Mali

6 Sep 1880 - 24 Nov 1958   24 Nov 1958 - 4 Apr 1959   4 Apr 1959 - 1 Mar 1961   Adopted 1 Mar 1961   Map of Mali Hear National Anthem "Le Mali" (Mali) Text of National Anthem Adopted 9 Aug 1962 Constitution (12 Jan 1992; suspended 22 Mar - 1 Apr 2012) Capital: Bamako (Kayès 1880-1908; Mali Fed.- Dakar 4 Apr 1959- 20 Aug 1960, Bamako 20 Aug - 22 Sep 1960) Currency: Communauté Financière Africaine Franc (XOF); 1962-1984 Mali Franc (MLF) National Holiday: 22 Sep (1960) Independence Day Population: 15,968,882 (2013) GDP: $18.9 billion (2013) Exports: $2.57 billion (2013) Imports: $2.89 billion (2013) Ethnic groups: Bambara 30.6%, Senufo 10.5%, Fula Macina (Niafunke) 9.6%, Soninke 7.4%, Tuareg 7%, Malinke 6.6%, Songhai 6.3%, Dogon 4.3%, Bobo 3.5%, other 14.2% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 7,350 (2010) French Forces: 2,500 (2013) UN MINUSMA Force: 16,453 (2019) Merchant marine: None (2010) Religions: Muslim 94.8%, Christian 2.4%, Animist 2%,  none 0.5%, unspecified 0.3% (2009) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, APM, AU, BCEAO, BTWC, CCM, CD, CEMAC, CEN-SAD, CTBT, CWC, ECOWAS, EITI, ESCR, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT (signatory), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OST, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Mali Index Chronology  6 Sep 1880                French territory of Haut-Sénégal (Upper Senegal)                              created (subordinated to French West Africa                              [see Senegal]). 18 Aug 1890                Renamed territory of French Sudan (Soudan Français) 27 Aug 1892                Made a separate colony. 16 Jun 1895                Part of French West Africa (see Senegal). 17 Oct 1899                French Sudan broken up; part becomes territory                              of Upper Senegal and Middle Niger (Haut-Sénégal                              et Moyen-Niger). 10 Oct 1902                Becomes colony of Senegambia and Niger (Sénégambie                              et le Niger)(subject to Senegal). 18 Oct 1904                Renamed Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Upper Senegal and                              Niger).  4 Dec 1920                Renamed French Sudan. 16 Jun 1940 - 23 Nov 1942  Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 23 Nov                              1942 [under Darlan to 24 Dec 1942], Free French). 27 Oct 1946                French Sudan overseas territory of France. 24 Nov 1958                Autonomy (Sudanese Republic [République Soudanaise]) 24 Nov 1958 - 22 Sep 1960  Member state of the Communauté (French Community).  4 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960  Part of the Mali Federation (with Senegal), a                              member state of the Communauté. 20 Jun 1960                Mali Federation accedes to independence. 20 Aug 1960                Senegal withdraws from the Mali Federation. 22 Sep 1960                Sudanese Republic renamed Republic of Mali (which is                              proclaimed a sovereign state).  1 Jul 1961 - May 1963     Part of the Union of African States a loose                              federation of Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.  1 Apr 2012 - 12 Jul 2012  Tuareg secessionists occupy Kidal, Gao, Timbuktu                              on 6 Apr 2012 declare the independence of Azawad. 27 Jun 2012 - 26 Jan 2013  Islamist rebels occupy Kidal, Gao, Timbuktu. Traditional states Azawad (2012) Historical Maps of Mali

