Roman Empire
Rome Traditional Flag
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Western Roman Empire Flag
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Maps
of the Roman Empire
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Capital:
Rome (Roma)
(Gallic Empire - Colonia Agrippina
260-261, Augusta Treverorum
261-674;
Western - Constantinople
[Constantinopolis] 303-395,
Rome 395-303, Ravenna 402-473,
Mediolanum 286-402;
Eastern - Nicomedia 286-330,
Constantinople [Constantinopolis]
395-1453)
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Currency
(from 50 BC):
Aureus and
Denarius
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Population: 223
million
(2nd cent. AD est.)
56,800,000 (25 BC est.)
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Roman
Empire
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Chronology
c.753 BC
Rome, and
the Roman kingdom (Regnum
Romanum), founded
according to legend by
Romulus (d. c.716 BC).
509
BC
Roman Republic (Res
Publica Romana);
overthrow of the
last King (Rex
Romae) Lucius
Tarquinius Superbus
(d. 495 BC).
501 BC - 501
BC
Titus Lartius Flavus elected first
Dictator (magister
populi) of Rome to defeat the
forces of Octavius
Mamilius (d. 498 BC) son-in-law of
last King of
Rome.
437 BC - 435 BC
Rome defeats the
Etruscan Veii in the Veientine War.
18 Jul 390 BC
Sack of Rome by the Senone Gauls under Brennus.
290 BC
Last Samnite resistance
is crushed by Rome.
264
BC
Etruscan lands annexed by Rome.
241 BC
Sicilia (Sicily) annexed
to Rome (Syracuse falls in
212 BC).
238
BC
Sardinia and Corsica annexed by Rome.
222
BC
Rome conquers Gallia Cisalpina
(Cisalpine Gaul).
2 Aug 216
BC
Battle of Cannae, the
Carthaginians under Hannibal
Barca, decisively defeat a larger army
of Romans
under the Consuls Lucius
Aemilius Paullus (d. 160
BC)
and Gaius Terentius Varro
(d. 200 BC).
210 BC - 207 BC
Hispania (Iberia) conquered for Rome
by Scipio
Africanus (b. 236/235 BC - 183 BC).
197
BC
Hispania Ulterior and Hispania
Citerior (Iberia)
provinces organized by
Rome.
22 Jun 168
BC
Roman Republic defeats and annexes
Macedonia.
146
BC
Romans defeat the Achaean League,
destroying the
city-state of Corinth.
Epirus and Achaia annexed
by Rome.
Spring 146
BC
Rome finally defeats Carthage
at the Battle of
Carthage ending the Third
Punic War.
135 BC - 132
BC
First Servile War (Bellum Servile)
slave revolt,
particularly in Sicily led by Eunus
(d. 132 BC).
c.134 BC - c.44 BC
Crisis of the Roman
Republic, period of political
instability and social unrest.
133
BC
Pergamon annexed to Rome as
Provincia Asia (province
of
Asia).
121 BC
Gallia Narbonensis (Gaul
of Narbonne) becomes a Roman
province.
100 BC - 104
BC
Second Servile War (Secundum Bellum
Servile) slave
revolt in Sicily, led by Athenion and
Tryphon.
91 BC - 88
BC
Rome defeats former Italian allied
cities in the
Social War (Bellum
Sociale).
74
BC
Bithynia annexed by Rome (later as
Bithynia et
Pontus).
73 BC - 71
BC
Third Servile War (Tertium Bellum
Servile) slave
revolt led by Spartacus (Spártakos)(b.
c.111 BC
- d. 71 BC).
71 BC
Roman slaves in
rebellion are decisively
defeated by
Roman forces near Petelia.
Their leader Spartacus
(Spártakos)
is killed.
64
BC
Syria annexed by Rome.
58
BC
Cyprus annexed by Rome.
58 BC - 51 BC
Gaul
conquered by Julius Caesar.
10 Jan 49 BC
Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon
River (the frontier
boundary of Italy) with a
single legion, the Legio
XIII Gemina,
igniting a civil war, which he wins
becoming Dictator in Oct 49 BC and in
1 Jan 44 BC
Consul.
46 BC
Odrysia
(client kingdom c.30-46 BC)
incorporated into
Rome as provincia Thracia
(province of
Thrace).
46
BC
Eastern Numidia annexed
as Roman province of Africa
Nova (New Africa). In 40
BC Western Numidia is
annexed with East Numidia as
Africa Proconsularis.
15 Mar 44 BC
Assassination of Julius Caesar (b. 100
BC - d. 44 BC)
2 Sep
31
Gaius
Octavianus (Octavian) defeats the
combined
forces of Marcus Antonius
(Marc Antony) and Queen
Cleopatra VII of Egypt at
the Battle of Actium
(proelium
Actiacum).
30 BC
Egypt is annexed
by Rome as provincia Aegyptus.
c.29
BC
Moesia annexed by Rome (divided into
Moesia Superior
and
Moesia Inferior in 87 AD).
