Note on Terror Groups: There exist many different definitions of terrorism, but terrorism most commonly includes these elements: Use of premeditated, politically motivated violence or the threat of violence; Targeting noncombatants; Being a non-state actor; Absence of a state of war (specifically conventional warfare), thus excluding war crimes; Taking actions designed to coerce, frighten, or "send a message" to the public or a government (thus excluding organized crime performed for personal gain). The organizations listed on this page have verifiably used or attempted to use terrorist tactics, by the above criteria. Self-identification as a "terrorist" group is not required. This page does not condone, support or endorse violence or any of the current and form groups listed below.  Groups are listed regardless of political or religious orientations. This page is intended purely for study and research purposes. The United States began its formal designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTO) in 1997 by The Bureau of Counterterrorism in the State Department. 

1979                       15 May Organization established from remnants of Wadi Haddad's
                             Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-Special 
                             Operations Group. 
17 Jan 1980                Bombs the Royal Hotel in London.
1981                       Bombs El Al offices in Rome and Istanbul as well as the Israeli
                             embassies in Athens and Vienna.
11 Aug 1982                Responsible for the bombing of Pan Am 830.
23 Feb 1985                Bombs a Marks and Spencer department store in Paris.
c.1986                     Disbands. 

Leader
1979 - c.1986              Husayn Muhammed al-Umari "Abu Ibrahim" (b. 1936)
                             ("the Bomb Man")

Locations:                 Baghdad, Iraq; Middle East, Europe
Strength:                  50-60

Oct 1974                   The Abu Nidal Organization (ANO)(incl. Fatah Revolutionary
                             Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Black September, and 
                             Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims) split from PLO.
                             Targets included the United States, the United Kingdom, France,
                             Israel, moderate Palestinians, the PLO, and various Arab 
                             countries. Carried out terrorist attacks in 20 countries, 
                             killing or injuring almost 900 persons. Formally named "Fatah
                             – The Revolutionary Council" (Fatah al-Majles al-Thawry).
11 Oct 1976                Attacks on Syrian embassies in Islamabad, Pakistan and Rome, Italy 
 3 Jun 1982                Attempted assassination of Shlomo Argov, Israeli ambassador to
                             the United Kingdom. The attack will trigger the war Israel waged 
                             in Lebanon against the PLO presence. 
27 Nov 1984                Assassination of the British High Commissioner in Bombay, India. 
23 Nov 1985                Hijacking of an Egyptian plane to Malta, where sixty-six people
                             were killed during a rescue attempt by the Egyptian forces. 
27 Dec 1985                Major attacks on Rome and Vienna airports, killing sixteen and 
                             wounding scores. 
Sep 1986                   Attempted hijacking of Pan-Am flight 73 at Karachi 
                             airport (22 persons killed). 
Jan 1991                   Suspected of assassinating PLO deputy chief Abu Iyad and PLO
                             security chief Abu Hul in Tunis.
 8 Oct 1997 -  1 Jun 2017  Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
Dec 1998                   Its leader, Sabri Al-Banna, relocates to Iraq. 
1999                       Authorities shut down the ANO's operations in Libya and Egypt.
14 Jan 2000                Austrian police arrest Halima Nimer (f).
16 Aug 2002                Abu Nidal dies or is assassinated in Baghdad.

Leader
Oct 1974 - 16 Aug 2002     Sabri al-Banna "Abu Nidal",            (b. 1937 - d. 2002)
                            "Amin al-Sirr", "Sabri Khalil Abd Al Qadir"

Locations:                 Iraq, Lebanon, Libya
Strength:                  A few hundred plus limited overseas support structure.

1991                       Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) or simply "Abu Sayyaf" (also known as Al
                             Harakat Al Islamiyya), split from the Moro National Liberation
                             Front, to promote an independent Islamic state in western
                             Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago of the southern Philippines.
Apr 1995                   Raid on the town of Ipil.
27 Dec 1995                Militants kidnap 16 vacationers at Lake Sebu, Mindanao.
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States. 
 3 Jan 1999                In Jolo, Philippines a grenade was lobbed into a crowd that had
                             gathered to watch firefighters put out a blaze in a neighborhood
                             supermarket. 10 people were killed, and at least 74 injured.
20 Mar 2000                53 hostages -including 22 school children and 5 teachers, and a 
                             priest were seized from two schools in Basilan, after Abu Sayyaf 
                             failed in an attempt to take an army outpost. The rebels
                             subsequently released 20 hostages in exchange for food.
22 Apr 2002                Three bombs went off in public places in the southern Philippines
                             city of General Santos killing 15 people and injuring more 
                             than 70.
23 Apr 2000                21 hostages were kidnapped from a Sipadan Island, Malaysia diving
                             resort by Abu Sayyaf. The hostages include three Germans, two
                             French, two South Africans, two Finns, one Lebanese and a 
                             Filipino working at the Sipadan Island Resort and
                             9 Malaysians working on the island were also seized.
20 Aug 2002                A group of Jehovah's witness Christian sect who worked as 
                             door-to-door salespeople were kidnapped by suspected Muslim
                             rebels on the Philippine island of Jolo. The group of three 
                             men and five women were working for a cosmetics company when
                             they were abducted in the town of Patikul.
23 Jul 2014                Leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon swears allegiance to Abu Bakr
                             al-Baghdadi, the leader of Islamic State.

Leaders ("Emirs")
1991 - 18 Dec 1998         Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani       (b. 1959 - d. 1998)
Dec 1998 -  4 Sep 2006     Khadafi Janjalani                  (b. 1975 - d. 2006)
2006 - Jun 2007            Radullan Sahiron "Commander Putol" (b. c.1952)
                             (interim)
Jun 2007 -                 Yasser Igasan "Abu Ali"            (b. 1972)
2016 - 16 Oct 2017         Isnilon Totoni Hapilon             (b. 1968 - d. 2017)
                             "Abu Abdullah al-Filipini"
                           (emir of all Islamic State forces in the Philippines)

Location:                  Philippines 
Strength:                  200 core fighters and more than 2,000 supporters.

1977                       Direct Action (Action Directe) (AD) founded as anti-NATO, based
                             in France.
 1 May 1979                First attack, AD machine guns the building of the CNPF (now 
                             Medef) French employers federation.
1984                       AD banned by France.
17 Nov 1986                AD kills Georges Besse, Chairman of Renault car company.
 8 Aug 1985                AD and Red Army Faction (RAF) claim joint responsibility for bomb 
                             blast at U.S. air base in Frankfurt, Germany that kills 2.
15 Jan 1986                Communiqué by AD and RAF states they will work together to attack
                             NATO targets.
16 May 1986                AD attacks the INTERPOL General Secretariat building in Saint Cloud
                             France injuring a policeman and causing extensive damage to the
                             building.
21 Feb 1987                Remaining members arrested in Vitry-aux-Loges, France near Orléans;
                             organization becomes defunct.

Leaders
1977 - 21 Feb 1987         Jean-Marc Rouillan (founder)          (b. 1952)
                           + Nathalie Ménigon (f)                (b. 1957)
                           + Joëlle Aubron (f)                   (b. 1959 - d. 2006)
                           + Régis Schleicher (arrested 1984)    (b. 1957)
                           + Georges Cipriani                    (b. 1950)

Location:                  France, West Germany, Belgium
Strength:                  5 main members

2000                       al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (Kata'ib Shuhada' al-'Aqsa) created.
 2 Mar 2002                Attack on Beit Yisrael, Jerusalem- 11 killed.
27 Mar 2002                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
 5 Jan 2003                Attack on Southern Tel Aviv central bus station- 22 killed.
18 Dec 2003                Fatah decided to ask the leaders of the Al-Aqsa Martyr's Brigades
                             to join the Fatah Council, recognizing it officially as part
                             of the organization.
Dec 2003                   Assassinated the brother of Ghassan Shakaa, the mayor of Nablus.
29 Jan 2004                Attack on Rehavia, Jerusalem, bus line 19- 11 are killed.
14 Mar 2004                Port of Ashdod attack (together with Hamas)- 10 are killed. 
Jul 2004                   Riots in the Gaza Strip, where Palestinian officers are kidnapped 
                             and PA security headquarters buildings and policemen were 
                             attack by armed gunmen.
11 Nov 2004                Announced that they will sign their attacks in the name "Brigades
                             of Shahid Yasser Arafat."
16 Oct 2005                Claimed responsibility for a shooting attack at the Gush Etzion
                             junction, killing three Israelis and wounding three others.
30 Jan 2006                European Union's Gaza offices were raided by 15 masked gunmen. 
                             They demanded apologies from Denmark and Norway regarding the 
                             "Jyllands-Posten" Muhammad cartoons.

High Commander
2002 -                     Marwan Hasib Ibrahim Barghouti       (b. 1959)
                             (imprisoned by Israel 15 Apr 2002)

Location:                  Gaza Strip, West Bank, Israel.
Strength:                  .... members, unknown amount of external aid.

1984                       Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) formed in the Philippines, emerging
                             as the breakaway urban 'hit squad' of the Communist Party of
                             the Philippines New People's Army.
May 1984                   Claims credit for assassination of Police General Tomas Karingal.
21 Apr 1989                Believed to have been involved in the murder of U.S. Army Colonel
                             James Rowe (b. 1938 - d. 1989).
Mar 1997                   ABB announced that it had formed an alliance with the Revolutionary
                             Proletarian Army (RPA) as the Revolutionary Proletarian Army –
                             Alex Boncayao Brigade.
 2 Dec 1997                Claimed credit for rifle grenade attack against Shell Oil Co. 
                             headquarters in Manila.
 6 Dec 2000                Dissolved with peace agreement with the Philippine government.
 5 Dec 2001                Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.

Leaders
1984 - 1997                Filemon "Ka Popoy" Lagman           (b. 1953 - d. 2001)
1997 -  6 Dec 2000         Nilo Dela Cruz "Sergio Romero"

Location:                  Manila, Philippines
Strength:                  500 members, unknown amount of external aid.

 1 Sep 2001                Ansar Al-Islam ("Supporters of Islam") founded by the merger
                             of two radical Kurdish Muslim sects (Jund al-Islam and Islamic
                             Movement splinter group).
Sep 2001                   Ambushed and kills 42 PUK fighters.
Feb 2002                   Assassinated Franso Haririr, Christian Kurdish politician.
Spring 2002                Attempted assassination of Barham Salih, PUK leader.
Jun 2002                   Bombed a Kurdish restaurant.
Jul 2002                   Killed 9 PUK fighters and destroys Sufi shrines.
Oct 2002                   Murdered U.S. Agency for International Development officer 
                             Laurence Foley in Amman, Jordan.
Dec 2002                   Attacked PUK, killing 103 fighters and wounding 117.
 1 Apr 2003                U.S. and Kurdish forces destroy bases and force Ansar
                             to flee Iraq.
22 Mar 2004                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
29 Aug 2014                Abu Hashim al-Ibrahim defected to the Islamic State along with 50
                            other members and high commanders of the organization.

Leaders
2001 - Sep 2001            Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i (Warya Holery)
                             (1st time)
Sep 2001 - 30 Mar 2003     Mullah Fateh Vahid Krekar                 (b. 1956)
                             (Najmuddin Faraj Ahmad)
                             (Feb 2003 - 26 Mar 2020 prisoner in Norway,
                             from 26 Mar 2020 Italian prisoner)
2003 -  3 May 2010         Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i (Warya Holery)
                             (2nd time)(Iraqi prisoner from 3 May 2010)
15 Dec 2011 - 29 Aug 2014  Abu Hashim al-Ibrahim

Locations:                 Formerly in northern Iraq pocket around Biyarah and Halabja; Syria.
Strength:                  500-700 (est. Jan 2003)

Dec 1991                   Algeria voids the election victory of the Islamic Salvation Front.
1992                       Armed Islamic Group (in Arabic al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallah;
                            (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Armé), begins attacks to 
                             overthrow the secular Algerian government and replace it with an 
                             Islamic state.
Sep 1993                   Announces terrorist campaign against foreigners living in Algeria.
26 Aug 1994                Declared a "Caliphate", or Islamic government for Algeria, with
                             Gousmi as Commander of the Faithful, Mohammed Said as head 
                             of government.
Dec 1994                   Hijacked Air France flight to Algiers. 
27 May 1996                Bodies of seven monks from the monastery of Tibhirine (L'Abbaye
                             Notre-Dame de l'Atlas) in Algeria, belonging to the Roman
                             Catholic Trappist Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance
                             are found. The monks were kidnapped on 26 Mar 1996. GIA claims
                             responsibility.
 1 Aug 1996                GIA suspected in killing of French Archbishop of Oran.
 8 Oct 1997 - 15 Oct 2010  Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States. 1998                       The GSPC splinter faction appears to have eclipsed the GIA.
11 Jun 1999                GIA announced a jihad on French territory in a threatening letter
                             addressed to the media.

Leaders
1992 - Sep 1992            Allel Mohamed "Moh Leveilley"           (d. 1992)
1992 - Nov 1992            Tayyeb "El-Afghani"                     (d. 1992)
Jan 1993 - 1993/94         Abdelhak Layada "Abu Adlane"            (b. 1959)
1993/94 - 26 Feb 1994      Mourad Si Ahmed "Djaffar al-Afghani"    (d. 1994)
1994 - Mar 1994            Abou Khalil Mahfoudh (acting)
Mar 1994 - 26 Aug 1994     Chérif Gousmi "Abou-Abdellah"           (d. 1994)
Emirs
26 Aug 1994 - Sep 1994     Chérif Gousmi "Abou-Abdellah"           (s.a.)
Sep 1994 - 16 Jul 1996     Djamel Zitouni "Abou Abderrahmane Amine"(b. 1964 - d. 1996)
1996 -  8 Feb 2002         Antar Zouabri "Abou Rahana"             (b. 1970 - d. 2002)
2002 - Jul 2004            Rachid Abou Tourab                      (d. 2004)
2004                       Boulenouar Oukil
2004 - Nov 2004            Nourredine Boudiafi
2004                       Guechniti Redouane                      (d. 2004)
2004 - Dec 2004            Younes Chaabane                         (d. 2004)

Location:                  Algeria
Strength:                  Unknown, probably several hundred to several thousand.

