Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
Imperial flag c.1204 - 1453
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Flag of Konstantínos XI 1449 -
1453
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Maps
of Byzantine Empire
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Capital:
Konstantinoúpolis
[Constantinople]
395-1204, 1261-1453;
Nicean Empire: Níkai
[Nicea]
1206-1261;
Latins: Constantinople 1204-1261)
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Currency:
Stereós (Solidus)
(from 1092, Nómisma Hypérpyron)
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Population:
2,000,000 (1320)
5,000,0000 (1282)
12,000,000 (1025)
26,000,000 (556)
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Byzantine
Empire
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Chronology
11 May
330
Emperor Constantine moves the capital
of the Roman
Empire to Constantinople
(Konstantinoúpolis),
formerly named Byzantium (Byzántion),
officially
called New Rome (Nova Roma [Néa
Rómi]).
27 Feb
380
Christianity is adopted as the state
religion by
Emperors Theodosius I, Gratian, and
Valentinian II
in the Edict of Thessalonica (the Cunctos
populos).
17 Jan
395
Roman Empire is divided de jure into
the Eastern
(Byzantine) Empire, at
Constantinople, and Western
Empire,
at Rome.
4 Sep
476
Last Emperor in the West,
Romulus Augustus (b. c.460
- d. c.480), is
forced to abdicate by Odovacar.
Apr
534
Kingdom of the Vandals in North Africa
and the
Western Mediterranean Islands
conquered by the
Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
Empire.
535 -
c.810
Dalmatia and Croatia part of the
Eastern Roman
(Byzantine) Empire.
29 Mar 537 - Mar
752
Byzantine Papacy during a period of
Eastern Roman
(Byzantine) domination of the Roman Papacy.
May 540 - 3 Sep
569
Most of the Italian Peninsula part of
the Eastern
Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
552 -
624
Andalusia (as Provincia Spaniae) part
of the Eastern
Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
559
Corsica lost to the Lombards.
5 Oct 610
Starting with the
Heraclid dynasty, coin labels
change from Latin to Greek and rulers
cease using
Roman Latin name forms.
Jun 626 - Jul
626
Sassanian Empire and Avar siege of
Constantinople.
634
Arab conquest of Syria and Palestine
begins (Damascus
on 19 Sep 634,
Aleppo Oct 637, Jerusalem Apr
637,
and Caesarea 640).
Dec
639
Arab conquest of Egypt launched,
Alexandria falls Sep
641 (conquest of
Egypt completed 17
Sep 642).
c.648 - c.680
Cyprus occupied by the Arabs (and
again briefly
911-912).
670
Permanent Arab conquest of "Africa"
(Tunisia, 698
expulsion of Byzantines
completed) and the Maghreb
(Morocco and Algeria)
begun.
674 - 678
Arabs besiege
Constantinople (and again Aug 716 -
Sep
717).
680 -
1018
Bulgaria
expands into the Byzantine Balkans
(Dobruja,
Dioclea, Epirus,
Macedonia, Moesia, and Thrace).
824 - 7 Mar
961
Arabs
occupy Crete.
18 Jun
827
Arab conquest of Sicily launched
(Palermo capitulates
12 Sep 831,
Siracusa occupied, 21
May 878, conquest
completed by
taking of Taormina 1 Aug 902).
c.827
Byzantine control over Sardinia
effectively lost.
18 Jun 860 - 4 Aug
860 Rus' siege of
Constantinople (and again 941, 944).
29 Aug 870
Arabs occupy Malta.
c.892
Bosnia lost to Croatia and Serbia
(briefly
re-occupied 1167-1183).
995 - 1075
Byzantine forces
re-occupy parts of Syria.
1018 -
1185
Byzantine Empire
re-annexes Bulgaria.
16/20 Jul 1054
The "Great Schism",
the Roman Catholic Church and
the Greek Orthodox Church
excommunicate each other.
16 Apr 1071
Fall of Bari to the
Normans ending Byzantine rule in
Southern Italy.
1071 - 1308
Most of Anatolia
conquered by the Seljukids
Sultanate, later from 1092 by the (Seljukids)
Sultanate of Rum (Rūm).
1077
Dioclea (Diókleia)(see Montenegro)
independent.
1091
Secession
of "Raška/Rascia" (see
Serbia).
1185 -
1204
(Second) Bulgarian Empire re-occupies
Moesia and most
of Thrace and Macedonia
from the Byzantines.
Bulgarian independence is
recognized in 1188.
May 1191
Cyprus lost.
11 Jul 1203 – 1 Aug
1203 Crusader siege of
Constantinople.
13 Apr
1204
Latin Crusaders sack Constantinople.
16 May 1204 - 24 Jul
1261 Constantinople part
of Latin Empire (Empire of
Romania), Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
Empire
overthrown by Latin (Western)
Crusaders.
1205 - 4 Jun 1456
(Latin) Duchy (Lordship to 1260) of
Athens, in
Attica.
1205 - Jan
1430
(Latin) Principality of Achaea
(Achaïa) at
Andravída.
1206 - 25 Dec 1261
Empire of Nicaea
(at Níkaia), largest of the three
main Byzantine successor states
(Nicaea, Epirus
[Ípeiros], and Trebizond
[Trapezoús]).