17 Jan 27 BC
Roman Empire (Imperium
Romanum), Octavian is
granted
the titles augustus
("illustrious one"),
majestic,
and
princeps
("first [head]"), by the
Senate.
c.Sep 9
AD
At Battle of the Teutoburg
Forest an alliance of
Germanic tribes
decisively destroys three Roman
legions.
18 AD
Cappadocia (client
kingdom 95 BC - 18 AD) annexed by
Rome.
40
AD
Mauretania (client kingdom 33 BC - 40
AD) annexed by
Rome (divided in 44 into
Mauretania Tingitana and
Mauretania Caesariensis).
43 AD - 80 AD
Britannia (south of
Firth of Forth) invaded
annexed
by Rome.
44
AD
Judea (client kingdom 63 BC - 44 AD)
annexed by Rome.
60 AD - 61
AD
Celtic Queen Boudicca's (Boadicea)(d.
61) revolt in
Roman Britannia destroying Camulodunum
(modern
Colchester), Verulamium (Saint
Albans) and
Londinium (London).
62 AD
Pontus annexed by
Rome (eastern half of kingdom of
Pontus survived as a client kingdom
62-66 AD).
18-27 Jul 64 AD
Great Fire
of Rome (incendium magnum Romae),
which
Emperor Nero blames on the
Christians, destroys
two-thirds (10 of 14 districts) of the
city.
Aug 66 - 16 Apr
73
First Jewish
(Judaeo)–Roman War ("Great Revolt") in
Judea.
24 Oct 79 AD
Mount Vesuvius (Mons Vesuvius)
volcano erupts
destroying the cities of Pompeii,
Herculaneum,
Oplontis and Stabiae. Nearly
20 thousand including
Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny "the
Elder")(b. 23/24
- d.
79) die (traditional date 24 Aug 79).
80 AD
Rome is partially
destroyed by fire on the Campus
Martius (sometimes called the "Fire of
Titus").
22 Mar 106 AD
Nabatea annexed by
Rome as the province of Arabia
Petraea.
106 AD
Dacia (former
client kingdom 88-106) organized
as
Dacia Traiana province of
Rome.
115 AD - 117 AD
Armenia,
Assyria, and Mesopotamia annexed by
Rome.
115 -
117
Second Jewish–Roman War (Kitos War),
Jewish revolts
in Cyrene (Cyrenaica), Cyprus, Egypt,
Judea, and
Mesopotamia.
Aug 132 - Aug 135
Third Jewish–Roman War
(Simon Bar Kokhba revolt)
in Judea.
191
Fourth
Great Fire in Rome (called "Fire of
Commodus")
198 - 226
Mesopotamia is re-conquered by
Rome (as Provincia
Mesopotamia).
Spring
260
Emperor Valerian is defeated in the
Battle of Edessa
by Sasanian Emperor Shapur I and held
hostage until
his
death.
Sep 260 - Feb/Mar
274
Gallic Empire (Imperium
Galliarum) in rebellion
in
the territories of
Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and
(for a time) Hispania.
267 AD
Heruli,
a Germanic tribe, invades
Macedonia, Achaea,
and Thessaly sacking
Athens, Corinth, and Sparta.
269 - Aug 272
Palmyrene Empire under Zenobia (f) and
Vaballathus
occupies Syria
Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, Egypt,
and parts of Asia Minor.
c.271/75
Dacia is abandoned.
286 - Sep 296
Britannic Empire (Imperium
Britanniarum) in rebellion
in Britannia and Northern Gaul under
Carausius and
Allectus.
1 Mar 293 - Jul/Aug 313
Tetrarchy era, administrative
division of the Roman
Empire into four parts.
28 Oct
312
Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Emperor
Constantine I
defeats Emperor
Maxentius.
Feb
313
Emperor Constantine I decrees official
toleration of
Christianity and
other religions by the Edict of
Milan (Edictum
Mediolanense [Diatagma
tōn
Mediolanōn]).
11 May 330
Emperor Constantine I
moves the capital of the Roman
Empire to Constantinople
(Constantinopolis/
Konstantinoúpolis), formerly
named Byzantium
(Byzántion), officially
called New Rome (Nova Roma
[Néa Rómi]).
22 May 337 - 340
Empire
divided into three parts by the sons
of
Emperor Constantine I following his
death.
Dec 361 - 26 Jun
363
Emperor Julian "the Apostate" openly
rejects
Christianity and attempts to restore traditional
Roman Paganism.
376
Fleeing the Huns, the
Goths crossed the Danube River
and enter the Eastern
Empire as political refugees.
In 382, the Goths are
made foederati
of the Empire.
9 Aug
378
Gothic rebels defeat Roman
forces and kill Emperor
Valens at the Battle of
Adrianople.
1 Jan 379 - 17
Jan 395 Emperor
Theodosius I re-unites the Empire, but
at his
death the Empire is
divided by his sons (Arcadius,
in the East, and
Honorius, in the West).
27 Feb
380
Christianity is adopted as the state
religion by
Emperors Theodosius I,
Gratian, and Valentinian II
in the Edict of
Thessalonica (the Cunctos populos).