1975                        Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)
                              (Hayasdani Azadakrut'ean Hay Kaghtni Panag)(a.k.a. the Orly
                              Group, 3rd October Organization) formed as a Marxist-Leninist
                              grouped to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge
                              publicly its alleged responsibility for the deaths 
                              of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede
                              territory for an Armenian homeland.
22 Oct 1975                 Turkish ambassador to Austria Daniş Tunalıgil is killed.
24 Oct 1975                 Turkish Ambassador in France, İsmail Erez and his chauffeur are
                              killed in Paris.
16 Feb 1976                 First acknowledged killing -Turkish diplomat, Oktay Cerit, in
                              Beirut.
  2 Jun 1978                 Attack on Turkish Ambassador Zeki Kuneralp's automobile in Madrid,
                              Spain kills three others.
31 Jul 1980                 Turkish Administrative Attache Galip Özmen and his son are killed
                              in Athens, Greece.
12 Mar 1981                 A group of ASALA members try to occupy the Turkish Embassy,
                              in Tehran Iran, killing two guards.
 8 Apr 1982                 Kani Gungor, a commercial counselor at the Turkish embassy in
                              Ottawa, Canada was seriously wounded by gunmen in the parking
                              garage of his townhouse.
 7 Aug 1982                 Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack kills 9 and 82 are injured.
  9 Sep 1982                 Administrative Attache at the Turkish Consulate General Bora
                              Suelkan is assassinated in Burgas, Bulgaria.
14 Jul 1983                 Administrative Attache in Turkish Embassy Dursun Aksoy is
                              assassinated in Brussels, Belgium.
15 Jul 1983                 Bombing at Orly Airport near Paris kills 8 and 55 are injured.
28 Apr 1988                 Hagop Hagopian assassinated on a sidewalk in an affluent
                              neighborhood in Athens, Greece.
19 Dec 1991                 Last attack targeted the bullet-proof limousine carrying the
                              Turkish Ambassador to Budapest, who was not injured.

Leaders
1975 - 28 Apr 1988          Hagop Hagopian                    (b. 1951 - d. 1988)
                              (= Harutiun Takoshian)
1988 - 1991                 ....

Location:                   Lebanon, Western Europe, Armenia, United States, Syria, Turkey.
Strength:                   A few hundred members and sympathizers. 

1994                       Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (Armée pour la Libération du
                             Rwanda, ALiR)(a.k.a. Interahamwe, Former Armed Forces of Rwanda 
                             [ex-FAR]) began actions to topple Rwanda's Tutsi-dominated 
                             government, and to restore Hutu control, and, possibly
                             complete the genocide begun early in 1994. FAR was the 
                             army of the Rwandan Hutu regime that carried out the genocide
                             of 500,000 or more Tutsis and regime opponents in 1994.
                             Interahamwe was its civilian militia counterpart, both merged 
                             in forced Congo exile.
1999                       ALIR kidnapped and killed 8 foreign tourists in a game park on 
                             the Congo-Uganda border.
Sep 2000                   Consolidated forces with a Kinshasa-based Hutu group to form the
                             Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) under
                             Ignace Murwanashyaka (b. 1963 - d. 2019). 
 5 Dec 2001                Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.
18 Sep 2019                Sylvestre Mudacumura (b. 1954 - d. 2019), commander of FDLR killed
                             by the Congolese army in North Kivu, Congo (DRC).

President of Interahamwe
1994 - 1998                Jerry Robert Kajuga                    (b. 1960 - d. 2007)
                             (DRC Congo prisoner from 1996)

Locations:                 Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo 
Strength:                  Several thousand.

1984 - 2000

Adopted 2000

Supreme Leaders
1984 - 29 Dec 1999         Shōkō Asahara (= Chizuo Matsumoto) (b. 1955 - d. 2018)
29 Dec 1999 - 2007         Fumihiro Jōyū (de facto)           (b. 1962)

Location:                  Japan, previously had a presence in Australia, Russia, Ukraine, 
                             Germany, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, the former Yugoslavia, and the U.S.
Strength:                  Current membership is estimated at 1,600 (2002 est.)(the group 
                            claimed to have 9,000 members in Japan and up to 40,000 worldwide)

13 Apr 1978                Babbar Khalsa ("Tigers of the True Faith") a militant Sikh
                             separatist group formed to establish a fundamentalist independent
                             Sikh state called Khalistan ("Land of the Pure") in what is
                             the Indian state of Punjab. 
23 Jun 1985                Bombing of Air India Flight 182, 329 are killed.
12 Jun 1985                1985 Narita International Airport bombing was the attempted
                             terrorist bombing of Air India Flight 301, in Tokyo, Japan.
29 Apr 1986                Joins in declaration of "Khalistan" independence from India.
10 Jan 1990                Assassinates Senior Superintendent of Police Gobind Ram at
                             75th battalion of the Punjab Armed Police in Jalandhar, India.
15 Apr 1990                Bombing of Delhi bound bus at Panipat, Haryana, kills 11.
31 Aug 1995                Assassinates the chief minister of India's Punjab State Beant
                             Singh (b. 1922 - d. 1995) in a suicide bomb attack at the civil
                             secretariat in Chandigarh, India.
27 Jun 2002                Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.
18 Jun 2003                Designated a listed terrorist entity by Canada.
22 May 2005                Attack at movie theater in Delhi, 1 person killed 49 injured.
14 Oct 2007                Orchestrated blast in Shingar Cinema in Ludhiana, Punjab, killing
                             6 and injuring 35.

Chiefs
1978 -  8 Aug 1992         Jathedar Sukhdev Singh Babbar     (b. 1955 - d. 1992)
1992 - 26 Mar 2006         Paramjit Singh Bheora
                             (from 2000, in U.K. exile)
2006 -                     Wadhawa Singh Babbar "Chacha"     (b. 1954)

Locations:                 India, Pakistan, U.S., Canada, U.K., Belgium, France, Germany,
                             Norway, and Switzerland
Strength:                  More than 100

2002                       Boko Haram, officially known as Jama'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah
                             wa'l-Jihad ("Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawah and Jihad")
                             established in Miaduguri (north-eastern Nigeria) as a
                             secessionist, Salafist movement,
26-30 Jul 2009             Boko Haram sect members confront Nigerian police and soldiers in
                             Bauchi state on 28 Jul Nigerian Army soldiers
                             launched an offensive on the compound of sect leader Mohammed
                             Yusuf who is captured and on 30 Jul killed. On 30 Jul in
                             Potiskum, Yobe State 43 Boko Haram fighters were killed in a
                             shootout. By 30 Jul, more than 700 people had been killed; police
                             stations, prisons, government offices, schools and churches had
                             been destroyed.
24 Dec 2010                Boko Haram detonated four bombs in Jos and attacked two churches
                             in Maiduguri, killing 32 people.
26 Feb 2011                Car-boming of the Abuja United Nations building killed at least 21
                             and wounded 60.
16 Jun 2011                Suicide bombing of Abuja police headquarters in Abuja kills 2-6.
14 Nov 2013                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
Dec 2013                   Boko Haram gunmen attacked civilians in several areas of northern
                             Cameroon.
25 Feb 2014                Boko Haram attacked Federal Government College boarding school
                             in Buni Yadi, Yobe State, Nigeria, killing 59 buys.
14-15 Apr 2014             Conducts the kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls in Chibok, Borno State,
                             Nigeria.
12 Jan 2015                Raid on Kolofata an unsuccessful assault on a Cameroonian military
                             base at Kolofata, Far North Region by Boko Haram kills 143.
 2 Mar 2015 - Aug 2016     Pleges allegaince to the Islamic State (ISIL) as its West African
                             Province (Wilayat Garb Ifriqiyah).
10 Oct 2015                Chad suicide bombings in Baga Sola, Chad, on Lake Chad kills 38.
 5 Dec 2015                Three female suicide bombers killed about 30 at a crowded market on
                              the island of Koulfoua in Lake Chad in Chad.
25 Jan 2016                Over 30 people were killed by four Boko Haram suicide bombers in
                             Bodo, Far North Region, Cameroon.
 9 Feb 2016                Two female suicide bombers with Boko Haram detonated explosives
                             killing more than 60 people and injured 78 others at a camp for
                             displaced people in Dikwa, Nigeria.
Aug 2016                   Islamic State appoints Abu Musab al-Barnawi, but Shekau refused
                             to recognize Barnawi's authority. al-Barnawi continues as
                             the head of he Islamic State's West Africa Province (ISWAP).
 9 Dec 2016                Madagali suicide bombings by two women attacked Madagali, Nigeria
                             killing 57 and injuring 177.
19 Feb 2018                Boko Haram kidnapped 110 schoolgirls from the Government Technical
                             Girls College in Dapchi, Yobe State, Nigeria, killing 5 but
                             releasing the remainder after randsom on 21 Mar 2018.
23 Mar 2019                Boko Haram militants killed at least 23 Chadian soldiers overnight
                             in the town of Dangdala, near the banks of Lake Chad.
27 Jul 2019                Boko Haram terrorists opened fire on a group of people from a
                             funeral in Nganzai District of Borno State, Nigeria. At least 65
                             people were killed.
 6 Jan 2020                Bomb exploded at a market in Gamboru, Borno State, northeastern
                             Nigeria that killed 38 people and injured over 35 others.
23 Mar 2020                Attack on Bohama military camp, Chad and in Gorgi, Borno State,
                             Nigeria kills 168.
11 Dec 2020                More than 330 students were abducted from the Government Science
                             Secondary School in Kankara, Katsina State by Boko Haram.
23 Feb 2021                Boko Haram killed 10 people in Maiduguri using rocket-propelled
                             grenades.
19 May 2021                Abubakar Mohammed Shekau killed himself by detonating a suicide
                             vest during the battle of Sambisa Forest between Boko Haram and
                             Islamic State's West Africa Province.
Mar 2022                   Zone Commander of Lake Chad, Bakura, murdered Sahalaba.
11 Aug 2022                Five soldiers are killed during a terrorist attack in Bwari, Abuja.
30-31 Oct 2023             Two terrorist attacks by Boko Haram in Yobe State, Nigeria a day
                             apart, kill at least 37 people and injuring 7.

Imams
2002 - 30 Jul 2009         Mohammed Yusuf                   (b. 1970 - d. 2009)
                             (Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf)
Jul 2009 - 19 May 2021     Abubakar Mohammed Shekau         (b. 1973 - d. 2021)
                             "Darul Tawheed"
May 2021 - Mar 2022        Sahalaba                         (d. 2022)
 2 May 2022 -              Bakura Doro "Abu Umaimata",
                             "Abu Umayma"

Locations:                 Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Nigeria, Niger
Strength:                  Between 500 - 9,000.

31 Aug 1959                Japan Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee
                             (Kakumeiteki Kyōsanshugisha Dōmei, Zenkoku Iinkai) is a Japanese
                             far-left revolutionary group, often referred to as Chūkaku-ha
                             ("Central Core Faction") founded to protest Japan's imperial
                             system, Western imperialism, and later events such as the Gulf
                             War and the expansion of Tokyo's Narita Airport. Largest domestic
                             militant group; has small covert action wing called Kansai
                             Revolutionary Army .
Apr 1963                   Kuroda faction left the party and formed Japan Revolutionary
                             Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist faction)(Nihon
                             Kakumeiteki Kyōsanshugisha Dōmei, Kakumeiteki Marukusushugi Ha)
                             ("Kakumaru-ha").
1966                       Chūkaku-ha joined in alliance with two other radical student
                             groups, the "Second Bund" (Daini Bunto) and the Liberation
                             Faction of the Socialist Youth League (Kaihō-ha) to form the
                             "Three-Faction" (Sanpa) Zengakuren.
22 Jun 1966                Joined to Sanrizuka Struggle assisting farmers in violently
                             opposing the construction of Narita Airport outside of Tokyo.
12 Nov 1967                "Haneda Incident" Prime Minister Sato visited the United States,
                             and the New Left factions riot to prevent the Prime Minister from
                             visiting. 
21 Oct 1968                Shinjuku riot against the Vietnam War at Shinjuku Station,
                             Shinjuku, Tokyo, 743 are arrested, 1,157 are injured.
14 Nov 1971                Shibuya riot against Japan-U.S. treaty on the reversion of Okinawa,
                             and killing of police officer Tsuneo Nakamura by Masaaki Ōsaka.
14 Mar 1975                Kakumaru-ha assisinates Secretary-general Eika Honda.
19 Sep 1984                People's Revolutionary Army, an underground military organization,
                             attacked the headquarters of the Liberal Democratic Party of
                             Nagata.
1985/86                    Performed a number of sabotage attacks, including several attempts
                             to derail trains, as well as the launching of crude incendiary
                             rockets at United States Naval bases.
2001                       Chūkaku-ha's attacks continued into the later part of the 20th
                             century, with the last one occurring in 2001.

Secretary-generals
31 Aug 1959 - 14 Mar 1975  Eika Honda                    (b. 1934 - d. 1975)
1975 - 1997                Takeo Shimizu                 (b. 1937)
Chairman
1997 -                     Takeo Shimizu                 (s.a.)

Location:                  Japan
Strength:                  4,700; has not engaged in any terrorist activities
                             for nearly two decades

1986                       Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA), styling itself as the
                             Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann)(a.k.a. Continuity Army
                             Council), formed as a radical terrorist splinter group formed 
                             as the clandestine armed wing of the political organization
                             Republican Sinn Fein (RSF). Goal: reunification of Ireland and 
                             to force British troops from Northern Ireland. But did not
                             become actives until Provisioal IRA's ceasefire in 1994.
13 Jul 1996                Car bomb containing up to 1,200lb of home-made explosives exploded 
                             outside Kilyhelvin Hotel, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh.
29 Sep 1996                Car bomb containing 250lb of home-made explosives was abandoned 
                             in Belfast. 
31 Jul 1997                A bomb, estimated at between 500 and 1,000lbs, was left at the
                             grounds of Carrybridge Hotel, near Lisballaw, County Fermanagh. 
31 Oct 1997                Claimed responsibility for the attempted bombing of government 
                             offices Derry. 
24 Jan 1998                Car bomb exploded outside an entertainment club, the 'River Club'
                             on Factory Road in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh.
20 Feb 1998                Exploded a large car bomb, estimated at 500lbs, outside the Royal
                             Ulster Constabulary  station in the center of Moria, County Down.
 6 Feb 2000                Bomb explosion at a hotel in Irvinestown; there were no injuries. 
 1 Jun 2000                Planted a bomb under Hammersmith Bridge, London. 
19 Jul 2000                Planted a bomb at Acton Underground Station, London.
 5 Dec 2001                Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.
13 Jul 2004                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
 9 Mar 2009                CIRA claimed responsibility for the fatal shooting of a PSNI
                             officer in Craigavon, County Armagh, the first police fatality
                             in Northern Ireland since 1998. 

Chiefs of Staff of the Continuity Irish Republican Army
1986 -  1 Jan 1991         Dáithí Ó Conaill                 (b. 1938 - d. 1991)
1991? -                    Continuity Army Council

Locations:                 Northern Ireland, Irish Republic.
Strength:                  Fewer than 50 hard-core activists.