6 Jan 1209 - Dec
1246 (Latin)
Kingdom of Thessalonica (at Salonika).
1235 - 1236
Bulgarian-Nicaean
(Byzantino-Bulgarian) siege of
Latin held Constantinople.
Jan 1260 - Aug
1260
Nicean siege of Latin held
Constantinople.
24 Jul
1261
Nicaea under Mikhaíl VIII "o
Palaiológos" re-captures
Constantinople from the Latins.
15 Aug
1261
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
(restored).
6 Jul 1274 - 11 Dec
1282 Byzantine Emperor Mikhaíl
VIII Palaiológos (Michael
VIII Palaeologus) and
Patriarch Ioánnis XI Vékkos
(John XI Bekkos) attempted to enforce
the Union of
Lyons (union of Latin and
Eastern Orthodox
Churches), which is rejected.
1308
Island of
Kalólimnos (later renamed İmralı) in
the
Sea of Marmara becomes the first
island to be
conquered by the Ottoman Navy under by
Admiral
Emir Ali.
6 Apr
1326
Turks capture Bursa (Proúsa) from the
Byzantines.
1330
Smyrna (Smýrna) lost to the Beylik of
Aydın
(retaken by the Latins 28 Oct 1344-17
Dec 1402).
2 Mar 1331
Turks capture
Nicaea (Níkaia) from the Byzantines.
25 Oct 1349 - 29 May
1460 Despotate of the Morea
(Mystrás), an appanage of the
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
Mar
1354
Gallipoli (Chersónisos tis Kallípolis)
part of the
Ottoman Empire.
Jul
1362
Adrianople (Adrianoúpolis) part of
Ottoman Empire.
1372 - 1394
Byzantine Empire
tributary to the Ottoman Empire.
9 Apr 1387 - Jan/Feb
1403 Thessalonica (Saloníki) part of
Ottoman Empire.
17 Sep
1390
Philadelphia (Filadélfeia), part of
Ottoman Empire.
10 Jun 1422 - Sep
1422 Ottoman
siege of Constantinople.
Sep 1423 - 29 Mar
1430 Venetian
occupation of Thessalonica.
Feb 1424 - 29 May
1453 Byzantine
Empire tributary to the
Ottoman Empire.
29 May
1430
Thessalonica reconquered by the
Ottoman Empire.
29 May
1453
Constantinople captured by the Ottoman Empire
(having
been under siege since 6
Apr 1453), end of the
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
15 Aug 1461
Trebizond (Trapezoús)
Empire, the last of the
Byzantine successor
states, is conquered by the
Ottoman Empire.
|
Roman Empire
(27 BC-476
AD) |
Latin Empire
(1204-1261) |
Nicean Empire
(1206-1261) |
Epirus Despotate
(1204-1479) |
Trebizond
Empire
(1204-1461) |
Theodoro
Principality
(1345-1475) |
|
|
|
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Emperors¹
17 Jan 395 - 1 May 408 Arkádios
(Arcadius)
(b. 377 - d. 408)
(Flavius Arcadius Augustus)
10 Jan 402 - 28 Jul 450
Theodósios II (Theodosius II)
(b. 401 - d. 450)
(Flavius Theodosius iunior Augustus)
(co-ruler to 1 May 408)
1 May 408 - 18 Apr 414 Flávios
Anthímios -Regent (de facto) (b. 35. - d.
414)
(Flavius Anthemius)
4 Jul 414 - 10 Apr 422 Aélia
Poulchería (f) -Regent
(b. 399 - d. 453)
(Aelia Pulcheria)
28 Jul 450 - 24 Aug 450 Poulchería
-Empress (acting)
(s.a.)
(Aelia Pulcheria)
25 Aug 450 - 27 Jan 457 Markianós
(Marcianus)
(b. 392 - d. 457)
(Flavius Marcianus Augustus)
27 Jan 457 - 7 Feb 457 Aspár
(Flavius Ardabur Aspar)(acting)
(b. c.400 - d. 471)
7 Feb 457 - 18 Jan 474 Léon I "o
Makéllis" (= Tarasis Kodissa)(b.
400 - d. 474)
(Leo I "the
Macelles" [Butcher])
(Flavius Valerius Leo Augustus)
18 Jan 474 - 17 Nov 474 Léon
II "o
Mikrós"
(b. 467 - d. 474)
(Leo II "the Little")
(Flavius Leo iunior Augustus)
9 Feb 474 - 9 Jan 475 Zínon
(Zeno) (1st time)
(b. c.427 - d. 491)
(Flavius Zeno Augustus)
(co-ruler to 17 Nov 474)
9 Jan 475 - Aug 476
Vasilískos (Basiliscus)
(b. 41. - d. 476)
(Flavius Basiliscus Augustus)
475 - Aug 476
Márkous (Marcus) -Co-ruler
(d. 476)
(Flavius Marcus Augustus)
Aug 476 - 9 Apr 491
Zínon (Zeno) (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
19 Jul 484 - 8 Aug 484
Leóntios I (Leontius I)
(b. 43. - d. 488)
(pretender, in Antiochia)
9 Apr 491 - 11 Apr 491 Aélia
Ariádni (Aelia Ariadne)
-Empress (b. 44. - d. 515)
(acting)
11 Apr 491 - 8 Jul 518
Anastásios I "o
Díkoros"
(b. c.430 - d. 518)
(Anastasius I "Dicorus" [Two-pupiled])
(Flavius Anastasius)
9 Jul 518 - 1 Aug 527
Ioustínos I (Justin I)
(b. c.450 - d. 527)
(Flavius Iustinus Augustus)
1 Apr 527 - 14 Nov 565 Ioustinianós
I "o
Mégas"
(b. 482 - d. 565)
(Justinian I "the Great")
(Flavius Petrus Sabbatius
Iustinianus Augustus)
(co-ruler to 1 Aug 527)
14 Nov 565 - 5 Oct 578
Ioustínos II (Justin II)
(b.
