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Mali
[Flag of France]
6 Sep 1880 - 24 Nov 1958
[Sudanese Republic Flag 1958-1959 (Mali)]
24 Nov 1958 - 4 Apr 1959
[Mali Federation 1959-1961 flag]
4 Apr 1959 - 1 Mar 1961
[Mali flag]
Adopted 1 Mar 1961
Map of Mali
 Hear National Anthem
"Le Mali" (Mali)
Text of National Anthem
Adopted 9 Aug 1962
Constitution
(12 Jan 1992; suspended
22 Mar - 1 Apr 2012)
Capital: Bamako
(Kayès 1880-1908;
Mali Fed.: Dakar 4 Apr 1959-
20 Aug 1960, Bamako
20 Aug - 22 Sep 1960)
 Currency: Communauté
Financière Africaine
Franc (XOF); 1962-1984
Mali Franc (MLF)
National Holiday: 22 Sep (1960)
Independence Day
 Population: 20,137,527 (2021)
GDP: $41.22 billion (2017)
Exports: $3.06 billion (2017)
Imports: $3.64 billion (2017)
 Ethnic groups: Bambara 33.3%, Fulani (Peuhl) 13.3%,
Sarakole/Soninke/Marka 9.8%, Senufo/Manianka 9.6%,
Malinke 8.8%, Dogon 8.7%, Sonrai 5.9%, Bobo 2.1%,
Tuareg/Bella 1.7%, other Malian 6%, from member of
ECOWAS 0.4%, other 0.3% (2018)
Total Active Armed Forces: 7,350 (2010)
French Forces: 5,100 (2019)
UN MINUSMA Force: 12,968 (2021)
Merchant marine: None (2018) 		Religions: Muslim 93.9%, Christian 2.8%, Animist 0.7%,
none 2.5% (2018)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, APM, AU (suspended), BCEAO (suspended), BTWC, CCM, CD, CEN-SAD, CTBT, CWC, ECOWAS (suspended), EITI, ESCR, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT (signatory), OIC, OIF (suspended), OPCW, OST, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional)(suspended), WAEMU (suspended), WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Mali Index
Chronology

 6 Sep 1880                French territory of Upper Senegal (Haut-Sénégal)
                             created (subordinated to French West Africa
                             [see Senegal]).
18 Aug 1890                Renamed territory of French Sudan (Soudan Français)
27 Aug 1892                Made a separate colony.
 16 Jun 1895                Part of French West Africa (see Senegal).
17 Oct 1899                French Sudan broken up; part becomes territory
                             of Upper Senegal and Middle Niger (Haut-Sénégal
                             et Moyen-Niger).
10 Oct 1902                Becomes colony of Senegambia and Niger (Sénégambie
                             et le Niger)(subject to Senegal).
18 Oct 1904                Renamed Upper Senegal and Niger (Haut-Sénégal-
                             Niger).
 4 Dec 1920                Renamed French Sudan (Soudan Français).
16 Jun 1940 - 23 Nov 1942  Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 23 Nov
                              1942 [under Darlan to 24 Dec 1942], Free French).
27 Oct 1946                French Sudan overseas territory of France.
24 Nov 1958                Autonomy (Sudanese Republic [République Soudanaise])
24 Nov 1958 - 22 Sep 1960  Member state of the Communauté (French Community).
 4 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960  Part of the Mali Federation (Fédération du Mali)
                            (with Senegal), a member state of the Communauté.
19 Jun 1960                Mali Federation accedes to independence.
20 Jun 1960                Independence of the Mali Federation is proclaimed
                             in Dakar.
26 Aug 1960                Senegal withdraws from the Mali Federation.
22 Sep 1960                State is renamed Republic of Mali (République du
                             Mali) which is proclaimed a sovereign state).
 1 Jul 1961 - May 1963     Part of the Union of African States a loose
                             federation of Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.
 1 Apr 2012 - 12 Jul 2012  Tuareg secessionists occupy Kidal, Gao, Timbuktu
                             on 6 Apr 2012 declare the independence of Azawad.
27 Jun 2012 - 26 Jan 2013  Islamist rebels occupy Kidal, Gao, Timbuktu.

