São Tomé and Príncipe

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São Tomé and Príncipe

[Portugal]

to 5 Nov 1975

[São
Tomé and Príncipe 1967 Portuguese
colonial flag proposal]

1967 Proposed Colonial Flag

[Flag of
São Tomé and Príncipe]

Adopted 5 Nov 1975

Map of São Tomé
and Príncipe Hear National Anthem
"Independência total"
(Total Independence) Text of National Anthem
Adopted 1975 Constitution
(10 Sep 1990; in Portuguese)

Capital: São Tomé
(Santo António
1753 - 5 Oct 1852) Currency: Dobra (STD);
1911-1977 São Tomé e Príncipe
Escudo (STE)
National Holiday: 12 Jul (1975)
Dia da Independência
(Independence Day) Population: 211,122 (2019)

GDP: $686 million (2017) Exports: $15.6 million (2017)
Imports: $127.7 million (2017) Ethnic groups: Mestiços/Forros (black- white mixture) 79.5%,
Angolares (descendants of runaway slaves) 7.6%,
European (primarily Portuguese) 1.9%, Asian and others (2000)

Total Active Armed Forces: 600 (2007)
Merchant marine: 15 ships (2018) Religions: Roman Catholic 55.7%, Adventist 4.1%, Assembly
of God 3.4%, New Apostolic 2.9%, Mana 2.3%, Universal Kingdom
of God 2%, Jehovah's Witness 1.2%, other 6.2%, none 21.2%,
unspecified 1% (2012)

International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, AOSIS, APM, AU, BTWC, CCM, CD, CEEAC, CEMAC, CEN-SAD, CPLP, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO (subscriber), ITU, ITUC, LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNCLOS, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

São Tomé and
Príncipe Index Chronology
21 Dec 1470 São Tomé discovered by João de Santarem and Pêro Escobar and claimed for Portugal. 17 Jan 1471 Príncipe discovered, named Ilha de SantoAntão (António); from 1502 renamed Príncipe. 1472 Formosa island, later namedFernão do Po, discovered and claimed for Portugal. 1 Jan 1474 Ano Bom (Annobón) island discovered and claimed for Portugal from 1494. 1485 São Thomé a Portuguese colony (donataria). 1500 Príncipe a Portuguese colony (donataria)(named Santo Antónioto 1502). 19 Dec 1522 São Thomé made a Portuguese crown colony. 15 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 Islands along with Portugal a Spanish possession. 9 Jul 1595 - 4 Jan 1596 São Thoméoccupied by slaves during a revolt. 9 Aug 1598 - 26 Nov 1598 Dutch occupation of Príncipe. 19 Oct 1599 - 5 Nov 1599 Dutchoccupation of São Thomé. 16 Oct 1641 - 6 Jan 1649 Dutch occupy São Thomé andAno Bom (Annobón)(13 Nov 1642 - 16 Dec 1644only inFort St. Sebastiaan [São Sebastião], at Dutch factory to 6 Jan 1649). 19 Apr 1709 - 15 May 1709 French occupation ofSão Thomé. 29 Oct 1753 Captaincy-general of Islands in the Gulf of Guinea (Ilhas do Golfo da Guiné) a united Portuguese crown colony. 1777 Captaincy-general of São Tomé e Príncipe. 11 Mar 1778 Ano Bom and Fernão do Po ceded to Spain by Portugal (seeEquatorial Guinea). 7 Dec 1836 Province ofSão Thomé e Príncipe (Província de São Thomé e Príncipe).29 Apr 1878 Slavery abolished inSão Thomé (by 29 Apr 1858 Portuguese royal decree). 22 Nov 1926 Colony of São Tomé e Príncipe (Colónia de São Tomé e Príncipe). 11 Jun 1951 São Tomé e Príncipea Portuguese overseas province (Província de São Tomé e Príncipe). 21 Dec 1974 Autonomy, transitional government formed. 12 Jul 1975 Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe), independent.

São Tomé and
Príncipe
(from 1753)

São Tomé
(1485-1753)

Príncipe
(1502-1753,
from 1995)

São Tomé

21 Dec 1470 São Tomé discovered by João de Santarem and Pêro Escobar and claimed for Portugal. 1485 São Thomé a Portuguese colony (donataria). 19 Dec 1522 São Thomé a Portuguese crown colony. 9 Jul 1595 - 4 Jan 1596 São Thomé occupied by slaves during a revolt. 18 Oct 1599 - Nov 1599 Dutch occupation. 16 Oct 1641 - 6 Jan 1649 Dutch occupation. 19 Apr 1709 - 15 May 1709 French occupation. 29 Oct 1753 United with Principe to form colony of São Thomé and Príncipe (s.a.).