c.520 - d. 578)
(Flavius Justinus iunior)
Nov 573 - 5 Oct
578 Aélia Sofía
(Aelia Sophia) (f) -Regent (b. c.530 - d.
c.601)
7 Dec 574 - 26 Sep 578 Tivérios
Konstantínos
-Regent
(b. c.532 - d. 582)
(Tiberius Constantinus)
26 Sep 578 - 14 Aug 582
Tivérios II Konstantínos
(s.a.)
(Tiberius
II Constantine)
(Flavius Tiberius Constantinus)
(co-ruler to 5 Oct 578)
13 Aug 582 - 22 Nov 602 Mavríkios
(Mauricius)
(b. 539 - d. 602)
(Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus)
(co-ruler to 14 Aug 582)
23 Nov 602 - 5 Oct 610 Flávios
Fokás
(Phocas)
(b. 547 - d. 610)
(Flavius Phocas Augustus)
5 Oct 610 - 11 Feb 641
Irákleios (Heraclius)
(b. c.575 - d. 641)
(Flavius Heraclius Augustus)
22 Jan 613 - 11 Feb 641 Irákleios
Néos Konstantínos
(1st time) (b. 612 - d. 641)
(Heraclius
New Constantine)
(Heraclius
Novus Constantinus Augustus)
(co-ruler)
4 Jul 638 - 11 Feb 641 Konstantínos
Irákleios
(Iraklonás)
(b. c.626 - d.641)
(Constantinus
Heraclius
[Herakleonas])
(Flavius Constantinus Heraclius
[Heraclianus]
Augustus)
(co-ruler) (1st time)
11 Feb 641 - 26 Feb 641 Irákleios
Néos Konstantínos
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11
Feb 641 - 14
Sep 641
Konstantínos
Irákleios
(Iraklonás)
(s.a.)
(co-ruler to 26 Feb 641) (2nd time)
26 May 641 - 14 Sep 641 Martína
(Martina) (f) -Regent
(b. 59. - d. af.641)
9 Sep 641 - 15 Sep 668 Konstantínos
III "o Pogonátos"
(b. 630 - d. 668)
(Constantine III "the Bearded")
(Flavius Constantinus Augustus)
(co-ruler to 14 Sep 641; in Syracuse 663-668)
13 Apr 654 - 15 Jul 668 Konstantínos IV
-Co-ruler (1st time)
(b. c.648 - d. 685)
(Constantine IV)
(Flavius Constantinus Augustus)
(co-ruler to 15 Sep 668)
659 - 15 Sep 668
Irákleios (Heraclius) -Co-ruler
(b. 65. - d. af.681)
(1st time)
659 - 15 Sep 668
Tivérios (Tiberius) -Co-ruler
(b. 65. - d.
af.681)
(1st time)
15 Sep 668 - 14 Sep 685
Konstantínos IV (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(Constantine IV)
15 Sep 668 - Oct?
681 Irákleios
(Heraclius) -Co-ruler
(s.a.)
(1st time)
15 Sep 668 - Oct?
681 Tivérios
(Tiberius) -Co-ruler
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Oct? 681 -
695
Ioustinianós II "o
Rinótmitos"
(b. 669 - d. 711)
(Justinian II "Rhinotmetus"
[the Noseless])
(Flavius Iustinianus Augustus)
(co-ruler to 14 Sep 685) (1st time)
695 - 15 Feb
698
Léon
(II)(Leóntios)
(Leon)
(b. 64. - d. 705)
(Leontius Augustus)
15 Feb 698 - 21 Aug 705 Tivérios III (=
Apsímaros)
(b. 65. - d. 705)
(Tiberius III "Absimerus")
(Tiberius Augustus)
21 Aug 705 - 24 Nov 711 Ioustinianós
II "o Rinótmitos"
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Sep 705 - 24 Nov
711 Tivérios
(Tiberius) -Co-ruler
(b. c.703 - d. 711)
24 Nov 711 - 3 Jun 713
Filippikós (=
Vardánis)
(b.
67. - d. 714)
(Philippicus)(=
Bardanes)
4 Jun 713 - Nov 715
Anastásios
II (=
Artémios)
(b.