Traditional
states
Azawad
(2012)
Historical Maps
of Mali
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Commandant
 27 Feb 1880 - 29 Jul 1880  Charles Émile Boilève (1st time)   (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
Commandants-supérieur
 6 Sep 1880 -  3 Sep 1883  Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes          (b. 1839 - d. 1900)
 3 Sep 1883 - 18 Jun 1884  Charles Émile Boilève (2nd time)   (s.a.)
18 Jun 1884 - Sep 1885     Antoine Vincent Auguste Combes     (b. 1849 - d. 1913)
                             (acting to 4 Sep 1884)
Sep 1885 - Aug 1886        Henri Nicolas Frey                 (b. 1847 - d. 1932)
Aug 1886 - 10 Sep 1888     Joseph Simon Gallieni              (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
10 Sep 1888 - 1891         Louis Archinard (1st time)         (b. 1850 - d. 1932)
1891 - 27 Aug 1892         Pierre Marie Gustave Humbert       (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
27 Aug 1892 -  2 Aug 1893  Louis Archinard (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 2 Aug 1893 - 26 Dec 1893  François Xavier Louis Henri        (b. 1857 - d. 1944)
                             Gaëtan Bonnier (acting)
 Governor
 26 Dec 1893 - 16 Jun 1895  Louis Alphonse Grodet              (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
Lieutenant governors
16 Jun 1895 - 17 Oct 1899  Louis Edgard de Trentinian         (b. 1851 - d. 1942)
 1 Jan 1898 - 19 Nov 1899  Marie Michel Alexandre René        (b. 1854 - d. 1909)
                             Audéoud (acting for Trentinian)
Delegate of the Governor-general
17 Oct 1899 - 20 Oct 1904  William Merlaud-Ponty              (b. 1866 - d. 1915)
Lieutenant governors
20 Oct 1904 - 18 Feb 1908  William Merlaud-Ponty              (s.a.)
 1 Sep 1906 -  1 Jan 1907  Jean Jules Émile Peuvergne         (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
                              (acting for Merlaud-Ponty)
 28 Aug 1907 - 12 Jan 1908  Jean Jules Émile Peuvergne         (s.a.)
                              (acting for Merlaud-Ponty)
 18 Feb 1908 - 16 Jun 1915  Marie François Joseph Clozel       (b. 1860 - d. 1918)
17 Dec 1909 - 17 Aug 1910  Henri Alphonse Joseph Lejeune      (b. 1866 - d. 19..)
                             (acting for Clozel)
 13 Jan 1912 - Aug 1912     Philippe Marius Henry              (b. 1865 - d. 1915)
                             (acting for Clozel)
12 Dec 1912 - Aug 1913     Philippe Marius Henry              (s.a.)
                             (acting for Clozel)
16 Jun 1915 - 26 Jun 1915  Philippe Marius Henry (acting)     (s.a.)
  1 Jul 1915 - 28 Jul 1916  Louis Thiebaut François Vincent    (b. 1860 - d. 1926)
                             Digue (acting)
28 Jul 1916 - 20 Apr 1917  Raphaël Valentin Antonetti (acting)(b. 1872 - d. 1938)
20 Apr 1917 - 21 May 1917  Albert Nebout (acting)             (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
21 May 1917 - 20 Feb 1918  Louis Eugène Periquet (acting)     (b. 1874 - d. 1929)
20 Feb 1918 - 16 May 1919  Auguste Brunet                     (b. 1878 - d. 1957)
16 May 1919 - 20 Aug 1921  Marcel Achille Olivier             (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
10 Aug 1920 - Jan 1920     Camille Théodore Daniel Maillet    (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
                             (acting for Olivier)
 20 Aug 1921 - 31 Dec 1930  Jean Henri Terrasson de Fougères   (b. 1881 - d. 1930)
                             (acting to 26 Feb 1924)
23 Apr 1924 - May 1924     Jean Joseph Henri Carreau          (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
                             (acting for Terrasson)
May 1924 - Feb 1925        Albéric Auguste Fournier           (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
                             (acting for Terrasson)
Apr 1926 - Nov 1926        Gabriel Omar Descemet              (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
                              (acting for Terrasson)
 22 Jun 1928 - 28 Jan 1929  Gabriel Omar Descemet              (s.a.)
                              (acting for Terrasson)
 31 Dec 1930 -  4 Apr 1931  Joseph Urbain Court (acting)       (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
 4 Apr 1931 - 21 May 1931  Gabriel Omar Descemet (acting)     (s.a.)
21 May 1931 - 19 Feb 1935  Louis Jacques Eugène Fousset       (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
31 Mar 1933 - 22 May 1933  René Victor Eugène Desjardins      (b. 1879 - d. 19..)
                             (acting for Fousset)
22 May 1933 - 30 Nov 1933  Léon Solomiac                      (b. 1873 - d. 1960) 