Donataries of São Tomé 24 Sep 1485 - 3 Feb 1490 João de Paiva 3 Feb 1490 - 29 Jul 1493 João Pereira 29 Jul 1493 - 28 Apr 1499 Álvaro de Caminha Souto-Maior (d. 1499) 1499 – 4 Jan 1500 Vacant 4 Jan 1500 - c.1510 Fernão de Melo1512? - c.1516 João de Melo da Câmara c.1516 - c.1517 Diogo de Alcáçova c.1517 –19 Dec 1522 João de Melo

Captains-donatary1485 - 1490 João de Paiva1490 - 1493 João Pereira1493 - 1499 Álvaro de Caminha Souto-Maior (s.a.) 11 Dec 1499 - c.1512 Fernão de Melo1512? - c.1516 João de Melo da Câmarac.1516 - c.1517 Diogo de Alcáçova1517 - 19 Dec 1522 João de Mello Captains-major 1523 - 15.. Vasco Esteves 15.. - 1531 Fernão Lopes de Segura 1531 - c.1535 Henrique Pereira c.1535 - 1541 Pedro Botelho (1st time) 1541 - 1545 Diogo Botelho Pereira (d. 1550) 1545 – 1546 Lourenço Fernandes da Silva 1546 - c.1554 Francisco de Barros de Paiva (d. 1560) c.1558 - 1559 Pedro Botelho (2nd time) 1559 - 1560 Cristóvão de Barros 1560 - 1564 Cristóvão Dória de Sousa 1564 - 1569 Francisco de Gouveia (d. 1577) 1569 - 1570 Francisco de Paula Teles 1570 - 1575 Diogo Salema 1575 - c.1582 António Monteiro Maciel c.1582 - c.1584 Ana Álvares de Chaves (f) (acting) (b. c.1520 - d. c.1600) c.1584 - 1586 Francisco Fernandes de Figueiredo (d. 1587) Governors 1586 - 1587 Francisco Fernandes de Figueiredo (s.a.) 1587 Martinho de Ulhoa (acting) (b. 1496 - d. 1606) 1587 - 1591 Miguel Teles de Moura (d. 1591) 1591 Gonçalo Alves (acting) 1591 - 1592 Duarte Peixoto da Silva (d. 1592) 1592 - 1593 Frei Francisco de Vila Nova de (d. 1600) Portimão (acting) 1593 - 1597 Fernando de Meneses 9 Jul 1595 - 4 Jan 1596 Amador Vieria -Leader (d. 1595) (in rebellion, rules São Tomé except Ft. São Sebastião) 1597 - 1598 Vasco de Carvalho 1598 - 19 Oct 1599 João Barbosa da Cunha (1st time) (acting) Dutch Commandants 19 Oct 1599 - 24 Oct 1599 Pieter van der Does (b. 1562 - d. 1599)24 Oct 1599 - 1599 Cloper (d. 1599) 1599 - 5 Nov 1599 Leijnsen Governors 5 Nov 1599 - 1601 João Barbosa da Cunha (2nd time) (acting) 1601 - 1604 António Marcel Monteiro (acting) 1604 - 1605 Rui de Sousa de Alarcão 1605 - 1608 Pedro Botelho de Andrade 1608 - 1609 João Barbosa da Cunha (3rd time) (acting) 25 Jan 1609 – Feb 1609 Fernando de Noronha (d. 1609) Feb 1609 – c.Jun 1609 João Barbosa da Cunha (4th time) (acting) c.Jun 1609 - 1609 Fernão Barbosa da Cunha 1609 - 1611 Constantino Lobo Tavares (d. 1611) 1611 João Barbosa da Cunha (4th time) (acting) 1611 Francisco Teles de Meneses (d. 1611) 1611 - 1613 Luís Dias de Abreu(1st time) (d. 1620) 1613 - 1614 Feliciano Coelho de Carvalho (d. 1614) 1614 – 6 Jul 1614 Jerónimo de Quintanilha, bispo (d. 1614) de São Tomé e Príncipe 1614 - 1616 Luís Dias de Abreu (2nd time) (s.a.) 1616 - 1620 Miguel Correia Baharem (d. 1620) 1620 – 26 Oct 1621 Frei Pedro da Cunha Lobo (d. 1621) 26 Oct 1621 – May 1623 Félix Pereira May 1623 - 1627 Jerónimo de Melo Fernando 1627 - 1628 André Gonçalves Maracote (d. 1628) 1628 – 30 Oct 1630 Lourenço Pires de Távora(1st time) (acting) 30 Oct 1630 - 1632 Francisco Barreto de Meneses (d. 1632) 1632 – Apr 1636 Lourenço Pires de Távora (2nd time) (acting) Apr 1636 – Jul 1636 António de Sousa Carvalho (d. 1636) Jul 1636 Filipe Tavares Metello Jul 1636 - 1640 Lourenço Pires de Távora (3rd time) (acting) 1640 Manuel Quaresma Carneiro (d. 1640) 1640 - 1641 Miguel Pereira de Mello e Albuquerque (acting) 16 Oct 1641 - 6 Jan 1649 Dutch occupation 1641 – 8 Nov 1642 Paulo da Ponte (acting) 8 Nov 1642 - 1645 Lourenço Pires de Távora (4th time) 1645 – 28 Sep 1656 Jerônimo Correia de Carvalho 28 Sep 1656 - 1661 Cristóvão de Barros e Rêgo 1661 - 1669 Pedro da Silva 1669 - 1671 Paulo Ferreira de Noronha 1671 - 1673 Chamber Senate 1673 – 13 Jul 1677 Julião de Campos Barreto 13 Jul 1677 - 1680 Bernardino Freire de Andrade 1680 – 13 Jan 1683 Jacinto de Figueiredo e Abreu (d. 1683) 13 Jan 1683 – 1683 Chamber Senate 1683 – 12 Nov 1687 João Álvares da Cunha (acting) (d. 1696) 12 Nov 1687 – 1687 António Pereira de Brito e Lemos (d. 1687) 1687 – Jun 1689 Bento de Sousa Lima (d. 169?) 1689 - 1693 António Pereira de Lacerda 1693 - 1694 António Pereira de Berredo (d. 1694) 1694 – 22 Jul 1695 Chamber Senate 22 Jul 1695 – 8 Jan 1696 José Pereira Sodré (d. 1696) 8 Jan 1696 – Oct 1697 João da Costa Matos + Chamber Senate Oct 1697 – Feb 1702 Manuel António Pinheiro da Câmara 1702 – 17 Oct 1709 José Correia de Castro 17 Oct 1709 - Jun 1710 Vicente Dinis Pinheiro (d. 1710) 19 Apr 1709 - 15 May 1709 ... Parent -French commander Jun 1709 – 24 Jun 1715 Government Junta 24 Jun 1715 - 1716 Bartolomeu da Costa Ponte (acting) 1716 – Oct 1717 Chamber Senate Oct 1717 - 1720 António Furtado de Mendonça 1718 - 1718 Chamber Senate + José de Castro (acting for Mendonça)1720 – 13 Apr 1722 Chamber Senate 13 Apr 1722 – 22 Oct 1727 José Pinheiro da Câmara 22 Oct 1727 – 4 Jan 1731 Serafim Teixeira Sarmento de Sá 4 Jan 1731 – 5 Dec 1736 Lopo de Sousa Coutinho (d. 1755) 5 Dec 1736 – May 1741 José Caetano de Soto Maior (d. 1756) May 1741 – 26 Jun 1741 António Ferrão de Castello Branco (d. 1741) 26 Jun 1741 - 1744 Chamber Senate 1744 Tomás Luís da Conceição,bispo (d. 1744) de São Tomé e Príncipe 1744 - 1745 Francisco de Álvaro Brandão (acting) 1745 – 1747 Chamber Senate 1747 - 1748 Francisco Luís das Chagas (d. 1748) 1748 – 21 May 1751 Chamber Senate 21 May 1751 – 2 Jun 1751 António Rodrigues Neves (b. 1678 - d. 1751) 2 Jun 1751 - 1754 Chamber Senate Captains-major 1758 - 1768 João Francisco de Almeida 1768 – 1780 Luis de Almeida Preto de Carvalho 1780 – 1787 Gregório Alves Pereira 1787 – 1788 João Antonio Teixeira de Bragança 1788 – 1799 João Batista e Silva de Lagos 1799 - 18.. António Jacinto de Araújo 18.. – 1802 Tomás José da Costa + André Teixeira de Sousa e Aragão c.1802 – 23 Sep 1810 Gabriel Antonio Franco de Castro 23 Sep 1810 – 27 Jun 1815 João Ferreira Guimarães (d. 1818) 27 Jun 1815 – 8 Nov 1815 Raimundo José da Cunha Mattos (b. 1776 - d. 1839) 8 Nov 1815 - 18.. Francisco de Sousa Carvalho 18.. - 18.. Bernardino José Simões 18.. - 18.. Duarte José da Silva