1969                       Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP),
                             (Jabha al-Dimuqratiyya li-Tahrir Filastin) a Marxist-Leninist
                             organization, founded when it splits from the PFLP. Opposed the
                             Israel-PLO peace agreement. Goal is to achieve Palestinian
                             national goals through revolution of the masses.
1974                       Renamed Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP).
since mid-1990's           Has made limited moves toward merging with the Popular Front for 
                             the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
 4 Mar 1996                Assailants poured gasoline at the entrance to a restaurant in
                             Sitrah, Bahrain and threw Molotov cocktails inside, killing 
                             7 Bangladeshi employees and destroying the restaurant.
 8 Oct 1997 -  8 Oct 1999  Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
25 Aug 2001                At Marganit Outpost, Gaza Strip 2 Palestinian gunmen killed three
                             soldiers and wounded seven Friday night as they stormed a Gaza
                             Strip outpost in an attack unprecedented in the 11-month-long
                             intifada. Soldiers at the Marganit outpost shot and killed the 
                             two gunmen. The radical DFLP claimed responsibility for the
                             raid, in its first such claim in the intifada.
Oct 2023                   Joined the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel with their paramilitary
                             wing, the National Resistance Brigades.

Secretary-general
1969 -                     Nayef Hawatmeh "Abu an-Nuf"        (b. 1938)

Locations:                 Syria, Lebanon, Gaza Strip, and West Bank
Strength:                  500

Late 1970's                al-Jihad (a.k.a. Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Jihad Group, Islamic
                             Jihad) formed to overthrow Egyptian government and replacement
                             with an Islamic state; attacks U.S. and Israeli interests in 
                             Egypt and abroad.
 6 Oct 1981                Responsible for assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.
17 Mar 1992                Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina is bombed
                             29 killed, 250 injured by Islamic Jihad.
Jun 1992                   Activists in Egypt murdered author Faraj Fodah.
18 Aug 1993                Claims responsibility for attempted assassination of Egyptian
                             Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi.
25 Nov 1993                Claims responsibility for attempted assassination of Egyptian
                             Prime Minister Atef Sedky.
1995                       Responsible for the Egyptian Embassy bombing in Islamabad, Pakistan
1998                       Zawahri formally merged Egyptian Islamic Jihad into al-Qaeda. 

Spiritual Leader
1970's - 18 Feb 2017       Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman            (b. 1938 - d. 2017) 

Emirs
1970's - 1980?             Abboud el-Zumar al-Sharif          (b. 1948)
                             (jailed 19.. - 14 Mar 2011)
1980 - 15 Apr 1982         Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj        (b. 1954 - d. 1982)
1991 - 1998                Ayman Mohammed al-Zawahri          (b. 1951 - d. 2022)
                             (jailed 1982-1984) 
- Talaa'al Fateh ("Vanguards of Conquest") faction -
1991 - 1993                Ahmed Husayn Agiza                 (b. 1962)           

Locations:                 Egypt, network outside Egypt, in Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, 
                             Sudan, Lebanon, and United Kingdom.
Strength:                  Unknown, suspected to be several hundred.

1974                       Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)("People's Revolutionary
                             Army") founded as the military branch of the Partido
                             Revolucionario de los Trabajadores ("Workers' Revolutionary
                             Party") in Argentina.
1974                       Kidnapping of Esso executive Víctor Samuelsson and obtaining
                             a ransom of $12 million.
Mar 1976                   Argentine armed forces moved ahead with the Dirty War, 
                             dispensing with the civilian government.
late 1977                  Eradicated as a military force by Argentine armed forces.

Commanders
1974 - 19 Jul 1976         Mario Roberto Santucho            (b. 1936 - d. 1976)
1976 - 1977                Enrique Gorriarán Merlo           (b. 1941 - d. 2006)

Location:                  Argentina
Strength:                  100 fighters, with a 400 person support network,
                             some 2,500 sympathizers.

Note: there seems not to be one leader, but one or even more Executive committee's. The leaders listed seem to have been those who had most power.

31 Aug 1959                Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)(Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) formed
                             to established an independent homeland based on Marxist
                             principles in the northern Spanish provinces of Vizcaya,
                             Guipuzcoa, Alava, and Navarra and the southwestern French
                             departments of Labourd, Basse-Navarra, and Soule.
1966                       ETA decides to start military struggle.
 7 Jun 1968                ETA carries out first planned killing: victim is Meliton Manzanas,
                             chief of secret police in Basque city of San Sebastian.
20 Dec 1973                Assassinates Premier Luis Carrero Blanco (likely Franco successor).
Oct 1974                   ETA divided into: ETA - 5th Assembly or Military ETA (ETA-m), and
                             ETA - 6th Assembly or Political-Military ETA (ETA-pm).
23 Feb 1981 -  Jan 1982    ETA-pm makes a truce which lasts until Jan 1982 when they kidnap
                             the father of singer Julio Iglesias.
20 Jan 1982                Many members of ETA-pm are arrested.
Sep 1982                   Many members of ETA-pm surrender.
 5 Feb 1984                ETA-pm is disbanded. What remains of its members joins the ETA-m.
1992                       ETA's three top leaders — military leader Francisco Mujika 
                             Garmendia "Pakito", political leader José Luis Alvarez
                             Santacristina "Txelis" and logistical leader José María Arregi
                             Erostarbe "Fiti", often referred to collectively as the "cupola"
                             of ETA or as the Artapalo collective [12] — were arrested in the
                             French Basque town of Bidart.
 8 Oct 1997 - 20 May 2022  Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
Sep 1998 -  3 Dec 1999     Observed a cease fire.
since 1960's               The group has killed more than 800 persons.
24 Mar 2006 - 30 Dec 2006  ETA declares a permanent cease-fire.
30 Dec 2006                Bomb in parking lot of Barajas International Airport in
                             Madrid kills 3.

Leaders
31 Aug 1959 - 19..         Executive Committee Heads
                           - Julen Kerman Madariaga Agirre     (b. 1932 - d. 2021)
                           - José Maria Benito del Valle       (b. 1927 - d. 2011)
- ETA-pm - 
19.. - 22 Feb 1983         José Astorquiza "Pottoka" 
- ETA-m -
19.. - 1987                Domingo Iturbe Abasolo "Txomin"     (b. 1943 - d. 1987)
19.. - c.1996              Félix Alberto López de Lacalle      (b. 1960)
                             "Mobutu"
c.1996 - 1998              Mikel Albizu "Antza" (1st time)     (b. 1961)
1998 - Sep 2000            Ignacio Gracia Arregui              (b. 1955)
                             "Iñaki de Rentería"
Sep 2000 - 22 Feb 2001     Francisco Javier García Gaztelu     (b. 1966)
                             "Txapote"                         (b. 1966)
Feb 2001 - Oct 2004        Mikel Albizu "Antza" (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                             (imprisioned Oct 2004)
Oct 2004 -                 ....

Locations:                 Northern Spain and southwestern France 
Strength:                  Unknown; may have hundreds of members, plus supporters.

10 Oct 1980                Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí
                             para la Liberación Nacional)(FMLN) formed with Cuban help as an
                             umbrella group for Communist and leftist insurgent groups in 
                             El Salvador.
 2 Jan 1991                Two U.S. crewmen, Lt. Col. David Pickett and Crew Chief PFC, 
                             Earnest Dawson were executed after their helicopter was downed
                             by the FMLN militants in San Miguel Department.
31 Dec 1991                Peace Agreement with El Salvadoran government; FMLN continues as a
                             legal political party.

Leader
10 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1991  Schafik Jorge Hándal              (b. 1930 - d. 2006)

Locations:                 El Salvador, Honduras
Strength:                  6,000-7,000

 2 Aug 1975                First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Group (GRAPO)(Grupo de
                             Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre). The wing of
                             the illegal Communist Party of Spain (Reconstituted)(Partido
                             Comunista de España [Reconstituido])(PCE-r) of the Franco era.
                             GRAPO is formed to overthrow of the Spanish government and
                             replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime. GRAPO is vehemently
                             anti-U.S., calls for the removal of all U.S. military forces
                             from Spanish territory.
11 Dec 1976                Abduction of the President of the Council of State Antonio María
                             de Oriol y Urquijo, freed by police 11 Feb 1977.
24 Jan 1977                Abduction of President of the Supreme Council of Military Justice
                             Emilio Villaescusa Quilis, freed by police 11 Feb 1977.
1978                       Murder of the director of Penitentiary Institutions Jesus Haddad.
 8 Jan 1979                Murder of the president of Chamber VI of the Supreme Court Miguel
                             Cruz Cuenca.
26 May 1979                Bomb exploded in Madrid, Spain in the basement washroom of the
                             California 47 café killing 10 people, injured another 40.
Nov 1982 - 1987            Cease-fire.
10-11 Jun 1999             GRAPO attacked the headquarters of the PP in Carabanchel and the
                             PSOE headquarters in Vallecas.
17 Nov 2000                Spanish policeman is killed in reprisal for the arrest in France 
                             of several GRAPO leaders.
 5 Dec 2001                Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.
19 Mar 2003                Judge Garzón suspends the activities of the PCE(r) as considered
                             the political arm of GRAPO.
 6 Feb 2006                GRAPO shot dead Ana Isabel Herrero, the owner of a temporary work
                             agency in Zaragoza.

Leaders
1976 - 1979                José Manuel Sánchez Casas           (b. 1942 - d. 2001)
1979 - ....                ....

Location:                  Spain, France
Strength:                  Unknown but likely fewer than a dozen hard-core activists. 

early 1970                 Force 17 (17 Alquat) formed by senior Fatah officers, shortly after
                             the PLO's expulsion from Jordan. Originally intended as a
                             personal security force for Gasser Aright and other PLO leaders.
                             Force 17 eventually became one of the PLO's elite units and 
                             functioned in various areas of operational activities under 
                             the direct guidance of Arafat.
Aug 1982                   As a result of the Israeli attack on its headquarters, Force 17 
                             along with the other PLO forces, left Lebanon for Tunisia.
25 Sep 1985                Killed two Israelis in the Marina of Larnaka in Cyprus.
30 Mar 1986                A bomb planted by Force 17 exploded on TWA Flight 840, killing
                             four American citizens and wounding ten others.
22 Jul 1987                Palestinian caricaturist Nagy El-Ali assassinated in Kuwait.
1990                       Attempted sea born attack in Israeli beaches foiled.
1994                       Officially dissolved when Arafat returned to Gaza and merged 
                             it into al-Amn al-Ri'asah (Presidential security) unit commanded 
                             by Faisal Abu Sharah.
Mar 2001                   In response to Force 17's role in carrying out several attacks in
                             Israel launched an air strike against the group's headquarters
                             in Gaza and Ramallah.
 3 Jan 2002                Jawad Ghussein, a former head of the Palestine National Fund, was
                             charged with embezzlement, was kidnapped from Cairo by Force 17
                             taking him to Gaza. He managed to escape to London with Israeli
                             assistance.
Oct 2007                   The remainder of the Force 17 was merged into the Presidential
                             Guard and the National Security Forces of the Palestinian
                             Authority.

Commanders
1970 - 22 Jan 1979         Ali Hassan Salameh "Abu Hassan"    (b. 1941 - d. 1979)
22 Jan 1979 - 1994         Mahmoud al-Natour "Abu Tayeb"
c.2001 - 2006              Mahmoud Awad Damra "Abu Awad"
                             (Israeli prisoner 2006-Jan 2012)

Locations:                 Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Jordan
Strength:                  Estimated at 3,500 members (in 2001).

Feb 1963                   Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ)("Liberation Front of Quebec")
                             is founded. Their ultimate goal is to establish an 
                             independent Quebec nation, free from any ties to the 
                             rest of Canada, through violent activities.
 5 Oct 1970                Kidnaps James Cross, British commercial envoy in Quebec.
18 Oct 1970                Assassinates Pierre LaPorte, Labor Minister of Quebec province.
af.Oct 1970                The FLQ members who are not arrested break off into
                             smaller splinter groups, each with varying agendas. 

Leaders
Feb 1963 - 19 Jun 1963     Georges Schoeters (imprisoned)      (b. 1930 - d. 1994)
1963 - 1964                Robert Hudon + Jean Gagnon 
1965 - 1971                Charles Gagnon                      (b. 1939 - d. 2005)

Locations:                 Quebec, Canada
Strength:                  Unknown, ideology supported by some French speakers.

late 1970's                al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group)(IG) formed with primary goal
                             is to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an
                             Islamic state, but certain group leaders also may be interested
                             in attacking U.S. and Israeli interests.
1991                       Murders Egypt's speaker of parliament. 
1992                       Attacks on Egyptian tourist sites begun.
 8 Jun 1992                Assassinates of Farag Foda. 
20 Apr 1993                Terrorists attempted to assassinate Egyptian Information Minister
                             Safw in Cairo, firing shots at his motorcade. The Minister was
                             slightly injured and his bodyguard was seriously wounded. 
27 Sep 1994                Three persons were killed and two were wounded when an assailant
                             fired on a downtown tourist area in Hurghada. Two Egyptians
                             and one German were killed in the attack. 
26 Jun 1995                Attempt in June 1995 to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni 
                             Mubarak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
20 Oct 1995                Car bomb detonated outside the local police headquarters building
                             in Rijeka, killing the driver and injuring 29 bystander warning
                             that the attacks would continue unless authorities released an 
                             imprisoned Gama'at militant, Tala'at Fuad Kassem, who had been
                             arrested in Sep 1995.
19 Nov 1995                Car bomb attack on Egyptian embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan; 16 die.
28 Apr 1996                Europa Hotel shooting, Cairo. 18 Greek tourists killed.
18 Sep 1997                Attack on the Cairo National Antiquities Museum.
 8 Oct 1997 - 20 May 2022  Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
17 Nov 1997                Responsible for attack at Luxor that killed 58 foreign tourists
                             the "Hatshesut Temple massacre."
2003                       Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya renounced bloodshed.
 5 Aug 2006                Deputy leader of al-Qaeda Ayman al-Zawahiri announced a new
                            alliance with Al Gama'a al-Islamiyya, in a video released on
                            the internet. This was disputed by former members.

Spiritual Leader
1970's - 18 Feb 2017       Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman            (b. 1938 - d. 2017)
                             "the Blind Sheikh"
                             (U.S. prisoner from 24 Jun 1993)

Leaders
1970's - 1991              Ala Mohieddin                      (d. 1991)
1991 - 2003                ....
2006 - 31 Oct 2008         Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim     (b. 1961 - 2008)
                             "Abu Jihad al-Masri"

Locations:                 Egypt, network outside Egypt, in Sudan, the United Kingdom,
                             Afghanistan, Austria, and Yemen.
Strength:                  Unknown. At its peak, IG probably commanded several thousand
                             hard-core members and another several thousand sympathizers.

