Papua New Guinea
-
- 31 Oct 1945 - 12
Mar 1971
-
|
-
- 1 Jul 1949 - 31 Dec
1951 Customs Service Flag
-
|
-
- 1 Jan 1952 - 12 Mar
1971 Customs Service Flag
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-
- Nov 1962 - 12 Mar
1971 Unofficial Local Flag
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-
![[Papua and New Guinea
proposed flag 1970-1971 (Papua New
Guinea)] [Papua
and New Guinea proposed flag
1970-1971 (Papua New Guinea)]](pg1970.gif)
- 17 Nov 1970 - 12 Mar
1971 Proposal
|
-
- Adopted 12 Mar 1971
|
Map
of Papua New Guinea
|
Hear
National Anthem
"O Arise All You Sons"
|
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 16 Sep 1975
|
Constitution
(16 Sep 1975)
|
Capital:
Port Moresby
|
Currency:
Kina (PGK);
1906-1975 Australian Dollar
(AUD); 1942-1944 Oceania
Gumpyo Pound (XOGP)
|
National
Holiday: 16 Sep (1975)
Independence Day
|
Population:
7,027,332 (2018)
|
GDP: $30.19
billion (2017)
|
Exports:
$8.52 billion (2017)
Imports: $1.87
billion (2017)
|
Ethnic groups:
New Guinea Papuan 84%, New Guinea
Melanesian 15%, Negrito,
Micronesian,
Polynesian, other 1%
(1983)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 3,100 (2010)
Total Police Force: 5,311
(2012)
Merchant marine:
173 ships (2018)
|
Religions:
Protestant 64.3% (Evangelical Lutheran
18.4%,
Seventh Day Adventist 12.9%, Pentecostal
10.4%, United
Church 10.3%, Evangelical Alliance 5.9%,
Anglican 3.2%,
Baptist 2.8%, Salvation Army .4%), Roman
Catholic 26%, other
Christian 5.3%, non-Christian
1.4%, unspecified 3.1% (2011) |
International
Organizations/Treaties: ACP,
ADB, AIIB (applicant), ANT, AOSIS, APA
(observer), APEC, APM, ARF,
ASEAN (special observer), BTWC, C, CD,
CP, CTBT
(signatory), CWC,
EITI, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU
(suspended), IRENA, ISA,
ISO
(correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MSG,
NAM, NPT, NTBT, OPCW, OST, PC, PIDF,
PIF, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
|
Papua
New
Guinea Index
|
Chronology
20 Jun 1545
Spanish sailors sight New Guinea. At
the mouth of
the Mamberamo river, it is claimed for
Spain and
named Nueva
Guinea by Yñigo Ortiz
de Retez aboard
the San Juan de Letran.
10 Dec
1660
Dutch East India Company recognizes
the (nominal)
sovereignty of the Sultan of
Tidore over the
"Papuan
islands in general," but with
exclusive
Dutch trading rights (renewed 1667,
1689).
24 Aug
1828
Western New Guinea (beginning at the
141st meridian
of longitude) claimed as part of
Netherlands
East Indies (Netherlands New Guinea)
16 Apr
1846
Lieutenant Charles Bampfield Yule (b.
1806 -
d.
1878) in HMS Bramble claims
southern coast of
New
Guinea for the U.K. (not effected).
24 Apr 1873
Captain John Moresby (b. 1830 - d.
1922) again
annexes Papua for U.K. at Hayter
Island (not
effected), after naming Port Moresby
for Admiral
Sir
Fairfax Morseby on 20 Feb 1873.
16 Jan 1880 - 13 Feb 1882
Charles Marie Bonaventure du Breil,
marquis de Rays
(b. 1832 - d. 1893), who in 1877 had
declared
himself 'King Charles I of New France'
(an area
he claimed extending from eastern New
Guinea to
Solomon Islands, unclaimed by European
powers),
tries to establish a utopian settlement
on New
Ireland at Port-Breton (near
modern Kavieng)
called LaNouvelle-France,
also called la colonie
chrétienne et libre de
Port-Breton. It is finally
abandoned by the colonists on
13 Feb 1882.
4 Apr
1883
H.M.
Chester, acting on orders of the
government of
Queensland (Australia), takes
possession of the
southeastern coast at Port
Morseby for the U.K.
2
Jul
1883
British colonial office disallows the
Queensland
annexation of 4 Apr 1883.
Sep 1884
Friedrich
Hermann Otto Finsch (b. 1839 - d.
1917),
agent of the Hamburger
Neuguinea-Konsortiums
(Hamburg New Guinea Consortium),
explorers the
northeast coast of New Guinea (and in
Dec 1884
the
Bismarck Archipelago).
