Zimbabwe
-
- 12 Sep 1890 - 4 Nov
1893;
1 Oct 1923 - 11 Nov 1968
(dual-flag);- 12 Dec 1979 - 18 Apr 1980
|
-
- 4 Nov 1893 - 30
Sep 1923
- British South
Africa Company Flag
|
-
- 11 Aug 1924 - 8
Apr 1964
-
|
-
- 11 Aug 1924 - 8
Apr 1964 Variant
-
-
|
-
- 24 Aug 1954 - 31
Dec 1963
- Federation
of Rhodesia & Nyasaland
-
|
-
- 8 Apr 1964 - 11
Nov 1968
-
-
|
-
- 11 Nov 1968 - 2
Sep 1979
|
-
- 2 Sep 1979 - 12
Dec 1979 (de facto to 18 Apr 1980)
|
-
- Adopted 18 Apr
1980
|
Map
of Zimbabwe |
Hear
National Anthem
"Kalibusiswe Ilizwe
leZimbabwe"/
"Simudzai Mureza WeZimbabwe"
(Blessed Be The Land of Zimbabwe)
Adopted 18 Apr 1994
|
Former
National Anthem
"Ishe Komborera Africa"
(God Bless Africa)
(18 Apr 1980-18 Apr 1994)
|
Constitution
(22 May 2013)
-----------------------------------
Rhodesian Constitutions
(1923,
1961,
1965,
1970,
1979)
|
Capital:
Harare
(Salisbury 1901-1981,
Mashonaland: Fort Salisbury
12 Sep 1890-1901;
Matabeleland:
Bulawayo
1881-1890) |
Currencies:
Real Time Gross
Settlement (RTGS) Dollar from
20 Feb 2019; 2009-26
Jun 2019 South African Rand (ZAR), US
Dollar (USD), Botswana Pula
(BWP), & Euro (EUR); 1980-
12 Apr 2009 Zimbabwean
Dollar (ZWD); 1940-1956
Southern Rhodesia Currency
Board Pound (RHSP);
1901-1940 British Pound (GBP)
|
National
Holiday: 18 Apr (1980)
Independence Day |
Population:
14,546,314 (2019) |
GDP: $34.27 billion
(2017)
|
Exports: $4.35 billion
(2017)
Imports: $45.47
billion (2017) |
Ethnic
groups: Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%,
other African 11%,
white 1%, mixed and Asian
1%, other 10.5% (2000) |
Total
Active Armed Forces: 29,000 (2010)
Merchant marine:
None (2019) |
Religions:
Protestant 74.8% (includes Apostolic
37.5%, Pentecostal
21.8%, other 15.5%), Roman Catholic
7.3%, other Christian 5.3%,
traditional 1.5%, Muslim 0.5%,
other 0.1%, none 10.5% (2015)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: ACP,
AfCFTA,
AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC, C
(applicant), COMESA, CTBT, CWC, ESCR,
FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA,
ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
NAM, NPT, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCLOS,
UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
|
Zimbabwe
Index
|
Chronology
11 Feb
1888
Cecil Rhodes' (b. 1853 - d. 1902) company
imposes a
protectorate over the Ndebele
Kingdom (Matabeleland)
via the Rudd Concession,
contested by the Ndebele.
30 Oct
1888
Regions collectively named "Zambesia"
by the British,
"Charterland" or
"the BSAC territories" also in use.
29 Oct 1889 - 1 Oct
1923 Under British South Africa
Company (BSAC) administration.
13 Sep 1890
Lieut. Edward Tyndale-Biscoe (b. 1864
- d. 1841) of the
settler
Pioneer Column, which arrived on
12 Sep 1890,
raises the Union Jack flag on the
kopje over Fort
Salisbury and claims Mashonaland for
U.K.
9
May 1891
Mashonaland and Matabeleland are
declared British
Protectorates.
23 Jan
1894
South Zambesia created from
Mashonaland and the
Matabeleland protectorates.
3
May
1895
South Zambesia and North Zambesia (Zambia)
united as
the Rhodesia Protectorate.
24 Jan
1901
Mashonaland and Matabeleland united as
Southern Rhodesia;
administered by British South Africa
Company.
27 Oct
1922
Referendum supports responsible
government over joining
South Africa, 59%-40.6%.
1 Oct 1923
British Colony of Southern Rhodesia (with
self-
government)(by U.K.-BSAC
agreement of 29 Sep
1923).
1
Aug 1953 - 31 Dec 1963 Part of
the Federation
of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
(Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia
and
Nyasaland).
