Mali
-
- 6 Sep 1880 - 24
Nov 1958
|
-
- 24 Nov 1958 - 4
Apr 1959
|
-
- 4 Apr 1959 - 1 Mar
1961
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-
- Adopted 1 Mar 1961
|
Map
of Mali
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Le Mali" (Mali)
Adopted 9 Aug 1962 |
Former
National Anthem
"Un Hymn du Mali"
(A Song of Mali)
Jun 1960-1962
|
Transitional
Charter
(1 Oct
2020)
-------------------------------
Constitution
(12 Jan 1992; suspended
22 Mar - 1 Apr 2012)
|
Capital:
Bamako
(Kayès 1880-1908)
(Mali Fed.: Dakar 4 Apr 1959-
20 Aug 1960; Bamako
20 Aug - 22 Sep 1960)
|
Currency:
Communauté
Financière
Africaine
Franc
(XOF); 1962-1984
Mali Franc (MLF)
|
National
Holiday: 22 Sep (1960)
Independence Day
|
Population:
20,741,769 (2022)
|
GDP: $43.57
billion (2018)
|
Exports:
$4.18 billion (2018)
Imports: $6.08
billion (2018)
|
Ethnic
groups: Bambara
33.3%, Fulani (Peuhl) 13.3%,
Sarakole/Soninke/Marka 9.8%,
Senufo/Manianka 9.6%,
Malinke 8.8%, Dogon 8.7%, Sonrai 5.9%,
Bobo 2.1%,
Tuareg/Bella 1.7%, other Malian 6%, from
member of
ECOWAS 0.4%, other 0.3% (2018) |
Total
Active Armed Forces: 7,350 (2010)
French Forces: 5,100
(2019)
UN MINUSMA Force: 17,557 (2022)
Merchant marine:
None (2022) |
Religions:
Muslim 93.9%, Christian 2.8%, Animist
0.7%,
none 2.5% (2018) |
International
Organizations/Treaties: ACP,
AfCFTA,
AfDB, APM, AU (suspended), BCEAO
(suspended), BTWC, CCM, CD, CEN-SAD,
CTBT, CWC, ECOWAS (suspended), EITI,
ESCR, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO,
ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT
(signatory), OIC, OIF (suspended), OPCW,
OST, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB
(regional)(suspended), WAEMU
(suspended), WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
|
Mali
Index
|
Chronology
1855
Fort de Médine founded
by governor of French Senegal
6 Sep
1880
French territory of Upper Senegal (Haut-Sénégal)
created (subordinated to French West
Africa
[see
Senegal]).
18 Aug
1890
Renamed territory of French
Sudan (Soudan Français)
27 Aug
1892
Made a separate colony.
16 Jun
1895
Part of French West Africa (see Senegal).
17 Oct
1899
French Sudan broken up; part becomes
territory
of Upper Senegal and Middle Niger (Haut-Sénégal
et
Moyen-Niger).
10 Oct
1902
Becomes colony of Senegambia and Niger
(Sénégambie
et le Niger)(subject to
Senegal).
18 Oct
1904
Renamed Upper Senegal and
Niger (Haut-Sénégal-
Niger).
4 Dec
1920
Renamed French Sudan (Soudan
Français).
16 Jun 1940 - 23 Nov
1942 Administration loyal to
Vichy France (from 23 Nov
1942 [under Darlan to 24 Dec 1942],
Free French).
27 Oct
1946
French Sudan overseas territory of
France.
24 Nov
1958
Autonomy (Sudanese Republic [République
Soudanaise])
24 Nov 1958 - 17 Apr
1959 Member state
of the Communauté (French
Community).
21 Jan 1959
Constitution of the Mali Federation is
ratified by
the
Sudanese Republic.
22 Jan 1959
Constitution of the Mali Federation is
ratified by
Senegal.
30 Jan 1959
Constitution of the Mali Federation is
ratified by
Upper Volta (then de facto voided 19
Mar 1959).
4 Apr 1959
Federal government is organized,
session of the
Federal Legislative Assembly, Dakar.