3 Nov
1884
Germany proclaims a protectorate
at Matupi, and at
Mioko and Makada on 4 Nov, over
northeastern New
Guinea at Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen on
12 Nov, and
27
Nov at Finschhafen
(Kaiser-Wilhelmsland/German
New
Guinea). Protectorate of German
New Guinea
(Schutzgebiet Deutsch-Neu-guinea).
6
Nov
1884
Britain proclaims protectorate over
southeastern
New Guinea (British New Guinea
territory).
5 Nov 1885 - 31
Mar 1899 Protectorate
of German New Guinea
administered by
the German New Guinea Company
(Deutsche Neu-
Guinea-Kompagnie)(brief
imperial rule 1 Nov 1889
-
1 Sep 1892), charter is granted by
the Kaiser
formally on 17 May 1885.
6
Apr 1886
Partition of New Guinea
by U.K. and Germany along
the Netherlands 141st meridian
confirmed by
the
Anglo-German Declaration.
4
Sep 1888
U.K. formally annexes its protectorate
as the
Colony of New Guinea.
14 Nov
1899
Germany transfers Choiseul, Santa
Isabel, the
Shortland and Ontong Java Islands to
British
Solomon islands, but retains
Bougainville
and Buka islands (effective 16 Feb
1900).
18 Mar
1902
British territory
is transferred to Australia.
1 Sep 1906
British New Guinea passed to Australia
as the
Territory
of Papua (by Papua Act of 16 Nov
1905).
12 Aug
1914
Australian forces raid Rabaul.
12 Sep 1914
Australian occupation of Rabaul
(German authorities
surrender 17 Sep, effective 21 Sep
1914).
24 Sep
1914
Australian occupation of
Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen
in
Kaiser-Wilhelmsland.
5 Jan 1919
Last German troops under Hermann
Philipp Detzner
(b.
1882 - d. 1970) surrender to
Australia.
10
Jan 1920
Germany
formally renounces claims to the
islands
by the Treaty of Versailles.
17 Dec
1920
German New Guinea becomes a League of
Nations
mandate (under Australia).
19 May
1921
Territory of New Guinea erected from
the former
German New Guinea by Australia.
23 Jan 1942 - 13 Sep 1945
Japanese occupation of New Guinea (and
part of
Papua to 22 Jan 1943; renamed
Niyuginia).
14 Feb
1942 - 23 Jun 1946 North
East New Guinea and Papua under
Allied
(Australian)
military administration.
10 Apr
1942
Australia begins joint
administration of Papua and
New Guinea Mandated Territory (Australian
New
Guinea Administrative
Unit).
Jun 1943
- Dec 1944
U.S. military occupation of North East
New
Guinea, with Australian civil
administration.
31 Oct
1945
Territory of Papua - New
Guinea (de facto
administrative unification).
8 Dec
1946
UN mandate for North East New Guinea
(under
Australia).
1
Jul 1949
Territory of Papua and New Guinea
(formal
administrative unification).
1 Jul
1971
Territory of Papua New Guinea
1 Dec
1973
Papua New Guinea becomes
self-governing.
1 Sep 1975 - 16 Oct 1975
Secession of Bougainville.
16
Mar 1975
Papua
Besena under Josephine Abaijah
(f)(b. 1942)
declares Papua independent, without
effect.
16 Sep
1975
Independence (Independent State of
Papua New
Guinea).
17 May 1990 - 22 Jan 1998
Secession of Bougainville.
|
Papua New
Guinea
(since 1945)
|
Provinces
|
North
Eastern
New Guinea
(1880-1945) |
Papua
(1883-1945) |
Bougainville
|
|
|
|
|
|
North Eastern New Guinea
-
- 1880 - 1882
Nouvelle-France
|
- Nov 1884 - 31 Mar 1899
- German New Guinea Company
|
-
- 3 Nov 1884 - 21 Sep 1914
|
-
![[Australian flag] [Australian flag]](au.gif)
- 21 Sep 1914 - 30 Oct 1945
|
9 May 1921 - 30 Oct 1945
(suspended from 14 Feb 1942)
|
-
- 23 Jan 1942 - Sep 1945
|
Map of New Guinea
|
Capital:
Rabaul
(Neupommern [Matupi]
1884-86;
Finschhafen Jun 1886-1891;
Stephansort [Bogadjim]
1891-1 Mar 1892;
Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen [Madang]
1 Mar 1892-31 Mar 1899;
Herbertshöhe [Kokopo]
1 Apr 1899-Jan 1910;
Simpsonhafen [Rabaul]
Jan 1910-6 Aug 1914; Toma
[provisional] 6 Aug-21 Sep 1914)
|
Population:
1,582,439 (1966);
587,600 (1939);
479,615 (772 Germans)(1912)
|
Exports: $14 million (1953) |
Imports: $11 million (1953) |
Ethnic groups: Indigenous
98.7%, other 1.3% (1966) |
Governors of Nouvelle-France at
Port-Breton
16 Jan 1880 - 20 Feb 1880 Paul Titeu de la Croix,
baron
de
Villeblanche
Feb 1880 - 1880
MacLaughlin (acting)
14 Oct 1880 - Nov 1880 Jean
André le Prévost
Nov 1880 -
1881
Auguste Leroy (acting)
(b. 1830 - d. ....)