4 Jul 1964 - 12 Dec 1979
Zimbabwe war of liberation ("Rhodesian
Bush War").
24 Oct
1964
Renamed Rhodesia (not
recognized by U.K.).
11 Nov
1965
Southern Rhodesia became an
independent state under the
name
of Rhodesia (not recognized
by U.K.).
2
Mar
1970
Rhodesia
becomes a republic.
1
Jun
1979
Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
12 Dec 1979 - 18 Apr
1980 Southern
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe
Rhodesia is in local official
use),
return to U.K. colonial status.
18 Apr
1980
Zimbabwe, independence
from the U.K.
17 Apr
1991
Republic of Zimbabwe
22 May
2013
Zimbabwe
|
Zimbabwe
(since 1980)
|
Traditional
States
|
Mashonaland
(1890-1901)
|
Matabeleland
(1896-1901)
|
Southern
Rhodesia
(1884-1965)
|
Rhodesia
(1965-1979)
|
Zimbabwe-
Rhodesia
(1979-1980)
|
Federation
of
Rhodesia and
Nyasaland
(1953-1963)
|
|
|
Mashonaland
Resident Commissioner of Mashonaland
29 Jun 1890 - 18 Sep 1891
Archibald Ross
Colquhoun
(b. 1848 - d. 1914)
Administrators
18 Sep 1891 - 2 May 1896
Leander Starr
Jameson
(b. 1853 - d. 1917)
8 Oct 1893 - 22 Jan
1894 Andrew Henry Farrell Duncan
(b. 1855 - d. 1931)
(acting
for Jameson)
2 May 1896 - 24 Jul 1897
Albert Henry George Grey, Earl Grey (b. 1851 - d. 1917)
24 Jul 1897 - 24 Jan 1901 Sir
William Henry
Milton
(b. 1854 - d. 1930)
(acting to 5 Dec 1898)
Matabeleland
Administrator
Nov 1896 - Mar
1901 Arthur
Lawley
(b. 1860 - d. 1932)
(acting 5 Dec 1898)
Southern Rhodesia
Chief magistrates of South Zambesia
23 Jan 1894 - May 1894
Andrew Henry Farrell Duncan
(b. 1855 - d. 1931)
(acting)
May 1894 - 9 Sep
1894 Leander Starr
Jameson
(b. 1853 - d. 1917)
Administrators of the Rhodesia Protectorate
9 Sep 1894 - 28 Oct 1894
Leander Starr Jameson (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Oct 1894 - 1 Apr 1895 Francis
William Rhodes (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 1905)
1 Apr 1895 - Jun
1895 Leander Starr Jameson (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Jun 1895 - 2 May
1896 Joseph Vincent (acting)
(b. 1861 - d.
1914)
2 May 1896 - 24 Jul 1897
Albert Henry George
Grey,
(b. 1851 - d. 1917)
Earl Grey
24 Jul 1897 - 24 Jan 1901 Sir William
Henry
Milton
(b. 1854 - d. 1930)
(acting to 4 Dec 1898)
Administrators
24 Jan 1901 - 2 Nov 1914 Sir
William Henry
Milton
(s.a.)
2 Nov 1914 - 24 Dec 1914
Francis James Newton (acting) (b.
1857 - d. 1948)
24 Dec 1914 - 30 Sep 1923 Sir Francis
Drummond Percy Chaplin (b. 1866 - d. 1933)
15 Oct 1919 - 14 Dec 1919 Clarkson
Tredgold
(b. 1865 - d. 1938)
(acting for Chaplin)
10 Sep 1920 - 10 Dec 1920 Ernest Montagu
(1st time) (b. 1862 -
d. 1952)
(acting for Chaplin)
15 Nov 1922 - 10 May 1923 Ernest Montagu
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Chaplin)
21 Sep 1923 - 23 Sep 1923 Percy Donald
Leslie Flynn (b. 1872
- d. 1940)
(acting for Chaplin)
Governors
1 Oct 1923 - 15 Jun 1928
Sir John Robert
Chancellor
(b. 1870 - d. 1952)
15 Jun 1928 - 24 Nov 1928 Murray Bisset
(acting)
(b. 1876 - d. 1931)
24 Nov 1928 - 1 May 1934 Sir Cecil
Hunter-Rodwell
(b. 1874 - d. 1953)
1 May 1934 - 8 Jan
1935 Sir Alexander Fraser
Russell (b. 1876 -
d. 1952)
(1st time) (acting)
8 Jan 1935 - 8 Jan
1942 Sir Herbert James
Stanley
(b. 1872 - d. 1955)
8 Jan 1942 - 10 Dec 1942
Sir Alexander Fraser
Russell (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
10 Dec 1942 - 26 Oct 1944 Sir Evelyn
Baring
(b. 1903 - d. 1973)
26 Oct 1944 - 20 Feb 1945 Sir Robert
James Hudson (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1963)
(acting)
20 Feb 1945 - 2 Feb 1946 Sir
William Eric Campbell Tait (b.