8 Nov
392
Emperor Theodosius forbade, not only
the offering of
blood sacrifice, but all forms of
pagan worship,
including private religious rites. No
sacrifice in
any
place or any city was to be permitted.
17 Jan
395
Roman Empire is divided de jure into
the Eastern
Roman (Byzantine)
Empire, at Constantinople, and
Western Roman Empire, at
Rome.
c.400
Pannonia and Vindobona lost to
the Huns.
402
Ravenna is made the capital
of the Western Roman
Empire.
404
Gladiatorial games are
officially banned by Emperor
Honorius.
31 Dec
406
Crossing of the Rhine by a mixed group
of barbarians
(including the Quadi,
Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans,
Gepids, Herules, Saxons,
Burgundians, Alemanni,
and Pannonians).
Dec
406
Constantine III withdrew the remains
of the army in
Britannia in reaction to Germanic
invasion of Gaul.
Sep/Oct
409
The Buri, Suevi, Vandals, and Alans
move into
Hispania.
24-27 Aug
410
Visigoths, led by Alareiks
(Alaric I), sack Rome.
410
Romano-Britons
expel Constantine III's government
from Britain.
Emperor Honorius tells the civitates
(cities)
of Britannia "to see to their own
defense,"
the rule of local
Romano-Britons begins.
418
Visigoths
settle in southern Gaul as foederati.
429 - Apr 534
Vandals establish an independent
kingdom in Roman
Africa.
440 - 452
The Huns, under Attila (b.
c.406 - d. 453), threaten
Rome
are paid off and then attack.
c.445
Malta occupied by the Vandals.
20 Jun
451
Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king
Theodoric I
defeat the Huns, under
Attila, at Battle of the
Catalaunian Plains (Campus
Mauriacus).
452
Huns sack
cities in northern Italy (razing
Aquileia
18 Jul
452), but leave Italian
peninsula without
attacking Rome following an
embassy including Pope
Leo
I.
2-16 Jun 455
Vandals and Alani, led by
Genseric (Gaiseric), sack
Rome.
28 Feb 456 - 18 Aug 472
Flavius Ricimer (b. 405 - d.
472), a Romanized
Germanic general,
effectively rules the remaining
territory of the Western
Roman Empire as magister
militum.
456 -
466
Vandals occupy Sardinia.
457 – 461
Emperor Majorian briefly reconquers
most of Hispania.
464 - 486
Syagrius (b. 430 - d. 487), magister
militum per
Gallias, rules Northern
Gaul from Novidunum
(Soissons) as Romanorum
Rex of the
last Roman rump
state in the West.
468
Vandals
occupy Sicily.
469
Vandals occupy Corsica (and Sardinia
to c.474).
472
Visigoths capture Tarraco (Tarragona),
ending Roman
rule in Hispania
Tarraconensis.
28 Aug 475 - 28 Aug
476 Orestes (d.
479), magister militum,
takes control of
Ravenna and appoints his son, Romulus
Augustus, as
Emperor on 31 Oct 475.
4 Sep
476
Romulus
Augustus, the last Emperor in
the West, is
forced to abdicate by
Odovacar (see under Italy),
head of the Germanic
foederati in Roman pay,
who
becomes Italian king (rex
Italicum) at Ravenna.
The Senate sends Eastern
Emperor Zeno the imperial
regalia of the Western
Empire.
25 Apr
480
Julius Nepos, the last Emperor
pretender in the West,
is
assassinated in Dalmatia.
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Eastern
Roman Empire
(395-1453)
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Italy 476-1004
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Emperors¹
17 Jan 27 BC-19 Aug 14 AD Augustus
(= Gaius
Octavianus)
(b. 63 BC - d. 14 AD)
(Augustus Caesar)
17 Sep 14 - 16 Mar 37
Tiberius
(b. 42
BC - d. 37 AD)
(Tiberius Caesar Augustus)
18 Mar 37 - 24 Jan 41
Gaius "Caligula"
(b. 12 - d. 41)
(Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
25 Jan 41 - 13 Oct 54 Claudius
(b. 10
BC - d. 54 AD)
(Tiberius Claudius Caesar
Augustus Germanicus)
42
Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus (b. 8 - d. 42)
(= Marcus Furius Camillus Scribonianus)
(in rebellion, in Dalmatia)
13 Oct 54 - 9 Jun 68
Nero
(b. 37 - d. 68)
(Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus
Germanicus)
13 Oct 54 - 2 Mar 59