Aug 1881 -
1881
Jules Henry (provisional)
1881 - Feb 1882
Gustave Rabardy (provisional)
(b. c.1832 - d. 1882)
Imperial Commissioner for New Guinea (Kaiserlicher
Kommissar für Neuguinea)
16 Jun 1884 - Jan
1887 Gustav Carl Heinrich Lucas
von (b. 1836 - d. 1911)
Oertzen
Landeshauptleute
(of the Deutsche Neuguinea-Kompagnie)
10 Jun 1886 - 1 Mar 1888
Georg Emil Gustav Freiherr von (b. 1834 -
d. 1910)
Schleinitz
1 Mar 1888 - 31 Oct 1889
Reinhold Kraetke
(b. 1845 - d. 1934)
Reichs Commissioner (Reichskommissar)
21 Aug 1889 - 31 Aug 1892 Fritz
Rose (acting to 30 Sep 1890) (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
Landeshauptleute (of
the Deutsche Neuguinea-Kompagnie)
1 Sep 1892 - 3 Mar
1895 Georg
Schmiele
(b. 1855 - d. 1895)
16 Feb 1895 - 17 Aug 1896 Hugo
Rüdiger
(b. 1851 - d. 19..)
(acting [for Schmiele to 3 Mar 1895])
22 Sep 1896 - 13 Aug 1897 Curt
von
Hagen
(b. 1859 - d. 1897)
15 Aug 1897 - 11 Sep 1897 Albert
Hahl
(acting)
(b. 1868 - d. 1945)
11 Sep 1897 - 31 Mar 1899 Hugo
Carl Theodor Skopnik
(b.
1857 - d. 19..)
Governors
1 Apr 1899 - 10 Jul 1901
Rudolf von
Bennigsen
(b. 1860 - d. 1912)
10 Jul 1901 - 13 Apr 1914 Albert
Hahl
(s.a.)
(acting to 10 Nov 1902)
22 Jan 1914 - 21 Sep
1914 Johann Karl Emil Eduard Haber
(b. 1866 - d. 1947)
(acting [for Hahl to 13 Apr 1914] to 14 Dec 1917)
(Australian 29 Oct 1914 - 15 Jan 1915;
in exile 15 Jan 1915 - 11 Nov 1918)
Allied Military Administrators and
Commanders of the Australian
Naval and Military Expeditionary Force, German New
Guinea
12 Sep 1914 - 8 Jan 1915
William
Holmes
(b. 1862 - d. 1917)
8 Jan 1915 - 21 Oct 1917
Samuel Augustus
Pethebridge
(b. 1862 - d. 1918)
(from 1 Jan 1917, Sir Samuel Augustus
Pethebridge)
Military Administrators
21 Oct 1917 - 21 Apr 1918 Seaforth
Simpson Mackenzie (acting)(b. 1883 - d. 1955)
21 Apr 1918 - 1 May 1920 George Jameson
Johnston
(b. 1869 - d. 1949)
1 May 1920 - 21 Mar 1921
Thomas Griffiths (1st
time) (b. 1865
- d. 1947)
Administrators
21 Mar 1921 - 13 Jun 1933 Evan
Alexander
Wisdom
(b. 1869 - d. 1945)
13 Jun 1933 - 12 Sep 1934 Thomas
Griffiths (2nd time)(acting)(s.a.)
12 Sep 1934 - 31 Dec 1942 Walter
Ramsay
McNicoll
(b. 1877 - d. 1947)
(from 14 Dec 1937, Sir Walter Ramsay McNicoll)
(in Australia from 24 Jan 1942)
24 Jan 1942 - 14 Feb 1942
Kenneth Carlyle McMullen
(b. 1904 - d. ....)
(acting for McNicoll)
Japanese Commanders of Occupied New Guinea and Papua
23 Jan 1942 - 9 Nov 1942
Tomitarō Horii
(b.