1886 - d. 1946)
2 Feb 1946 - 19 Jul 1946
Sir Alexander Fraser
Russell (s.a.)
(3rd time) (acting)
19 Jul 1946 - 14 Jan 1947 Sir Robert
James Hudson (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
14 Jan 1947 - 21 Nov 1953 Sir John Noble
Kennedy
(b. 1893 - d. 1970)
21 Nov 1953 - 26 Nov 1954 Sir Robert
Clarkson Tredgold
(b. 1899 - d. 1977)
(acting)
26 Nov 1954 - 28 Dec 1959 Sir Peveril
Barton Reiby Wallop (b. 1898 - d.
1985)
William-Powlett
28 Dec 1959 - 17 Nov 1965 Humphrey Vicary
Gibbs
(b. 1902 - d. 1990)
(from 1 Jan 1960, Sir Humphrey Vicary Gibbs)
(continues to 24 Jun 1969, unrecognized by Smith regime)
Premiers
1 Oct 1923 - 28 Aug 1927
Sir Charles Patrick John Goghlan (b. 1863 -
d. 1927) RP
2 Sep 1927 - 5 Jul
1933 Howard Unwin
Moffat
(b. 1869 - d. 1951) RP
Prime ministers
5 Jul 1933 - 12 Sep 1933
George
Mitchell
(b. 1867 - d. 1937) RP
12 Sep 1933 - 7 Sep 1953 Godfrey
Martin
Huggins
(b. 1883 - d. 1971) PR; 1934
(from 1 Jan 1941, Sir Godfrey Martin
Huggins)
UP;1953 FP
7 Sep 1953 - 17 Feb 1958
Reginald Stephen Garfield Todd
(b. 1908 - d. 2002) URP;1957 UFP
17 Feb 1958 - 17 Dec 1962 Sir Edgar
Cuthbert Fremantle
(b. 1905 - d. 1971) UFP
Whitehead
17 Dec 1962 - 13 Apr 1964 Sir Winston
Joseph
Field
(b. 1904 - d. 1969) DP;1962 RF
13 Apr 1964 - 11 Nov 1965 Ian Douglas
Smith
(b. 1919 - d. 2007) RF
Chairmen of British South Africa Company
(in London)
Oct 1889 - 3 Jan
1913 James Hamilton, Duke of
Abercorn (b. 1838 - d. 1913)
1913 - 26 Nov
1917
Leander Starr
Jameson
(b. 1853 - d. 1917)
26 Nov 1917 - Oct 1920
Philip Lyttelton Gell (acting)
(b. 1852 - d. 1926)
Presidents of the British South Africa
Company (in London)
Oct 1920 -
1923
Philip Lyttelton Gell
(s.a.)