Julia Agrippina (f) -Regent (de facto) (b. 15 -
d. 59)
Mar 68 - May 68
Gaius Julius Vindex
(b. c.25 - d. 68)
(in rebellion, in Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia
Narbonensis)
Mar/Apr 68 - Oct 68
Lucius Clodius Macer
(d. 68)
(in rebellion, in Africa Proconsularis)
Jun 68 - Oct
68
Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus
(usurper) (b. c.35 – d. 68)
(in rebellion, in Rome)
8 Jun 68 - 15 Jan 69 Galba
(b. 3 BC - d. 69 AD)
(Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar
Augustus)
15 Jan 69 - 16 Apr 69 Otho
(b. 32 - d. 69)
(Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus)
17 Apr 69 - 20 Dec 69
Vitellius
(b. 15 - d. 69)
(Aulus Vitellius Germanicus)
21 Dec 69 - 23 Jun 79
Vespasian
(b. 9 - d. 79)
(Titus Flavius Vespasianus Caesar)
23 Jun 79 - 13 Sep 81
Titus
(b. 39 - d. 81)
(Titus Caesar Vespasianus
Augustus)
79
Terentius
Maximus
(d. 79)
(usurper, claiming to be Nero)
(in rebellion, in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia)
14 Sep 81 - 18 Sep
96
Domitian
(b. 51 - d. 96)
(Domitianus
Augustus; 83: Domitianus Germanicus Augustus)
c.1-24 Jan
89
Lucius Antonius
Saturninus (usurper) (d. 89)
(in rebellion, in Germania Superior)
18 Sep 96 - 27 Jan 98 Nerva
(b. 30 - d. 98)
(Nerva
Caesar Augustus; 97: Nerva Germanicus Caesar
Augustus)
28 Jan 98 - 8 Aug 117 Trajan
(b. 53 - d. 117)
(Nerva Traianus Augustus)
10 Aug 117 - 10 Jul 138 Hadrian
(b. 76 -
d. 138)
(Traianus Hadrianus Augustus)
10 Jul 138 - 7 Mar 161 Antoninus
Pius
(b. 86 - d. 161)
(Titus
Aelius Caesar Hadrianus Antoninus)
7 Mar 161 - Mar
169 Lucius Verus -Co-ruler
(b. 130 - d. 169)
(Lucius Aurelius
Verus Augustus)
7 Mar 169 - 17 Mar 180 Marcus
Aurelius
(b. 121 - d. 180)
(Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus)
3 May 175 - Jul
175 Avidius Cassius
(usurper)
(b. c.130 – d. 175)
(Gaius Avidius Cassius Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus,
Arabia and Syria Palestina)
27 Nov 176 - 31 Dec 192 Commodus
(co-ruler to 17 Mar 180) (b.
161 - d. 192)
(Jun
177: Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus;
17 Mar 180: Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus;
191: Lucius Aurelius Commodus Aurelius)
1 Jan 193 - 28 Mar 193
Pertinax
(b. 125 - d. 193)
(Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus)
28 Mar 193 - 1 Jun 193 Didius
Julianus
(b. c.133 - d. 193)
(Marcus Didius Severus Julianus Augustus)
9 Apr 193 – May 194
Pescennius
Niger
(b. c.135 - d.
194)
(Gaius Pescennius Niger Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Asia, Aegyptus
and Syria)
14 Apr 193 - 4 Feb 211
Septimius Severus
(b. 145 - d.
211)
(Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus)
fall 195 - 19 Feb 197 Clodius
Albinus
(b. c.150 - d.
197)
(Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Britannia and Gaul)
3 May 198 - 8 Apr 217 Antoninus
"Caracalla"
(b. 188 - d. 217)
(Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus "Caracallus")
(co-ruler to 4 Feb 211)
fall 209 - 19 Dec 211 Geta
-Co-ruler
(b. 189 - d. 211)
(Publius [or Lucius] Septimius Geta Augustus)
11 Apr 217 - 8 Jun 218
Macrinus
(b. c.165 - d. 218)
(Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus Pius Felix Augustus)
May 217 -
218
Diadumenian -Co-ruler
(b. 208 - d. 218)
(Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus Pius
Felix Augustus)
8 Jun 218 - 11 Mar 222
Elagabalus [Heliogabalus]
(b. c.201 - d. 211)
(Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
219
Gellius Maximus (usurper)
(d. 219)
(in rebellion, in Coele Syria)
late
219
Verus (usurper)
(d.
219)
(in rebellion, in Syria Phoenice)
c.221
Seleucus (usurper)
(c. 221)
(possibly Julius Antonius Seleucus, in Moesia;
or Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus, in Rome)
11 Mar 222 - 19 Mar 235 Severus
Alexander
(b. 208 - d. 235)
(Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Pius Felix Augustus)
227
Seius Sallustius (usurper, in Rome) (b.