1890 - d. 1942)
9 Nov 1942 - 13 Sep 1945 Hatazō
Adachi
(b. 1890 - d.
1947)
(commander of 18th Army)
U.S. Military Commanders
(of the 6th Army, from Sep 1944 8th Army)
Jun 1943 - Sep 1944
Walter
Krueger
(b. 1881 - d. 1967)
Sep 1944 - Dec
1944 Robert
Lawrence
Eichelberger (b.
1886 - d. 1961)
Heads of the New Guinea Administrative Unit
(in Port Moresby)
14 Feb 1942 - 15 Feb 1942 George Wilfred Lambert
Townsend (b. 1896 - d. 1962)
Mil
15 Feb 1942 - 10 Apr 1942
Kenneth Carlyle
McMullen
(s.a.)
Mil
Papua
(South Eastern New Guinea)
Map
of Papua
|
Capital: Port
Moresby |
Population:
600,597 (1966)
338,600 (1939)
|
Exports: $4 million (1953)
|
Imports: $10 million (1953) |
Ethnic groups: Indigenous 97.7%,
other 2.3% (1966) |
Magistrate for Queensland in New
Guinea (Colony of Queensland representative in New
Guinea)
4 Apr 1883 - 2 Jul 1883 Henry
Majoribanks Chester
(b. 1832 - d. 1914)
(police magistrate on Thursday Island)
Special Commissioners for Great Britain in
New Guinea
6 Nov 1884 - 2 Dec
1885 Peter Henry
Scratchley
(b. 1835 - d. 1885)
(from 6 Jun 1885, Sir Peter Henry Scratchley)
2 Dec 1885 - 26 Feb 1886
Hugh Hastings Romilly
(b. 1856 - d. 1892)
(deputy commissioner)
27 Feb 1886 - 3 Sep 1888 John
Douglas
(b. 1828 - d. 1904)
Administrator of British New Guinea
4 Sep 1888 - 5 Jun
1895 William
MacGregor
(b. 1846 - d. 1919)
(from 24 May 1889, Sir William MacGregor)
Lieutenant-Governors of
British New Guinea
6 Jun 1895 - 10 Sep 1898 Sir
William
MacGregor
(s.a.)
10 Sep 1898 - 23 Mar 1899 Sir Francis
Pratt Winter (b. 1848
- d. 1919)
(deputy administrator to 1 Nov
1898,
then acting administrator)
23 Mar 1899 - 9 Jun 1903 George
Ruthven Le
Hunte
(b. 1852 - d. 1925)
9 Jun 1903 - 16 Jun 1904
Christopher Stansfeld Robinson (b. 1871 -
d. 1904)
(acting administrator)
16 Jun 1904 - 1 Sep 1906
Francis Rickman Barton
(b. 1865 - d. 1947)
(administrator)
Lieutenant-Governors of
Papua
1 Sep 1906 - 9 Apr
1907 Francis Rickman Barton
(s.a.)
(administrator)
9 Apr 1907 - 27 Feb
1940 John Hubert Plunkett Murray
(b. 1861 - d. 1940)
(from 1 Jan 1925, Sir John Hubert Plunkett Murray)
(acting administrator to 18
Jan 1909)
28 Feb 1940 - 16 Dec 1940 Herbert William
Champion (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1972)
16 Dec 1940 - 14 Feb 1942 Hubert Leonard
Murray
(b. 1886 - d. 1963)
(administrator)
Military Administrator of New
Guinea and Papua
(commandant of the 8th Military District)
14 Feb 1942 - 31 Oct 1945 Basil Moorhouse
Morris
(b. 1888 - d. 1975)
Head of the Papuan Civil Administrative Unit (PAU)(in
Port Moresby)
14 Feb 1942 - 10 Apr 1942 Sydney
Elliott-Smith
(b. 1900 - d. 1974) Mil
Heads of (from 7 Feb 1944, General Officer
Commanding) the Australian New Guinea
Administrative Unit
(ANGAU)(in Port Moresby, from Oct 1945
Lae)
10 Apr 1942 - 12 Aug 1942 Kenneth
Carlyle
McMullen
(b. 1904 - d. ....) Mil
12 Aug 1942 - 24 Jun 1946 Basil Moorhouse
Morris
(b. 1888 - d. 1975) Mil
4 Sep 1944 - 9 Dec 1944 Donald
Mackinnon Cleland (b.