Commandant
27 Feb 1880 - 29 Jul 1880  Charles Émile Boilève (1st time)   (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
Commandants supérieur
 6 Sep 1880 -  3 Sep 1883  Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes          (b. 1839 - d. 1900)
 3 Sep 1883 - 18 Jun 1884  Charles Émile Boilève (2nd time)   (s.a.)
18 Jun 1884 - Sep 1885     Antoine Vincent Auguste Combes     (b. 1849 - d. 1913)
                             (acting to 4 Sep 1884)
Sep 1885 - Aug 1886        Henri Nicolas Frey                 (b. 1847 - d. 1932)
Aug 1886 - 10 Sep 1888     Joseph Simon Gallieni              (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
10 Sep 1888 - 1891         Louis Archinard (1st time)         (b. 1850 - d. 1932)
1891 - 27 Aug 1892         Pierre Marie Gustave Humbert       (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
27 Aug 1892 -  2 Aug 1893  Louis Archinard (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 2 Aug 1893 - 26 Dec 1893  François Xavier Louis Henri        (b. 1857 - d. 1944)
                             Gaëtan Bonnier (acting)
Governor
26 Dec 1893 - 16 Jun 1895  Louis Alphonse Grodet              (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
Lieutenant-governors
16 Jun 1895 - 17 Oct 1899  Louis Edgard de Trentinian         (b. 1851 - d. 1942)
 1 Jan 1898 - 19 Nov 1899  Marie Michel Alexandre René        (b. 1854 - d. 1909)
                             Audéoud (acting for Trentinian)
Delegate of the Governor-general
17 Oct 1899 - 20 Oct 1904  William Merlaud-Ponty              (b. 1866 - d. 1915)
Lieutenant-governors
20 Oct 1904 - 18 Feb 1908  William Merlaud-Ponty              (s.a.)
 1 Sep 1906 -  1 Jan 1907  Jean Jules Émile Peuvergne         (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
                             (acting for Merlaud-Ponty)
28 Aug 1907 - 12 Jan 1908  Jean Jules Émile Peuvergne         (s.a.)
                             (acting for Merlaud-Ponty)
18 Feb 1908 - 16 Jun 1915  Marie François Joseph Clozel       (b. 1860 - d. 1918)
17 Dec 1909 - 17 Aug 1910  Henri Alphonse Joseph Lejeune      (b. 1866 - d. 19..)
                             (acting for Clozel)
13 Jan 1912 - Aug 1912     Philippe Marius Henry              (b. 1865 - d. 1915)
                             (acting for Clozel)
12 Dec 1912 - Aug 1913     Philippe Marius Henry              (s.a.)
                             (acting for Clozel)
16 Jun 1915 - 26 Jun 1915  Philippe Marius Henry (acting)     (s.a.)
 1 Jul 1915 - 28 Jul 1916  Louis Thiebaut François Vincent    (b. 1860 - d. 1926)
                             Digue (acting)
28 Jul 1916 - 20 Apr 1917  Raphaël Valentin Antonetti (acting)(b. 1872 - d. 1938)
20 Apr 1917 - 21 May 1917  Albert Nebout (acting)             (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
21 May 1917 - 20 Feb 1918  Louis Eugène Periquet (acting)     (b. 1874 - d. 1929)
20 Feb 1918 - 16 May 1919  Auguste Brunet                     (b. 1878 - d. 1957)
16 May 1919 - 20 Aug 1921  Marcel Achille Olivier             (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
10 Aug 1920 - Jan 1920     Camille Théodore Daniel Maillet    (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
                             (acting for Olivier)
20 Aug 1921 - 31 Dec 1930  Jean Henri Terrasson de Fougères   (b. 1881 - d. 1930)
                             (acting to 26 Feb 1924)
23 Apr 1924 - May 1924     Jean Joseph Henri Carreau          (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
                             (acting for Terrasson)
May 1924 - Feb 1925        Albéric Auguste Fournier           (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
                             (acting for Terrasson)
Apr 1926 - Nov 1926        Gabriel Omar Descemet              (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
                             (acting for Terrasson)
22 Jun 1928 - 28 Jan 1929  Gabriel Omar Descemet              (s.a.)
                             (acting for Terrasson)