1923 - 18 Apr
1925
James Rochfort Maguire
(b. 1855 - d. 1925)
Managing director in South Africa
Oct 1889 - Jun 1896 Cecil
John
Rhodes
(b. 1853 - d. 1902)
Party abbreviations: DP
= Dominion Party (UFP opposition,
anti-federation, pro-white minority rule, 1960
renamed Federal Dominion party, 1953-1962,
successor RF); FP =
Federal Party (center-right, pro-federation, 1953-1957,
merged with URP as UFP); RF =
Rhodesian Front (conservative, Rhodesian nationalist,
pro-white minority rule, republican, merger of
DP and RF, Mar 1962-1981, renamed Republican
Front); RP = Rhodesian Reform
Party (1923-1934, merged with RP as UP, in 1962 merged
with DP as RF); UFP = United
Federal Party (center-right, pro-federation, in 1963
renamed Federal Party, 1958-1963); UP
= United Party (merger of RP and Rhodesian Party,
1934-1953, renamed URP); URP = United Rhodesia
Party (conservative, 1953-1958, merged with FP as UFP)
Rhodesia
Map
of Rhodesia |
Hear
National Anthem
"Rise O Voices of Rhodesia" Adopted
26 Aug 1974 |
Former
National Anthem
"God Save the Queen"
(11 Nov 1965-2 Mar 1970) |
Constitutions
(11
Nov 1965; and
2
Mar 1970) |
Capital: Salisbury |
Currency:
1970-1980
Rhodesian Dollar (RHD);
1964-1970 Rhodesian Pound
(RHP)
|
National Holidays:
1965-1979: 11 Nov (1965)
Independence Day
----------------------
1895-1979: 5 Jul (1853)
Rhodes's Day
(Cecil Rhodes's birthday)
|
Population: 6,930,000 (1978)
|
GDP:
$3.15 billion (1974) |
Exports:
$650 million (1973)
Imports: $541 million (1973)
|
Ethnic groups: Bantu tribes
(black) 96%, Caucasian 3%,
colored and Asian 1% |
Total Armed Forces: 9,550 (1977)
Reserve Forces: 58,000
Merchant marine: None (1978)
|
Religions: Christian 75% (mostly
Protestant, Roman
Catholic 9%) Jewish
(6,000) and Muslim |
International
Organizations/Treaties: GATT, IOC (suspended 1972, expelled 1975), ITU (revoked
1966), IUOTO (expelled 1969), UIBPIP, UPU
(suspended 1970), WHO (associate; in suspense),
WMO (member territory 1950-64, from 1965)
|
11 Nov
1965
Southern Rhodesia became an independent state under the
name of
Rhodesia¹ (not recognized by
U.K.).
2 Mar
1970
Rhodesia
becomes a republic.
1 Jun
1979
Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
12 Dec 1979 - 18 Apr 1980 Southern
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe Rhodesia is
in local official
use), return to
U.K. colonial status.
18 Apr
1980
Zimbabwe, independence from the U.K.
17 Apr
1991
Republic of Zimbabwe
22 May
2013
Zimbabwe
Queen
11 Nov 1965 - 2 Mar 1970 Government
carried on in the name
of the
non-consenting Queen of
the United Kingdom
Officer Administering the Government
and Commander-in-Chief in and over Rhodesia¹
17 Nov 1965 - 1 Mar 1970
Clifford Walter
Dupont
(b. 1905 - d. 1978) RF
(acting to 20 Dec 1965)
Presidents in and over Rhodesia and
Commanders-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Rhodesia
2 Mar 1970 - 31 Dec 1975
Clifford Walter
Dupont
(s.a.)
RF
(acting to 16 Apr 1970)
1 Jan 1976 - 14 Jan 1976 Henry
Breedon Everard (1st time) (b. 1897 - d.
1980) RF
(acting)
14 Jan 1976 - 31 Aug 1978 John
James
Wrathall
(b. 1913 - d. 1978) RF
31 Aug 1978 - 1 Nov 1978
Henry Breedon Everard (2nd time)
(s.a.)
RF
(acting)
1 Nov 1978 - 5 Mar
1979 Jack William Pithey
(acting) (b.
1903 - d. 1987) RF
5 Mar 1979 - 31 May 1979
Henry Breedon Everard (3rd time)
(s.a.)
RF
(acting)
President in and over Zimbabwe
Rhodesia
1 Jun 1979 - 12 Dec 1979 Josiah Zion
Gumede
(b. 1919 - d. 1989) UANC
Governor of
Southern Rhodesia
12 Dec 1979 - 18 Apr 1980 Arthur
Christopher John Soames, (b. 1920 - d.
1987) Non-party
Baron Soames
Prime ministers
11 Nov 1965 - 1 Jun 1979 Ian
Douglas
Smith
(b. 1919 - d. 2007) RF
1 Jun 1979 - 12 Dec 1979
Abel Tendekayi
Muzorewa
(b. 1925 - d. 2010) UANC
¹The Officer
Administering the Government was designated by the
Constitution of Rhodesia of 1965 as the representative
of Queen Elizabeth II (b. 1926) in her capacity as the
holder of executive powers. The Queen did not
accept the legality of the existence of Rhodesia as a
polity, and no specific local style was adopted for the
monarch.
Party abbreviations: RF
= Rhodesian Front (Rhodesian nationalist, pro-white
minority rule, successor to the Dominion Party,
Mar 1962-1981); UANC =
United African National Council (African nationalist,
1974-1996)
Zimbabwe
18 Apr
1980 Zimbabwe,
independence from the U.K.