c.180 - d. 227)
(Lucius Seius Herennius Sallustius)
232 - summer
232
Taurinius [or Taurinus] (usurper)
(d. 232)
(Caesar Taurinius Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Mesopotamia)
232
Ovinius Camillus (usurper)
[possibly fictitious]
20 Mar 235 - Jun 238 Maximinus I "Thrax"
(b. c.173 - d. 235)
(Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus "Thrax")
235
Gaius Petronius Magnus
(usurper) (d. 235)
(in rebellion, in Rome)
235
Titius Quartinus (usurper)
(d. 235)
(Caesar Titus Quartinus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Mesopotamia)
22 Mar 238 - 12 Apr 238 Gordian I -Co-ruler
(b. c.159 - d. 238)
(Marcus Antoninus Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus
Africanus)
22 Mar 238 - 12 Apr 238 Gordian II -Co-ruler
(b. c.192 - d. 238)
(Marcus Antoninus Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus
Africanus)
22 Apr 238 - 29 Jul 238 Pupienus
Maximus -Co-ruler
(b. c.165 - d. 238)
(Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus Augustus)
22 Apr 238 - 29 Jul 238
Balbinus -Co-ruler
(b. c.178 - d. 238)
(Decius Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Pius Felix Augustus)
22 Apr 238 - 11 Feb 244 Gordian
III (co-ruler to 219 Jul 238) (b. 225 - d. 244)
(Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Felix Augustus)
240
Sabinianus (Marcus Asinius Sabinianus)
(Caesar Sabinianus Augustus)
(in revolt, in Africa Proconsularis)
Feb 244 - Sep 249
Marcus Julius Philippus "Arabus"
(b. c.204 - d. 249)
(Marcus Julius Phillipus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus "Arabus")
247 - 249
Marcus Julius
Severus
(b. 237 - d. 249)
Philippus -Co-ruler
(Marcus Julius Severus Philippus Augustus)
240's
Silbannacus (usurper)
(Marcus Silbannacus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Gaul)
240's (or 260's)
Sponsianus
[Sponsian] (usurper)
(in rebellion, in Dacia and/or
Pannonia)
Dec 248 - Apr 249
Pacatianus [Pacatian]
(usurper) (d.
c.248)
(Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus)
(in rebellion, in Moesia)
c.249
Iotapianus [Jotapian]
(usurper) (d.
c.249)
(Marcus Fulvius Rufus Jotapianus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Syria)
Sep/Oct 249 - Jun 251 Trajan Decius
(b. c.201 - d. 251)
(Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Pius Felix
Invictus
Augustus)
c.250
Julius Valens Licinianus [Licinian] (d.
c.250)
(in rebellion, in Rome)
251 - Jun
251
Herennius Etruscus -Co-ruler
(b. c.227 - d. 521)
(Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius Augustus)
Jun 251 - late 251
Hostilianus
[Hostilian]
(b. 230? - d. 521)
(Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus Augustus)
Jun 251 - Aug
253
Trebonianus Gallus (co-ruler to 251) (b. 206 - d.
253)
(Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Pius Felix
Invictus Augustus)
251 - Aug
253
Volusianus [Volusian] -Co-ruler
(d. 253)
(Gaius Vibius Volusianus)
late
251
Titus Julius Priscus (usurper)
(d. 251)
(in rebellion, in Thrace)
253 -
254
Uranius Antoninus
(usurper)
(d. 254)
(Lucius Julius Aurelius Sulpicius Severus
Uranius Antoninus)
(in rebellion, in Syria)
Jun 253 - Sep 253
Aemilianus [Aemilian]
(b. 207/13 - d. 253)
(Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
Oct 253 - spring 260 Valerian
[Valerianus]
(b. c.193 - d. 260/64)
(Marcus
Aemilius Aemilianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
22 Oct 253 - Sep 268
Gallienus [Gallien] (co-ruler to 260) (b. c.218 -
d. 268)
(Publius
Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
260
Saloninus -Co-ruler
(b. c.242 - d. 260)
(Saloninus Valerianus Augustus)
260
Ingenuus
(d. 260)
(Caesar Ingenuus Augustus)
(usurper, in Pannonia Inferior)
260/261
Regalianus [Regalian]
(d.
260/61)
(P.C. Regalianus
Augustus)
(usurper, in Pannonia Superior)
Sep 260 -
269
Postumus (in rebellion, in Gaul)
(d. 269)
(Marcus
Cassianus Latinius Postumus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
260 - 261
Macrianus Major
(usurper, in
Syria) (d. 261)
(Fulvius
Macrianus)
- jointly with following two -
260 - 261
Macrianus Minor (usurper,
in Syria) (d. 261)
(Titus Fulvius Iunius Macrianus)
260 - 261
Quietus (usurper,
in Syria)
(d. 261)
(Titus Fulvius Junius Quietus)
261
Piso "Thessalicus" (usurper, in Achaea)(d. 261)
261
Valens "Thessalonicus"
(d. 261)
(usurper,
in Achaea)
261 - Nov? 261
Balista (in
rebellion, in Syria)
(d. c.261)
261
Mussius Aemilianus
(usurper)
(d. 261/62)
(Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus)
262
Memor (in rebellion, in North Africa) (d. c.262)
268
Aureolus (usurper, in Northern Italia) (d. 268)
Sep 268 - Jan 270
Claudius II "Gothicus"
(b. 213 - d.
270)
(Marcus Aurelius Claudius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus
"Gothicus")
c.Feb 269 -
c.Jun 269 Laelianus
(d. 269)
(Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus Pius Felix Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Germania)
269
Marius
(d. 269)
(Marcus Aurelius Marius Pius Felix Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Germania)
c.fall 269 - c.271
Victorinus
(d. 271)
(Marcus Piavonius Victorinus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Gaul)
Jan 270 - Sep? 270
Quintillus
(b. c.212 - d. 270)
(Marcus
Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Invictus Pius Felix
Augustus)
Sep? 270 - Sep
275
Aurelian
(b. 214 - d. 275)
(Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
c.271
Victoria [Vitruvia](f) (acting)
(d. c.271?)