Dutch Occupation (1641-1649)

16 Oct 1641 - 6 Jan 1649 Dutch occupy São Tomé and Ano Bom (Annobón)(13 Nov 1642 - 16 Dec 1644 only in Fort St. Sebastiaan [São Sebastião], at Dutch factory to 6 Jan 1649).

Dutch West India Company Commanders (13 Nov 1642 - 16 Dec 1644 only inFort St. Sebastiaan, at Dutch factory to 6 Jan 1649) 16 Oct 1641 - 31 Oct 1641 Cornelis Cornelissen Jol (b. 1597 - d. 1641) 31 Oct 1641 - 1642? Matheus Jansen c.27 Oct 1642 Jan Coenders c.29 Oct1642-c.16 Nov1642 Heijndrick Dominicus van der Nes c.14 Dec 1642 Gerrit Jansen Hasenbouth c.26 Jun 1643 Adam Tessmerc.1645 - Sep 1648 Johan Mulder (d. 1648) c.4 Oct 1648 - 6 Jan 1649 Laurens Jacobsen (commander) + Reijner Doltkens (Doeckens)(factor)

São Tomé and Príncipe

Secretary General of the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé e Príncipe 1972 - Oct 1990 Manuel do Espírito Santo Pinto da (b. 1937) Costa ("leading role" of the party abolished 10 Sep 1990)

