1801                Formally ceded to France by the Treaty of Lunéville.
25 Feb 1803                The last Count Johan Nepomuk Gobert I d'Aspremont-Lynden, granted
                             the Abbey of Baindt as the Imperial County of Baindt as
                             compensation for Reckheim (Baindt later annexed to Württemberg on
                             12 Jul 1806) by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.
15 Feb 1814                Part of Netherlands (from 25 Aug 1815, province of Limbourg/Limburg).
16 Sep 1819                The male line of the Counts of Reckheim/Rekem extinct.
 4 Oct 1830                Part of Belgium (part of province of Limburg).

Counts of Reckheim (title Reichsgraf von Reckheim/Rijksgraaf van Rekem)
31 Mar 1623 - 24 Aug 1636  Ernst (lord from 5 Jun 1603)         (b. 1583 - d. 1636)
24 Aug 1636 - 24 Aug 1665  Ferdinand I                          (b. 1611 - d. 1665)
24 Aug 1665 - 1684         Ferdinand II Gobert                  (b. 1643 - d. 1708)
24 Aug 1665 - 1673         Regents
                           - Franz Egon Fürst von Fürstenberg-  (b. 1626 - d. 1682)
                               Heiligenberg Bischof von Strassburg
                               Fürstabt von Murbach und Lüders
                           - Isabelle-Henriette d'Aspremont-    (b. 1615 - d. 1686)
                               Lynden, princesse-abbesse de
                               Munsterbilsen (f)
Counts of Aspremont-Lynden and Reckheim (title Reichsgraf von Aspremont-Lynden und Reckheim/
Rijksgraaf van Aspremont-Lynden en Rekem)
1684 -  1 Feb 1708         Ferdinand II Gobert                  (s.a.)
 1 Feb 1708 -  3 May 1720  Joseph Gobert                        (b. 1694 - d. 1720)
 3 Feb 1720 - 24 Nov 1749  Karl Gobert                          (b. 1703 - d. 1749)
24 Nov 1749 -  1 Oct 1795  Johann Nepomuk Gobert I              (b. 1732 - d. 1805)

Stavelot-Malmédy/Stablo-Malmedy
Map of Stavelot-Malmédy
Capital: Stavelot (Stablo)
Population: 28,000 (1789)

648                        Benedictine Abbey of Malmedy (Malmunderio Abbas) established
                             and dedicated to St. Benedict.
 651                        Stavelot Abbey (Stabluensis Abbas) established by Saint Remaclus;
                              ruled in union (Klöster Stablo und Malmedy).
 747                        Acquired territory from Carloman, Duke of the Franks.
 Dec 881                    Normans invade the area, burning both abbeys and causing the
                             monks to flee.
885                        Normans passed through the Meuse valley causing the monks of
                             Stavelot to flee again, finding refuge in the county of Logne
                             and Chèvremont.
1065 - 1071                Archbishop of Cologne names a separate abbot for Malmedy.
Mar 1071                   The Holy Roman Emperor to recognizes the union of the two abbeys
                             and reiterate the superiority of Stavelot.
1559                       Abbots also made Princes of the Empire (Fürstabtei Stablo-Malmedy/
                             Principauté abbatiale de Stavelot-Malmedy), with own vote in the
                             Council of Princes of the Imperial Diet (the title of prince was
                             used by abbots informally as early as 1376).
 4 Oct 1689                Razing of both Stavelot and Malmedy by French forces.
 8 May 1768                Seigneuries of Anthisnes and Vien, which belonged to Principality of
                             Liège, ceded to Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy, and the county
                             of Logne in exchange for Sclessin and part of Ougrée, in the
                             suburbs of Liège (by convention of 23 Apr 1768).
10 Dec 1792 -  4 Mar 1793  Occupied by France (annexed 2 Mar 1793).
 19 Sep 1794 -  1 Oct 1795  Occupied by France.
  1 Oct 1795                Annexed by France (Stavelot is merged with Franchimont as part
                              of the département Ourthe [see below]).
 9 Feb 1801                Officially ceded to France by the Holy Roman Empire by Treaty of
                             Lunéville.
15 Feb 1814 -  6 Mar 1815  Allied administration (see Belgium, above).
  6 Mar 1815 -  1 Dec 1918  Malmedy (Malmédy) part of Prussia (from 1871, Germany)(part of
                             Jülich-Cleves-Berg province; from 1822, Rheinprovinz).
16 Mar 1815 -  4 Oct 1830  Stavelot part of the Netherlands (part of Luik/Liège province).
  4 Oct 1830                Stavelot part of Belgium (part of Liège province).
  1 Dec 1918 - 30 Sep 1920  Mamedy under Allied (from 12 Aug 1919, Belgian) occupation.
 30 Sep 1920                Malmédy incorporated into Belgium (see Eupen and Malmédy). 