1901 - d. 1975) Mil
(acting for Morris)
Papua New Guinea
Administrators
31 Oct 1945 - 30 Jun 1952 Jack
Keith
Murray
(b. 1889 - d. 1979)
(provisional to 1 Jul 1949)
30 Jun 1952 - Dec 1966 Donald
Mackinnon
Cleland
(b. 1901 - d. 1975)
(from 10 Jun 1961, Sir Donald Mackinnon Cleland)
9 Jan 1967 - Jul
1970 David Osborne
Hay
(b. 1916 - d. 2009)
23 Jul 1970 - 1 Dec 1973
Leslie "Les" Wilson
Johnson (b.
1916 - d. 2000)
High Commissioners
1 Dec 1973 - 29 Mar 1974 Leslie
"Les" Wilson
Johnson (s.a.)
29 Mar 1974 - 16 Sep 1975 Thomas
"Tom" Kingston Critchley (b. 1916 - d.
2009)
King/Queen¹
16 Sep 1975
-
the King/Queen of the United Kingdom
Governors-general
(representing the British monarch as head of state)
16 Sep 1975 - 1 Mar 1977
Sir John Douglas
Guise
(b. 1914 - d. 1991)
1 Mar 1977 - 1 Mar
1983 Sir Tore
Lokoloko
(b. 1930 - d. 2013)
1 Mar 1983 - 1 Mar
1989 Sir Kingsford
Dibela
(b. 1932 - d. 2002)
1 Mar 1989 - 31 Dec 1989
Sir Ignatius
Kilage
(b. 1941 - d. 1989)
31 Dec 1989 - 27 Feb 1990 Dennis
Charles Young (1st time) (b.
1938)
Non-party
(acting)
27 Feb 1990 - 4 Oct 1991 Sir Vincent Serei
Eri
(b. 1936 - d. 1993)
4 Oct 1991 - 18 Nov 1991 Dennis Charles
Young (2nd time) (s.a.)
Non-party
(acting)
18 Nov 1991 - 20 Nov 1997 Wiwa
Korowi
(b. 1948)
(from 10 Dec 1991, Sir Wiwa Korowi)
20 Nov 1997 - 20 Nov 2003 Silas
Atopare
(b. 1951 - d. 2021)
(from 29 Jan 1998, Sir Silas Atopare)
21 Nov 2003 - 28 May 2004 William "Bill" Jack
Skate (acting) (b. 1953 - d. 2006) PNC
28 May 2004 - 29 Jun 2004 Jeffrey Nape
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1964 - d. 2016) NAP
29 Jun 2004 - 13 Dec 2010 Sir Paulias Nguna
Matane
(b. 1931 - d. 2021)
13 Dec 2010 - 20 Dec 2010 Jeffrey
Nape (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
NAP
20 Dec 2010 - 18 Feb 2017 Michael
Ogio
(b. 1942 - d. 2017)
(from 26
Apr 2011, Sir Michael Ogio)
(acting to 25 Feb 2011)
(suspended by O'Neil 14-19 Dec 2011)
14 Dec 2011 - 19 Dec 2011 Jeffrey Nape
(3nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
NAP
(in
opposition, appointed by Peter O'Neil)
18 Feb 2017 - 28 Feb 2017 Theodore Zibang Zurenuoc
(acting) (b. 1965)
PNC
28 Feb 2017 - 28 Feb 2023 Robert "Bob" Bofeng
Dadae (b.
1961)
(from 24 Apr 2017, Sir Robert Bofeng
Dadae)
(1st time)
28 Feb 2023 - 15 Mar 2023 Job Pomat
(acting)
(b.
1960)
PGU
15 Mar 2023
-
Sir Robert "Bob" Bofeng Dadae (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Chief minister
27 Apr 1972 - 16 Sep
1975 Michael Thomas
Somare
(b. 1936 - d. 2021) PGU
Prime ministers
16 Sep 1975 - 11 Mar
1980 Michael Thomas Somare (1st time)
(s.a.)
PGU
11 Mar 1980 - 2 Aug
1982 Sir Julius Chan (1st
time)
(b.
1939)
PPP
2 Aug 1982 - 21 Nov
1985 Michael Thomas Somare (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PGU
21 Nov 1985 - 4 Jul
1988 Paias Wingti (1st
time)
(b.
1951)
PDM
4 Jul 1988 - 17 Jul
1992 Rabbie
Namaliu
(b. 1947 - d. 2023) PGU
17 Jul 1992 - 30 Aug
1994 Paias Wingti (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
PDM
30 Aug 1994 - 22 Jul
1997 Sir Julius Chan (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
PPP
27 Mar 1997 - 2 Jun
1997 John Giheno (acting for Chan)
(b. 1950 - d. 2017) PPP
22 Jul 1997 - 14 Jul
1999 William "Bill" Jack
Skate
(s.a.)