Captains-general of the Islands in the Gulf of Guinea1754 Lopo de Sousa Coutinho (d. 1754) 1754 – Feb 1758 Chamber Senate Feb 1758 - 1761 Luís Henrique da Mota e Melo 1761 - 1767 Chamber Senate 1767 - 1769 Lourenço Lôbo de Almeida Garcéz (d. 1769) Palha 1769 – Nov 1770 Chamber Senate Nov 1770 – Jul 1779 Vicente Gomes Ferreira Jul 1779 - 1782 João Manuel da Azambuja (d. 1782) 1782 - 1786 Cristóvão Xavier de Sá 1786 – 1788 João António Teixeira de Bragança (acting) 1788 – 7 Jan 1797 João Rosendo Tavares Leotte 7 Jan 1797 – 7 Feb 1797 Inácio Francisco da Nóbrega (d. 1797) Sousa Coutinho 7 Feb 1797 – 1797 Manuel Monteiro de Carvalho (acting) 1797 – 13 Oct 1797 António Pereira Bastos Lima Varela Barca + Manuel Francisco Joaquim da Mota (acting) 13 Oct 1797 – 1798 Francisco de Paula Leite + José Joaquim Borges da Silva 1798 – 4 Aug 1799 Francisco Rafael de Castello de (d. 1800) Vide + João da Costa Cravide + João Ferreira Guimarães (d. 1818) +Manuel Monteiro de Carvalho +Joaquim Pedro Lagrange 4 Aug 1799 – 4 Oct 1802 João Baptista e Silva de Lagos 4 Oct 1802 – 31 Aug 1805 Gabriel António Franco de Castro 31 Aug 1805 - 1815 Luís Joaquim Lisboa (b. 17.. - d. 1815) 1815 – 1816 Governing Junta 1816 – 1817 Luís de Abreu Vieira (d. 1817)1817 Governing Junta1817 - 1824 Felipe de Freitas Apr 1820 - Aug 1821 João Baptista e Silva de Lagos (from 13 Jul 1821, chairman provisional government) (1st time) Aug 1821 - 25 Sep 1821 Duarte José da Silva (chairman provisional government) 25 Sep 1821 - 1824 João Baptista e Silva de Lagos (chairman provisional government) (2nd time) 1824 - 1830 João Maria Xavier de Brito 29 Jun 1830 - 26 Sep 1833 Joaquim Bento da Fonseca (b. c.1776 - d. 18..) 1834 - 1835 Provisional government Governors of São Tomé e Príncipe 1835 - 1836 Provisional government 1836 - 1837 Fernando José Correia Henriques de (b. 1800 - d. ....) Noronha (acting) Aug 1837 - 2 Sep 1837 Francisco de Álva Brandão (chairman of the Chamber) 2 Sep 1837 - 24 Mar 1838 Leandro José da Costa (1st time) 24 mar 1838 - 12 Jun 1838 Provisional government - Filipe de Freitas Paiva Henriques - Jacinto Pereira Carneiro - Francisco Ferreira Coelho Cintra 1838 - 1839 José Joaquim de Urbanski 1839 José Fernando da Costa (acting) (military governor) 1839 - 1843 Bernardo José de Sousa Soares (b. 1795 - d. 1844) de Andrea 5 Feb 1843 - 2 Mar 1843 Leandro José da Costa (2nd time) 2 Mar 1843 - 1 May 1846 José Maria Marques (1st time) 1 May 1846 – 26 Jan 1847 Chamber Senate 26 Jan 1847 – 30 Sep 1847 Leandro José da Costa (3rd time) 30 Sep 1847 - 22 Nov 1847 Carlos Augusto de Morais e Almeida (b. 1807 - d. 1847) 22 Nov 1847 - 20 Jul 1848 Chamber Senate 20 Jul 1848 - 30 Jun 1849 José Caetano René Vimont Pessôa (d. 1849) 12 Dec 1849 - 9 Mar 1851 Leandro José da Costa (4th time) 9 Mar 1851 - 20 Mar 1853 José Maria Marques (2nd time) 20 Mar 1853 - 28 Jul 1855 Francisco José de Pina Rolo 28 Jul 1855 - 21 Mar 1857 Adriano Maria Passaláqua (d. 1857) 21 Mar 1857 - 15 Jan 1858 Government Council (incomplete) - Bernardo Francisco de Albuquerque 15 Jan 1858 - 29 May 1858 Francisco António Correia (d. 1858) 29 May 1858 - 7 Feb 1859 Government Council (incomplete) - Candido Augusto Xavier? - Bernardo Soares Vieira da Mota 7 Feb 1859 – 8 Jul 1860 Luis José Pereira e Horta (d. 1861) 8 Jul 1860 – 21 Nov 1860 Government Council (incomplete) - Manuel de Melo - Vicente Frederico Scarnichia 21 Nov 1860 - 8 Jul 1862 José Pedro de Melo (b. 1824 - d. 1877) 8 Jul 1862 - 17 Nov 1862 Chamber Senate 17 Nov 1862 - 30 Mar 1863 José Eduardo da Costa Moura 30 Mar 1863 - 8 Jan 1864 João Baptista Brunachy (1st time) (d. 1884) 8 Jan 1864 - 2 Aug 1865 Estanislau Xavier de Assunção e (b. 18.. - d. ...) Almeida (1st time) 2 Aug 1865 - 30 Jul 1867 João Baptista Brunachy (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Jul 1867 - 30 Sep 1867 António Joaquim Gomes da Fonseca (b. 1839 - d. 1870) 30 Sep 1867 - 30 May 1869 Estanislau Xavier de Assunção e (s.a.) Almeida (2nd time)30 May 1869 - 7 Oct 1872 Pedro Carlos de Aguiar Craveiro (b. 1834 - d. ....) Lopes 7 Oct 1872 - Jul 1873 João Clímaco de Carvalho (b. 1856 - d. 1873) Jul 1873 – 28 Oct 1873 Government Council 28 Oct 1873 - 6 Sep 1876 Gregório José Ribeiro (b. 1829 - d. 1884) 6 Sep 1876 – 1 Nov 1876 Government Council 1 Nov 1876 - 26 Sep 1879 Estanislau Xavier de Assumpção e (s.a.) Almeida (3rd time) 26 Sep 1879 - 28 Nov 1879 Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do (b. 1843 - d. 1923) Amaral 28 Nov 1879 - 3 Jan 1880 Custódio Miguel de Borja (1st time) (b. 1849 - d. 1911) (acting) 3 Jan 1880 - 30 Dec 1881 Vicente Pinheiro Lôbo Machado de (b. 1852 - d. 1922) Mello e Almada, visconde de Pindela 30 Dec 1881 - 26 Jan 1882 Augusto Maria Leão (acting) 26 Jan 1882 - 23 May 1884 Francisco Teixeira da Silva (b. 1826 - d. 1894) 23 May 1884 – 24 May 1884 António Augusto Crispiniano da Fonseca (acting) 24 May 1884 - 25 Aug 1886 Custódio Miguel de Borja (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Aug 1885 – 19 Sep 1885 Augusto Cesar de Moura Cabral (b. 1848 - d. ....) (acting for Borja) 25 Sep 1885 – 25 Feb 1886 Augusto Cesar de Moura Cabral (s.a.) (acting for Borja) 25 Aug 1886 - 9 Mar 1890 Augusto César Rodrigues Sarmento (b. 1835 - d. ....) 