67. - d. 719)
(Anastasius
II)
May 715 - 25
Mar 717 Theodósios III
(Theodosius III) (b.
67. - d. af.717)
(in opposition to Nov 715)
18 Apr 716 - 18 Jun 717 Léon
III
(Leo III) (=
Kónon)
(b.
c.685 - d. 741)
(in opposition
to 25 Mar 717)
31 Mar 720 - 14 Sep 775 Konstantínos V
(Constantine V)
(b. 718 - d. 775)
(co-ruler to 18 Jun 741)
Jun 741 - 2 Nov 743 Artávasdos
(= Artavazd) (pretender) (b. 67. -
d. 74.)
(Artabasdus)
6 Jun 751 - 8 Sep 780 Léon IV
"o Cházaros"
(b. 750 - d. 780)
(Leo IV "the Khazar")
(co-ruler to 14 Sep 775)
14 Apr 776 - 19 Apr 797
Konstantínos VI (Constantine VI)
(b. 771 - d. c.803)
(co-ruler to 8 Sep 780)
8 Sep 780 - Oct 790
Eiríni (Irene)(f)
-Regent
(b. 752 - d. 803)
15 Jan 791 - 31 Oct 802 Eiríni
(Irene) -Empress
(s.a.)
(co-ruler to 19 Apr 797)
31 Oct 802 - 26 Jul 811 Nikifóros
I "o
Logothétis"
(b. 74. - d. 811)
(Nicephorus
I "the Logothete")
19 Jul 803 - 8 Sep
803 Vardánis "o
Toúrkos" (pretender)
(b. 74. -
d. af.813)
(Vardan
"the Turk")
25 Dec 803 - 26 Oct 811 Stavrákios
(Stauracius)
(b. 77. - d. 812)
(co-ruler to 26 Jul 811)
2 Oct 811 - 12 Jul 813 Michaíl
I "o
Rangavé"
(b. c.770 - d. 844)
(Michael I "Rhangabe")
25 Dec 811 - 12 Jul 813
Theofýlaktos (Theophylactus)
-Co-ruler (b. c.793 - d. 849)
12 Jul 813 - 25 Dec 820 Léon V "o
Arménios" (=
Levon)
(b. c.775 - d. 820)
(Leo V "the Armenian")
16 Apr 814 - 25 Dec 820 Konstantínos
(= Symvátios) -Co-ruler (b. 80. -
d. af.847)
(Constantine [= Symbatios])
25 Dec 820 - 2 Oct 829 Michaíl
II "o
ex Amoríou", "o
Travlós" (b. c.775 - d. 829)
(Michael II "the Amorian", "the Stammerer")
Jan 821 - Oct
823
Thomás "o
Slávos"
(Thomas "the Slav") (b. 76. - d. 823)
(pretender)
12 May 821 - 20 Jan 842 Theófilos
(Theophilus)
(b. c.803 - d. 842)
(co-ruler to 2 Oct 829)
16 May
840 - 24 Sep 867 Michaíl III
(Michael III)
(b. 840 - d. 867)
(co-ruler to 20 Jan 842)
20 Jan 842 - 20 Nov 855
Theodóra (Theodora) (f) -Regent
(b. 815 - d. af.867)
20 Jan 842 -
20 Nov 855 Theóktistos (Theoctistus)
-Regent (b. 77. - d.
855)
26 May 866 - 29 Aug
886 Vasíleios I "o
Makedón"
(b. 82. - d. 886)
(Basil I "the Macedonian")
(co-ruler to 24 Sep 867)
6 Jan 868 - 3 Sep 879 Konstantínos
(Constantine) -Co-ruler (b. 866 - d.
879)
879 - 29 Aug
886
Aléxandros (Alexander)(1st time)
(b. 872 - d. 913)
869 - 11 May
912
Léon VI "o
Sofós" (Leo VI "the
Wise") (b. 867 - d. 912)
(co-ruler to 29 Aug 886)
29 Aug 886 - 11 May 912 Aléxandros
-Co-ruler
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
15 May 908 - 11 May 912
Konstantínos
VII "o
Porfyrogénnitos" (b. 905 -
d. 959)
(Constantine VII "the Porphyrogenitus"
[Purple-born])
(1st time) -Co-Ruler
11 May 912 - 6 Jun 913 Aléxandros
(Alexander)(3rd
time) (s.a.)
11
May 912 - 27 Jan 945
Konstantínos
VII "o
Porfyrogénnitos"
(s.a.)
(co-ruler to 6 Jun 913) (2nd time)
6 Jun 913 - 17 Dec 920 Regents
- Patriárchis Nikólaos "o Mystikós"
(b. 852 - d. 925)
(Patriarch Nicholas I "the Mystic")
(to Mar 914)
- Zoí
"i Karvonopsína"
(f) (b.
c.885 - d. 920?)
(Zoë
"Carbonopsina" [Coal-black
Eyes])
(Mar 914 - May 919)
- Romanós "o
Lakapínos"
(b. 87. - d.
948)
(Romanus "Lecapenus")
(May 919 - 17 Dec 920)
May 913 - Jun 913 Konstantínos
"o
Doúkas" (pretender) (b. 87. - d. 913)
(Constantine "Ducas")
17 Dec 920 - 16 Dec 944 Romanós
I "o
Lakapínos"
(s.a.)