Prince-Abbots (title Fürstabt zu Stablo-Malmedy/Prince-Abbé de Stavelot-Malmedy)
1682 - 10 Apr 1704         Wilhelm III Egon Graf von Fürstenberg/       (b. 1629 - d. 1704) 
                             Guillaume Egon, comte de Furstenberg
                             (appointed 1682, confirmed 15 Jul 1683)
30 May 1704 - 27 Jul 1715  Franz II Anton Herzog von Lothringen/        (b. 1689 - d. 1715)
                             François Antoine, duc de Lorraine 
                             (confirmed 22 Dec 1704)
1704 - 1708                Jacob Godding/ 
                             Jacques Godding -Administrator
                             (acting for the duc de Lorraine) 
                             (confirmed 22 Dec 1704)
15 Oct 1715 - 26 Jul 1731  Johann IV Ernst Graf von Löwenstein/
                             Jean-Ernest, comte de Loewenstein          (b. 1667 - d. 1731)
                             (elected 1715, confirmed 16 Dec 1715,
                             sworn in 26 Apr 1716)
16 Aug 1731 -  3 May 1737  Nikolaus II Massin/                          (b. 1677 - d. 1737)
                             Nicolas de Massin
                             (elected 16 Aug 1731, confirmed 29 Dec 1731)
 3 Aug 1737 - 14 Jun 1741  Deodat Drion/
                             Dieudonné de Drion                         (b. 1684 - d. 1741)
                             (elected 3 Aug 1737, confirmed 3 Oct 1737)
14 Sep 1741 - 16 Sep 1753  Joseph de Nollet-Bourdon/                    (b. 1672 - d. 1753)
                             Joseph de Nollet a Bourdon 
                             (elected 14 Sep 1741, confirmed 27 Nov 1741,
                             invested 13 Mar 1747)
14 Dec 1753 -  2 Oct 1766  Alexander Delmotte/                          (b. 1696 - d. 1766)
                             Alexandre Delmotte
                             (elected 14 Dec 1753, confirmed 1 Apr 1754)
27 Nov 1766 - 22 Dec 1786  Jacob Hubin/                                 (b. 1705 - d. 1786)
                             Jacques de Hubin
 4 Jan 1787 - 21 Jul 1794  Célestin Thys                                (b. 1730 - d. 1796)
                             (elected 4 Jan 1787, confirmed 23 Apr 1787,
                             invested 17 Dec 1787)(in exile 29 Nov 1792 -
                             9 Apr 1793, in Hanau exile 21 Jul 1794 - 1 Oct 1796)
Mayors and Presidents of the Municipality of Malmédy
12 Dec 1792 - 11 Jan 1793  Pierre-Ignace de la Saulx (de Lassaulx)     (b. 1758 - d. 1831)
                             (1st time)
11 Jan 1793 - 25 Jan 1793  Hubert François Geron                       (b. 1746 - d. 1813)
25 Jan 1793 -  4 Feb 1793  Jean Hubert Doutrelepont
 8 Feb 1793 - Mar 1793     Pierre-Ignace de la Saulx (2nd time)        (s.a.)
 6 Mar 1793 -  9 Apr 1793  Council of Regency (for the Abbot)
                           - Nicolas Cornesse
                           - Servais Ignace Dreze
                           - François Augustin Villers                 (b. 1748 - d. 1794)
Administrator for the Magistrate of Malmédy
Jul 1794 - 26 Sep 1794     Arnold-Thomas Delbron                       (b. 1770 – d. 1839)
                             (recorded on 19 Sep 1794)


Ostend under Dutch rule

13 Jun 1584                Ostend occupied by Dutch forces.
20 Sep 1604                City surrendered and restored to Spanish Netherlands.