                             (acting for Fousset)
19 Feb 1935 - 20 Nov 1935  Félix Sylvestre Adolphe Éboué      (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
                             (acting)
20 Nov 1935 -  9 Nov 1936  Mattéo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa     (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
 9 Nov 1936 - 28 Mar 1938  Ferdinand Jacques Louis Rougier    (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
                              (acting to 4 Dec 1936)
28 Mar 1938 - 22 Dec 1940  Jean Desanti                       (b. 1899 - d. 1944)
                             (acting to 15 Nov 1940)
22 Dec 1940 - 17 Apr 1942  Jean Alexandre Léon Rapenne        (b. 1901 - d. 1952)
                             (acting)
17 Apr 1942 -  5 Apr 1946  Auguste Marie Léon Calvel          (b. 1892 - d. 1981)
                             (acting to 29 Dec 1942)
Governors, Chefs de territoire
15 May 1946 - Apr 1952     Édmond Jean Louveau                (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
23 Feb 1949 - Feb 1950     Lucien Eugène Geay                 (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
                             (acting for Louveau)
Apr 1952 - 10 Jul 1952     Camille Victor Bailly              (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
10 Jul 1952 - 23 Feb 1953  Salvador Jean Etchéber (acting)    (b. 1901 - d. 1967)
 23 Feb 1953 -  2 Dec 1953  Albert Jean Mouragues              (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
 2 Dec 1953 -  3 Nov 1956  Lucien Eugène Geay                 (s.a.)
                             (acting to 10 Feb 1954)
 3 Nov 1956 - 24 Nov 1958  Henri Victor Gipoulon              (b. 1913 - d. 1989)
High Commissioners
24 Nov 1958 - 12 Feb 1959  Henri Victor Gipoulon              (s.a.)
12 Feb 1959 - 20 Jun 1960  Jean Charles Sicurani              (b. 1915 - d. 1977)
President of the Government Council (Prime minister)
15 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960  Modibo Keïta                       (b. 1915 - d. 1977)  US-RDA
                            (= Mamadou dit Modibo Keïta)
                            (also president of the Government of the
                             Mali Federation 4 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960)
President of the Provisional Government
22 Sep 1960 - 20 Jan 1961  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
 President of the Government
 20 Jan 1961 - 19 Nov 1968  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
President of the Military Committee of National Liberation, Chief of State
 19 Nov 1968 - 30 Jun 1979  Moussa Traoré                      (b. 1936 - d. 2020)  Mil
President
 30 Jun 1979 - 26 Mar 1991  Moussa Traoré                      (s.a.)             Mil;1976 UDPM
 President of the National Reconciliation Council
26 Mar 1991 - 31 Mar 1991  Amadou Toumani Touré               (b. 1948 - d. 2020)  Mil
President of the Transitional Committee for the Salvation of the People
31 Mar 1991 -  8 Jun 1992  Amadou Toumani Touré               (s.a.)               Mil
Presidents
  8 Jun 1992 -  8 Jun 2002  Alpha Oumar Konaré                 (b. 1946)            ADEMA
 8 Jun 2002 - 22 Mar 2012  Amadou Toumani Touré               (s.a.)               Non-party
President of the National Committee for the Recovery of Democracy
and the Restoration of the State
22 Mar 2012 - 12 Apr 2012  Amadou Haya Sanogo                 (b. 1972)            Mil
 Presidents
 12 Apr 2012 -  4 Sep 2013  Dioncounda Traoré (interim)        (b. 1942)            ADEMA
  4 Sep 2013 - 18 Aug 2020  Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta             (b. 1945 - d. 2022)  RPM
President of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People
18 Aug 2020 - 19 Aug 2020  National Committee
                           - Modibo Koné                      (b. 1977)            Mil
                           - Assimi Goïta                     (b. 1983)            Mil
                           - Malick Diaw                      (b. 1979)            Mil
                           - Sadio Camara                     (b. 1979)            Mil
                           - Ismaël Wagué                     (b. 1976?)           Mil
19 Aug 2020 - 25 Sep 2020  Assimi Goïta                       (s.a.)               Mil
Presidents of the Transition
25 Sep 2020 - 26 May 2021  Bah N'Daw                          (b. 1950)            Non-party
                             (prevented from exercising functions from 24 May 2021)
24 May 2021 -              Assimi Goïta                       (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting to 28 May 2021)
   