(Romanus "Lecapenus")
17 May 921 - 14 Aug 932
Christofóros "o
Lakapínos" -Co-ruler
(b. 90. - d. 932)
(Christopher "Lecapenus")
25 Dec 924 - 27 Jan 945 Stéfanos "o
Lakapínos"
-Co-ruler
(b. c.907 - d. 963)
(Stephen "Lecapenus")
25 Dec 924 - 27 Jan 945 Konstantínos
"o
Lakapínos"
-Co-ruler
(b. c.916 - d. 948)
(Constantine "Lecapenus")
27 Jan 945 - 9 Nov 959
Konstantínos
VII "o
Porfyrogénnitos"
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
6 Apr 945 - 15 Mar
963 Romanós
II (Romanus II)
(b.
938 - d. 963)
(co-ruler to 9 Nov 959)
15 Mar 963 - 16 Aug 963 Vasíleios
II "o
Voulgaroktónos"
(b.
959 - d. 1025)
(Basil II "the Bulgar Slayer")
(1st time)
15 Mar 963 - 16 Aug 963 Konstantínos
VIII -Co-ruler (1st time) (b. 960 - d. 1028)
(Constantine VIII)
15 Mar 963 - 16 Aug
963 Theofanó
(= Anastasíi)(f) -Regent
(b. 943 - d. af.969)
(Theophano)
3 Jul 963 - 11
Dec 969 Nikifóros
II "o
Fokás"
(b. c.912 - d. 969)
(Nicephorus II "Phocas")
(pretender to 16 Aug 963)
11 Dec 969 - 10 Jan 976 Ioánnis
I "o
Kourkoúas",
"o
Tsimiskís"
(b. c.925 - d. 976)
(John I "Kourkouas", "Tzimiskes")
(= Hovhannes Gurgen "Ch'mshkik")
10 Jan 976 - 15 Dec 1025 Vasíleios II
"o
Voulgaroktónos"
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
10
Jan 976 - 15 Dec 1025
Konstantínos
VIII -Co-ruler (2nd time) (s.a.)
976 - 24 May 979
Várdas Sklirós
(Bardas Sclerus) (b.
93. - d. 991)
(pretender)
15 Aug 987 - 13 Apr
989 Várdas "o
Fokás"
(Bardas "Phocas") (b. 93. - d.
989)
(pretender)
15 Dec 1025 - 11 Nov 1028 Konstantínos
VIII (3rd time)
(s.a.)
15
Nov 1028 - 18 Apr 1042 Zoí
(Zoë)
-Empress
(1st
time)
(b.
c.978 - d. 1050)
11 Nov 1028 - 11 Apr 1034 Romanós III "o
Argyrós"
(b. 968 - d. 1034)
(Romanus III "Argyrus")
11 Apr 1034 - 10 Dec
1041 Michaíl
IV "o Paflagón"
(b. 1012? - d. 1041)
(Michael IV "the Paphlagonian")
10 Dec 1041 - 20 Apr 1042 Michaíl
V "o Kalafátis"
(b.
c.1015 - d. 1042)
(Michael V "the Caulker"])
20 Apr 1042 - 11 Jun 1042
Zoí
(Zoë)
-Empress
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
20 Apr 1042 - 11 Jun 1042 Theodóra
(f)(Theodora) -Co-ruler
(b. c.980 - d. 1056)
(1st time)
11 Jun 1042 - 11 Jan 1055 Konstantínos
IX "o
Monomáchos"
(b. 100. - d. 1055)
(Constantine
IX "Monomachus" [Gladiator])
2. Sep 1047 - Dec 1047 Léon Torníkios
(in Adrianoúpolis) (b.
9.. - d. af.1047)
(Leo Tornikios)(pretender)
11 Jan 1055 - 31 Aug 1056 Theodóra
(Theodora)
-Empress (2nd time)(s.a.)
31 Aug 1056 - 1 Sep 1057 Michaíl VI "o
Vríngas"
(b.
99. - d. 1058?)
(Michael VI "Bringas")
8 Jun 1057 - 25 Nov 1059 Isaákios I "o
Komninós
(b. c.1007 - d. 1060)
(Isaac I "Comnenus")
(pretender to 1 Sep 1057)
25 Nov 1059 - 22 May 1067
Konstantínos X "o
Doúkas"
(b.
1006 - d. 1067)
(Constantine X "Ducas")
22 May 1067 - 7 Jan 1078 Michaíl VII "o
Doúkas"
(b. c.1052 - d. 1090)
(Michael VII "Ducas")
22 May 1067 - 7 Jan 1078 Andrónikos "o
Doúkas" -Co-ruler
(b. 1057? - d. 108.)
(Andronicus "Ducas")
22 May 1067 - 7 Jan 1078 Konstantínos
"o
Doúkas"
-Co-ruler
(b. 1060 - d. 1081)
(Constantine "Ducas")
22 May 1067 - 1 Jan 1068
Evdokía "i
Makremvolítissa" (f)-Regent (b. c.1021 - d.