9 Mar 1890 - 26 Jun 1891 Firmino José da Costa 26 Jun 1891 - 8 Dec 1894 Francisco Eugénio Pereira de (b. 1848 - d. 1895) Miranda 8 Dec 1894 - 8 Apr 1895 Jaime Lobo de Brito Godins (acting) 8 Apr 1895 - 16 Mar 1897 Cipriano Leite Pereira Jardim (b. 1841 - d. 1913) 16 Mar 1897 – 5 Apr 1897 Artur de Almeida Ribeiro (b. 1865 - d. 1943) (president of Government Council) 5 Apr 1897 - 5 Apr 1899 Joaquim da Graça Correia e Lança (b. 1856 - d. 1900) 5 Apr 1899 - 3 Jan 1901 Amâncio de Alpoim Cerqueira (b. c.1860 - d. 1912) Borges Cabral 3 Jan 1901 - 8 May 1901 Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (acting) 8 May 1901 - 1 Oct 1902 Joaquim Xavier de Brito 1 Oct 1902 – 8 Oct 1902 Bernardo Correia de Castro (b. 1866 - d. 1912) Sepúlveda (1st time)(acting) 8 Oct 1902 - 17 May 1903 João Abel Antunes de Mesquita (b. 1848 - d. 19..) Guimarães 17 May 1903 – 7 Jun 1903 Bernardo Correia de Castro (s.a.) Sepúlveda (2nd time)(acting) 7 Jun 1903 - 12 Dec 1903 João Gregório Duarte Ferreira (b. 1863 - d. 1922) (1st time)(acting) 12 Dec 1903 – 14 Dec 1903 Bernardo Correia de Castro (s.a.) Sepúlveda (3rd time)(acting) 14 Dec 1903 - 13 Apr 1907 Francisco de Paula Cid 13 Apr 1907 - 24 Jun 1907 Vitor Augusto Chaves Lemos e (b. 1856 - d. 1919) Melo (1st time) (acting) 24 Jun 1907 – Sep 1908 Pedro Berquó Sep 1908 – 24 Oct 1908 José Gomes de Carvalho (acting) 24 Oct 1908 - 13 Mar 1909 Vitor Augusto Chaves Lemos e (s.a.) Melo (2nd time) (acting) 13 Mar 1909 - Mar 1910 José Augusto Vieira da Fonseca (d. 1940) Mar 1910 – 30 May 1910 António Maria da Silva (acting) 30 May 1910 – 13 Jun 1910 Bernardo Correia de Castro (s.a.) Sepúlveda (4th time)(acting) 13 Jun 1910 - 21 Jul 1910 Jaime Daniel Leote do Rego (b. 1867 - d. 1923) (1st time) 21 Jul 1910 – 7 Aug 1910 Government Council 7 Aug 1910 – Oct 1910 Fernando Augusto de Carvalho Oct 1910 – 19 Oct 1910 Nicolau Reis (acting) 19 Oct 1910 – 11 Nov 1910 Henrique Alberto de Oliveira (acting) 12 Nov 1910 – 2 Dec 1910 Carlos de Mendonça Pimentel e Melo (acting) 2 Dec 1910 - 5 Jun 1911 António Pinto Miranda Guedes (b. 1875 - d. 1937) 5 Jun 1911 – 14 Jun 1911 Avelino Augusto de Oliveira Leite (d. 1950) (1st time)(acting) 14 Jun 1911 – 5 Nov 1911 Jaime Daniel Leote do Rego (s.a.) (2nd time) 5 Nov 1911 – 24 Dec 1911 Augusto Ferreirados Santos (b. 1870 - d. 1944) (acting) 24 Dec 1911 – 18 Apr 1913 Mariano Martins (b. 1880 - d. 1943) Apr 1912 – 14 Jun 1912 Augusto Ferreirados Santos (s.a.) (acting for Martins) 18 Apr 1913 – 13 May 1913 Government Council 13 May 1913 – Feb 1915 Pedro do Amaral Boto Machado (b. 1868 - d. 1921) (1st time) Feb 1915 – 31 May 1915 Rafael dos Santos Oliveira (acting) 31 May 1915 - 6 Jun 1915 José Dionisio Carneiro de Sousa (b. 1868 - d. 1962) e Faro 6 Jun 1915 – 28 Jul 1915 Rafael dos Santos Oliveira (2nd time) (interim) Aug 1915 – Sep 1915 Joaquim José Duarte Guimarães (acting) Sep 1915 – Apr 1916 Bernardo Lopes da Silva (1st time) (acting) Apr 1916 – Jun 1917 Pedro do Amaral Boto Machado (s.a.) (2nd time)(acting)Jun 1917 – Sep 1917 Bernardo Lopes da Silva (2nd time) (acting) Sep 1917 – 28 Jul 1918 Rafael dos Santos Oliveira (3rd time) 28 Jul 1918 - 11 Jun 1919 João Gregório Duarte Ferreira (s.a.) (2nd time) 11 Jun 1919 - 25 Sep 1920 Avelino Augusto de Oliveira Leite (s.a.) (2nd time) Sep 1919 – Feb 1920 Júlio César de Andrade Freire (b. 1884 - d. 19..) (acting for Leite) Feb 1920 António Julio de Almeida Barbosa (acting for Leite) Feb 1920 – Mar 1920 Bernardo Francisco Bruto da Costa (acting for Leite) Sep 1920 – 25 Sep 1920 Júlio César de Andrade Freire (s.a.) (acting) 25 Sep 1920 - 22 Oct 1920 José Augusto da Conceição Alves Vélez (acting) 22 Oct 1920 - 2 Jul 1921 Eduardo Nogueira de Lemos (1st time) (acting) 2 Jul 1921 - Dec 1923 António José Pereira 1923 João Pinto Crisóstomo (acting for Pereira) Dec 1923 – 23 Jan 1924 Eduardo Nogueira de Lemos (2nd time) (acting) 23 Jan 1924 - May 1926 Eugénio de Barros Soares Branco (b. c.1889 - d. 19..) May 1926 – 8 Jul 1926 Sebastião José Barbosa (1st time) (acting) 8 Jul 1926 - 30 Aug 1928 José Duarte Junqueira Rato (b. 1889 - d. 19..) 30 Aug 1928 - 30 Jan 1929 Sebastião José Barbosa (2nd time) (acting) 30 Jan 1929 - 31 Aug 1929 Francisco Penteado 31 Aug 1929 - 17 Dec 1933 Luís Augusto Vieira Fernandes17 Dec 1933 - 8 May 1941 Ricardo Vaz Monteiro (b. 1891 - d. 1975) 8 May 1941 - 5 Apr 1945 Amadeu Gomes de Figueiredo (b. 1888 - d. 1946) 5 Apr 1945 - Jun 1953 Carlos de Sousa Gorgulho (d. 1972) Jul 1948 - 8 Oct 1950 Afonso Manuel Machado de Sousa (1st time)(acting for Gorgulho) 8 Oct 1950 - 28 Jun 1952 Mário José Cabral Oliveira Castro (acting for Gorgulho) 28 Jun 1952 - 18 Apr 1953 Guilherme António Amaral Abranches (b. 1907 - d. 1982) Pinto (acting for Gorgulho) 18 Apr 1953 - 19 May 1953 Fernando Augusto Rodrigues (acting for Gorgulho) 19 May 1953 - Sep 1953 Afonso Manuel Machado de Sousa (acting [for Gorgulho to Jun 1953]) (2nd time)Sep 1953 – 15 Aug 1954 Francisco António Pires Barata (b. 1907 - d. 1987) 15 Aug 1954 - 15 Jun 1955 Luís da Câmara Leme Faria (acting) (b. 1900 - d. ....) 15 Jun 1955 - 5 Dec 1956 Adelino José Machado (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1975) 5 Dec 1956 - 13 Oct 1957 Octávio Ferreira Gonçalves (acting) 13 Oct 1957 – 26 Jul 1963 Manuel Marques de Abrantes Amaral (b. 1914 - d. ....) Jul 1961 – 4 Oct 1961 Aniano Mendes Serra (acting for Amaral) 26 Jul 1963 - 30 Oct 1963 Alberto Monteiro de Sousa Campos (acting) 30 Oct 1963 - 1972 António Jorge da Silva Sebastião (b. 1919 - d. 2005)17 Jan 1972 - 30 Apr 1974 João Cecílio Gonçalves 30 Apr 1974 - May 1974 Licínio Manuel Frota Pinto do Souto (acting) May 1974 – 29 Jul 1974 Junta of National Salvation - António Cavaleiro de Ferreira - António Velez Caldas - José Maria Moreira de Azevedo29 Jul 1974 - 18 Dec 1974 António Elísio Capelo Pires Veloso (b. 1926 - d. 2014) MFA High Commissioner18 Dec 1974 - 12 Jul 1975 António Elísio Capelo Pires Veloso (s.a.) MFA Presidents12 Jul 1975 - 4 Mar 1991 Manuel do Espírito Santo Pinto da (b. 1937) MLSTP Costa (1st time) 4 Mar 1991 - 3 Apr 1991 Leonel Mário d'Alva (interim) (b. 1935) MLSTP 3 Apr 1991 - 15 Aug 1995 Miguel dos Anjos da Cunha Lisboa (b. 1936) Non-party/ADI Trovoada (1st time)15 Aug 1995 - 21 Aug 1995 Manuel Quintas de Almeida (b. 1957? - d. 2006) Mil (president of Junta of National Salvation)21 Aug 1995 - 3 Sep 2001 Miguel dos Anjos da Cunha Lisboa (s.a.) ADI Trovoada (2nd time) 3 Sep 2001 - 16 Jul 2003 Fradique Bandeira Melo de Menezes (b. 1942) ADI; 2001: (1st time) MDFM-PL16 Jul 2003 - 23 Jul 2003 Fernando Pereira (b. 1963) Mil (president of Military Junta of National Salvation)23 Jul 2003 - 3 Sep 2011 Fradique Bandeira Melo de Menezes (s.a.) MDFM-PL (2nd time) 3 Sep 2011 - 3 Sep 2016 Manuel do Espírito Santo Pinto da (s.a.) Non-party Costa (2nd time) 3 Sep 2016 - 2 Oct 2021 Evaristo do Espírito Santo (b. 1941 - d. 2022) ADI Carvalho 2 Oct 2021 - Carlos Manuel Vila Nova (b. 1959) ADI