Vice President of the Government Council
22 May 1957 - 24 Jul 1958  Jean-Marie Koné                    (b. 1913 - d. 1988)  US-RDA
President of the Government Council
24 Jul 1958 - 24 Nov 1958  Jean-Marie Koné                    (s.a.)               US-RDA
President of the Provisional Government Council
 24 Nov 1958 - 15 Apr 1959  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
                            (= Mamadou dit Modibo Keïta)
President of the Government Council
15 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
Presidents of the Government (Prime ministers)
 22 Sep 1960 - 19 Nov 1968  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
                             (provisional to 20 Jan 1961)
19 Nov 1968 - 18 Sep 1969  Yoro Diakité                       (b. 1932 - d. 1973)  Mil
                             (provisional)
18 Sep 1969 -  6 Jun 1986  Post abolished
Prime ministers
 6 Jun 1986 -  6 Jun 1988  Mamadou Dembélé                    (b. 1936 - d. 2016)  UDPM
 6 Jun 1988 -  2 Apr 1991  Post abolished
 2 Apr 1991 -  9 Jun 1992  Soumana Sacko (interim)            (b. 1950)            Non-party
 9 Jun 1992 - 12 Apr 1993  Younoussi Touré                    (b. 1941)            ADEMA
 12 Apr 1993 -  4 Feb 1994  Abdoulaye Sékou Sow                (b. 1931 - d. 2013)  ADEMA
  4 Feb 1994 - 15 Feb 2000  Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta             (s.a.)               ADEMA
15 Feb 2000 - 18 Mar 2002  Mandé Sidibé                       (b. 1940 - d. 2009)  ADEMA
18 Mar 2002 -  9 Jun 2002  Modibo Keïta (1st time)            (b. 1942 - d. 2021)  ADEMA
  9 Jun 2002 - 30 Apr 2004  Ahmed Mohamed Ag Hamani            (b. 1942)            Non-party
30 Apr 2004 - 28 Sep 2007  Ousmane Issoufi Maïga              (b. 1946)            Non-party
 28 Sep 2007 -  3 Apr 2011  Modibo Sidibé                      (b. 1952)            Non-party
  3 Apr 2011 - 22 Mar 2012  Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (f)    (b. 1948 - d. 2021)  Non-party
 22 Mar 2012 - 17 Apr 2012  Vacant
 17 Apr 2012 - 11 Dec 2012  Cheick Modibo Diarra (interim)     (b. 1952)            RPDM
 11 Dec 2012 -  5 Sep 2013  Diango Cissoko (interim)           (b. 1948)            Non-party
  5 Sep 2013 -  9 Apr 2014  Oumar Tatam Ly                     (b. 1963)            Non-party
 9 Apr 2014 -  9 Jan 2015  Moussa Mara                        (b. 1975)            YP
 9 Jan 2015 - 10 Apr 2017  Modibo Keïta (2nd time)            (s.a.)               ADEMA
10 Apr 2017 - 30 Dec 2017  Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga            (b. 1958)            RPM
30 Dec 2017 - 23 Apr 2019  Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga            (b. 1954)            ASMA
23 Apr 2019 - 18 Aug 2020  Boubou Cissé                       (b. 1974)            Non-party
18 Aug 2020 - 28 Sep 2020  Vacant
28 Sep 2020 - 26 May 2021  Moctar Ouane (interim)             (b. 1955)            Non-party
                             (prevented from exercising functions from 24 May 2021)
26 May 2021 -  7 Jun 2021  Vacant
 7 Jun 2021 -              Choguel Kokalla Maïga (interim)    (b. 1958)            MPR