Hamas Banner

Hamas Banner Variant

Hamas military branch

1987                       Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (Hamas)("Islamic Resistance
                             Movement"). Formed as an outgrowth of the Palestinian branch
                             of the Muslim Brotherhood. Aimed at establishing an Islamic
                             Palestinian state in place of Israel.
1989                       Israel outlaws Hamas and imprisons Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
16 Apr 1993                Hamas' first use of suicide bombing.
25 Feb 1996                A suicide bomber blew up a bus in Jerusalem, killing 26 people 
                             and injuring some 80 others.
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
Aug 1999                   Jordanian authorities closed the group's Political Bureau offices
                             in Amman, arrested its leaders, and prohibited the group from
                             operating on Jordanian territory.
 1 Jun 2001                A Palestinian suicide bomber detonated an explosives belt amid a
                             crowd of youngsters outside a beach front nightclub, 
                             Dolphinarium, on a Friday night, killing at least 20 and injuring
                             more than 120. The blast occurred shortly after 11:00 pm 
                             on Tel-Aviv's Promenade.
 9 Aug 2001                A suicide bombing at a pizza restaurant in the center of Jerusalem
                             killed 15 people -mostly young families and tourists- and wounded
                             more than 90. Six children were among the dead. At roughly 14:00,
                             a blast devastated a crowded Sbarro Pizzeria at the corner of
                             King George and Jaffa streets.
27 Mar 2002                29 Israelis were killed and around 150 were wounded, when a suicide
                             bomber detonated an explosive device in the dining room of the
                             Park Hotel in Netanya.
 7 May 2002                A suicide bomber detonated a powerful bomb in a crowded billiards
                             hall in Israel, killing at least 16 and wounding more than 50.
                             The attack took place at the "Sheffield Club" pool hall, on the
                             third floor of a building in Rishon LeZion, South of Tel-Aviv.
18 Jun 2002                A Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up on a bus packed with
                             schoolchildren and office workers near the busy Patt Intersection
                             in southern Jerusalem, killing 20 people and wounding 52.
31 Jul 2002                At least 9 people were killed and seventy wounded in a bombing
                             at Hebrew University's Mount Scopus campus.
 4 Aug 2002                At least 10 people were killed, and more than 40 wounded in a
                             suicide bombing on a commuter bus in Meron Junction in northern
                             Israel.
15 Nov 2002                12 Israelis; four IDF soldiers, five Border Policemen and three
                             civilians, members of the emergency response squad of Kiryat 
                             Arba, were killed and 15 were injured in a Palestinian gunmen 
                             ambush in Hebron.
21 Nov 2002                A suicide bomber struck a municipal bus in Jerusalem, killing at
                             least ten people and injuring nearly 50. The bombing targeted
                             the number 20 Jerusalem bus as it passed through a quiet
                             residential neighborhood at the height of morning rush hour.
21 Mar 2004                Israel assassinates Sheik Ahmed Yasin in Gaza City, in Gaza Strip.
17 Apr 2004                Israel assassinates Rantissi in car explosion.
25 Jan 2006                In Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas wins 74 of 132 
                             seats and Fatah 45. Turnout is 78.2%. 
29 Mar 2006 - 14 Jun 2017  Ismail Haniyeh of Hamas is sworn in as prime minister of the
                             Palestinian government.
14 Jun 2017 -              Hamas seizes control of the Gaza Strip after Ismail Haniyeh is
                             dismissed as prime minister of the Palestinian government.
 7 Oct 2023                Hamas attacks on Israel began with a barrage of at least 4,300
                             rockets launched into Israel and vehicle-transported and powered
                             paraglider incursions into Israel. Hamas fighters breached the
                             Gaza–Israel barrier, attacking military bases and massacring
                             civilians in 21 communities, including Be'eri, Kfar Aza, Nir Oz,
                             Netiv Haasara, and Alumim. According to an IDF report that
                             revised the estimate on the number of attackers, 6,000 Gazans
                             breached the border in 119 locations into Israel, including 3,800
                             from the "elite Nukhba forces" and 2,200 civilians and other
                             militants. In total, 1,139 people were killed: 695 Israeli
                             civilians (including 38 children), 71 foreign nationals, and 373
                             members of the security forces. 364 civilians were killed and
                             many more wounded while attending the Nova music festival. About
                             250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were taken as hostages to the
                             Gaza Strip, alive or dead, and including 30 children.
31 Jul 2024                Ismail Haniyeh is assassinated by an explosive device planted in
                             his guesthouse in Tehran, Iran likely by Israeli Mossad agents.
16 Oct 2024                Yahya Sinwar is killed during a firefight with the Israeli
                             military in Tel al-Sultan, Gaza.

Leaders
1987 - 22 Mar 2004         Sheikh Ahmed Yassin               (b. 1936 - d. 2004)
                             (imprisoned 1989 - Oct 1997)
22 Mar 2004 - 17 Apr 2004  Abdel Aziz Ali Abdul Majid        (b. 1947 - d. 2004)
                             al-Rantis

Chairmen of the Political Bureau
1992 - 1996                Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook        (b. 1951)
1996 -  6 May 2017         Khaled Mashal                     (b. 1956)
 6 May 2017 - 31 Jul 2024  Ismail Abdel Salam Ahmed Haniyeh  (b. 1962 - d. 2024)
 6 Aug 2024 - 16 Oct 2024  Yahya Ibrahim Hassan Sinwar       (b. 1962 - d. 2024)
17 Oct 2024 -              Temporary Committee (acting)
                           - Khaled Mashal                   (s.a.)
                           - Khalil al-Hayya                 (b. 1960)
                           - Zaher Jabarin                   (b. 1968)
                           - Muhammad Ismail Darwish
                           - unnamed (political bureau secretary)

Locations:                 Israel, Gaza Strip, and West Bank
Strength:                  Unknown number of hard-core members; tens of thousands
                             of supporters and sympathizers.

Oct 1993                   Harakat ul-Ansar (HUA) founded as merger of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
                             and Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI) to oppose Indian troops in
                             Kashmir.
1994                       U.S. nationals kidnapped in New Delhi in effort to secure the 
                             release of imprisoned HUA leader Maulana Masood Azhar.
1997                       Renamed Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Ahar split from the group to form
                             Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM).

General secretary
Oct 1993 - 1997            Mohammad Masood Azhar Alvi             (b. 1968)
                            (Indian prisoner Feb 1994 - Dec 1999)

Locations:                 Pakistan, Kashmir
Strength:                  Several thousand armed supporters

1993                       Harakat ul-Mujahidin - al-Islami (HUM)(split from Harkat-ul-Jihad-
                             al-Islami) militant Islamic group formed to unite Indian
                             Kashmir with Pakistan.
Jul 1995                   Linked to the kidnapping of five Western tourists in Kashmir
                             who were later killed in Dec 1995.
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
Feb 1998                   Issues fatwa calling for attacks on U.S. and Western interests.
late 1999                  About 45% of HUM defects to join Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM).
24 Dec 1999                An India Airlines Airbus was hijacked en-route from Katmandu, 
                             Nepal to India. After making stops in India, Pakistan and the
                             United Arab Emirates, the plane was forced to land at Kandahar
                             in Afghanistan. 27 hostages, mostly women and children were
                             released when the plane made a re-fueling stop in the United 
                             Arab Emirates. 1 passenger was stabbed to death by the hijackers.
                             After 8 days of negotiations, the Indian government agreed to
                             free three Kashmiri militants in exchange for the release of the
                             remaining 154 hostages. One of those released was Maulana Masoud
                             Azhar, a senior member of the HUM.

Emirs
1993 - Feb 2000            Fazlur ur-Rehman Khalil           (b. 1963)
Feb 2000 -                 Farooq Kashmiri

Secretary-general
Feb 2000 -                 Fazlur Rehman Khalil              (s.a.)

Locations:                 Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir
Strength:                  Several thousand armed supporters.

Unofficial Flag

Official Flag

1982                       Hezbollah ("Party of God")(Hizballah, a.k.a. Islamic Jihad,
                             Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the
                             Oppressed on Earth, and Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of
                             Palestine). Radical Shia organization founded in Lebanon to
                             increase its political power in Lebanon, opposing Israel
                             and the Middle East peace negotiations. Initially, members
                             of the "Islamic Resistance in Lebanon" conducted operations under
                             the name of Lebanese National Resistance Front, different
                             aliases or smaller groups that were eventually absorbed within
                             Hezbollah.
1982 - 1992                Kidnapped around 30 Westerners between 1982 and 1992, including 
                             American journalist Terry Anderson, British journalist John
                             McCarthy, the Archbishop of Canterbury's special envoy 
                             Terry Waite and Irish citizen Brian Keenan. 
 6 Jun 1982 - 22 May 2000  Southern Lebanon is occupied by Israeli forces during the Lebanon
                             Civil War (which ends 1991).
18 Apr 1983                Suicide bombing of the American Embassy in Beirut, killed
                             61 people and left more than 120 wounded.
23 Oct 1983                Suicide bombing of the U.S. Marines headquarters in Beirut, killed
                             39 and wounded 40 people. On the same day a suicide bombing of
                             the French army barracks in Beirut kills 74 and wounded about 15.
16 Mar 1984                U.S. CIA station station chief in Beirut William Francis Buckley
                             (b. 1928 - d. 1985) is taken hostage, tortured and killed by
                             Hezbollah.
20 Sep 1984                Truck bombing of replacement U.S. Embassy in East Beirut.
14 Jun 1985                Hijacking of TWA Flight 847 en route from Athens to Rome. 
1985                       The formation of Hezbollah is announced publicly.
17 Feb 1988                U.S. Col. William R. Higgins (b. 1945 - d. 1989), assigned to UN
                             Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), is taken hostage, 
                             tortured and killed by Hezbollah.
16 Feb 1992                Abbas al-Musawi, Hezbollah's secretary-general killed by a
                             rocket attack launched by an Israel.
17 Mar 1992                Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires was car-bombed, 29 killed.
18 Jul 1994                A car bomb in Buenos Aires exploded at the Israeli-Argentine Mutual
                             Association (AMIA), killing 100 persons and wounding more than
                             200 others. The explosion caused the seven-story building to
                             collapse.
19 Jul 1994                A Panamanian flight was bombed in the Alas Chiricanas bombing,
                             leaving 21 people dead, including 12 Jews. 
26 Jul 1994                Car bomb exploded outside the Israeli embassy in London.
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
31 Mar 1998                6 Lebanese construction workers were killed in the explosion of
                             a roadside bomb. Two others were wounded. The men were all 
                             civilians engaged in construction work at an South Lebanese Army
                             (SLA) outpost near Marjayoun. The attack reportedly occurred
                             shortly after a visit by Israeli Defense Minister Yitzhak 
                             Mordechai to SLA headquarters in nearby Marjayoun. 
 7 Oct 2000                3 Israeli soldiers – Adi Avitan, Staff Sgt. Benyamin Avraham, and
                             Staff Sgt. Omar Sawaidwere – were abducted by Hezbollah while
                             patrolling the Israeli side of the Israeli-Lebanese border.
                             The soldiers were killed either during the attack or in its
                             immediate aftermath.
12 Mar 2002                6 Israelis were killed when two Hezbollah terrorists opened fire 
                             from ambush on Israeli vehicles traveling between Shlomi and 
                             Kibbutz Metzuba near the northern border with Lebanon.
12 Jul 2006 -  8 Sep 2006  Hezbollah rockets northern Israel, in response Israel attacks
                             and invades Lebanon in pursuit of Hezbollah militants. In the
                             fighting 1,200 Lebanese and 158 Israelis were killed.
12 Feb 2008                Hezbollah leader Imad Mughnieh was killed by a car bomb in
                             Damascus, Syria.
 7-21 May 2008             Lebanon's 17-month long political crisis spiraled out of control.
                             Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several West
                             Beirut neighborhoods from Future Movement militiamen loyal to
                             the American-backed government, in street battles that left 11
                             dead and 30 wounded before the government backed down and
                             Hezbollah was granted veto power in Lebanon's parliament.
17-18 Sep 2024             Thousands of handheld pagers and hundreds of walkie-talkies
                             intended for use by Hezbollah exploded simultaneously across
                             Lebanon and Syria in an Israeli attack, killing 42 and injuring
                             about 3,500.
27 Sep 2024                Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, along with Hezbollah number
                             three leader Ali Karaki (b. 1967 - d. 2024) are killed in Beirut,
                             Lebanon by an Israeli forces strike on Hezbollah's main
                             headquarters.   

Spiritual Leader
1982 -  4 Jul 2010         Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein   (b. 1935 - d. 2010)
                             Fadlallah 

Secretaries-general
1983 - 1984                Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli            (b. 1947)
1984 - 16 Feb 1992         Sheikh Abbas al-Musawi             (b. 1952 - d. 1992)
16 Feb 1992 - 27 Sep 2024  Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah            (b. 1960 - d. 2024)
28 Sep 2024 -              Sheikh Naim Qassem                 (b. 1953)
                             (acting to 29 Oct 2024)

Locations:                 Lebanon. Has established cells in Europe, Africa, South America, 
                             North America, and Asia.
Strength:                  Several thousand supporters and a few hundred terrorist operatives.

1931                    Irgun Zvai Leumi ("National Military Organization") a militant 
                          Jewish Zionist group that operated in the British Mandate of 
                          Palestine founded.
20 Apr 1936             2 Arab workers in a banana plantation killed.
14 Nov 1937             6 Arabs killed in several shooting attacks in Jerusalem.
12 Apr 1938             2 Arabs and 2 British policemen killed by a bomb in train in Haifa. 
17 May 1938             An Arab policeman was killed in an attack on a bus in the 
                          Jerusalem-Hebron road.
26 Jun 1938             7 Arabs killed by a bomb in Jaffa.
 5 Jul 1938             7 Arabs killed in several shooting attacks in Tel-Aviv and
                          3 Arabs killed by a bomb detonated in a bus in Jerusalem.
 6 Jul 1938             18 Arabs and 5 Jews killed by two simultaneous bombs in the
                          Arab Melon market in Haifa. 
16 Jul 1938             10 Arabs killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jerusalem.
26 Jul 1938             39 Arabs killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa.
26 Aug 1938             24 Arabs killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jaffa.
27 Feb 1939             33 Arabs killed in multiple attacks, incl. 24 by bomb in Arab market
                          in Suk Quarter of Haifa and 4 by bomb in Arab vegetable market
                          in Jerusalem.
29 May 1939             5 Arabs killed by a mine detonated at the Rex cinema in Jerusalem.
                          the same day, 5 Arabs were shot and killed during a raid on 
                          the village of Biyar 'Adas.
 2 Jun 1939             5 Arabs killed by a bomb at the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem. 
16 Jun 1939             6 Arabs killed in several attacks in Jerusalem.
19 Jun 1939             20 Arabs killed by explosives mounted on a donkey at a 
                          marketplace in Haifa.
29 Jun 1939             13 Arabs killed in multiple shootings during one hour period. 
 3 Jul 1939             An Arab killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa, 6 Arabs were
                          killed in several attacks in Tel-Aviv, and 3 Arabs were killed
                          in Rehovot.
27 Aug 1939             2 British officers killed by a mine in Jerusalem.
1940 - 1943             Irgun declared a truce against the British, and supported Allied 
                          efforts against Nazi forces and their allies in the area by 
                          enlisting its members in British forces and the Jewish Brigade.
Oct 1945 - Jul 1946     Irgun was in an alliance with the Haganah and Lehi called the 
                          Jewish Resistance Movement, organized to fight British 
                          restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine.
22 Jul 1946             King David Hotel bombing against the British government of 
                          Palestine. Bomb exploded at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, 
                          which had been the base for the British Secretariat, the military
                          command and a branch of the Criminal Investigation Division 
                          (police). 91 people killed (most of them civilians: 28 British, 
                          41 Arab, 17 Jewish, and 5 others). Around 45 people were injured.
Jul 1946 - Jun 1948     Irgun fought as irregulars against the British mandate and Arab
                          forces, informally in coordination with Haganah forces. 
25 May 1948             Largest single operation was a successful assault on Jaffa.
28 May 1948             Merged into Israeli Defense Forces along with Hagana and "Lehi."