PNC
14 Jul 1999 - 5 Aug
2002 Sir Mekere
Morauta
(b. 1946 - d. 2020) PDM
5 Aug 2002 - 2
Aug 2011 Sir Michael Thomas
Somare
(s.a.)
NAP
(3rd time)
13 Dec 2010 - 17 Jan 2011 Sam Abal (1st
time)
(b. 1958)
NAP
(acting for Somare)
4 Apr 2011 - 2 Aug 2011 Sam
Abal (2nd time)
(s.a.)
NAP
(acting for Somare)
2 Aug 2011 - 30 May 2019 Peter
O'Neil
(b. 1965)
PNC
(acting 25-30 May 2012)
14 Dec 2011 - 3 Aug 2012 Sir Michael
Thomas Somare
(s.a.)
NAP
(4th time)(in opposition)
30 May 2019 -
James Marape
(b.
1971) PGU
¹Full style of the rulers
(a) 16 Sep 1975 - 8 Sep 2022: "Queen of Papua New Guinea
and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the
Commonwealth";
(b) from 8 Sep 2022: "King of Papua New Guinea
and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the
Commonwealth."
Territorial Dispute: Relies
on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal
cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia,
including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics
trafficking, and squatters and secessionists.
Party abbreviations: NAP = National
Alliance Party (est.1995); PDM
= People's Democratic Movement (conservative, split from
PGU, est.1985); PNC = People's
National Congress Party (est.1972); PGU
= Pangu (Papua and Niugini Union) Pati (Papua
New Guinea Union Party, centrist, est.1967); PPP
= People's Progress Party
(Pipels Progres Pati, conservative, est.1970)
Bougainville Island
Adopted 1 Sep 1975 and 17 May
1990,
Re-affirmed 15 Jun 2005, 14 Jun
2018
|
Map
of Bougainville
|
Hear Local Anthem
"My Bougainville"
Adopted 14 Jun 2018
(unofficial from c.2010)
|
Former Local Anthem
"Bougainville
Anthem"
(1975, 1990-1998,
15 Jun 2005-14 Jun 2018)
|
Region
Constitution
(15 Jun 2005)
|
Capital:
Buka (temporary)
(Arawa 1976-1997;
Kieta 1905-1946, 1967-1976;
Sohano 1946-1967)
|
Currency:
Papua New
Guinea Kina (PGK)
|
Local Holidays:
1 Sep
(1975)
Provincial Day;
17 May (1990)
Remembrance Day
|
Population:
249,358 (2011)
|
GDP: $N/A
included in PNG statistics
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
included in PNG statistics
|
Ethnic groups: Bougainvillean,
Melanesian, others
|
Total Armed Forces: N/A
|
Religions: Christian 94.03% (of
which Roman Catholic
70%, Protestant United Church of Papua New
Guinea
substantial minority), traditional beliefs
3.83%,
Buddhist 0.28% (2000)
|
International
Organizations:
None; UNPO (1991-2008)
|
2 Jul
1768
Sighted by (and subsequently named
after) French Commander
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (b. 1729 - d.
1811), on the
King's frigate La Boudeuse.
17 May
1885
Areas of the German Neu-Guinea-Kompagnie
(0°-8°S & 141°-154°E,
minus Papua south
of line of 5°S/141°E-6°S/144°E-8°S/147°E),
including Bougainville,
under German protection (rescinded
17 Mar 1899).
28-30 Oct 1886
Solomon Islands north of a line of demarcation included
in German
New Guinea: Buka, Bougainville (on 30 Oct), Choiseul (on
Oct 28),
Santa Isabel, Shortland Islands (on 29 Oct) and
Ontong Java.
16 Feb 1900
Line of demarcation between German New Guinea and
British Solomon
Islands changed so that Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the
Shortland,
and Ontong Java Islands become part of British
Solomon Islands.
Buka and Bougainville remain part of
German New Guinea (by
the Treaty of Berlin of 14 Nov 1899).
20 Sep 1905
German administration post
established at Kieta on Bougainville.
9 Dec
1914
Australian forces occupy
Bougainville (from 17 Dec 1920, part of
Trust Territory of New Guinea, under Australian
administration).
30 Mar 1942 - 8 Sep 1945 Japanese
occupation (Allied forces land at Torokina on 1 Nov
1943).
Apr 1972
Commercial production
begins at Panguna copper mine.
Dec 1973
Bougainville Interim
District Government.
23 Jul
1974
Provisional provincial system introduced in Papua
New Guinea,
providing for devolution of administrative powers
and functions.
25 Jul 1975
Bougainville Interim Provincial
Government established.
28 May
1975
Bougainville renames itself "North Solomons", intending
to secede
from Papua New Guinea.