4 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960
Part of the Mali Federation
(Fédération du Mali)
(with Senegal).
17 Apr 1959 - 20 Jun 1960 Mali
Federation acquired the status of a
member
state of the Communauté.
20 Jun
1960
Mali Federation acceded to
independence by
agreement with the Communauté.
26 Aug
1960
Senegal withdraws from the Mali
Federation.
22 Sep
1960
Mali is proclaimed a sovereign state
as Republic of
Mali
(République du Mali).
1 Jul 1961 - May 1963
Part of the Union
of African States a loose
federation of Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.
1 Apr 2012 - 12 Jul 2012 Tuareg
secessionists occupy Kidal,
Gao,
Timbuktu
on 6
Apr 2012 declare the
independence of Azawad.
27 Jun 2012 - 26 Jan 2013
Islamist rebels occupy Kidal, Gao,
Timbuktu.
|
Traditional
states
|
Azawad
(2012)
|
Historical
Maps
of
Mali
|
|
|
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Commandant
27 Feb 1880 - 29 Jul 1880 Charles Émile
Boilève (1st time) (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
Commandants-supérieur
6 Sep 1880 - 3 Sep
1883 Gustave
Borgnis-Desbordes
(b. 1839 - d. 1900)
3 Sep 1883 - 18 Jun
1884 Charles Émile Boilève (2nd time)
(s.a.)
18 Jun 1884 - Sep 1885
Antoine Vincent Auguste Combes
(b. 1849 - d. 1913)
(acting to 4 Sep 1884)
Sep 1885 - Aug
1886 Henri
Nicolas Frey
(b. 1847 - d. 1932)
Aug 1886 - 10 Sep 1888
Joseph Simon
Gallieni
(b. 1849 - d. 1916)
10 Sep 1888 -
1891
Louis Archinard (1st
time)
(b. 1850 - d. 1932)
1891 - 27 Aug
1892
Pierre Marie Gustave
Humbert (b. 1849 -
d. 1921)
27 Aug 1892 - 2 Aug 1893 Louis
Archinard (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
2 Aug 1893 - 26 Dec
1893 François Xavier Louis Henri
(b. 1857 - d. 1944)
Gaëtan Bonnier (acting)
Governor
26 Dec 1893 - 16 Jun 1895 Louis Alphonse
Grodet
(b. 1853 - d. 1933)
Lieutenant governors
16 Jun 1895 - 17 Oct 1899 Louis Edgard de
Trentinian
(b. 1851 - d. 1942)
1 Jan 1898 - 19 Nov
1899 Marie Michel Alexandre
René (b. 1854
- d. 1909)
Audéoud (acting for Trentinian)
Delegate of the Governor-general
17 Oct 1899 - 20 Oct 1904 William
Merlaud-Ponty
(b. 1866 - d. 1915)
Lieutenant governors
20 Oct 1904 - 18 Feb 1908 William
Merlaud-Ponty
(s.a.)
1 Sep 1906 - 1 Jan 1907 Jean
Jules Émile
Peuvergne
(b. 1849 - d. 1916)
(acting for Merlaud-Ponty)
28 Aug 1907 - 12 Jan 1908 Jean
Jules Émile
Peuvergne
(s.a.)
(acting for Merlaud-Ponty)
18 Feb 1908 - 16 Jun 1915 Marie François
Joseph Clozel (b. 1860 -
d. 1918)
17 Dec 1909 - 17 Aug 1910 Henri Alphonse Joseph
Lejeune (b. 1866 - d. 19..)
(acting for Clozel)
13 Jan 1912 - Aug 1912
Philippe Marius Henry
(b. 1865 - d. 1915)
(acting for Clozel)
12 Dec 1912 - Aug 1913
Philippe Marius Henry
(s.a.)
(acting for Clozel)
16 Jun 1915 - 26 Jun 1915 Philippe Marius
Henry (acting) (s.a.)