Leaders
1931 - 1937             Avraham Tehomi                         (b. 1903 - d. 1990) 
1937 - 1947             ....
1947 - 28 May 1948      Menachem Wolfovitch Begin              (b. 1913 - d. 1992)
                          (= Menachem Begin)

Location:               Palestine
Strength:               ....

Mar 1922                   Irish Republican Army (IRA)(Óglaigh na hÉireann) faction forms in
                             opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It exists in various forms
                             until 1969, when the IRA split again into the Provisional IRA
                             and Official IRA.
 5 Oct 1968                Irish Republican Army (IRA) re-formed as the clandestine armed wing
                             of Sinn Féin, a legal political movement. Begins attacks to
                             remove British forces from Northern Ireland and unify Ireland.
28 Dec 1969                The Irish Republican Army split into the Marxist-Leninist Official
                             IRA on one side and the more militant traditional Provisional
                             Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA), officially known
                             as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) but informally known as "the
                             Provos."
 3 Jan 1974                IRA suitcase bomb on bus kills 11 ad wounds 14 in Yorkshire.
17 Jul 1974                IRA bomb kills one and injures 36 at the armory of the Tower
                             of London.
27 Nov 1975                Ross McWhirter, editor of Guinnes Book of Records, shot dead
                             by IRA in London after he establishes a terrorist reward fund.
22 Mar 1979                Provisional IRA kills British Ambassador Richard Skyes in 
                             The Hague.
27 Aug 1979                Responsible for the assassination of Louis Mountbatten, Earl
                             Mountbatten of Burma, the last Viceroy of British India.
21 Jan 1981                Sir Norman Srange, former Stormont Speaker, and son are 
                             killed by IRA in South Armagh.
12 Oct 1984                IRA bomb planted in Grand Hotel, Brighton, where Prime minister
                             Margaret Thatcher and cabinet are staying for Tory conference
                             kills 5 and injures 32.
23 Mar 1987                IRA bomb in U.K. base at Rheindalen, West Germany injures 31.
 7 Feb 1991                IRA mortar attack on British cabinet at 10 Downing Street.
Sep 1994 - Feb 1996        Observed cease-fire.
Jul 1997 - 28 Jul 2005     Observed cease-fire. 
28 Jul 2005                Provisional IRA Army Council announced an end to its armed
                             campaign.

Chiefs of Staff of the (anti-Treaty) Irish Republican Army
26 Mar 1922 - 18 Jun 1922  Liam Lynch (1st time)              (b. 1892 - d. 1923)
18 Jun 1922 - 30 Jun 1922  Joe McKelvey                       (b. 1898 - d. 1922)
30 Jun 1922 - 10 Apr 1923  Liam Lynch (2nd time)              (s.a.)
20 Apr 1923 - 12 Nov 1925  Frank Thomas Aiken                 (b. 1898 - d. 1983)
12 Nov 1925 - Jul 1926     Andrew Cooney                      (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
1926 - Jun 1936            Moss (Maurice) Twomey              (b. 1897 - d. 1978)
                             (acting to 1927) 
Jun 1936 - 1936            Seán MacBride                      (b. 1904 - d. 1988)
1937                       Thomas "Tom" Barry                 (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
1937 - 1938                Michael "Mick" Fitzpatrick         (b. 1893 - d. 1968)
1938 - Apr 1939            Seán Russell                       (b. 1893 - d. 1940) 
Apr 1939 - 30 Jun 1941     Stephen Hayes                      (b. 1902 - d. 1974)
1941 - 27 Nov 1941         Patrick Pearse Kelly ("Paul Kelso")(b. 1916 - d. 1974)
af.Nov 1941 - Feb 1942     Seán Harrington                    (b. 1912 - d. 1978)
Feb 1942 - 14 Aug 1942     Seán McCool (Seán MacCumhaill)     (b. 1901 - d. 1949)
1942                       Eoin McNamee                       (b. 1914 - d. 1986)
1942 - 12 Oct 1942         Hugh McAteer                       (b. 1916 - d. 1970)
                             (Aodh Mac an tSaoir)
Oct 1942 - 16 Jun 1944     Charlie Kerins                     (b. 1918 - d. 1944)
16 Jun 1944 - 1944         Vacant
1944 - 1945                Harry White                        (b. 1916 - d. 1989)
 1 Mar 1945 - 1947         Patrick "Paddy" Fleming            (b. 1900 - d. 1983)
1947 - 1948                Willie McGuinness 
Nov 1948 -  6 Jul 1957     Anthony "Tony" Magan               (b. 1910 - d. 1981)
Jul 1957 - Sep 1958        Seán Cronin (1st time)             (b. 1922 - d. 2011)
                             (acting to 11 Nov 1957)
Sep 1958 - 24 Oct 1958     John Joe McGirl                    (b. 1921 - d. 1988)
24 Oct 1958 - May/Jun 1958 Ruairí Ó Brádaigh (1st time)       (b. 1932 - d. 2013)
                             (= Peter Roger Casement Brady)
May/Jun 1959 - Jun 1960    Seán Cronin (2nd time)             (s.a.)
summer 1960 -  7 Sep 1962  Ruairí Ó Brádaigh (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 7 Sep 1962 - Dec 1969     Cathal Goulding                    (b. 1923 - d. 1998)
                             (Cathal Ó Goillín)
Chiefs of Staff of the Provisional Irish Republican Army 
Dec 1969 - 19 Nov 1972     Seán Mac Stiofáin "Mac the Knife"  (b. 1928 - d. 2001)
                             (= John Stephenson) 
Nov 1972 - Mar 1973        Joe Cahill (Seosamh Ó Cathail)     (b. 1920 - d. 2004)
Mar 1973 - Jun 1973        Seamus Twomey (1st time)           (b. 1919 - d. 1989)
                             (Séamus Ó Tuama)
Jun 1973 - Jun/Jul 1974    Éamonn O'Doherty                   (b. 1939 - d. 1999)
                             (Éamonn Ó Dochartaigh) 
Jun/Jul 1974 - Dec 1977    Seamus Twomey (2nd time)           (s.a.)
 3 Dec 1977 - 18 Feb 1978  Gerry Adams (Gearóid Mac Ádhaimh)  (b. 1948)
1978 - fall 1982           Martin McGuinness                  (b. 1950 - d. 2017)
                             (Séamus Máirtín Pacelli Mag Aonghusa)
fall 1982 - Sep 1983       Ivor Malachy Bell                  (b. 1936/37)
Sep 1983 - Oct 1997        Kevin McKenna                      (b. 1945 - d. 2019)
                             (Caoimhín Mac Cionnaith)  
Oct 1997 - 1998            Thomas "Slab" Murphy               (b. 1949)
                             (Tomás Mac Murchaidh)
1998 - 2002 (or May 2008)  Brian Paschal Keenan               (b. 1942 - d. 2008)

Chiefs of Staff of the Official Irish Republican Army
Dec 1969 - summer 1976     Cathal Goulding                    (s.a.)
summer 1976 - 20..         Seán Garland                       (b. 1934 - d. 2018)

Locations:                 Northern Ireland, Irish Republic, U.K., Europe, Libya.
Strength:                  10,000 est. throughout the Troubles (official IRA:
                             1,500–2,000 [between 1969 and 1972])

1992                       Adolet ("Justice") Movement created to oppose the secular regime 
                             of Islom Karimov and to make Uzbekistan an Islamic state.
1998                       Renamed Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston islomiy
                             harakati/Islamskoye dvizheniye Uzbekistana).
Feb 1999                   Detonates six bombs in Tashkent, Uzbekistan killing 16. 
Aug 1999                   Held 4 Japanese men hostage until a ransom of several million was
                             paid.
25 Sep 2000                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
Jun 2014                   IMU claimed responsibility for an attack on Pakistan's Jinnah
                             International Airport. At least 39 people were killed.
 6 Aug 2015                Pledges allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State.
Jun 2016                   A new faction of the IMU announced itself, denouncing ISIL and
                             expressing its loyalty to the Taliban and al-Qaeda.

Emirs
1992 - 27 Aug 2009         Tohir Yo'ldosh (Yunusov Umid)        (b. 1967 - d. 2009)
                             (= Tohir Abdulhalilovich Yuldashev)
                           + Jumma Hakim (Jumma Kasimov)        (b. 1968/69 - d. 2001)
                             "Juma Namangani" (to Nov 2001)
                             (= Jumaboi Ahmadjonovich Khodjiyev)
17 Aug 2010 - 29 Apr 2012  Abu Usman Adil                       (d. 2012)
Aug 2012 - late 2015?      Usman Ghazi                          (d. 2015?)
.... -                     Samatov Mamasoli (Abu Ali). 

Locations:                 Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan
Strength:                  Thousands

Sep 2003                   Jaish Ansar al-Sunna ("Army of the Protectors of the Sunnah")
                             formed with claim to seek to expel U.S.-led occupation forces
                             from Iraq and to subsequently establish an Islamic state.
14 Oct 2003                Car bomb outside the Turkish embassy in Baghdad which killed one. 
20 Nov 2003                Car bomb attack on the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan headquarters 
                             in Kirkuk which killed six.
29 Nov 2003                Ambush against two vehicles, killing 7 Spanish Intelligence
                             officers. The militants directly credit the Hamzah Sariyah
                             Squadron of the al-Mansurah brigade, and say they retrieved 3
                             automatic weapons and a video camera from the wreckage.
31 Jan 2004                Bombing of the al-Taqafah police center in Mosul, killing nine.
23 Feb 2004                Bombing the Rahimawa police station in Kirkuk, killing 13.
28 Mar 2004                Claimed to have killed 8 Intelligence officers from Britain and
                             Canada, though neither country recognizes this claim as valid.
                             Al-Sunna then later showed their office ID badges.
11 Aug 2004                Released a videotape of the killing of a CIA agent
25 Aug 2004                Released a videotape of the killing of a second CIA agent
31 Aug 2004                Released a videotape of the killing of 12 hostages from Nepal who 
                             had come to work for contractors in Iraq after the war; one was
                             beheaded, the remaining eleven were shot in the back of the head.
 2 Oct 2004                Released a videotape of the killing of an Iraqi named Barie Nafi'a 
                             Daoud Ibrahim, accused of collaboration with the enemy.
22 Oct 2004                Released a videotape of the killing of an Iraqi named Seif Adnan 
                             Kanaan, accused of collaboration with the enemy.
23 Oct 2004                Released a videotape of the killing of a captured Iraqi civilian,
                             Yassar Musil, accused of collaboration with the enemy.
28 Oct 2004                Released a videotape of the killing of 11 captured members of the
                             Iraqi National Guard; one was beheaded, the remaining eleven 
                             were shot in the back of the head.
 4 Nov 2004                Released a videotape of the killing of a captured officer of the
                             new Iraqi Army working in tandem with U.S. Army, Hussein Shunun.
                             Shunun had been captured by the group in Mosul a days earlier.
 9 May 2005                Announced the kidnapping of a Japanese man, Akihiko Saito, who was
                             working for British Security Contractor Hart GMSSCO. 
 5 Aug 2005                Claims to have killed eight U.S. Marines in a shoot-out in Haditha,
                             though the U.S. claims the number is only six.
14 Oct 2005                Listed as a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom.
10 Dec 2007                Abu Abdullah al-Shafi, issued a communique acknowledging that the
                             group was simply another name for Ansar al-Islam (Army of Islam).
2007                       Split into Jama'at Ansar al-Islam and Ansar al-Sunnah Shariah
                             Committee, which changed its name to Ansar al-Ahlu Sunnah in
                             2011.
 3 May 2010                Leader, Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i, captured by the Iraqi government
                             along with seven others.

Emir
Sep 2003 -  3 May 2010     Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i
                             (= Wirya Rasoul Salih Hawleri)

Locations:                 Iraq
Strength:                  Thousands

1994                       Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM)("Army of Mohammed"), aim to unite all
                             Kashmir with Pakistan. Most of the JEM's cadre and material 
                             resources have been drawn from the militant groups Harakat 
                             ul-Jihad al-Islami (HUJI) and the Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM).
23 Jan 2002 - 21 Feb 2002  Holds Daniel Pearl, Wall Street Journal Asia Bureau Chief, hostage 
                             before executing him.
Jul 2000                   Rocket-grenade attack on office of Chief minister in Srinagar.
2000                       Bombings in Qamarwari and Srinagar kill 21.
13 Dec 2001                Indian Parliament attack by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed
                             against the building housing the Parliament of India in New
                             Delhi. The attack led to the death of 5 terrorists, 6 police
                             and 1 civilian.
26 Dec 2001                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.

Leader
1994 -                     Maulana Masood Azhar                  (b. 1968)
                             (under arrest 1994 - Dec 1999)

Locations:                 Pakistan, Kashmir
Strength:                  Several hundred armed supporters.

1980                       Jamaat ul-Fuqraa' ("Community of the Impoverished") an organization
                             of  mostly African-American Muslims based in Pakistan and the
                             U.S. It operates two front groups: Muslims of the Americas, and
                             Quranic Open University.
1980 - 1990                ul-Fuqraa' members have been either convicted or suspected in 13
                             assassinations and 17 fire bombings across the United States.
29 Jul 1983                Member sets off bomb at Hotel Rajneesh hotel in Portland,
                             Oregon.

Leader
1980 - 15 May 2021         El-Sheikh Syed Mubarak Ali Shah Gillani (b. 1936 - d. 2021) 

Locations:                 United States, Canada, Caribbean, Pakistan.
Strength:                  3,000 (est.)   