17 Apr
1991
Republic of Zimbabwe
22 May 2013
Zimbabwe
Presidents of Zimbabwe and Commanders-in-Chief of
the Defence Forces of Zimbabwe
18 Apr 1980 - 31 Dec 1987 Canaan Sodindo
Banana
(b. 1936 - d. 2003) ZANU
31 Dec 1987 - 21 Nov 2017 Robert Gabriel
Mugabe
(b. 1924 - d. 2019) ZANU-PF
21 Nov 2017 - 24 Nov 2017 Phelekezela Mphoko
(b. 1940)
ZANU-PF
([nominally] acting; did not take office)
24 Nov 2017
-
Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa
(b. 1946)
ZANU-PF
Prime ministers
18 Apr 1980 - 31 Dec 1987 Robert Gabriel
Mugabe
(s.a.)
ZANU
31 Dec 1987 - 11 Feb 2009 Post
abolished
11 Feb 2009 - 11 Sep 2013 Morgan Richard
Tsvangirai (b. 1952 -
d. 2018) MDC
11 Sep 2013
Post abolished
Territorial Disputes: Namibia has
supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to,
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over
the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short,
but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in
the river; South Africa has placed military units to
assist police operations along the border of Lesotho,
Zimbabwe, and Mozambique to control smuggling, poaching,
and illegal migration.
Party abbreviations: MDC
= Movement for Democratic Change (social-democratic,
reformist, est.1999); ZANU-PF =
Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front
(democratic socialist, African nationalist,
authoritarian, est.1987);
- Former parties:
ZANU = Zimbabwe African National
Union (African militant, democratic
socialist, African nationalist, merged
into ZANU-PF, 1963-1987)
Federation of Rhodesia
and Nyasaland
![[Federation of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland 1954-1963] [Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1954-1963]](frn.gif)
24 Aug 1954 - 31 Dec 1963
|
Map of the Federation of
Rhodesia and Nyasaland
|
Hear
National Anthem
"God Save the Queen"
|
Text
of National Anthem
(1953-1963)
|
Federation of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland Constitution
(1 Aug 1953/3 Sep 1953) |
Capital: Salisbury
Administrative Capital: Zomba
|
Currency: 1956-1964 Rhodesia
& Nyasaland Pound
(RHFP);
1953-1956 Southern
Rhodesia
Pound (RHSP) |
National Holiday: 1 Aug (1953)
Federation Day |
Population: 8,510,000 (1961)
|
GDP: £380.9 million
(1958)
|
Exports: £206.8
million (1961)
Imports: £155 million
(1961)
|
Ethnic groups:
African 96.2%, European
and others 3.72% (1960)
|
Total Federal Armed
Forces: 4,520 (1957)
Merchant marine: None (1961)
|
Religions:
Christian (mostly Protestant, Roman
Catholic),
Jewish (6,000) and
traditional beliefs
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: C, FAO
(associate), GATT, IOC, IOM, ITU, IUOTO,
UIBPIP, UNHCR, WHO
(associate), WMO |
1 Aug
1953
The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
(Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia
and Nyasaland;
also called the Central African Federation) by Federation
of
Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Constitution) Order in Council
(S.I.1953
No. 1199)(certain provisions came into force 3 Sep
1953).
31 Dec
1963
Federation
of Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolved.
Governors-general
4 Sep 1953 - 24 Jan 1957
John Jestyn Llewellin,
Baron (b. 1893 - d.
1957)
Llewellin of Upton
24 Jan 1957 - Feb 1957
Sir Robert Clarkson
Tredgold (b. 1899 -
d. 1977)
(1st time)(acting)
Feb 1957 - 17 Jun 1957
Sir William Lindsay Murphy (acting)(b. 1887 -
d. 1965)
17 Jun 1957 - 8 Oct
1957 Sir Robert Clarkson
Tredgold (s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting)
8 Oct 1957 - 7 May 1963 Simon
Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie (b. 1914 -
d. 1999)
7 May 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Sir
Humphrey Vicary Gibbs (acting) (b. 1902 - d. 1990)
Prime ministers
7 Sep 1953 - 2 Nov 1956 Sir
Godfrey Martin
Huggins
(b. 1883 - d. 1971) FP
(from 17 Feb 1955, Godfrey Martin
Huggins, Viscount Malvern)
2 Nov 1956 - 31 Dec 1963
Sir Roland "Roy"
Welensky
(b. 1907 - d. 1991) FP;1957 UFP
Party abbreviations: FP
= Federal Party (center-right, pro-federation,
1953-1957, merged with United Rhodesia
Party as UFP); UFP =
United Federal Party (center-right, pro-federation, in
1963 renamed Federal Party,
1958-1965)
© Ben Cahoon
|