1096)
(Eudocia
"Macrembolitissa")
1 Jan 1068 -
24 Oct 1071 Romanós IV "o
Diogénis"
(b. 102. - d. 1072)
(Romanus IV "Diogenes")
(Turkish prisoner from 19 Aug 1071)
26 Aug 1071 - 24 Oct 1071 Evdokía
"i
Makremvolítissa" -Empress (s.a.)
(acting)
7 Jan 1078 - 24
Mar 1078 Nikifóros "o
Vryénnios" (pretender) (b. 103.
- d. 109.)
(Nikephoros "the
Bryennios")
7 Jan 1078 - 4 Apr
1081 Nikifóros III "o
Votaneiátis"
(b. c.1003 - d. 1081)
(Nikephoros III "Botaniates")
(pretender to 24 Mar 1078)
Feb 1081 - 8 Apr
1081 Nikifóros Melissinós
(in Níkaia) (b.
c.1045 - d. 1104)
(Nicephorus Melissenus)(pretender)
4 Apr 1081 - 15 Aug 1118 Aléxios I "o
Komninós"
(b. c.1056 - d. 1118)
(Alexius I "Comnenus")
1 Sep 1092 - 8 Apr 1143 Ioánnis II "o
Komninós"
(b. 1087 - d. 1143)
(John II "Comnenus")
(co-ruler to 15
Aug 1118)
1122 - 2 Aug
1142 Aléxios
"o
Komninós"
-Co-ruler
(b. 1106 - d. 1142)
(Alexius "Comnenus")
8 Apr 1143 - 24 Sep 1180
Manouíl I "o
Komninós"
(b. 1118 - d. 1180)
(Manuel I "Comnenus")
24 Mar 1171 - Sep 1183
Aléxios II "o
Komninós"
-Co-ruler (b. 1169 - d.
1183)
(Alexius II "Comnenus")
(co-ruler to 24 Sep 1180)
24 Sep 1180 - 2 May 1182 María
(Maria
de Antiochia) (f) -Regent
(b. 1145 - d. 1182)
16 May 1182 - 11 Sep 1185 Andrónikos
I "o
Komninós"
(b. c.1123 - d. 1185)
(Andronicus I "Comnenus")
(co-ruler to Sep 1183)
11 Sep 1185 - 8 Apr 1195 Isaákios
II "o
Ángelos"
(1st time) (b. 1156 - d. 1204)
(Isaac II "Angelus")
8 Apr 1195 - 17 Jul 1203 Aléxios III "o
Ángelos"
(b. c.1153 - d. 1211)
(Alexius III "Angelus")
17 Jul 1203 - 28 Jan 1204
Isaákios II "o
Ángelos"
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Aug 1203
- 28 Jan 1204 Aléxios IV
"o
Ángelos"
-Co-ruler
(b. c.1182 - d. 1204)
(Alexius IV "Angelus")
28 Jan 1204
- 3 Feb 1204 Nikólaos "o Kanavós"
(b. 11.. - d.
1204)
(Nicholas "Kanabus")
3 Feb 1204 - 5 Feb
1204 Aléxios "o Doúkas" (acting)
(b. 116. - d.
1204)
(Alexius "Ducas")
5
Feb 1204 - 13 Apr 1204 Aléxios
V "o Doúkas",
"o
Moúrtzouflos" (s.a.)
(Alexius V "Ducas", "Mourtzouphlos")
13 Apr 1204 - 9
May 1204 .... (acting)
Latin Emperors¹
(in Constantinople)
9 May 1204 - 11 Jul
1205 Balduinus (Balduin)
I (Baudouin I) (b. 1171
- d. 1205)
(Baudouin, comte de Flandre et de Hainaut)
(Bulgarian prisoner from 14 Apr 1205)
14 Apr 1205 - 20 Aug 1206 Henri
de Hainaut (acting)
(b.
1176? - d. 1216)B.
20 Aug 1206 - 11 Jul 1216 Henricus
(Henry)
(s.a.)
(Henri de
Hainaut)
11 Jul 1216 -
1217
Conon de Béthune (acting)
(b. 115. - d. 1220)
9 Apr 1217 - Jun 1219 Petrus
(Peter)
(b.
1155? - d. 1219)
(Pierre de Courtenay, comte de Namur;
prisoner of despot of Epirus 1217 - 1219)
1217 - 2. Sep
1219
Yolens (Yolande)(f) (acting)
(b. 117. - d.
1219)
(for absent Pierre)
2. Sep 1219 - 17 Dec 1220 Conon de Béthune -Regent
(s.a.)
17 Dec 1220 - 25 Mar 1221 Cardinal Giovanni di
Giordano Colonna (b. 11.. - d. 1245)
(acting)
25 Mar 1221 - 2. Jan 1228 Robertus
(Robert)
(b. 1201 - d. 1228)
2. Jan 1228 - 25 Jul 1261 Balduinus (Balduin) II
(Baudouin II)
(b. 1217 - d. 1273)
(Baudouin,
comte de Namur)
(absent 1236 - Jul 1239 and 1243 - 1247)
2. Jan 1228 - 15 Apr
1240 Regents
- Marie de Courtenay (f)
(b. 1204 - d.