Governors
13 Jun 1584 - 1585         Guillaume de Blois, dict Treslong         (b. 1529 - d. 1594)
                             (Willem Bloys van Treslong)
Mar 1585 - 1586            Guillaume de Hertaing, sieur de Marquette (b. c.1550 - d. 1586)
                             (Willem de Hertaing De Marquette)
1586 - Jan 1587            Sir Thomas Knollys (Knolles)              (b. c.1555 - d. c.1596)
12 Jan 1587 - 11 Aug 1590  John Conway                               (b. 1535 - d. 1603)
 7 Sep 1590 - Sep 1599     Sir Edward Norris (Norreys)               (b. c.1565 - d. 1603)
1599 - 1600                Jean Piron
1600 - 1601                Maximiliaan van Cruyningen                (b. 1556 - d. 1612)
1601                       Charles van der Noot, heer van            (b. c.1565 - d. 1614)
                             Hoogwoud en Aartswoud (1st time)
 9 Jul 1601 - 7 Mar 1602   Sir Francis Vere                          (b. 1560 - d. 1609)
                             (led defense of the city)
 7 Mar 1602 - 13 Jul 1603  Frederik van Dorp                         (b. 1547 - d. 1612)
Jul 1603 - Dec 1603        Charles van der Noot, heer van            (s.a.)
                             Hoogwoud en Aartswoud (2nd time)
Dec 1603 - 21 Mar 1604     Pierre (Jean?) de Ghistelles
21 Mar 1604 - 25 Mar 1604  Johan van Loon                            (b. 15.. - d. 1604)
25 Mar 1604 -  6 Jun 1604  Jacques van der Meer, baron de            (b. 15.. - d. 1604)
                             Berendrecht
 6 Jun 1604 - 17 Jun 1604  Antonie van Uytenhoove
Jun 1604 - 20 Sep 1604     Daniël de Hertaing, sieur de Marquette    (b. 15.. - d. 1625)

French Départements in Belgium 1793 - 1814

[French flag]
 
Map of French Netherlands

Deux-Nèthes

 1 Oct 1795                French département des Deux-Nèthes (Dutch: departement Twee Neten)
                             formed from southern Brabant and Lordship of Malines (Mechelen).
16 Mar 1810                Brabant department of the Kingdom Holland west of the Donge
                             annexed by France to Deux-Nèthes as district Breda.
1814                       End of French rule; incorporated into Belgium (under
                             Netherlands rule).
 Feb 1814 - Sep 1815        Allied administration (then divided between Antwerp province
                             and North Brabant province).

Presidents of the Central Administration of the département
(Présidents de l'administration centrale du département)
1796 - 31 May 1798         Charles Louis Bruslé de Valsuzenay   (b. 1766 - d. 1825)
1798 -  6 May 1798         De Villers (acting for Bruslé)
31 May 1798 -  9 Jul 1799  Lévêque 
 6 Apr 1799 -  3 Jul 1799  Saunier (acting for Lévêque)
13 Jul 1799 - 1800         Dominique Ogez                       (b. 1767 - d. 1839)
Prefects
1800 - 25 Jul 1805         Charles Joseph Fortuné d'Herbouville (b. 1756 - d. 1829)
29 Jul 1805 - 29 Mar 1809  Charles Cochon de Lapparent          (b. 1750 - d. 1825)
                            (from 10 Sep 1808, Charles Cochon,
                             chevalier de Lapparent)
1809 - 1813                Marc-René-Marie de Voyer de Paulmy   (b. 1771 - d. 1842)
                              d'Argenson  
12 Mar 1813 - 1814         Jacques Fortunat, baron Savoye-Rollin(b. 1751 - d. 1823)
Intendant
 14 Feb 1814 - Sep 1815     François Louis Joseph, chevalier de  (b. 1750 - d. 1816)
                              Wargny (provisional)

Dyle

 1 Oct 1795                French département de la Dyle (Dutch: departement Dijle) formed
                             from parts of the Brabant, Counties of Hainaut, Namur, and
                             Flanders and the Bishopric of Liège.
1814                       End of French rule; incorporated into Belgium (under
                             Netherlands rule).
 Feb 1814 - Sep 1815        Allied administration (then part of South Brabant province).