1 Sep 1975
Bougainville
secedes from Papua New Guinea as the
"Republic of the
North Solomons" (not recognized).
16 Oct 1975 - 29 Apr 1976 Bougainville
government is suspended by Papua New Guinea.
9 Aug
1976
Power to make laws and raise taxes granted to Bougainville
(by
Papua New Guinea/Bougainville
agreement of 7 Aug 1976).
11 Aug
1977 Constitution
adopted, Bougainville named "North
Solomons Province."
13 Oct
1977
Bougainville formally renamed
North Solomons, provincial government
established.
26 Nov 1988
Unrest erupts, ostensibly, over
demands for better compensation in
provincial mining business;
subsequently escalating into civil
war.
Apr
1989
"Republic of Bougainville" declared, by undated
Proclamation,
without effect.
2 Mar 1990
Ceasefire
and withdrawal of security forces by 16 Mar 1990 agreed
by Papua New Guinea/Bougainville
Revolutionary Army Agreement.
17 May
1990
Bougainville again declares independence as "Republic of
Bougainville" (by Declaration); Bougainville Interim
Government
established (not recognized).
Aug 1990 - 10 Apr 1995
Bougainville provincial government
suspended by Papua New Guinea.
23 Jan
1991
Peace, Reconciliation and Rehabilitation within
36 months agreed
to, by the Honiara Declaration), but is
not implemented.
13 Feb 1993
Papua New Guinea occupies
Arawa.
10 Apr 1995
Bougainville Transitional Government
established by (Papua New
Guinea/Bougainville)
Charter of Mirigini for a New Bougainville
of 25 Nov 1994.
19 Jul
1995
Administration re-organized (by Organic Law on
Provincial
Governments and Local-level Governments
[Amendment No. 1] Law).
20 Jun 1996
Papua New Guinea attempts
a military solution by launching an
offensive.
10 Oct
1997
Truce agreed upon by the (Papua New Guinea/Bougainville/
Bougainville Revolutionary Army) Burnham
Truce.
11 Dec 1997
Unarmed "Neutral Truce Monitoring
Group for Bougainville"
established to monitor the truce in Bougainville
(by New Zealand
/Papua New Guinea/Australia/Fiji/Vanuatu
Agreement, UNTS v.2039,
No. 35263 of 5 Dec 1997).
23 Jan
1998
Truce extended to 30 Apr 1998, "permanent and
irrevocable
ceasefire" agreed upon; mandate of
UN peacekeeping force defined
by (Papua New
Guinea/Bougainville/Bougainville Revolutionary
Army) Lincoln Agreement, effective 30 Apr 1998.
29 Dec
1998
Bougainville Reconciliation Government established (by
Bougainville
Reconciliation Government Charter),
but is not implemented.
30 Dec
1998
Request for UN peacekeeping force renewed by Papua New
Guinea.
1 Jan 1999
Administration re-organized (by Organic Law on
Provincial
Governments and Local-level
Governments [Amendment No. 7] Law
[No. 29 of 1998]).
1 Jan
1999
Bougainville government suspended by
Papua New Guinea.
13 Dec
1999
Bougainville Interim Provincial Government inaugurated.
30 Aug
2001
Civil war terminated; autonomy and referendum to
determine future
status of Bougainville
agreed upon by the Bougainville Peace
Agreement.
25 Jun
2002
Autonomy granted to Bougainville (by
constitutional amendment
No. 23).
17 May
2004
Kingdom of Me´ekamui established with Francis Ona (b.
1953? - d.
2005) as king declared by proclamation
(not recognized).
15 Jun 2005
Autonomous Region of Bougainville established (by
constitution of
12 Nov 2004).
23 Nov 2019 - 7 Dec
2019 Referendum on independence takes place according
to the
Bougainville Peace Agreement (date
originally scheduled 15 Jun
2019
then later 17 Oct 2019) with 97.7%
supporting independence.
Japanese Military Commanders (of
Japanese 17th Army)
18 May 1942
- 1 Apr 1945 Harukichi Hyakutake
(b. 1888 - d. 1947) Mil
1 Apr 1945 - 8 Sep 1945
Masatane Kanda
(b. 1890 - d. 1983)
Mil
U.S. Military Commander (of
U.S. XIV Corps)
1 Nov 1943 - 22 Nov 1944 Oscar
Woolverton
Griswold
(b. 1886 - d. 1959) Mil
Australian
Military Commander (of Australian II
Corps)
22 Nov 1944 -
Sep 1945 Sir Stanley George
Savige
(b. 1890 - d. 1954) Mil
Senior
Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit (ANGAU)
Officer with II Corps
Sep 1944 - Apr 1945
Kenneth Carlyle
McMullen
(b. 1904 - d. ....) Mil
District Commissioner of Bougainville
Dec 1973 - 25
Jul 1974 Alexis Holyweek Sarei
(b. 1934 - d. 2014) Non-party
Chairman of the Bougainville Interim Provincial
Government
25 Jul 1974 - 16 Oct 1975
Alexis Holyweek Sarei (1st time) (s.a.)