(in rebellion, in Gaul)
c.271
Domitianus (Domitian II)
(d. c.271)
(in rebellion, 'usurper'
in Gaul)
271?
Felicissimus
(in rebellion, in Rome) (d. 271?)
271/272
Septimius [or Septiminius]
(d. 271/272)
(in rebellion, in Dalmatia)
271/272
Urbanus (in rebellion, in Dalmatia)
(d. 271/272)
[possibly fictitious]
272
Vaballathus
(b. c.259 – d. 274)
(Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus
Athenodorus)
(Palmyrene usurper, in Aegyptus and
Syria)
273
Firmus (in
rebellion, in Aegyptus)
(d. 273)
[possibly fictitious]
271 - Feb/Mar 274
Tetricus I (in rebellion, in
Gaul) (d. 274)
(Gaius
Pius Esuvius Tetricus Felix Invictus Augustus)
273 - Feb/Mar
274
Tetricus II
(Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus)
(co-ruler in rebellion, in Gaul)
273/274
Faustinus
(usurper against Tetricus, in Gaul)
25 Sep 275 - Jun 276
Tacitus
(b. c.200 - d. 276)
(Marcus
Claudius Tacitus Pius Felix Augustus)
Jun 276 - Sep? 276 Florianus
[Florian]
(b. 232 - d.
276)
(Marcus
Annius Florianus Pius Felix Augustus)
Sep? 276 - Sep/Oct 282
Probus
(b. c.232 - d. 282)
(Marcus
Aurelius Probus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
280
Bonosus
(d. 280)
(Caesar Bonosus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Belgica and Gaul)
280 - c.281
Proculus
(d. c.281)
(Caesar Proculus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Gaul and Britannia)
280
Julius Saturninus
(d. 280)
(Sextus Julius Saturninus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus and Syria)
Sep/Oct 282 - Jul/Aug 283 Carus
(b.
c.230 - d. 283)
(Marcus Aurelius Carus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
282 - 20 Nov 284
Numerianus
[Numerian]
(b. 254 - d. 284)
(Marcus
Aurelius Numerianus Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler to Jul/Aug 283)
283 -
285/86
Sabinus Julianus
(d. 285/86)
(Marcus Aurelius Sabinus Julianus Augustus)
(usurper, in Pannonia)
283 -
285
Carinus (co-ruler to 20 Nov 284)
(b. c.250 - d. 285)
(Marcus Aurelius Carinus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
20 Nov 284 - 1 May 305
Diocletian [Diocles]
(b. 244 - d. 312)
(Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Pius Felix
Invictus
Augustus) (in opposition to Carinus to 285)
c.285 - 286
Amandus (in
rebellion, in Gaul and Iberia)
(Gnaeus Silvius Amandus)
c.286
Aelianus
[Aelian](in rebellion,
in Gaul)
1 Mar 286 - 1 May
305 Maximianus I "Herculius" (1st
time) (b. c.250 - d. 310)
[Maximian] -Co-ruler
(Gaius Aurelius Valerius
Maximianus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
286 -
293
Carausius
(d. 293)
(Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius)
(in rebellion, in Britannia and
Northern Gaul)
c.286 -
293
Julianus [Iulianus](usurper, in Italy)
(d. 293)
293 - Sep 296
Allectus
(d. 296)
(Gaius Allectus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Britannia and Northern Gaul)
c.Jun 296? - Dec 297
Domitius Domitianus [Domitian III]
(d. 297)
(Lucius Domitius Domitianus Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus)
c.Dec 297 - Mar 298 Aurelius
Achilleus (d.
298)
(in rebellion, in Aegyptus)
303/304
Eugenius (usurper, in
Syria)
(d. 303/304)
1 May 305 - 25 Jul 306 Constantius I
"Chlorus"
(b. c.250 - d. 306)
(Gaius
Flavius Valerius Constantius Augustus "Chlorus")
1 May 305 - May 311
Galerius
(b. c.250 - d. 311)
(Galerius Valerius Maximianus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
1 May 305 - Mar/Apr 307 Severus II -Co-ruler
(b. 250 - d. 307)
(Flavius
Valerius Severus Augustus)
25 Jul 306 - 22 May 337 Constantine I [Konstantínos
"ó Mégas"] (b. 272 - d. 337)
(Flavius Constantinus Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
28 Oct 306 - 11 Nov 308
Maximianus I "Herculius"
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(in dissidence)
28 Oct 306 - 28 Oct 312
Maxentius
(b. c.279 - d. 312)
(Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Pius Felix Invictus
Augustus)
in competition with Severus, then Galerius then
Constantine;
jointly with his father Maximianus
to 11 Nov 308)
308 - c.311
Domitius Alexander
(d. c.311)
(Lucius Domitius Alexander Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Africa Proconsularis)
11 Nov 308 - 18 Sep
324 Licinius I
(b. c.265 - d. 324)
(Gaius Valerius Licinius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
(to 311 in the West, with Galerius in the East;
311–313 in the West, with Maximinus in the East;
from 313 in the East, with Constantine in the West,
in 314 and 324 in competition with him)
310 - c.Jul 310
Maximianus I
"Herculius" (3rd time) (s.a.)