1 Jul 1915 - 28 Jul 1916
Louis Thiebaut François Vincent (b. 1860 -
d. 1926)
Digue (acting)
28 Jul 1916 - 20 Apr 1917 Raphaël
Valentin Antonetti (acting)(b. 1872 - d. 1938)
20 Apr 1917 - 21 May 1917 Albert Nebout
(acting)
(b. 1862 - d. 1939)
21 May 1917 - 20 Feb 1918 Louis Eugène
Periquet (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1929)
20 Feb 1918 - 16 May 1919 Auguste
Brunet
(b. 1878 - d. 1957)
16 May 1919 - 20 Aug 1921 Marcel Achille
Olivier
(b. 1879 - d. 1945)
10 Aug 1920 - Jan 1920 Camille
Théodore Daniel Maillet (b. 1879
- d. 1954)
(acting for Olivier)
20 Aug 1921 - 31 Dec 1930 Jean Henri
Terrasson de Fougères (b. 1881 - d. 1930)
(acting to 26 Feb 1924)
23 Apr 1924 - May
1924 Jean Joseph Henri
Carreau
(b. 1865 - d. 1926)
(acting for Terrasson)
May 1924 - Feb
1925 Albéric
Auguste
Fournier
(b. 1878 - d. 19..)
(acting for Terrasson)
Apr 1926 - Nov 1926
Gabriel Omar Descemet
(b. 1879 - d. 1961)
(acting for Terrasson)
22 Jun 1928 - 28 Jan 1929
Gabriel Omar Descemet
(s.a.)
(acting for Terrasson)
31 Dec 1930 - 4 Apr 1931 Joseph
Urbain Court
(acting) (b. 1881 -
d. 1948)
4 Apr 1931 - 21 May
1931 Gabriel Omar Descemet
(acting) (s.a.)
21 May 1931 - 19 Feb 1935 Louis Jacques
Eugène Fousset (b. 1882 -
d. 1949)
31 Mar 1933 - 22 May 1933 René Victor
Eugène Desjardins (b. 1879 - d.
19..)
(acting for Fousset)
22 May 1933 - 30 Nov 1933 Léon Solomiac
(b. 1873 - d. 1960)
(acting for Fousset)
19 Feb 1935 - 20 Nov 1935 Félix Sylvestre
Adolphe Éboué (b. 1884 -
d. 1944)
(acting)
20 Nov 1935 - 9 Nov 1936 Mattéo
Mathieu Maurice Alfassa
(b. 1876 - d. 1942)
9 Nov 1936 - 28 Mar
1938 Ferdinand Jacques Louis Rougier
(b. 1880 - d. 1940)
(acting to 4 Dec 1936)
28 Mar 1938 - 22 Dec 1940 Jean
Desanti
(b. 1899 - d. 1944)
(acting to 15 Nov 1940)
22 Dec 1940 - 17 Apr 1942
Jean Alexandre Léon Rapenne
(b. 1901 - d. 1952)
(acting)
17 Apr 1942 - 5 Apr 1946 Auguste Marie Léon
Calvel (b. 1892 - d.
1981)
(acting to 29 Dec 1942)
Governors, Chefs de
territoire
15 May 1946 - Apr
1952 Édmond Jean
Louveau
(b. 1895 - d. 1973)
23 Feb 1949 - Feb 1950
Lucien Eugène
Geay
(b. 1900 - d. 1976)
(acting for Louveau)
Apr 1952 - 10 Jul 1952 Camille
Victor
Bailly
(b. 1907 - d. 1984)
10 Jul 1952 - 23 Feb 1953 Salvador Jean
Etchéber (acting) (b. 1901 - d. 1967)
23 Feb 1953 - 2 Dec 1953 Albert Jean
Mouragues
(b. 1908 - d. 1976)
2 Dec 1953 - 3
Nov 1956 Lucien Eugène
Geay
(s.a.)
(acting to 10 Feb 1954)
3 Nov 1956
- 24 Nov 1958 Henri Victor Gipoulon
(b. 1913 - d. 1989)
High Commissioners
24 Nov 1958 - 12 Feb 1959 Henri Victor
Gipoulon
(s.a.)