Presidents of the Central Administration of the département
(Présidents de l'administration centrale du département) 
1795 - 14 Sep 1797         Charles Lambrechts                   (b. 1753 - d. 1823)
14 Sep 1797 - 14 Feb 1799  François René Auguste Mallarmé       (b. 1755 - d. 1835) 
14 Feb 1799 - 1800         Nicolas Jean Rouppe                  (b. 1769 - d. 1838) 
Prefects
 2 Mar 1800 -  1 Feb 1805  Louis Gustave Doulcet de             (b. 1764 - d. 1853)
                             Pontécoulant
 1 Dec 1805 - 1808         François Louis René Mouchard de      (b. 1757 - d. 1814) 
                             Chaban
12 May 1808 - 1813         Frédéric Séraphin de La Tour du      (b. 1759 - d. 1837)
                             Pin-Gouvernet
                             (from 14 Feb 1810, Frédéric Séraphin, 
                             baron La Tour du Pin-Gouvernet)
12 Mar 1813 - 1814         Frédéric Christophe, baron           (b. 1778 - d. 1859)
                             d'Houdetot
Intendant
 14 Feb 1814 - 1815         Jacques Joseph Dominique d'Anethan   (b. 1769 - d. 1841)
                             (provisional)

Escaut

 2 Mar 1793                County of Flanders is annexed by France, but non-integrated.
19 Mar 1793                French lose Flanders.
 1 Oct 1795                French département de l'Escaut (Dutch: departement Schelde)
                             formed from parts of County of Flanders and the Dutch Flanders
                             of the States.
1814                       End of French rule; incorporated into Belgium (under
                             Netherlands rule).
 Feb 1814 - Sep 1815        Allied administration (then part of East Flanders province).

Presidents of the Central Administration of the département
(Présidents de l'administration centrale du département)
18 Nov 1795 -  5 Aug 1799  Reinier Grégoire Dubosch            (b. 1765 - d. 1842)
 5 Aug 1799 - 24 Mar 1800  Bernard François Joseph van Wambeke (b. 1764 - d. 1841)
Prefects
24 Mar 1800 - 1808         Guillaume Marie Faipoult            (b. 1752 - d. 1817)
18 Sep 1808 - 1813         Frédéric Christophe d'Houdetot      (b. 1778 - d. 1859)
                             (from 18 Jun 1809, Frédéric
                             Christophe, baron d'Houtetot)
12 Mar 1813 - 25 Mar 1813  Jean-François Marie, baron Delaître (b. 1766 - d. 1835)
                             (not installed)
25 Mar 1813 - Feb 1814     Antoine François Erhard Marie       (b. 1757 - d. 1830)
                             Catherine, baron Desmousseaux de
                             Givré
Intendants
 14 Feb 1814 - Mar 1814     Charles Liévin Beaucarne            (b. 1756 - d. 1815)
                             (provisional)
Mar 1814 - Sep 1815        Jean-Baptiste d'Hane de Steenhuyse  (b. 1757 - d. 1826)
                             (provisional)

Forêts: see Luxembourg
Jemmapes

 2 Mar 1793                Creation of French département of Jemappe formed from County
                             of Hainaut.
23 Mar 1793                Annexation of Bailiwick of Tournai (Doornik).
 2 Apr 1793 - 1794         Austrians occupy the area of Jemappe.
26 Jun 1794                France recaptures Hainaut and Tournai; département of
                              Jemmape restored.
 3 Aug 1794                French government proclaims that territories newly re-occupied 
                             are considered as "pays conquis" (conquered land), and
                             restoration of département of Jemmappe is suspended;
                             arrondissement of Hainaut.
 30 Aug 1795                Restoration of département de Jemmappe.
 1 Oct 1795                Renamed département de Jemmapes.
1814                       End of French rule.
 Feb 1814 - Sep 1815        Allied administration (then part of Hainaut province).