Prime ministers 21 Dec 1974 - 12 Jul 1975 Leonel Mário d'Alva (s.a.) MLSTP12 Jul 1975 - 9 Apr 1979 Miguel dos Anjos da Cunha Lisboa (s.a.) MLSTP Trovoada 9 Apr 1979 - 8 Jan 1988 Post abolished 8 Jan 1988 - 7 Feb 1991 Celestino Rocha da Costa (b. 1938 - d. 2010) MLSTP 7 Feb 1991 - 16 May 1992 Daniel Lima dos Santos Daio (b. 1947) PCD-GR16 May 1992 - 2 Jul 1994 Norberto José d'Alva Costa Alegre (b. 1951) PCD-GR 7 Jul 1994 - 25 Oct 1994 Evaristo do Espírito Santo (s.a.) PCD-GR/ Carvalho (1st time) Non-party25 Oct 1994 - 15 Aug 1995 Carlos Alberto Monteiro Dias (b. 1931 - d. 2013) MLSTP-PSD da Graça(1st time) 15 Aug 1995 - 21 Aug 1995 Vacant21 Aug 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Carlos Alberto Monteiro Dias (s.a.) MLSTP-PSD da Graça (2nd time)31 Dec 1995 - 19 Nov 1996 Armindo Vaz d'Almeida (b. 1953) MLSTP-PSD 19 Nov 1996 - 5 Jan 1999 Raul Wagner Bragança Neto (b. 1946 - d. 2014) MLSTP-PSD 5 Jan 1999 - 18 Sep 2001 Guilherme Posser de Costa (b. 1953) MLSTP-PSD26 Sep 2001 - 28 Mar 2002 Evaristo do Espírito Santo (s.a.) ADI Carvalho (2nd time)28 Mar 2002 - 7 Oct 2002 Gabriel Arcanjo Ferreira da Costa (b. 1954) Non-party (1st time) 7 Oct 2002 - 16 Jul 2003 Maria das Neves Ceita Baptista (b. 1958) MLSTP-PSD de Sousa (f) (1st time)16 Jul 2003 - 23 Jul 2003 Vacant23 Jul 2003 - 18 Sep 2004 Maria das Neves Ceita Baptista (s.a.) MLSTP-PSD de Sousa (f) (2nd time)18 Sep 2004 - 8 Jun 2005 Damião Vaz d'Almeida (b. 1951) MLSTP-PSD 8 Jun 2005 - 21 Apr 2006 Maria do Carmo Trovoada Pires de (b. 1961) MLSTP-PSD Carvalho Silveira (f) 21 Apr 2006 - 14 Feb 2008 Tomé Soares da Vera Cruz (b. 1956) MDFM-PL 14 Feb 2008 - 22 Jun 2008 Patrice EmeryTrovoada (1st time) (b. 1962) ADI 22 Jun 2008 - 14 Aug 2010 Joaquim Rafael Branco (b. 1953) MLSTP-PSD 14 Aug 2010 - 12 Dec 2012 Patrice EmeryTrovoada (2nd time) (s.a.) ADI 12 Dec 2012 - 29 Nov 2014 Gabriel Arcanjo Ferreira da Costa (s.a.) MLSTP-PSD
(2nd time) 29 Nov 2014 - 3 Dec 2018 Patrice EmeryTrovoada (3rd time) (s.a.) ADI 3 Dec 2018 - 11 Nov 2022 Jorge Lopes Bom Jesus (b. 1962) MLSTP-PSD 11 Nov 2022 - Patrice Emery Trovoada (4th time) (s.a.) ADI