 31 Mar 1970               JRA's predecessor hijacked a Japan Airlines Boeing 727 carrying 129 
                            people at Tokyo International Airport. Eight Red Army members
                            wielded katanas and carried a bomb during Japan's most infamous
                            hijacking. The plane was forced to fly to Fukuoka and later Gimpo
                            Airport in Seoul, where all the passengers were freed. It then 
                            flew to North Korea, where the Red Army members abandoned the 
                            plane and the crew members were released.
Feb 1971                  Japanese Red Army (Nihon Sekigun) breaks away from the Japanese 
                            Communist League-Red Army, founded to overthrow the Japanese
                            government and monarchy and to help foment world revolution.
30 May 1972               Responsible for massacre at Lod Airport Tel Aviv, Israel; 26 killed.
20 Jul 1973               Red Army members led PFLP guerrillas in hijacking a Japan Airlines
                            (JAL) plane over the Netherlands. The passengers and crew were
                            released in Libya, where hijackers blew up the plane. 
Jan 1974                  Laju incident: Red Army attacked a Shell facility in Singapore 
                            and took five hostages; simultaneously, the PFLP seized the 
                            Japanese embassy in Kuwait. The hostages were exchanged for a
                            ransom and safe passage to South Yemen in a JAL plane.
13 Sep 1974               JRA seize 11 hostages at French Embassy in The Hague. They
                            secure the release of Yukata Furuya from French prison.
Aug 1975                  The Red Army took more than 50 hostages at the AIA building housing
                            several embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The hostages 
                            included the US consul and the Swedish charge d'affaires.
Sep 1977                  The Red Army hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 472 over India and 
                            forced it to land in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The Japanese government
                            freed six imprisoned members of the group and allegedly paid a 
                            $6m ransom. 
Dec 1977                  A suspected lone member of the army hijacked Malaysia Airlines
                            Flight 653. The flight was carrying the Cuban ambassador to Tokyo
                            Mario Garcia. The Boeing 737 then crashed killing all on-board 
                            after he shot both pilots and himself.
Apr 1988                  Bombing of a USO club in Naples, Italy a suspected JRA operation
                            that killed five.
Apr 1988                  JRA operative Yu Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New
                            Jersey Turnpike, apparently planning an attack to coincide with
                            the bombing in Naples.
1991                      Shigenobu established the "People's Revolutionary Party" for the
                            purpose of armed revolution in Japan with the front organization
                            "The 21st Century of Hope" in charge of its public activities.
 8 Oct 1997 -  8 Oct 2001 Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
 8 Nov 2000               Fusako Shigenobu arrested by Japanese police in Takatsuki, near
                            Osaka.
16 Apr 2001               During her trial hearing Shigenobu stated that she was disbanding
                            the Japanese Red Army.

Leaders
Feb 1971 - 16 Apr 2001    Tsuyoshi Okudaira                   (b. 1945 - d. 1972)
                            (to 30 May 1972)
                          + Fusako Shigenobu (f)              (b. 1945)
                            (in prison 8 Nov 2000 - 28 Feb 2022)
                          + Osamu Maruoka (to Nov 1987)       (b. 1951 - d. 2011)

Locations:                Japan, possibly traveled in Asia or Syrian controlled areas of
                            Lebanon.
Strength:                 About eight hard-core members; undetermined number of sympathizers.

 1 Jan 1993                al-Jemaah al-Islamiyah ("Islamic Group" or "Islamic Community")
                            founded in Malaysia to establish and Islamic state encompassing
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
 1 Aug 2000                Attempted assassination of Philippine ambassador to Indonesia,
                             Leonides Caday. 
13 Sep 2000                Car bomb explosion tore through a packed parking deck beneath 
                             the Jakarta Stock Exchange building- killing 15 people 
                             and injuring 20.
24 Dec 2000                JI conducts several nearly simultaneous bombings in Jakarta and
                             eight other cities, targeting churches and priests, killing 18
                             people and injuring about 100.
12 Oct 2002                Suicide car bombing of Bali, Indonesia nightclub - killed 202, 
                             mainly Australian tourists.
23 Oct 2002                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
17 Oct 2002                Explosion of two bombs in the main shopping district of the 
                             mostly Christian city of Zamboanga, Philippines, killing six
                             and wounding about 150.
 5 Aug 2003                Bomb attack on the Marriott Hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia- killing
                             12 people.
 9 Sep 2004                Australian embassy bombing in Jakarta, Indonesia- killing 9.
 1 Oct 2005                Bali, Indonesia a JI splinter group coordinates a triple suicide-
                             bomb attack outside cafes and restaurants, killing 20 people.
17 Jul 2009                In Jakarta, Indonesia a JI splinter group conducts suicide bombings
                             inside two hotels, killing 7 people.
Aug 2014                   Abu Bakar Bashir pledges allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader
                             of the Islamic State.

Spiritual Leader
1993 -                     Abu Bakar Bashir                    (b. 1938)
                             (Abubakar Ba'asyir, Abdus Somad)
                             (Indonesia prisoner 15 Oct 2004 - 14 Jun 2006,
                              and 13 Dec 2010 - 8 Jan 2021)

Leaders
1993 - Nov 1999            Abdullah Sungkar                    (b. 1937 – d. 1999) 
1999 - 11 Aug 2003         Isamuddin Isamuddin "Hambali"       (b. 1964)
                             (Indonesia prisoner from 11 Aug 2003)
2003 - 2004                Abu Rusdan 
                             (Indonesia prisoner from 2003)
2004 - 2005                Sunarto bin Kartodiharjo "Adung"
                             (Indonesia prisoner from 2005)
2005 - Jul 2007            Zarkasih                            (b. c.1962)
                             (Indonesia prisoner from Jul 2007)
2008 -  1 Jul 2019         Para Wijayanto "Abang", "Abu Askary"(b. c.1963)
                             (Indonesia prisoner from 1 Jul 2019)

Locations:                 Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia
Strength:                  ....

1971                       Kahana LaKneset "Kach" ("Kahane to the Knesset") founded by 
                             radical Israeli-American Rabbi Meir Kahane. Its stated 
                             goal was to restore the biblical state of Israel.
1980's                     The Machteret, a terrorist group with links to Kach, staged 
                             several attacks, including attempts to kill Palestinian mayors.
1988                       Prior to the elections to the 12th Knesset, the Central Elections
                             Committee disqualified the Kach list.
 5 Nov 1990                Meir Kahane assassinated in the U.S.
Nov 1990                   Kahane Chai ("Kahane Lives") was founded by Meir Kahane's 
                             son Binyamin Kahane following his father's assassination.
                             They threatened to attack Arabs, Palestinians, and Israeli
                             government officials.
1993                       Claimed responsibility for several shooting attacks on West Bank
                             Palestinians in which four persons were killed and two were
                             wounded.
Feb 1994                   Baruch Goldstein opened fire on Palestinian worshipers inside
                             the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron, killing 29.
13 Mar 1994                Both organizations were declared to be terrorist organizations
                             and banned by Israel. 
 8 Oct 1997 - 20 May 2022  Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
31 Dec 2001                Binyamin Kahane and his wife are murdered in a random ambush 
                             by Palestinians.
2001 - 2003                New Kach Movement existed. It maintained websites posting
                             Kahanist political commentary and held meetings with 
                             informal members. 

Leaders
1971 -  5 Nov 1990         Rabbi Meir David HaKohen Kahane         (b. 1932 - d. 1990)
                             (= Martin David Kahane)
Nov 1990 - 31 Dec 2001     Rabbi Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane             (b. 1966 - d. 2000)
2001 - 2003                Efraim Hershkovits                      (b. c.1982)

Location:                  Israel and West Bank settlements like Qiryat Araba.
Strength:                  Unknown, Membership of the two groups overlap.

1986                       Khalistan Liberation Force (KLF) militant Sikh separatist
                             group founded.
20 Aug 1991                Indian ambassador to Romania was wounded in a drive-by shooting
                             assassination attempt in Bucharest by KLF.

Chiefs
1986 - 1986                Shaheed Jathedar Aroor Singh            (b. 1958 - d. 1986)
1986 - 21 May 1988         Shaheed Avtar Singh Brahma              (b. 1951 - d. 1988)
1988 - 31 Jul 1992         Shaheed Bhai Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwal (b. 1964 - d. 1992)
1992 - 25 Feb 1994         Shaheed Kuldip Singh Keepa Shekhupura   (b. 1971 - d. 1994)
1992 - 25 Feb 1994         Shaheed Navneet Singh Khadian           (b. 1970 - d. 1994)
1994 - 29 Mar 2008         Pritam Singh Sekhon                     (b. 1959 - d. 2008)
2008 - 17 Apr 2018         Harminder Singh Mintoo                  (b. 1967 - d. 2018)
2018 - 27 Jan 2020         Harmeet Singh "Happy"                   (b. 1981 - d. 2020)

Feb 1963                   The Party of Democratic Kampuchea "Khmer Rouge" founded,
                             begins communist insurgency aimed at overthrowing the Cambodian
                             government.
13 May 1976 -  7 Jan 1979  In control of the Cambodian government, conducted a campaign of
                             genocide, killing an estimated 1.7 million.
 7 Jan 1979                Khmer Rouge government ended by Vietnamese invasion.
1991 - 1992                Signed a treaty calling for elections and disarmament. But in
                             1992 the Khmer Rouge resumed fighting and the following year
                             they rejected the results of the elections. 
1996                       Mass defection when around half the remaining soldiers (about
                             4,000) left.
 8 Oct 1997 -  8 Oct 1999  Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States. from 1997                  Disintegration due to factional fighting.
 6 Mar 1999                Insurgency against Cambodian government ends, remnants 
                             are captured or surrender.

Secretaries-general of the Kampuchean Communist Party (KCP)
Feb 1963 - 15 Apr 1998     Pol Pot (Saloth Sar)              (b. 1925 - d. 1998)
15 Apr 1998 -  6 Mar 1999  Ta Mok (Chhit Choeun)             (b. 1926 - d. 2006)

Location:                  Cambodia
Strength:                  Fewer than 500, possibly no more than 100.

1992                       Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës (UÇK)("Kosovo Liberation Army" [KLA])
                             a militant Albanian separatist group is formed in Serbia
1995                       Begins carrying out small arms and sabotage attacks on Serbian
                             police.
20 Sep 1998                Kidnaps 13 Democratic League of Kosovo representatives for 48 hrs.
30 Jan 1999                Explosive detonation at Cafe Galarija in Pristina, 7 are injured.
Jun 1999                   Disbanded and many members enter into Kosovo Protection Force.

General commanders
1992 - 1998                the Shtabi i Pergjithshem
                           (general headquarters)
1998 - Apr 1999            Sylejman Selimi              (b. 1970)
Apr 1999 - Jun 1999        Agim Çeku                    (b. 1960)
 

Locations:                 Kosovo province of Serbia
Strength:                  several hundred to several thousand.

late 1980's               Kurdish-Hezbollah (Hizbullahî Kurdî‎) or Turkish-Hezbollah (Türk
                            Hızbullahı), a Kurdish Islamic (Sunni) extremist organization that
                            arose in response to Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) atrocities
                            against Muslims in southeastern Turkey, where Kurdish-Hezbollah
                            seeks to establish an independent Islamic state.
mid-to-late 1990's        Nearly 70 bodies of Turkish and Kurdish businessmen and 
                            journalists found that Kurdish-Hezbollah had tortured and 
                            brutally murdered.
Jan 2000                  Turkish security forces kill Huseyin Velioglu, the leader of
                            Kurdish-Hezbollah.
Jan 2001                  Operatives assassinated the Diyarbakir police chief.
 5 Dec 2001               Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.

Leaders
1980's - 17 Jan 2000      Hüseyin Velioğlu                   (b. 1952 - d. 2000)
2000 -                    ....

Locations:                Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria.
Strength:                 17,000 to 20,000 members.

1978 - 1995 PKK Flag	1995 - 2000 PKK Flag	2000 - 2005 PKK/Kadek Flag
1985 - 2000 ERNK Flag, From 2005 PKK/Kadek Flag	From 2005 KCK Flag

27 Nov 1978                Kurdistan Workers' Party (Partîya Karkerên Kurdistanê)(PKK)
                             established at Ziyaret, Lice, Turkey to form an independent
                             Kurdish state in southeastern Turkey, where the population is
                             predominantly Kurdish and improve rights for Kurds in Turkey.
1970's                     PKK involved in urban warfare against the Turkish government. It
                             also fought a turf war against Kurdish and Turkish radical
                             Islamist organizations in Turkey.
 9 Nov 1982                Kurdish language is officially prohibited in public and private
                             life by the Constitution of Turkey.
15 Aug 1984                Kurdistan Liberation Force (Hêzên Rizgariya Kurdistan)(HRK)
                             establishment announced.
1985                       Front for the National Liberation of Kurdistan (Eniye Rizgariye
                             Navata Kurdistan)(ERNK) established by the PKK as its popular
                             front wing.
1990's                     Official platform changed to seeking autonomy and increased
                             political and cultural rights for Kurds within Turkey, rather
                             than Independence.
1993                       Designated as a terror organization by France and Germany in 1994.
Mar 1993 - May 1993        PKK declared a ceasefire with Turkey.
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
Oct 1998                   Syrian government expelled PKK leader and known elements of the
                             group from its territory.
Feb 1999                   Öcalan abducted by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization
                             (MIT) in Nairobi, Keny and imprisoned on İmralı Island, Turkey.
Sep 1999                   PKK declares its disarmament, drops use of word "Kurdistan."
20 Jul 2000                Designated as a terror organization by the United Kingdom.
2002                       Designated as a terror organization by the European Union (lifted
                             by EU Court of Justice 2008-2011, 2014-2017).
16 Apr 2002                PKK renamed the Kurdish Freedom and Democracy Congress (Kadek),
                             purportedly renounces terrorism.
20 Mar 2005                "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan" issued by
                             Abdullah Öcalan establishing the Kurdistan Communities
                             Confederation (Koma Komalên Kurdistanê)(KKK). In May 2007, it is
                             renamed the Kurdistan Communities Union (Koma Civakên Kurdistanê
                             (KCK), established as an umbrella political group for several
                             confederalist political parties of Kurdistan.
 1 Mar 2025                The PKK declares a ceasefire with Turkey.