Presidents of the Central Administration of the département
(Présidents de l'administration centrale du département)
19 Jan 1793 - 25 Mar 1793  Mouchet
                           + Légier
                           + Raphaël Leroy
 2 Jul 1794 -  1 Dec 1794  Jasmin Lamotze
 1 Dec 1794 - 1795         Prudhomme
23 Nov 1795 - 1795         Charles Duvivier
Nov 1795 - 1796            Bazin 
Jan 1796 - May? 1796       Volkerick
May 1796 - Jun 1796        Casimir Varon                        (b. 1761 - d. 1796)
1796                       Dubois
1796                       Aubert
1796                       Houzé
1796 - 1797                Claude François Gonnet de Fiéville   (b. 1752 - d. 1815)
20 Apr 1797 - 1797         Dewamin
24 Sep 1797 - 1797         P.A. Defacqz
1797 - 1798                Pierre François Joseph Delneufcourt  (b. 1756 - d. 1827)
 1798                       Charles Stanislas Troye              (b. 1770 - d. 1844)
Jun 1798 -  3 Jul 1799     Jean-Baptiste Martial Pradier        (b. 1776 - d. 1805?)
 3 Jul 1799 - Apr 1800     Jean Ambroise De Puydt               (b. 1758 - d. 1836)
Prefects
Apr 1800 - 1805            Jean-Baptiste Étienne Garnier        (b. 1756 - d. 1817)
 1 Feb 1805 - 1810         Patrice Charles Ghislain de Coninck  (b. 1770 - d. 1827)
                             d'Outrive 
 7 Aug 1810 -  8 Feb 1812  Jean-Baptiste Maximilien, baron      (b. 1773 - d. 1847)
                             Villot de Fréville
 9 Mar 1812 - 1814         Pierre Clément de Laussat            (b. 1756 - d. 1835)
Intendants
14 Feb 1814 - 10 Mar 1814  Bonaventure Hyacinthe Joseph,        (b. 1755 - d. 1831)
                             chevalier de Bousies (provisional)
10 Mar 1814 - 1815         Emmanuel Auguste Marie Joseph de
                             la Motte Baraffe de Lesdain        (b. 1782 - d. 1852)     
                             (provisional)

Lys (Leie)  

 1 Oct 1795                French département de la Lys (Dutch: departement Leie) formed
                             from western Austrian (Belgian) Flanders
1814                       End of French rule.
Feb 1814 - Sep 1815        Allied administration (then part of West Flanders province).

Presidents of the Central Administration of the département
(Présidents de l'administration centrale du département)
1795 - 1797                Jacques Devaux                       (b. 1766 - d. 1807)
1797 - 1798                Jean-François Baret                  (b. 1756 - d. 1800)
1798 - Apr 1799            Pierre-Antoine Herwyn de Nevèle      (b. 1753 - d. 1824)
1799 - 1800                Fournier
Prefects
25 May 1800 - 12 Mar 1804  François-Marie Joseph Justin de      (b. 1736 - d. 1813)
                             Viry
12 Mar 1804 -  7 Apr 1804  Eugène Joseph Marie Goubau (interim) (b. 1761 - d. 1839)
 7 Apr 1804 -  3 Nov 1810  Bernard François, marquis de         (b. 1766 - d. 1832)
                             Chauvelin 
30 Nov 1810 - 14 Aug 1811  Pierre Amédée Vincent Joseph Marie   (b. 1767 - d. 1811) 
                             Arborio-Biamino
 25 Aug 1811 - 1814         Jean-François Soult                  (b. 1772 - d. 1823)
Intendants
 14 Feb 1814 - Apr 1814     Bernard Van Severen (provisional)    (b. 1761 - d. 1837)
11 Apr 1814 - Oct 1815     Constantin de Preud'homme d'Hailly
                             de Nieuport (provisional)          (b. 1748 - d. 1835)

Meuse-Inférieure 

Nov 1794                   French département de la Meuse-Inférieure (Dutch: departement
                             Beneden-Maas) formed from southern Bishopric of Liege,
                             Limburg, and parts of Netherlands.
 1 Oct 1795                Annexed to France.
Feb 1814                   End of French rule (then part of Limburg province and Prussian                                    Jülich-Kleve-Berg province).