31 Dec 1930 -  4 Apr 1931  Joseph Urbain Court (acting)       (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
 4 Apr 1931 - 21 May 1931  Gabriel Omar Descemet (acting)     (s.a.)
21 May 1931 - 19 Feb 1935  Louis Jacques Eugène Fousset       (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
31 Mar 1933 - 22 May 1933  René Desjardins 
                             (acting for Fousset)
22 May 1933 - 30 Nov 1933  Léon Solomiac                      (b. 1873 - d. 1960) 
                             (acting for Fousset)
19 Feb 1935 - 20 Nov 1935  Félix Sylvestre Adolphe Éboué      (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
                             (acting)
20 Nov 1935 -  9 Nov 1936  Matteo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa     (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
 9 Nov 1936 - 28 Mar 1938  Ferdinand Jacques Louis Rougier    (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
                             (acting to 4 Dec 1936)
28 Mar 1938 - 22 Dec 1940  Jean Desanti                       (b. 1899 - d. 1944)
                             (acting to 15 Nov 1940)
22 Dec 1940 - 17 Apr 1942  Jean Alexandre Léon Rapenne        (b. 1901 - d. 1952)
                             (acting)
17 Apr 1942 -  5 Apr 1946  Auguste Marie Léon Calvel          (b. 1892 - d. 1981)
                             (acting to 29 Dec 1942)
Governors, Chefs de territoire
15 May 1946 - Apr 1952     Edmond Jean Louveau                (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
23 Feb 1949 - Feb 1950     Lucien Eugène Geay                 (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
                             (acting for Louveau)
Apr 1952 - 10 Jul 1952     Camille Victor Bailly              (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
10 Jul 1952 - 23 Feb 1953  Salvador Jean Etchéber (acting)    (b. 1901 - d. 1967)
23 Feb 1953 -  2 Dec 1953  Albert Jean Mouragues              (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
 2 Dec 1953 -  3 Nov 1956  Lucien Eugène Geay                 (s.a.)
                             (acting to 10 Feb 1954)
 3 Nov 1956 - 24 Nov 1958  Henri Victor Gipoulon              (b. 1913 - d. 1989)
High Commissioners
24 Nov 1958 - 12 Feb 1959  Henri Victor Gipoulon              (s.a.)
12 Feb 1959 - 20 Jun 1960  Jean Charles Sicurani              (b. 1915 - d. 1977)
President of the Government Council (Prime minister)
15 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960  Modibo Keïta                       (b. 1915 - d. 1977)  US-RDA
                            (= Mamadou dit Modibo Keïta)
                            (also president of the Federal Government
                             of Mali 4 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960)
President of the Provisional Government
22 Sep 1960 - 20 Jan 1961  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
President of the Government
20 Jan 1961 - 19 Nov 1968  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
President of the Military Committee of National Liberation, Chief of State
19 Nov 1968 - 30 Jun 1979  Moussa Traoré                      (b. 1936)            Mil
President
30 Jun 1979 - 26 Mar 1991  Moussa Traoré                      (s.a.)             Mil;1976 UDPM
President of the National Reconciliation Council
26 Mar 1991 - 31 Mar 1991  Amadou Toumani Touré               (b. 1948)            Mil
President of the Transitional Committee for the Salvation of the People
31 Mar 1991 -  8 Jun 1992  Amadou Toumani Touré               (s.a.)               Mil
Presidents
 8 Jun 1992 -  8 Jun 2002  Alpha Oumar Konaré                 (b. 1946)            ADEMA
 8 Jun 2002 - 22 Mar 2012  Amadou Toumani Touré               (s.a.)               Non-party
President of the National Committee for the Recovery of Democracy
and the Restoration of the State
22 Mar 2012 - 12 Apr 2012  Amadou Haya Sanogo                 (b. 1972)            Mil
Presidents
12 Apr 2012 -  4 Sep 2013  Dioncounda Traoré (interim)        (b. 1942)            ADEMA
 4 Sep 2013 -              Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta             (b. 1945)            RPM

Vice President of the Government Council
22 May 1957 - 24 Jul 1958  Jean-Marie Koné                    (b. 1913 - d. 1988)  US-RDA