Chairmen
25 Nov 1978 - Feb 1999     Abdullah Öcalan "Serok Apo"        (b. 1948)
                             (in Syria to 1998; Turkish prisoner from 15 Feb 1999)
1999 - 2013                Murat Karayilan "Cemal"            (b. 1954)
                             (= Mirad Qarayîlan)
Jul 2013 -                 Cemil Bayik                        (b. 1951)
                           + Besê Hozat (Hülya Oran)(f)       (b. 1978)

Locations:                 Turkey, Europe, Syria, and the Middle East.
Strength:                  4,000 to 5,000, with thousands of sympathizers in Turkey and Europe

1990                       Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT) ("Army of the Righteous") formed to unite 
                             Kashmir with Pakistan as the armed wing of the Pakistan-based 
                             religious organization, Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad (MDI) — a 
                             Sunni anti-U.S. missionary organization. One of the three
                             largest and best trained groups fighting in Kashmir against
                             India, it is not connected to a political party. The group has
                             conducted a number of operations against Indian troops and
                             civilian targets in Kashmir since 1993.
Aug 2000                   Suspected of attacks that kill nearly 100.
17 Jan 2001                A heavily armed group of Muslim militants attempted to storm the
                             Srinagar airport, triggering a fierce gun-battle that ended 
                             with 10 people dead and 8 wounded.
13 Dec 2001                Indian Parliament attack by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed
                             against the building housing the Parliament of India in New
                             Delhi. The attack led to the death of 5 terrorists, 6 police
                             and 1 civilian.
26 Dec 2001                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
13 Jul 2002                Suspected Islamic militants burst into a mainly Hindu slum in 
                             Jammu, Kashmir, India on a Saturday night opening fire on
                             local residents, killing at least 27 people. Nearly 30
                             were wounded.
24 Nov 2002                Islamic militants raided the Hindu Raghunath Temple complex in 
                             Indian-controlled Kashmir, killing 11 people before being 
                             shot dead by security forces. At least 50 people were injured 
                             in the attack.
11 Jul 2006                Mumbai train bombings a series of seven bomb blasts that took place
                             over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai
                             (Bombay), 209 people lost their lives and over 700 were injured.
26-29 Nov 2008             Mumbai attacks take place. Eight of the attacks occurred in South
                             Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,
                             the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital,
                             the Orthodox Jewish-owned Nariman House, the Metro Cinema,
                             and a lane behind the Times of India building. There was also an
                             explosion at the Mazagaon docks, in Mumbai's port area, and in a
                             taxi at Vile Parle. 173 people are killed and at least 308 are
                             wounded.

Leaders
1990 - ....                Hafiz Muhammad Saeed                   (b. 1950)
                             (under arrest 21 Dec 2001 - 31 Mar 2002,
                             9 Aug - 17 Oct 2006, from 17 Jul 2019)
.... -                     Mohammed Latif

Locations:                 Afghanistan, Pakistan, India
Strength:                  Several thousand armed supporters.

1976 - 27 Nov 1990

27 Nov 1990 - 19 May 2009

National Leaders
 5 May 1976 - 18 May 2009  Velupillai Prabhakaran "Thambi"          (b. 1954 - d. 2009)
21 Jul 2009 -  5 Aug 2009  Selvarasa Pathmanathan                   (b. 1955)
                             (Sri Lankan prisoner 5 Aug 2009 - 17 Oct 2012)

Locations:                 Sri Lanka, mainly in Jaffna peninsular.
Strength:                  8,000 to 10,000 armed combatants in Sri Lanka, with a core of
                              trained fighters of approximately 3,000 to 6,000.

LRA Flag

Possible LRA Flag Variant

Jan 1987                   United Holy Salvation Army begins warfare against Uganda's govt.
                             The insurgency has been mainly contained to the region known
                             as Acholiland, consisting of the districts of Kitgum, Gulu,
                             and Pader, though since 2002 violence has overflowed into 
                             other districts. 
1992                       Renamed Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).
1994 - Dec 2001            Supported by the government of The Sudan.
 5 Dec 2001                Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.
 4 Aug 2006                Cease-fire announced by LRA.
26 Aug 2006                Ugandan government and LRA signed a truce. Under the terms of
                             the agreement, LRA forces are to leave Uganda and gather in 2
                             assembly areas protected by the government of Sudan;
                             the Ugandan government agreed not to attack those areas.
19 Feb 2008                Government and LRA sign interim peace accord.

Prophet/Messiah
Jan 1987 -                 Joseph Kony                    (b. 1961)

Locations:                 Sudan, Uganda
Strength:                  500 - 1,000, possibly up to 3,000

Jul 1996                   Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) formed as a faction of the
                             mainstream loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), to prevent a
                             political settlement with Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland
                             by attacking Roman Catholic politicians, civilians, and
                             Protestant politicians who endorse the Northern Ireland peace
                             process.
 2 Aug 1996                For breaking the ceasefire, Wright and the Portadown unit of the
                             Mid-Ulster Brigade were "stood down" by the UVF leadership.
15 Jul 1997                Kills Catholic civilian Bernadette Martin (18) in Aghalee in
                             her Protestant boyfriend's home.
27 Dec 1997                Wright is assassinated by Irish National Liberation Army (INLA)
                             prisoners inside the Maze Prison.
15 May 1998 - 30 Oct 2005  Observed cease-fire (the Secretary of State declared on 12 Oct 2001
                             that the government no longer recognized their ceasefire). 
15 Mar 1999                Fulton organizes the murder of a Catholic lawyer, Rosemary Nelson,
                             while he was out of prison on compassionate leave.
2000 - Feb 2006            LVF - UVF feud.
31 Dec 2001                Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.
10 Jun 2002                LVF leader, Mark Fulton, found hanged in Maghaberry prison.
30 Oct 2005                LVF announced an end to the use of violence.

Leaders
Jul 1996 - 27 Dec 1997     Billy "King Rat" Wright             (b. 1960 - d. 1997) 
                             "Covenant" (imprisoned from Mar 1997)
Dec 1997 - 10 Jun 2002     Mark "Swinger" Fulton               (b. 1961? - d. 2002)
                             (British prisoner 1998-Apr 2001 from Dec 2001)
Jun 2002 - 30 Oct 2005     Robin Andrew "Billy" King           (b. 1966) 

Locations:                 Northern Ireland
Strength:                  Approximately 250.

1983                       Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez ("Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic
                             Front") created by the Chilean Communist Party as an armed
                             wing to carry out terrorist attacks with the express goal of
                             overthrowing the regime of Augusto Pinochet.
 8 Apr 1986                FPMR guerrillas kidnap and held the Carabinero corporal Germán
                             Obando captive for 48 hours.
 7 Sep 1986                Attacked Augusto Pinochet's car in an assassination attempt. Five
                             of Pinochet's bodyguards are killed and 11 wounded. Pinochet,
                             however, only suffers minor injuries.
13 Apr 1987                FPMR simultaneously assaulted the offices of Associated Press (AP)
                             and eight radio stations in Santiago, killing an off-duty
                             security guard.
 1 Sep 1987 -  3 Dec 1987  Kidnapping of Chilean Army Lt. Colonel Carlos Carreño, who is
                             released 3 Dec 1987 in Brazil.
21 Oct 1988                Occupies the village of Los Queñes during the National Patriotic
                             War.
1989                       Chilean Communist Party, debated the legitimacy of sponsoring a
                             terrorist organization in a post-Pinochet Chile. Out of the
                             debate emerged two factions of the FPMR, the FPMR Party and the
                             FPMR-Dissidents. The FPMR Party put down its arms, but the
                             FPMR-D continued to engage in terrorism as protest of the
                             lack of prosecution against members of the Pinochet
                             administration and to discredit the Chilean Armed Forces.
 5 Nov 1990                Guerrillas detonate a bomb inside the restaurant Max und Moritz
                             in a seaside resort of Viña del Mar, wounding three sailors from
                             the U.S. aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln. Three British
                             tourists and two waitresses were also injured in the attack.
 1 Apr 1991                Assassinates Chilean Senator Jaime Jorge Guzmán Errázuriz
                             (b. 1946 - d. 1991).
 9 Sep 1991                Cristián Edwards del Río, son of the publisher and owner of the
                             daily El Mercurio, he is released 5 Feb 1992.
1993                       FPMR guerrillas bombed two McDonald's restaurants and attempted
                             to bomb a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant.
1990's                     Following multiple arrests of FPMR-D's leaders in the 1990s, the
                             group is no longer an active terrorist threat.
Dec 1996                   Stages successful escape from prison, using a helicopter, for
                             several of its members.
 8 Oct 1997 -  8 Oct 1999  Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front Dissidents designated a foreign
                             terrorist organization by the United States.
30 Apr 1997                Announced it was leaving the armed struggle and to become a
                             legal political organization.

Leaders
1983 - 30 Oct 1988         Raúl Alejandro Pellegrin Friedmann  (b. 1958 - d. 1988)
                             "Comandante José Miguel" or "Rodrigo"
1989 - 2001                Galvarino Sergio Apablaza Guerra    (b. 1950)
                             "Comandante Salvador"

 5 Sep 1965                Mojahedin-e-Khalq-e Iran (People's Mojahedin Organization of
                             Iran)(MEK [PMOI]) formed in opposition to the Shah's
                             authoritarian government.
1970's                     Staged terrorist attacks inside Iran and killed several U.S.
                             military personnel and civilians working on defense
                             projects in Tehran.
25 May 1972                Founders of the MEK/PMOI, Mohammad Hanifnejad, Saeed Mohsen, and
                             Ali Asghar Badizadegan, along with two members of the MEK/PMOI
                             leadership, Mahmoud Askarizadeh and Rasoul Meshkinfam, were
                             executed by the Shah's regime.
31 Jul 1975                Majid Sharif Vaghefi, a senior member of the MEK/PMOI, assassinated
                             by Maoist PMOI/MEK separatists who attempted to hijack MEK/PMOI.
28 Jun 1981                Bombs detonated at the headquarters of the Islamic Republic Party.
                             About 70 high-ranking officials, including Chief Justice
                             Mohammad Beheshti, cabinet members, and elected members of
                             parliament, were killed.
21 Jul 1981                National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI)(Shura-ye melli-e
                             moqavemat-e Iran) is announced in Tehran as a coalition of
                             democratic Iranian opposition groups dedicated to overthrowing
                             the mullahs' Velayat-e Faqih regime and establishing a
                             pluralistic democracy.
29 Jul 1981 -  7 Jun 1986  MEK's and NCRI leaders flee Iran to Auvers-sur-Oise, France.
30 Aug 1981                A bomb detonated killing the popularly elected President Mohammad
                             Ali Raja´i and Premier Mohammad Javad Bahonar. An active member
                             of the Mujahedin, Massoud Kashmiri, was identified as the
                             perpetrator.
 7 Jun 1986 - 2016         MEK headquarters moved to Iraq.
20 Jun 1987                National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA) founded in Iraq as the
                             militant wing of the MEK.
25-29 Jul 1988             National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA) advanced under heavy Iraqi
                             air cover, crossing the Iranian border from Iraq. It seized and
                             razed to the ground the Iranian town of Islamabad-e Gharb.
28 Jul 1988                Iranian regime began a mass purge of its prisons from political
                             prisoners. In the span of a few months, the regime's executioners
                             sent more than 30,0000 prisoners.
1992                       Conducts attacks on Iranian embassies in 13 different countries.
10 Aug 1993                National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), the Iranian
                             Resistance's parliament, elects Maryam Rajavi (f) as Iran's 
                             future president for the 6 month transitional period following  
                             the mullahs' overthrow.
 8 Oct 1997 - 28 Sep 2012  Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
22 Aug 1998                Assassinates Asadollah Lajevardi, former director of Evin Prison.
10 Apr 1999                Assassinates Brigadier General Ali Sayyad Shirazi, the deputy joint
                             chief of staff of Iran's armed forces.
 5 Feb 2000                A mortar attack on Iran's Presidential Palace was carried out by
                             the Mujahedin-e Khalq (MKO), based in neighboring Iraq. 
                             According to the official IRNA news agency, the attack, which 
                             took place at 19:30 on a Saturday evening killed one person--
                             a 34 year-old worker in a print shop--and injured five. President
                             Mohammad Khatami was in his office at the time but was not hurt 
                             in the attack.
2001                       MEK officially renounces violence.
2002                       MEK was a source for claims on Iran's clandestine nuclear program.
15 Apr 2003                After U.S. forces in Iraq bomb camps in Iraq the PMOI entered into
                             a ceasefire agreement with the coalition, and National Liberation
                             Army of Iran is disarmed by U.S. forces.
 1 Jan 2009                U.S. military transferred control of Camp Ashraf to the Iraqi
                             government. On the same day, Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki
                             announced that the militant group would not be allowed to base
                             its operations from Iraq.
Sep 2016                   MEK relocated to Albania.

Leaders
 6 Sep 1965 - 25 May 1972  Mohammad Hanifnejad                (b. 1939 - d. 1972)
                           + Saeid Mohsen                     (b. 1939 - d. 1972) 
                           + Ali Asghar Badizadegan           (b. 1940 - d. 1972) 
Chairmen of the National Council of Resistance of Iran
21 Jul 1981 - 13 Mar 2003? Massoud Rajavi                     (b. 1948 - d. 2003)  MEK
                             (disappeared in Iraq 13 Mar 2003)
                           + Abolhassan Bani-Sadr             (b. 1933 - d. 2021)  Non-party
                             (co-chairman to 24 Mar 1983)

President-Elect of the Parliament-in-exile, National Council of Resistance of Iran
10 Aug 1993 -              Maryam Qajar-Azodanlu Rajavi (f)   (b. 1953)            MEK
                             (imprisoned in France 18 Jun - 3 Jul 2003)

Locations:                 Iraq, Iran, France, Albania
Strength:                  Several thousand fighters based in Iraq with an extensive
                             overseas support structure. Most of the fighters are
                             organized in the MEK's National Liberation Army (NLA).

Mar 1984                   "New MNLF" officially declared to be a separate organization
                             with the name Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)(Jabhat Tahrir
                             Moro al-'Islamiyyah).
Jan 1987                   MNLF signed an agreement relinquishing its goal of independence
                             and accepting Philippine government's offer of autonomy for
                             Muslim regions; rejected by MILF.
30 Dec 2000                Wave of six bombings in Manila kills 22, injures 45.
 4 Mar 2003                Davos City Airport bombed- 24 killed, 100 injured.
 2 Apr 2003                Davos City Airport bombed again- 16 killed, 55 injured.
11 May 2003                Bombings in Koronadal City, Maguindano- kills 9 injures 43.
Jan 2005                   Attacks government troops in Maguindano- 23 killed.
27 Mar 2014                Permanent ceasefire declared. 