1228)
(2. Jan 1228 - Sep 1228)
- Narjot,
seigneur de Toucy (Tusciaci)
(b. 11.. - d. 1241)
(Sep 1228 - 1231 and 1238
- 15 Apr 1240)
- Johan (Jean de Brienne)
(b.
117. - d. 1237)
(1231 - 27 Mar 1237)
- Ansel, seigneur de
Kayeu
(b. 117. - d. 1238?)
(Anseau de Cayeux)
(27 Mar 1237 - 1238)
1243 - 1247
Philippe, seigneur de Toucy -Regent
(b. 12.. - d. 1277)
Nicean Emperors¹
(in Nicea [Níkaia])
1206 - Nov 1221
Theódoros I "o
Komninós
o
Láskaris"
(b. c.1173 - d. 1221)
(Theodorus I "Comnenus
Laskaris")
Nov 1221 - 3 Nov 1254 Ioánnis
III "o Doúkas
o Vatátzis"
(b. 1192? - d. 1254)
(John III "Ducas Vataces")
3 Nov 1254 - 16 Aug 1258 Theódoros II
"o Doúkas
o Láskaris"
(b. 1221 - d. 1258)
(Theodorus II "Ducas Lascaris")
16 Aug 1258 - 25 Dec 1261 Ioánnis IV "o
Doúkas ó
Láskaris" (b.
1250 - d. c.1305)
(John IV "Ducas Lascaris")
16 Aug 1258 - 25 Aug 1258 Geórgios "o
Mouzálon" -Regent
(d. 1258)
(George Mouzalon)
25 Aug 1258 - 1 Jan 1259 Michaíl "o
Palaiológos" -Regent
(b. 1224 - d. 1282)
(Michael "Palaeologus")
1 Jan 1259 - 15 Aug 1261
Michaíl VIII "o
Palaiológos"
-Co-ruler (s.a.)
(Michael VIII "Palaeologus")
Emperors¹
(in Constantinople)
15 Aug 1261 - 11 Dec 1282 Michaíl VIII "o
Palaiológos"
(s.a.)
(Michael VIII "Palaeologus")
(crowned 25 Dec 1261)
Nov 1272 - 24 May 1328
Andrónikos II "o Palaiológos"
(b.
1259 - d. 1332)
(Andronicus II "o Palaeologus")
(co-ruler to 11 Dec 1282)
21 May 1294 - 12 Oct 1320 Michaíl
IX "o Palaiológos"
-Co-ruler (b. 1277 - d. 1320)
(Michael IX "Palaeologus")
2 Feb 1325 - 15 Jun 1341
Andrónikos III "o Palaiológos"
(b. 1297 - d. 1341)
(Andronicus III "Palaeologus")
(co-ruler to 24 May 1328)
15 Jun 1341 - 8 Feb 1347
Ioánnis V "o Palaiológos"
(1st time) (b. 1332 - d. 1391)
(John V "Palaeologus")
15 Jun 1341 - Oct 1341 Ioánnis "o
Kantakouzinós" -Regent
(b. c.1294 - d. 1383)
(John "Cantacuzenus")
Oct 1341 - 8 Feb 1347 Regents
- Ánna (Anna)(= Jeanne de Savoie)(f) (b. 1308?
- d. 1365?)
- Patriárchis Ioánnis Kalékas
(b. c.1282 - d.
1347)
(Patriarch John XIV Kalekas)
21 May 1346 - 4 Dec
1354 Ioánnis VI "o
Kantakouzinós"
(s.a.)
(John VI "Cantacuzenus")
(pretender to 8 Feb 1347)
8 Feb 1347 - 12 Aug 1376 Ioánnis V "o
Palaiológos" (2nd time) (s.a.)
(co-ruler to 4 Dec 1354)
25 Sep 1373 - 12 Aug 1376 Manouíl II "o
Palaiológos" -Co-ruler (b. 1350 - d.
1425)
(Manuel II "Palaeologus")
(1st time)
12 Aug 1376 - 1 Jul 1379
Andrónikos IV "o Palaiológos"
(b. 1348 - d. 1385)
(Andronicus IV Palaeologus)
(1st time)
Sep? 1377 - 1 Jul 1379 Ioánnis VII
"o Palaiológos"
-Co-ruler (b.
1370 - d. 1408)
(John VII
"Palaeologus")
(1st time)
1 Jul 1379
- 14 Apr 1390 Ioánnis V "o
Palaiológos" (3rd time)
(s.a.)
1
Jul 1379 - 14 Apr 1390
Manouíl II "o Palaiológos" -Co-ruler
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1381 - 28 Jun
1385
Andrónikos IV "o Palaiológos"-Co-ruler (s.a.)
(2nd time)
14 Apr 1390 - 17 Sep 1390 Ioánnis
VII "o Palaiológos"
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(John VII "Palaeologus")
17 Sep 1390 - 16 Feb 1391 Ioánnis V "o
Palaiológos" (4th time) (s.a.)