Non-party
Chairman of the Republican Government of the North
Solomons
1 Sep
1975 - 16 Oct 1975 Alexis Holyweek Sarei
(s.a.)
Non-party
(in rebellion)
Provincial Commissioners of the North Solomons
1 Sep 1975 - 17 Oct 1975
Richard "Ric" Fosser Hearne
(b. 1929 - d. 2003)
Non-party
(acting)
17 Oct 1975 - Apr 1976
Benson Gegeyo
(b. 1937? - d.
2002) Non-party
Chairman of the Bougainville Interim Provincial
Government
29 Apr 1976 - Aug 1976
Alexis Holyweek Sarei (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
Premiers
Aug 1976 - May 1980
Alexis Holyweek Sarei (1st time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
May 1980 - May
1984 Leo
Joseph Hannett
(b. 1941) PDM
May 1984 - May
1987 Alexis
Holyweek Sarei (2nd time) (s.a.)
MAP
(from 31 Dec 1986, Sir Alexis
Holyweek Sarei)
May 1987 - 29 Aug 1990
Joseph Canisius Kabui
(b. 1954 - d. 2008) Non-party
(acting to Jun 1987)
President of the Bougainville Interim
Government
17 May 1990 - 24 Jul
2005 Francis Dominic Ona (in
rebellion) (b. 1953? - d. 2005) BRA
(from 17 May 2004,
King Francis Dominic Dateransy Domanaa)
Administrator
Aug 1990 - 10 Apr
1995 Sam
Tulo
(b. 1946 - d. 2013) Non-party
Premiers
10 Apr 1995 - 12 Oct
1996 Theodore Miriung
(b. 1945 - d. 1996)
12 Oct 1996 - 18 Nov
1996 .... (acting)
18 Nov 1996 - 31 Dec 1998 Gerard
Sinato
(b. 19.. - d. 2019)
Administrator
1 Jan 1999 - 13 Dec 1999 John Siau
(b. 1954?)
Governors
13 Dec 1999 - 20 Apr 2005 John Lawrence Momis
(b.
1942)
NAP
20 Apr 2005 - 15 Jun 2005 Gerard Sinato
(acting)
(s.a.)
Presidents of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville
15 Jun 2005 - 7 Jun 2008 Joseph Canisius
Kabui
(s.a.)
BPC
7 Jun 2008 - 6 Jan 2009 John Tabinaman
(acting) (b.
1951? - d. 2021) BPC
6 Jan 2009 - 15 Jun 2010 James Lenala
Tanis
(b. 1965)
BPC
15 Jun 2010 - 25 Sep 2020 John Lawrence Momis
(s.a.)
NBP
14? Jun 2019 - Aug 2020 Raymond
Masono
(b. 19.. - d. 2021)
(acting for Momis)
25 Sep 2020 -
Ishmael
Toroama
(b. 1968) BPA
Heads of the United Nations Political Office in
Bougainville (UNPOB)
1 Aug 1998 - 15 Feb 1999 Valeriy D.
Marusin (Russia)
Feb 1999 - 31 Dec 2003
Noël Sinclair (Guyana)
(b. 1940 - d. 2017)
Heads of the United Nations Observer Mission in
Bougainville (UNOMB)
1 Jan 2004 - 29 Feb 2004
Noël Sinclair
(Guyana)
(s.a.)
1 Mar 2004 - 30 Jun 2005 Tor
Stenbock (Norway)
Party abbreviations: BPA =
Bougainville People's Alliance Party (pro-independence,
split from BRA, est.2020); BPC
= Bougainville People's
Congress (est.31 Dec 1998); NAP
= National Alliance Party (est.1995);
NBP = New Bougainville Party
(est.22 Apr 2005); PDM
= People's Democratic Movement (conservative, est.1985);
URP = United Resource Party (equitable
resource development, est.1997);
Mil = Military;
-
Former parties: MAP
= Melanesian Alliance Party (Bougainville regionalist,
pro-autonomy, center-left, 1978-1995,
merged into NAP); BRA
= Bougainville Revolutionary Army (militant,
Bougainville separatist, est.1989)
© Ben Cahoon
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