Chairmen
26 Dec 1977 - 13 Jul 2003  Sheikh Salamat Hashim                (b. 1942 - d. 2003)
2003 -                     Al-Hajj Murad Ebrahim                (b. 1949)
                             (= Ahod Balawag Ebrahim)

Locations:                 The Philippines (Palawan, Basilan, Sulu archipelago),
                             and Southeast Asia
Strength:                  estimated 15,000 members

 4 May 1976                First attacks with 21 bombs exploding in Ajaccio, Bastia, Sartène,
                             Porto-Vecchio and other Corsican towns. The majority of the
                             targets were public buildings and offices of civil servants
                             "Blue Night" (formally claimed by the FLNC on 5 May 1976).
 5 May 1976                FLNC -Fronte di Liberazione Naziunale di a Corsica (Front de 
                             Libération Nationale de la Corse) founded by merger of
                             two other Corsican organizations the: Ghjustizia Paolina
                             (Corsican for Paoline Justice) and the Fronte Paesanu Corsu di
                             Liberazione (Corsican Peasant Front for Liberation)(FPCL), aimed
                             at self-determination for Corsica through independence.
31 May 1976               "Blue Night" 22 FLNC attacks in Paris.
24 May 1977               FLNC attack destroys much of the Bastia railway station.
Jan 1979 - Mar 1979       There are than 115 bombings recorded on the island.
14 May 1980               FLNC carried out an attack on the Paris courthouse and a machine-gun
                            attack on the four gendarmes guarding the Iranian embassy.
 1 Apr 1981 - 18 Sep 1981 FLNC announced cease-fire.
19 Aug 1982               "Blue Night" 99 FLNC attacks carried out against government targets.
1990                      Split into into the Canale Storicu "canal historique" (historic
                             channel) and the Canale Abituale "canal habituel" (habitual
                             channel), followed by a series of new splits and the creation of
                             a number of other terrorist organizations: Resistenza, Fronte
                             Ribellu, Front Armé Révolutionnaire Corse, etc. Some of these
                             groups only exist for a few years. 
1991                       FLNC attack against a refinery on Sardinia, Italy.
Dec 1996                   FLNC carried out several attacks across Corsica, known as the
                             "Christmas Offensive".
29 Jan 1997                FLNC-canal habituel announces its dissolution.
 6 Feb 1998                Implicated in the assassination of Claude Érignac prefect of
                             Corse-du-Sud département.
1999                       Various factions merged to form the FLNC-Union of Combatants
                             (FLNC-Unione di i Cumbattenti)(FLNC-UC).                   
 5 May 2001                FLNC-Cinque Maghju (FLNC-5 May)(FLNC-5M) announced its creation as
                             a new armed group.
29 Nov 2011                FLNC claims 38 clandestine actions, including 33 against "real
                             estate speculation" and 5 against the French state.
 7 Dec 2012                FLNC claimed "Blue Night" actions of more than 31 actions
                             spread across the whole of Corsica.
25 Jun 2014                FLNC-Union of Combattants (FLNC-Unione di i Cumbattenti)(FLNC-UC),
                             the largest successor to the original FLNC at that time,
                             announced the cessation of its armed struggle. Followed by the
                             FLNC of 22 October (FLNC 22 Uttrovi)(FLNC-22U) on 2 May 2016.
23 Dec 2019                FLNC-22U resumed the armed struggle by exploding gas canisters on
                             several villas belonging to businessman Pierre Feracci.
 5 May 2021                FLNC-Five May (FLNC-Cinque Maghju)(FLNC-5M) announces it formation.
21 Mar 2023                FLNC-UC and FLNC-22U signed a joint press release where they
                             declared a return to armed conflict and claimed 17 attacks. 
 9 Oct 2023                Explosions rocked secondary residences and under-construction
                             villas across Corsica, with pro-FLNC slogans being spray-painted
                             nearby.

Leaders
May 1976 - 1990            Jean-Michel Rossi                      (b. 1956 - d. 200)
                           + Yves Stella (to Jun 1978)            (b. 1942 - d. 2012)
                             (French prisoner Jun 1978-May 1981)
                           + Antoine Battestini
Leader of the FLNC-Canal Abituale (FLNC-CA)
17 Oct 1990 - 29 Jan 1997  Alanu Orsoni (= Alain Orsoni)          (b. 1954)
Leaders of FLNC-Canal Storicu (FLNC-CS)
25 Nov 1990 - 1999         Charles Pieri                          (b. 1950)
                            + Francescu Durandu Serafina Santoni  (b. 1960 - d. 2001)
                             (= François Durand Séraphin Santoni)
                             (French prisoner 1985-May 1989)
                             (to 8 Sep 1998)
Leader of the FLNC-Unione di Cumbattenti (FLNC-UC)
1999 -                     Charles Pieri                          (s.a.)
                             (French prisoner Dec 2003-6 Jul 2009,
                             19 Jun 2011-21 Sep 2015, from Feb 2018)
Leader of the FLNC-22 Uttrovi (FLNC-22U)
22 Oct 2002 -              Paul-Félix Benedetti
Leader of the FLNC-Cinque Maghju (FLNC-5M)
 5 May 2021 -              Stephane Ori

Locations:                 Corsica, France
Strength:                  Estimated at 600.

ELN Flag

ELN Flag Variant

1965                       Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN)("National Liberation Army") 
                             formed as a Marxist insurgent group formed by urban intellectuals
                             inspired by Fidel Castro and Che Gueva. Aim replacing the
                             current government with a Marxist regime in Colombia.
late 1990's                Conducted a campaign of mass each of which involved at least one
                             U.S. citizen.
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
24-27 Jul 2004             Abducted Misael Vacca Ramírez, the Catholic Bishop of Yopal,

Leaders
1965 - 1970's              Fabio Vásquez Castaño                   (b. 1940 - d. 2019)
1970's - Jun 2021          Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista "Gabino"     (b. 1950)
                           + Gregorio Manuel Pérez Martínez        (b. 1943 - d. 1998)
                              "el Cura Pérez" 
                              (to 14 Feb 1998)
                           + Eliécer Erlington Chamorro Acosta     (b. 1956)
                              "Antonio García"

Location:                  Colombia (in rural and mountainous regions).
Strength:                  Approximately 3,000 to 6,000 armed combatants.

29 Mar 1969                New People's Army (NPA)(Bagong Hukbong Bayan) formed as the
                             military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines
                             (Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas), to overthrow the government 
                             of the Philippines through protracted Maoist guerrilla warfare.
Nov 1986 - Jan 1987        Brief ceasefire with the Philippine government.
29 Oct 1987                Bombs a Pepsi Cola bottling plant and two Del Monte pineapple
                             facilities.
14 Nov 1987                Bombs of the Manila Garden Hotel (owned by Japan Air Lines),
                             which injured ten people.
 1 Apr 1988                Kills of two security guards in Davao of a Japanese businessman,
                             who was an employee of the Takeda Chemical Corp.
21 Apr 1989                Claims responsibility for the assassination of U.S. Army
                             Colonel James "Nick" Rowe (b. 1938 - d. 1989) in Quezon City.
16 Jul 1992                Kills a Philippine-Chinese businessman and the wounding of his
                             wife in Manila.
Oct 1992                   President Fidel Ramos decriminalized membership in the NPA and
                             CPP.
1994                       Philippine Army apprehends Eduardo Quitoriano, who was a NPA
                             liaison officer to the Japanese Red Army.
 4 Jun 1996                Attack on a helicopter owned by the Arimco Mining Corporation,
                             results in the death of a Canadian geologist near Didipio,
                             Nueva Viscaya.
12 May 2001                Claims responsibility for the assassination of Congressman
                             Marcial Punzalan and his cousin of Quezon province.
12 Jun 2001                Claims responsibility for the assassination of Congressman
                             Rodolfo Aguinaldo from Cagayan province.
 5 Dec 2001                Added to the terrorist exclusion list by the United States.
 9 Aug 2002                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
 5 Nov 2004                Attacks the headquarters of Petron Corporation and Caltex
                             Philippines.
 5 Dec 2007                President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed amnesty proclamation for
                             members of the CPP and the NPA and other communist rebel groups.
25 Oct 2008                NPA rebels disguised as Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
                             personnel raided a prison in Lucena, Quezon Province, and
                             freeing rebel prisoners.
 3 Oct 2011                NPA conducted attacks against three large-scale mining corporations
                             in Surigao del Norte (Taganito Mining Corporation at Taganito
                             village in Claver town, the 4K Mining at Cadiano village, also
                             in Claver, and the Thpal Mining).
27 May 2013                NPA ambushed a truck in Allacapan, Cagayan killing 7 police.
22 Mar 2014                Arrest of Benito Tiamzon, chairman of the CPP and its armed wing,
                             the NPA in the Cebu province.
Feb 2017                   Rebels ambush an army convoy.
Dec 2017                   President Rodrigo Duterte declares the NPA, along with the CPP,
                             as terrorist organizations.
22 Aug 2022                NPA leaders Benito, Wilma Tiamzon reportedly neutralized by
                             government forces in Catbalogan City; not confirmed by military.

Leaders
29 Mar 1969 - 16 Dec 2022  Jose Maria Canla Sison "Amando Liwanag" (b. 1939 - d. 2022)
                             (jailed 10 Nov 1977-5 Mar 1986; from 1986 in exile)
                           + Bernabe Buscayno "Kumander Dante"
                             (to 1987) (jailed 26 Aug 1976-5 Mar 1986)
c.2004 -                   Benito Tiamzon                          (b. 1951)
                             (jailed 22 Mar 2014 - 19 Aug 2016)

Location:                  Philippines (Manila, rural Luzon, Visayas, and part of Mindanao)
Strength:                  4,900 (2009), in 10 of 81 provinces (formerly 10,000-25,000
                           operating in 62 of 74 provinces).

Sep 1983                   The Order (or "The Order of the Silent Brotherhood"), an 
                             American neo-Nazi organization. Self-described white
                             nationalist and revolutionary group, founded to oppose 
                             the United States government which it called "Zionist Occupation
                             Government (ZOG)." The group was partly modeled on, and was
                             named for, a fictional group in the neo-Nazi novel "The Turner
                             Diaries." The Order's goals included the establishment of an
                             all white (and non-Jewish) homeland, presumably involving the
                             extermination of non-white and Jewish people as detailed in 
                             in that book. Group founded in Metaline Falls, Washington
                             by Robert J. Mathews.
18 Jun 1984                Gunned down controversial liberal Jewish KOA 850 AM talk radio 
                             host Alan Berg at his home in Denver, Colorado.
Jul 1984                   Used a dozen men to rob a Brinks' truck of $3,800,000.
 8 Dec 1984                Mathews refused surrender after an intense exchange of gunfire. 
                             The FBI then fired several M-79 Starburst flares inside the
                             house, burning it to the ground and killing Mathews.

Leader
Sep 1983 -  8 Dec 1984     Robert Jay Mathews                (b. 1953 – d. 1984)

Jan 1961                   Organisation de l'Armée Secrète (OAS)("Secret Army Organization")
                             French right-wing terrorist group formed to resist the granting 
                             of independence to the French colony of Algeria formed by
                             French "stay behinds", former French Army officers, Foreign 
                             Legion members from Indochina War, Colons, local Pieds Noirs.
1962                       OAS attempted to assassinate French President Charles de Gaulle 
                             several times. The most prominent attempt was a 1962 ambush at 
                             Petit-Clamart, a Paris suburb, planned by military engineer 
                             Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry.
Mar 1962                   Mouloud Feraoun (b. 1913 - d. 1962), an Algerian writer born in 
                             Tizi Hibel, Kabylie assassinated by the OAS.
Mar 1962                   Over 100 bombs a day were detonated by the OAS.
Apr 1962                   Leader of the OAS Louis Salan captured.
17 Jun 1962                OAS agreed to the ceasefire.
27 Oct 1962                Possibly responsible for the death of Enrico Mattei, head
                             of the Italian oil company, Agip and supporter of Algerian
                             independence.
1963                       Group is effectively eliminated.

Leader
Jan 1961 - Apr 1962        Raoul Albin Louis Salan                 (b. 1899 - d. 1984)

Locations:                 Algeria, France
Strength:                  estimated several thousand members

PIJ Flag

PIJ Flag Variant

1981                       The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)(Harakat al-Jihad al-Islami
                             al-Filastini) originates among militant Palestinians in the
                             Gaza Strip. Aims to create an Islamic Palestinian state and
                             to destroy Israel through holy war. Also opposes moderate
                             Arab governments that it believes have been "tainted" by 
                             Western secularism. 
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
17 Mar 2006                Suicide bombing of a restaurant in mall at Old Bus Station
                             in Tel Aviv killing 9 and 49 are wounded 49 more.

Secretaries-general
1981 - 26 Oct 1995         Fathi Abd al-Aziz Shaqaqi          (b. 1951 - d. 1995)
27 Oct 1995 - 27 Sep 2018  Sheikh Abdullah Ramadan Shallah    (b. 1958 - d. 2020)  
28 Sep 2018 -  1 Apr 2024  Ziyad al-Nakhalah                  (b. 1953 - d. 2024)

Locations:                 Israel, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Iran, and Syria.
Strength:                  Unknown

1961 - Dec 1967            Original Palestinian Liberation Front was founded by Ahmad Jibril,
                             but in Dec 1967 it merged with the Heroes of the Return group 
                             and The Youth of Revenge group (the military wing of the Arab
                             Nationalist Movement -ANM) to form the Popular Front for the
                             Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). 
24 Apr 1977                Splits from the PFLP-GC, goal: creation of a Palestinian state.
1983                       After its initial break with the PFLP-GC, split again into pro-PLO,
                             pro-Syrian - Palestinian Liberation Front (Abu Nidal Ashqar
                             wing), and pro-Libyan factions in Jan 1984. Each faction
                             continued to carry the original name and each claimed to
                             represent the mother -organization. 
 8 Oct 1997                Designated a foreign terrorist organization by the United States.
20 Oct 1985                The Abu Abbas-led faction responsible for attack on the cruise 
                             ship Achille Lauro and the murder of U.S. citizen Leon 
                             Klinghoffer.
25 Apr 2003                Abu Abbas captured by U.S. forces in Iraq. Ghanim founds new party.
 

Secretaries-general
1961 - Dec 1967            Ahmed Jabril                  (b. 1938 - d. 2021)
24 Apr 1977 - Jan 1984     Talat Yakub                   (b. 1944 - d. 1988)
                           + Muhammad Zaidan "Abu Abbas" (b. 1948 - d. 2004)
- pro-Libyan faction in Damascus (moves to Tripoli)- 
Jan 1984 - 2003            ‘Abd ul-Fattah Ghanim
- pro-Syrian faction in Beirut - 
Jan 1984 - 17 Nov 1988     Talat Yakub                   (s.a.)
1988 -                     Yusuf Muqtah "Abu Nidal Ashqar"
- pro-PLO/Iraqi faction in Tunis (from Nov 1985 in Baghdad) - 
1983 - 25 Apr 2003         Muhammad Zaidan "Abu Abbas"   (s.a.)

Location:                  Tunisia (to 1985), then Algeria, Lebanon, Libya, Gaza, and Iraq
                           (1994-2003)
Strength:                  Unknown

PFLP Flag

PFLP Flag Variant