12 Feb 1959 - 20 Jun 1960 Jean
Charles
Sicurani
(b. 1915 - d. 1977)
President of the Government Council (Prime minister)
15 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960 Modibo
Keïta
(b. 1915 - d. 1977) US-RDA
(= Mamadou dit Modibo Keïta)
(also president of the Government of the
Mali Federation 4 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960)
President of the Provisional Government
22 Sep 1960 - 20 Jan 1961 Modibo
Keïta
(s.a.)
US-RDA
President of the Government
20 Jan 1961 - 19 Nov 1968 Modibo
Keïta
(s.a.)
US-RDA
President of the Military Committee of
National Liberation, Chief of State
19 Nov 1968 - 30 Jun 1979
Moussa
Traoré
(b. 1936 - d. 2020) Mil
President
30 Jun 1979 - 26 Mar 1991 Moussa
Traoré
(s.a.)
Mil;1976 UDPM
President of the National Reconciliation
Council
26 Mar 1991 - 31 Mar 1991 Amadou Toumani Touré
(b.
1948 - d. 2020) Mil
President of the Transitional Committee
for the Salvation of the People
31 Mar 1991 - 8 Jun 1992 Amadou Toumani
Touré
(s.a.)
Mil
Presidents
8 Jun 1992 - 8
Jun 2002 Alpha Oumar
Konaré
(b.
1946)
ADEMA
8 Jun 2002
- 22 Mar 2012 Amadou Toumani Touré
(s.a.)
Non-party
President of the National Committee for the Recovery of
Democracy
and the Restoration of the
State
22 Mar 2012 - 12 Apr 2012 Amadou Haya
Sanogo
(b. 1972)
Mil
Presidents
12 Apr 2012 - 4 Sep 2013
Dioncounda Traoré (interim)
(b. 1942)
ADEMA
4 Sep 2013 - 18 Aug 2020
Ibrahim Boubacar
Keïta
(b. 1945 - d. 2022) RPM
President of the National
Committee for the Salvation of the People
18 Aug 2020 - 19 Aug 2020
National Committee
- Modibo
Koné
(b. 1977)
Mil
- Assimi Goïta
(b. 1983)
Mil
- Malick Diaw
(b. 1979)
Mil
- Sadio Camara
(b. 1979)
Mil
- Ismaël Wagué
(b.
1975) Mil
19 Aug 2020 - 25 Sep 2020
Assimi Goïta
(s.a.)
Mil
Presidents of the Transition
25 Sep 2020 - 26 May 2021 Bah N'Daw
(b.
1950)
Non-party
(prevented from exercising functions from 24 May
2021)
24 May 2021 -
Assimi Goïta
(s.a.)
Mil
(acting to 28 May 2021)
Vice President of the Government Council
22 May 1957 - 24 Jul 1958 Jean-Marie
Koné
(b. 1913 - d. 1988) US-RDA
President of the Government Council
24 Jul 1958 - 24 Nov 1958 Jean-Marie
Koné
(s.a.)
US-RDA
President of the Provisional
Government Council
24 Nov 1958 - 15
Apr 1959 Modibo
Keïta
(s.a.)
US-RDA
(= Mamadou dit Modibo Keïta)
President of the Government
Council
15 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960
Modibo
Keïta
(s.a.)
US-RDA
Presidents of the Government (Prime
ministers)
22 Sep 1960
- 19 Nov 1968 Modibo Keïta
(s.a.)
US-RDA
(provisional to 20 Jan 1961)
19 Nov 1968 - 18 Sep 1969 Yoro Diakité
(provisional) (b. 1932 - d.
1973) Mil
18 Sep 1969 - 6 Jun 1986 Post
abolished
Prime
ministers
6 Jun 1986 - 6 Jun 1988 Mamadou
Dembélé
(b. 1936 - d. 2016) UDPM
6 Jun 1988
- 2 Apr 1991 Post abolished
2 Apr 1991
- 9 Jun 1992 Soumana Sacko
(interim)
(b.