President of the Government Council
24 Jul 1958 - 24 Nov 1958  Jean-Marie Koné                    (s.a.)               US-RDA
President of the (Provisional to 15 Apr 1959) Government Council
24 Nov 1958 - 22 Sep 1960  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
                            (= Mamadou dit Modibo Keïta)
Presidents of the Government (Prime ministers)
22 Sep 1960 - 19 Nov 1968  Modibo Keïta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
                             (provisional to 20 Jan 1961)
19 Nov 1968 - 18 Sep 1969  Yoro Diakité                       (b. 1932 - d. 1973)  Mil
                             (provisional)
18 Sep 1969 -  6 Jun 1986  Post abolished
Prime ministers
 6 Jun 1986 -  6 Jun 1988  Mamadou Dembélé                    (b. 1936 - d. 2016)  UDPM
 6 Jun 1988 -  2 Apr 1991  Post abolished
 2 Apr 1991 -  9 Jun 1992  Soumana Sacko (interim)            (b. 1950)            Non-party
 9 Jun 1992 - 12 Apr 1993  Younoussi Touré                    (b. 1941)            ADEMA
12 Apr 1993 -  4 Feb 1994  Abdoulaye Sékou Sow                (b. 1931 - d. 2013)  ADEMA
 4 Feb 1994 - 15 Feb 2000  Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta             (s.a.)               ADEMA
15 Feb 2000 - 18 Mar 2002  Mandé Sidibé                       (b. 1940 - d. 2009)  ADEMA
18 Mar 2002 -  9 Jun 2002  Modibo Keïta (1st time)            (b. 1942)            ADEMA
 9 Jun 2002 - 30 Apr 2004  Ahmed Mohamed Ag Hamani            (b. 1942)            Non-party
30 Apr 2004 - 28 Sep 2007  Ousmane Issoufi Maïga              (b. 1946)            Non-party
28 Sep 2007 -  3 Apr 2011  Modibo Sidibé                      (b. 1952)            Non-party
 3 Apr 2011 - 22 Mar 2012  Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (f)    (b. 1948)            Non-party
22 Mar 2012 - 17 Apr 2012  Vacant
17 Apr 2012 - 11 Dec 2012  Cheick Modibo Diarra (interim)     (b. 1952)            RPDM
11 Dec 2012 -  5 Sep 2013  Diango Cissoko (interim)           (b. 1948)            Non-party
 5 Sep 2013 -  9 Apr 2014  Oumar Tatam Ly                     (b. 1963)            Non-party
 9 Apr 2014 -  9 Jan 2015  Moussa Mara                        (b. 1975)            YP
 9 Jan 2015 - 10 Apr 2017  Modibo Keïta (2nd time)            (s.a.)               ADEMA
10 Apr 2017 - 30 Dec 2017  Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga            (b. 1958)            RPM
30 Dec 2017 - 23 Apr 2019  Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga            (b. 1954)            ASMA
23 Apr 2019 -              Boubou Cissé                       (b. 1974)            Non-party

Force Commanders of United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization
Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)
 1 Jul 2013 - 14 Dec 2014  Jean Bosco Kazura (Rwanda)         (b. 1963)
14 Dec 2014 -  1 Apr 2015  Oumar Bikimo (Chad) (interim)      (b. 1960)
 1 Apr 2015 - 31 Dec 2016  Michael Anaker Lollesgaard         (b. 1960)
                             (Denmark)
31 Dec 2016 - 11 Apr 2017  Amadou Kane (Senegal) (interim)    (b. 1954)
11 Apr 2017 -  2 Oct 2018  Jean-Paul Deconinck (Belgium)      (b. 1959)
 2 Oct 2018 -              Dennis Gyllensporre (Sweden)       (b. 1964)

Territorial Disputes: Border demarcation is underway with Burkina Faso.

Party abbreviations: ADEMA = Alliance pour la Démocratie au Mali - Parti Africain pour la Solidarité et la Justice (Alliance for Democracy in Mali - African Party for Solidarity and Justice, pro-democratic, social democratic, est.25 Oct 1990); ASMA = Alliance pour la Solidarité au Mali – Convergence des Forces Patriotiques (Alliance for Solidarity in Mali–Convergence of Patriotic Forces, est.10 Jun 2013); RPDM = Rasemblement pour le Développement du Mali (Rally for the Development of Mali, est.2011); RPM = Rassemblement pour le Mali (Rally for Mali, socialist, est.Feb 2001); YP = Yéléma (Change, reformist, est.9 Jan 2010); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: UDPM = Union Démocratique du Peuple Malien (Democratic Union of the Malian People, democratic centralist, Moussa Traoré personalist, 1979-1990 only legal party, 1976-1991); US-RDA = Union Soudanaise-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally, socialist, 1965-1968 sole party, 1946-1968)