Party abbreviations: ADI = Acção Democrática Independente (Independent Democratic Action, liberal, christian democratic, center-right, est.1994);MLSTP-PSD = Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democrata(Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé e Príncipe - Social Democratic Party, democratic socialist, former MLSTP, est.Oct 1990); PCD = Partido de Convergência Democrática (Democratic Convergence Party, split fromMLSTP-PSD, former PCD-GR, est.2001); Mil = Military;- Former parties: MDFM-PCD = Movimento Democrático Força da Mudança-Partido de Convergência Democrática (Force for Change Democratic Movement-Democratic Convergence Party, electoral coalition, 2002-May 2008);MDFM-PL = Movimento Democrático das Forças da Mudança-Partido Liberal (Force for Change Democratic Movement-Liberal Party, 2001-Aug 2018);MFA = Movimento das Forças Armadas (Movement of Armed Forces, organization of lower-ranked left-leaning Portuguese military officers, 1973-1976); MLSTP = Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe(Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé e Príncipe, Marxist–Leninist commuinist,1960-72 named Comité de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe [Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe], 12 Dec 1975 - Aug 1990, state party,1972-Oct 1990,renamed MLSTP-PSD); PCD-GR = Partido de Convergência Democrática-Grupa de Reflexão (Democratic Convergence Party-Reflection Group,split from MLSTP-PSD, 4 Nov 1990-2001, renamed PCD)