1950)
Non-party
9 Jun 1992
- 12 Apr 1993 Younoussi
Touré
(b. 1941 - d. 2022) ADEMA
12 Apr 1993 - 4 Feb 1994 Abdoulaye
Sékou
Sow
(b. 1931 - d. 2013) ADEMA
4 Feb 1994
- 15 Feb 2000 Ibrahim Boubacar
Keïta
(s.a.)
ADEMA
15 Feb 2000 - 18 Mar 2002 Mandé Sidibé
(b. 1940 - d. 2009) ADEMA
18 Mar 2002 - 9 Jun 2002 Modibo
Keïta (1st time)
(b. 1942 - d. 2021) ADEMA
9 Jun 2002
- 30 Apr 2004 Ahmed Mohamed Ag
Hamani
(b.
1942)
Non-party
30 Apr 2004 - 28 Sep 2007 Ousmane Issoufi
Maïga
(b.
1946)
Non-party
28 Sep 2007 - 3 Apr 2011 Modibo
Sidibé
(b. 1952)
Non-party
3 Apr 2011 - 22 Mar 2012
Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (f)
(b. 1948 - d. 2021) Non-party
22 Mar 2012 - 17 Apr 2012 Vacant
17 Apr 2012 - 11 Dec 2012 Cheick
Modibo Diarra (interim) (b.
1952)
RPDM
11 Dec 2012 - 5 Sep 2013 Diango
Cissoko (interim)
(b. 1948 - d. 2022) Non-party
5 Sep 2013 - 9 Apr
2014 Oumar Tatam
Ly
(b. 1963)
Non-party
9 Apr 2014 - 9 Jan 2015 Moussa
Mara
(b. 1975) YP
9 Jan 2015 - 10 Apr 2017 Modibo Keïta (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
ADEMA
10 Apr 2017 - 30 Dec 2017 Abdoulaye Idrissa
Maïga
(b.
1958)
RPM
30 Dec 2017 - 23 Apr 2019
Soumeylou Boubèye
Maïga
(b. 1954 - d. 2022) ASMA
23 Apr 2019 - 18 Aug 2020 Boubou
Cissé
(b. 1974)
Non-party
18 Aug 2020 - 28 Sep 2020 Vacant
28 Sep 2020 - 26 May 2021 Moctar Ouane
(interim)
(b. 1955)
Non-party
(prevented from exercising functions from 24 May 2021)
26 May 2021 - 7 Jun 2021 Vacant
7 Jun 2021 -
Choguel Kokalla Maïga
(interim) (b. 1958)
MPR
21 Aug 2022 - 5 Dec 2022 Abdoulaye Maïga
(acting for Maïga) (b. 1981)
Mil
Force Commanders of United Nations
Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization
Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)
1 Jul 2013 - 14 Dec
2014 Jean Bosco Kazura (Rwanda)
(b. 1963)
14 Dec 2014 - 1 Apr 2015 Oumar Bikimo
(Chad)(interim) (b. 1960)
1 Apr 2015 - 31 Dec 2016 Michael Anaker
Lollesgaard
(b. 1960)
(Denmark)
31 Dec 2016 - 11 Apr 2017 Amadou
Kane (Senegal)(interim) (b. 1954)
11 Apr 2017 - 2 Oct 2018 Jean-Paul Deconinck
(Belgium) (b. 1959)
2 Oct 2018 - 16 Nov 2021
Tage Dennis Gyllensporre (Sweden) (b. 1964)
16 Nov 2021
-
Cornelis Johannes "Kees"
(b. 1960)
Matthijssen (The Netherlands)
Territorial
Disputes: Border
demarcation is underway with Burkina Faso.