Force Commanders of United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization
Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)
  1 Jul 2013 - 14 Dec 2014  Jean Bosco Kazura (Rwanda)         (b. 1963)
14 Dec 2014 -  1 Apr 2015  Oumar Bikimo (Chad) (interim)      (b. 1960)
 1 Apr 2015 - 31 Dec 2016  Michael Anaker Lollesgaard         (b. 1960)
                             (Denmark)
31 Dec 2016 - 11 Apr 2017  Amadou Kane (Senegal) (interim)    (b. 1954)
11 Apr 2017 -  2 Oct 2018  Jean-Paul Deconinck (Belgium)      (b. 1959)
 2 Oct 2018 - 16 Nov 2021  Tage Dennis Gyllensporre (Sweden)  (b. 1964)
16 Nov 2021 -              Cornelis Johannes Matthijssen
                             (The Netherlands)

Territorial Disputes: Border demarcation is underway with Burkina Faso.

Party abbreviations: ADEMA = Alliance pour la Démocratie au Mali - Parti Africain pour la Solidarité et la Justice (Alliance for Democracy in Mali - African Party for Solidarity and Justice, pro-democratic, social democratic, est.25 Oct 1990); ASMA = Alliance pour la Solidarité au Mali – Convergence des Forces Patriotiques (Alliance for Solidarity in Mali–Convergence of Patriotic Forces, est.10 Jun 2013); MPR = Mouvement Patriotique pour le Renouveau (Patriotic Movement for Renewal, Moussa Traoré personalist, former UDPM, est.1995); RPDM = Rasemblement pour le Développement du Mali (Rally for the Development of Mali, est.2011); RPM = Rassemblement pour le Mali (Rally for Mali, socialist, est.Feb 2001); YP = Yéléma (Change, reformist, est.9 Jan 2010); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: UDPM = Union Démocratique du Peuple Malien (Democratic Union of the Malian People, democratic centralist, Moussa Traoré personalist, 1979-1990 only legal party, 1975-1991); US-RDA = Union Soudanaise-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally, socialist, 1965-1968 sole party, 1946-1968)


Azawad

[flag of National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad -MNLA, 2012-2013 (Mali)]
6 Apr 2012 - 14 Feb 2013

Map of Azawad
Capital: Gao (interim)
(6 Apr - 26 Jun 2012)
Population: 1,239,449
(2012 est.)

17 Jan 2012                National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) rebels
                             occupy Ménaka in northern Mali.
30 Mar 2012                MNLA rebels occupy Kidal and Ansongo, Gao on 31 Mar 2012, Timbuktu
                             on 1 Apr 2012 and parts of the Mopti region in northern Mali.
  6 Apr 2012                Independence declared by MNLA as Independent State of Azawad
                             (not recognized).
 26 Jun 2012                Islamist Unity Movement for Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) forces
                              the MNLA from Gao.
 26 Jun 2012                Islamist Ansar Dine seizes Gao (26 Jun 2012), Kidal (25 Jun 2012),
                             and Timbuktu (27 Jun 2012) from the MNLA.
12 Jul 2012                Ansar Dine drives the MNLA from Ansogo.
 19 Nov 2012                MUJAO occupies Ménaka.
14 Feb 2013                MNLA renounces their claim of independence for Azawad and asks
                              Malian government to start negotiations on its future status.
 26 Jan 2013                Mali and French forces retake Gao, and Timbuktu on 28 Jan 2013
                             and Ansogo on 29 Jan 2013.
 28 Jan 2013                French and Malian forces re-occupy Timbuktu, and MNLA re-occupies
                             Kidal.
 29 Jan 2013                Nigerien soldiers occupy Ansongo and Chadian troops, Ménaka.
 1 Jul 2013                United Nations (MINUSMA) peacekeeping force deployed.
21 May 2014                MNLA and Tuareg rebels re-occupy Kidal (then take Ménaka, Aguelhok,
                              Andéramboukane and Ansongo by 24 May 2014).
20 Jun 2015                Algiers Accord signed by the Coordination of Azawad Movements
                             (CMA), in which the government of Mali concedes that Azawad is "a
                             human, socio-cultural, memorial and symbolic reality shared by
                             different populations of the north."
28 Feb 2017                Mali restores interim authorities to Kidal and on 2 Mar 2017, Gao.
20 Apr 2017                Mali restores interim authorities to Timbuktu and Ménaka.
 
Chairman of the Transitional Executive Council
  6 Apr 2012 - 14 Feb 2013  Bilal Ag Acherif                   (b. 1977)            MNLA
                             (secretary-general of the MNLA)

Party abbreviations: CMA = Coordination des Mouvements de l'Azawad (Coordination of the Movements of Azawad, Tuareg-dominated coalition of MNLA, Haut Conseil pour l'Unité de l'Azawad [High Council for the Unity of Azawad], Mouvement Arabe de l'Azawad [Arab Movement of Azawad] and Coalition du Peuple pour l'Azawad [Coalition for the People of Azawad], est.2014); MNLA = Mouvement National pour la Libération de l'Azawad (National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg separatist, merger of MNA [Mouvement National de l'Azawad] and MTNM [Mouvement Touareg du Nord-Mali] est.Oct 2011)





© Ben Cahoon