Presidents of the Central Administration of the département
(Présidents de l'administration centrale du département)
30 Oct 1794 - 1795         Charles Clément Roemers             (b. 1748 - d. 1838) 
                            (of Arrondissement de Maestricht)
 1795                       André Charles Membrède              (b. 1758 - d. 1831)
 1 Oct 1795 - 13 Aug 1796  Jean-Louis Rogier
23 Aug 1796 - Jun 1799     Nicholas Girard
13 Jun 1799 - 23 Apr 1800  François Alexandre Cavenne          (b. 1773 - d. 1856)
 Prefects
 2 Mar 1800 - 1800         Chateaugiron (did not take office)
 Apr 1800 - 1801            Jean-Henri Becays Ferrand, dit      (b. 1736 - d. 1805)
                             Ferrand de Lacaussade
 2 Nov 1801 - 1805         Pierre Loisel (Loysel)              (b. 1751 - d. 1813)
31 Jan 1806 - Feb 1814     Jean-Baptiste Roggieri              (b. 1761 - d. 1827)
 Intendant
 14 Feb 1814                Joseph Brandès (provisional)
                             (did not take office)

Ourthe

 1 Oct 1795                French département de l'Ourthe (Dutch: departement Ourte) formed
                             from Principality of Stavelot, parts of Bishopric of Liège
                             and Duchy of Luxembourg, and some villages of County of Namur
                             and Duchy of Brabant.
1814                       End of French rule (then mainly part of Liège province).

Presidents of the Central Administration of the département
(Présidents de l'administration centrale du département) 
Sep 1794 - 1795            Provisional administration
1795 - Nov 1795            Louis Ghislain de Bouteville-Dumetz  (b. 1746 - d. 1821)
18 Nov 1795 - 16 Dec 1795  Jean-Baptiste Winant Digneffe        (b. 1761 - d. 1844)
16 Dec 1795 - May 1798     Jean Nicolas Bassenge                (b. 1758 - d. 1811)
25 May 1798 - Aug 1799     Lambert Bassenge                     (b. 1757 - d. 1821) 
20 Aug 1799 - 30 Mar 1800  Hauzeur-Simonon 
Prefects
30 Mar 1800 -  4 Apr 1806  Antoine François Catherine           (b. 1757 - d. 1830)
                             Desmousseaux de Givré
 7 Apr 1806 - 1814         Charles Emmanuel, baron Micoud       (b. 1753 - d. 1817)
                             d'Umons 

Sambre-et-Meuse

 1 Oct 1795                French département de Sambre-et-Meuse formed from 
                             County of Namur and parts of Luxembourg.
1814                       End of French rule.
 Feb 1814 - Sep 1815        Allied administration (then part of Namur province).

Presidents of the Central Administration of the département
(Présidents de l'administration centrale du département)
Dec 1795 - Feb 1799        Chanteau
11 Feb 1799 - 16 Feb 1799  Maurice Neukomm
16 Feb 1799 - 1800?        Pierre Gabriel Pascal Mallarmé       (b. 1746 - d. 1830)
Prefects
 2 Mar 1800 - Jan 1814     Emmanuel Pérès de Lagesse            (b. 1752 - d. 1833)
                            (from 14 Feb 1810, Emmanuel, baron 
                             Pérès de Lagesse)
  2 Jan 1814 - 1814         Alban de Villeneuve-Bargemont        (b. 1784 - d. 1850)
 Intendant
 14 Feb 1814 - 1815         Gabriel Amour Joseph de Bruges de    (b. 1766 - d. 1844)
                              Branchon (provisional)





© Ben Cahoon