Party abbreviations: ADEMA
= Alliance pour la Démocratie au Mali - Parti Africain
pour la Solidarité et la Justice (Alliance for Democracy
in Mali - African Party for
Solidarity and Justice, pro-democratic, social
democratic, est.25 Oct 1990); ASMA =
Alliance pour la Solidarité au Mali – Convergence des
Forces Patriotiques (Alliance for Solidarity in
Mali–Convergence of Patriotic Forces, est.10 Jun 2013);
MPR = Mouvement Patriotique pour le
Renouveau (Patriotic Movement for Renewal, Moussa
Traoré personalist, former UDPM, est.1995); RPDM
= Rasemblement pour le Développement du Mali (Rally for
the Development of Mali, est.2011); RPM
= Rassemblement pour le Mali (Rally for Mali, socialist,
est.Feb 2001); YP = Yéléma (Change, reformist,
est.9 Jan 2010); Mil =
Military;
- Former
parties: UDPM
= Union Démocratique du Peuple Malien
(Democratic Union of the Malian People, democratic
centralist, Moussa Traoré personalist,
1979-1990 only legal party, 1975-1991);
US-RDA = Union
Soudanaise-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (Sudanese
Union-African Democratic Rally, socialist, 1965-1968
sole party, 1946-1968)
Azawad
6 Apr 2012 - 14 Feb 2013
|
Map
of Azawad
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Capital: Gao
(interim)
(6 Apr - 26 Jun 2012)
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Population: 1,239,449
(2012 est.)
|
17 Jan
2012
National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA)
rebels
occupy
Ménaka in northern Mali.
30 Mar 2012
MNLA rebels occupy
Kidal and Ansongo, Gao on 31 Mar 2012, Timbuktu
on 1 Apr 2012 and parts of the Mopti region in
northern Mali.
6 Apr 2012
Independence
declared by MNLA as Independent
State of Azawad
(not
recognized).
26 Jun 2012
Islamist Unity
Movement for Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) forces
the MNLA from Gao.
26 Jun 2012
Islamist
Ansar Dine seizes Gao (26 Jun 2012), Kidal (25 Jun 2012),
and
Timbuktu (27 Jun 2012) from the MNLA.
12 Jul 2012
Ansar Dine drives the MNLA from Ansogo.
19 Nov
2012
MUJAO occupies Ménaka.
14 Feb 2013
MNLA renounces their claim of independence
for Azawad and asks
Malian government to start
negotiations on its future status.
26 Jan 2013
Mali and French
forces retake Gao, and Timbuktu on 28 Jan 2013
and Ansogo on 29 Jan 2013.
28 Jan 2013
French and Malian
forces re-occupy Timbuktu, and MNLA re-occupies
Kidal.
29 Jan
2013
Nigerien soldiers occupy Ansongo and Chadian troops,
Ménaka.
1 Jul 2013
United
Nations (MINUSMA) peacekeeping force deployed.
21 May 2014
MNLA and Tuareg rebels
re-occupy Kidal (then take Ménaka, Aguelhok,
Andéramboukane and Ansongo by 24 May 2014).
20 Jun
2015
Algiers Accord signed by the Coordination of Azawad
Movements
(CMA), in which the government of Mali concedes
that Azawad is "a
human,
socio-cultural, memorial and symbolic reality shared by
different
populations of the north."
28 Feb 2017
Mali restores interim
authorities to Kidal and on 2 Mar 2017, Gao.
20 Apr
2017
Mali restores interim authorities to Timbuktu and Ménaka.
Chairman of the Transitional Executive Council
6 Apr 2012 - 14 Feb
2013 Bilal Ag Acherif
(b. 1977)
MNLA
(secretary-general of the MNLA)
Party abbreviations: CMA
= Coordination des Mouvements de l'Azawad (Coordination
of the Movements of Azawad,
Tuareg-dominated coalition of MNLA, Haut Conseil
pour l'Unité de l'Azawad [High Council for the
Unity of Azawad], Mouvement Arabe de
l'Azawad [Arab Movement of Azawad] and Coalition du Peuple
pour l'Azawad [Coalition for the People of Azawad],
est.2014); MNLA = Mouvement
National pour la Libération de l'Azawad (National
Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg separatist,
merger of MNA [Mouvement National de l'Azawad] and
MTNM [Mouvement Touareg du Nord-Mali] est.Oct
2011)
© Ben Cahoon
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