(in dissidence)
1 May 311 - Jul/Aug
313 Maximinus II "Daia"
(b. c.270 - d. 313)
(Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Pius Felix
Invictus Augustus)
(in the East, in competition with Licinius)
Dec? 316 - 1 Mar 317
Valerius Valens -Co-ruler
(d. 317)
(Gaius Aurelius Valerius Valens Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler with Licinius)
1 Mar 317 -
326
Crispus -Co-ruler
(b. c.300 - d. 326)
(Flavius Julius Crispus)
Jul 324 - 18 Sep 324
Martinianus [Martinian] -Co-ruler
(d. 325)
(Marcus Martinianus Pius Felix Augustus)
(nominally in the West, with Licinius in the East)
334
Calocaerus (usurper, in Cyprus)
(d. 334)
(Caesar Calocaerus Augustus)
18 Sep 335 – May 337
Dalmatius [Delmatius] -Co-ruler
(d. 337)
(Flavius Dalmatius)
(in Thracia, Illyria, Achaea and Macedonia)
18 Sep 335 – May 337
Hannibalianus [Annibalianus] -Co-ruler
(d. 337)
(Flavius Hannibalianus)
(in Pontus and the neighbouring countries)
22 May 337 -
340
Constantine
II
(b. 317 - d. 340)
(Flavius Claudius Constantinus Pius Felix
Augustus)
(in the West under his father Constantine I;
337 – 340 joint emperor with Constantius II and
Constans, over Gaul, Hispania, and Britannia; in
340 in failed competition with Constans)
22 May 337 - 3 Nov 361
Constantius
II
(b. c.321 - d. 361)
(Flavius Iulius Constantius Pius Felix
Augustus)
(13 Nov 324 – 22 May 337 co-ruler under his father,
Constantine I
337 – 340 co-ruler in Asian provinces & Egypt with
Constantine II
and Constans; 340 – 350: co-ruler ruled Asian provinces
and Egypt with Constans)
22 May 337 - Feb
350 Constans I
(b. c.323 - d.
350)
(Flavius Julius Constans Pius Felix Augustus)
(337–350, jointly with Constantine II to 340 and
Constantius II)
18 Jan 350 - 11 Aug 353
Magnentius (usurper)
(b. c.303 - d. 353)
(Flavius
Magnus Magentius Augustus)
(in rebllion, in Britannia, Gaul, Hispania, Italia and
Africa)
1 Mar 350 - 25 Dec 350 Vetranio
(d. c.356)
(Vetranio Pius Felix Augustus)
3 Jun 350 - 30 Jun 350 Julius
Nepotianus [Nepotian](usurper) (d. 350)
(Flavius Julius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus)
(in rebellion, in Rome)
Jul/Aug 350 - 18 Aug 353
Decentius (usurper, in Gaul)
(d. 353)
(Magnus Decentius Caesar)
[ruled jointly with Magnentius]
6 Nov 350 - 26 Jun 363
Julian [Iulianus]
(b.
331/32 - d. 363)
(Flavius
Claudius Julianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus)
354 -
358
Carausius II (usurper, in Britannia)
[possibly fictitious]
11 Aug 355 - 7 Sep 355 Silvanus
(usurper, in Germania) (d.
355)
26 Jun 363 - 17 Feb 364 Jovian
[Iovianus]
(b. 331 - d.
364)
(Flavius Jovianus Pius Felix Augustus)
26 Feb 364 - 17 Nov 375 Valentinian I
(b. 321 - d. 375)
(Flavius Valentinianus Pius Felix Augustus)
28 Mar 364 - 9 Aug 378 Valens
(b. 328 – d. 378)
(Flavius Valens Augustus)
(in the East, with his brother Valentinian I in the
West;
from 17 Nov 375 in the East, with his
nephews Gratian
and Valentinian II as emperors of the West)
26 Sep 365 - 27 May 366
Procopius [Prokópios] (usurper)
(b. c.325 – d. 366)
(Procopius Pius Felix Augustus)
(in rebellion, in Constantinople, Thrace and
Bithynia)
366
Marcellus (usurper)
(d. 366)
(in rebellion, in Asia, Lydia and Bithynia)
24 Aug 367 - 25 Aug 383 Gratian
(b. 359
- d. 383)
(Flavius Gratianus Augustus)
(to 17 Nov 375 junior in the West under his father;
17 Nov 375 – 9 Aug 378 senior in the West, with his
brother as junior; 9 Aug 378 – 19 Jan 379 senior of
the whole Empire, with his brother; from 19 Jan 379
senior in the West with his brother)
372
Theodorus (usurper, in Syria)
c.372 - 375
Firmus (usurper,
in Africa, Numidia) (d. 375)
22 Nov 375 - 15 May 392 Valentinian II
(b.