17 Sep 1390 - 21 Jul
1425 Manouíl II "o Palaiológos"
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(co-ruler to 16 Feb 1391)
19 Jan 1421 - 31 Oct 1448 Ioánnis VIII "o
Palaiológos"
(b. 1392 - d. 1448)
(John VIII "Palaeologus")
(co-ruler to 21 Jul 1425)
31 Oct 1448 - 29 May 1453
Konstantínos XI "o Palaiológos
o
(b. 1404 - d.
1453)
Dragásis"
(Constantine XI "Palaeologus,
Dragases")
31 Oct 1448 - 12 Mar 1449 Eléni i Dragásina (f)
-Regent (b.
c.1372 - d. 1450)
(Elena Dragaš)(for absent Constantine)
¹Style of the rulers:
(a) 17 Jan 395 - 5 Oct 610 (in Latin): Imperator
Augustus ("Emperor Augustus");
(b) 5 Oct 610 - 9 May 1204 (in Greek): Basileús
Romaíon ("Emperor of the Romans");
(c) Latins: 9 May 1204 - 15 Aug 1261 (in Latin): Imperator,
Romanorum moderator et semper augustus
("Emperor, Ruler of the Romans and always venerable
[august]");
(d) Nicea (Níkaia): 1206 - 25 Dec 1261 (in Greek): Basileús
kaí Aútokrátor Romaíon ("Emperor and Autocrat of
the Romans");
(e) 15 Aug 1261 - 29 May 1453: Basileús
kaí Aútokrátor Romaíon ("Emperor and
Autocrat of the Romans").
Trebizond Empire
Apr
1204
Empire of Trebizond, split from Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
Empire.
14 Sep 1460 - 15 Aug 1461 Ottoman siege of
Trebizond.
15 Aug
1461
Annexed to Ottoman Empire.
Emperors
Apr 1204 - 1 Feb 1222
Aléxios I "Mégas Komninós"
(b. c.1182 - d.
1222)
(Alexius I "Great Comnenus")
1222 -
1235
Andrónikos I
"Gídos"
(d. 1235)
(Andronicus I "Gidus")
1235 -
1238
Ioánnis I Axoúchos
(d. 1238)
(John I Axouchos)
1238 - Mar
1263
Manouíl I "Mégas
Komninós"
(d. 1263)
(Manuel I "Great Comnenus")
Mar 1263 -
1266
Andrónikos II "Mégas Komninós"
(b. 1240 - d. 1266)
(Andronicus II "Great
Comnenus")
1266 - 1280
Geórgios "Mégas Komninós"
(b. c.1255 - d. af.1284)
(George I "Great Comnenus")
1280 -
1284
Ioánnis II "Mégas Komninós" (1st time) (b. c.1262 - d.
1297)
(John II "Great
Comnenus")
1284 -
1285
Theodóra "Megáli Komniní"
(f)
(b. bf.1253 - d. af.1285)
(Theodora
"Great Comnenus")
1285 - 16 Aug
1297
Ioánnis II "Mégas Komninós" (2nd time) (s.a.)
(John II "Great
Comnenus")
16 Aug 1297 - 3 May 1330 Aléxios
II "Mégas Komninós"
(b. 1282 - d. 1330)
(Alexius II "Great Comnenus")
Oct 1330 - 8 Jan 1332
Andrónikos III "Mégas Komninós"
(d. 1332)
(Andronicus III "Great
Comnenus")
8 Jan 1332 - Sep 1332
Manouíl II "Mégas
Komninós"
(b. c.1324 - d. 1332)
(Manuel II "Great Comnenus")
Sep 1332 - 6 Aug 1340
Vasíleios "Mégas Komninós"
(b. 1315 - d. 1340)
(Basil "Great
Comnenus")
6 Aug 1340 - 17 Jul 1341
Eiríni Palaiologína (f)
(b. c.1315 - d. 1342)
(Irene Palaeologina)
17 Jul 1341 - 4 Sep 1342 Ana Aachoutlou (f)
(b. c.1312 - d. 1342)
(Anna
Anahoutlou)
4 Sep 1342 - 3 May 1344 Ioánnis III
"Mégas Komninós" (b.
c.1321 - d. 1362)
(John III "Great
Comnenus")
3 May 1344 - 13 Dec
1349 Michaíl "Mégas Komninós"
(b. c.1288 - d. af.1355)
(Michael "Great Comnenus")
13 Dec 1349 - 20 Mar 1390 Aléxios III "Mégas
Komninós" (b. 1338 - d.
1390)
(Alexius IV "Great Comnenus")
20 Mar 1390 - 5 Mar 1417 Manouíl
III "Mégas Komninós"
(b. 1364 - d. 1417)
(Manuel III "Great Comnenus")
5 Mar 1417 - Oct 1429
Aléxios IV "Mégas Komninós"
(b. 1382 - d. 1429)
(Alexius IV "Great Comnenus")
Oct 1429 -
1460
Ioánnis IV "Mégas Komninós"
(b. c.1403 - d. 1460)
(John IV "Great
Comnenus")
1460 - 15 Aug
1461 Davíd
"Mégas Komninós"
(b. c.1408 - d. 1463)
(David "Great Comnenus")
© Ben Cahoon
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