Príncipe

Adopted Apr 2011

Map of Príncipe

Capital: Santo António

Regional Holiday:
29 Apr (1995)
Dia da Autonomia
(Autonomy Day)

Population: 8,420 (2018)

17 Jan 1471 Discovered and claimed for Portugal, named Ilha de Santo Antão (António). 1500 - 1753 Separate Portuguese colony (donataria) under the Carneiro family. 1502 Renamed Príncipe. 9 Aug 1598 - 26 Nov 1598 Dutch occupation of Príncipe. 19 Jun 1719 English pirates under Bartholomew Roberts "Black Bart" (b. 1682 - d. 1722) destroy Santo António.25 Oct 1753 Príncipe authorized to be bought by the Portuguese Crown; donatary is madea count in exchange for the island.29 Oct 1753 United with São Thomé to form colony ofSão Thomé and Príncipe (s.a.). 15 Nov 1753 Office ofcapitão mór da ilha do Principe abolished.29 Apr 1995 Autonomous Region of Príncipe (Região Autónoma do Príncipe) established.

Donataries1500 - 3 Apr 1545 António Carneiro, senhor de Vimioso (b. 1459 - d. 1545)1545 - 15.. Francisco de Alcaçova Carneiro (b. c.1500 - d. 15..)15.. - 16.. Luís Carneiro (b. c.1530 - d. ....) 16.. - 1640 Francisco Carneiro (b. c.1570 - d. 1640) 1640 - 1690 Luís Carneiro de Sousa, (b. 1610 - d. 1690) (from 4 Feb 1640) conde da Ilha do Príncipe 1690 - 7 Jan 1708 Francisco Luís Carneiro de Sousa, (b. 1640 - d. 1708) conde da Ilha do Príncipe 7 Jan 1708 - 6 Nov 1724 António Carneiro de Sousa, (b. 1680 - d. 1724) conde da Ilha do Príncipe 6 Nov 1724 - 18 Nov 1731 Francisco Carneiro de Sousa, (b. 1709 - d. 1731) conde da Ilha do Príncipe18 Nov 1731 - 29 Oct 1753 Carlos Carneiro de Sousa e Faro, (b. 1710 - d. 1770) conde da Ilha do Príncipe Captains of the Donataries 1500 - 1515 Vasco Carneiro 1515 - 1517 Diogo Alcaçova 1517 - 15.. João Fialho 9 Aug 1598 - 26 Nov 1598 Cornelis de Moucheron -Dutch commanderc.1725 Antonio Franco Portuguêsc.1731 João Fernandes Lemos15.. - 15 Nov 1753 ....Governors 1820 José Xavier Gonzaga de Sá (chairman provisional government) 1836 Interim Provisional Government Junta - Jacinto Pereira Carneiro - José Ferreira Gomes - Padre José Gomes de Andrade e Silva 1838 - 24 Mar 1838 Provisional Government Junta - Fray José Gomes de Andrade Silva - Francisco Martins Xavier - Francisco de Alva Brandão c.1851 Francisco Ferreira Coelho Cintra c.1852 Manuel Francisco Landolph c.1852 - 185. Manuel Mariano Ghira c.1854 - 1857 Joaquim José de Sousa Osório Menezes c.1857 – 1860 João Manuel de Melo c.1862 João Filipe de Gouveia 1881 - 1882 Augusto Frutuoso Figueiredo de (b. 1851 - d. 1921) Barros Presidents of the Regional Government29 Apr 1995 - 12 Apr 2002 Damião Vaz d'Almeida (b. 1951) MLSTP-PSD12 Apr 2002 - 20 Jun 2006 Zeferino dos Prazeres (b. 1960) MLSTP-PSD20 Jun 2006 - 5 Oct 2006 João Paulo Cassandra (provisional) (b. 1961) Non-party 5 Oct 2006 - 18 Aug 2020 José Cardoso dos Ramos Cassandra (b. 1964) UMPP 18 Aug 2020 - Filipe Nascimento (b. 1989) UMPP

Party abbreviations: MLSTP-PSD = Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democrata(Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé e Príncipe-Social Democratic Party, democratic socialist, former MLSTP, est.Oct 1990);UMPP = União para Mudança e Progresso do Príncipe (Union for Change and Progress in Principe, Principe Island regionalist, electoral coalition supported supported PCD, ADI, Frente Democrática Cristã, and to 2018 MDFM-PL, est.2006)