371 - d. 392)
(Valentinianus Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-emperor for the West with Gratian)
1 Jan 379 - 17 Jan 395
Theodosius I
(b. 347 - d. 395)
(Flavius Theodosius Pius Felix Augustus)
(emperor in the East to 15 May 392)
Jan 383 - 1 May 408
Arcadius (= Arkádios)
(b. 377 - d. 408)
(Flavius Arcadius Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler to 17 Jan 395, from 17 Jan 395 emperor in the
East,
with his brother Honorius emperor in the West)
383 - 28 Aug 388
Magnus Maximus
(b. c.335 - d. 388)
(Magnus Maximus Pius Felix Augustus)
(in rebellion to 384, then emperor in Britannia and
Gaul)
384 - 28 Aug 388
Victor -Co-ruler
(d. 388)
(Flavius Victor Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler with his father Magnus Maximus in Britannia
and Gaul)
22 Aug 392 - 6 Sep 394
Eugenius (usurper)
(d. 394)
(Flavius Eugenius Pius Felix Augustus)
(usurper, in the West)
23 Jan 393 - 15 Aug 423 Honorius
(b. 384 - d. 423)
(Flavius Honorius Pius Felix Augustus)
(co-ruler to 17 Jan 395)
c.Jul 406 - c.Oct 406
Marcus (usurper, in
Britannia)
(d. 406)
(Caesar Marcus Augustus)
c.Oct 406 - c.Feb 407
Gratian [Gratianus](usurper)
(d. 407)
(Caesar Gratianus Augustus)
(usurper, in Britannia)
spring 407 - 18 Sep 411 Constantine
III
(b. 361 - d. 411)
(Flavius Claudius Constantinus)
(usurper to 409, then co-emperor with Honorius
and Constans II)
407 - c.18 Sep 411
Constans II (= Custennin) -Co-ruler
(b. 379 - d. 411)
(to 409 under Constantine III; from 409 with Constantine
III
against Honorius)
409 -
410
Priscus Attalus (1st time)
(d. af.416)
(usurper, in Rome)
409 -
411
Maximus (usurper)
(d. 422?)
(Caesar Maximus Augustus)
(in rebllion, in Hispania)
411 - 413
Jovinus
[Iovinus] (usurper, in Gaul) (d.
413)
(Caesar Jovinus Augustus)
412 - 413
Sebastianus (usurper,
in Gaul) (d. 413)
(Caesar Sebastianus Augustus)
(co-ruler with Jovinus)
summer 412 - 7 Mar 413 Heraclianus
(usurper, in
Africa) (d. 413)
414 - 415
Priscus Attalus (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(usurper, in Burdigala [Bordeaux] Gaul)
8 Feb 421 - 2 Sep 421
Constantius III -Co-ruler
(b. c.370 - d. 421)
(Flavius Constantius Augustus)
15 Aug 423 - 20 Nov 423 Vacant
20 Nov 423 - c.May 425
Joannes [Ioannes]
(b. 383 - d. 425)
(Flavius Joannes Augustus)
(usurper, in Western Roman Empire)
23 Oct 424 - 16 Mar 455
Valentinian III
(b. 419 - d.
455)
(Flavius Placidus Valentinianus)
17 Mar 455 - 31 May 455 Petronius Maximus
(b. 395 - d. 455)
(Flavius Petronius Maximus)
31 May 455 - 9 Jul 455 Vacant
9 Jul 455 - 17 Oct 456 Avitus
(b. c.380 - d. 457?)
(Marcus Maecilius Flavius Eparchius Avitus)
17 Oct 456 - 1 Apr 457 Vacant
1 Apr 457 - 2 Aug 461
Majorian
(b. c.420 - d. 461)
(Julius
Valerius Majorianus)
2 Aug 461 - 19 Nov 461 Vacant
19 Nov 461 - 15 Aug 465 Libius Severus
(b. c.420 - d. 465)
(Flavius
Libius Severus Serpentius Augustus)
15 Aug 465 - 12 Apr 467 Vacant
12 Apr 467 - 11 Jul 472 Anthemius
(b.
c.420 - d. 472)
(Procopius Anthemius Augustus)
470
Romanus (usurper, in
Rome)
(d. 470)
11 Jul 472-23 Oct/4Nov 472 Olybrius
(b.
c.431 - d. 472)
(Anicius
Olybrius Augustus)
Oct/Nov 472 - 3 Mar 473 Vacant
3 Mar 473 - Jun 474
Glycerius
(b. c.420 - d. 474)
(Flavius
Glycerius Augustus)
Jun 474 - 28 Aug 475
Julius Nepos
(b. c.430 - d. 480)
(Flavius Julius Nepos Augustus)
(continues ruling in Dalmatia exile to 25 Apr 480)
28 Aug 475 - 31 Oct 475 Vacant
31 Oct 475 - 4 Sep 476 Romulus
Augustus
(b. c.460 - d.
c.480)
(Romulus Augustulus)
¹Style of the rulers:
(a) 27 BC - 275 AD: Princeps Senatus
("First [Head] of the Senate");
(b) 275 AD - 4 Sep 476 AD: Imperator Caesar ("Emperor,
Caesar")
© Ben Cahoon
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