U.S. Native American Nations
Note: As of 29 Jan 2021, there
were 574
Native American tribal nations (variously
called tribes, nations, bands, confederations,
communities, rancheria, pueblo, and villages)
recognized by the United States federal government,
under the Constitution, by treaties, statutes, or by
court decisions as "sovereign domestic dependent nations
under the U.S. protection" (231 of these are
located in Alaska). They have formal
government-to-government relations with the United
States federal government, enjoy internal
self-government and administer the territories they
reserved for themselves. During 1887-1906, the majority
of natives were granted U.S. citizenship, the remaining
natives were declared to be the citizens in 1924. Currently
this page lists a little more than half of the total
recognized Native American Nations (not listed are a
majority of the Alaska native villages and of California
rancherias). Additionally, four nations whose
recognition in the 2000's did not become final are
listed. More data will be added as information becomes
available. Nations are listed alphabetically according
to the State in which their lands are currently located. Due to the vast number of tribal entities on this page any assistance adding or updating information is greatly appreciated. Map of Indian Reservations in the
Continental United States and Map
of Early Native American Languages National Congress of American Indians
17 Nov
1944
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), an
American Indian Alabama Poarch Band of Creek Indians ![]() 1836 Some Creeks in Alabama avoid removal of the Creek Nation from the east to Oklahoma. 11 Aug 1984 Recognized by the U.S. (Poarch Band of Creek Indians). 12 Apr 1985 Poarch Creek Reservation established. 1999 Self-governance agreement. Chiefs of Creeks East of the Mississippi 1951 – 1970 Calvin W. McGhee (b. 1903 - d. 1970) 1970 – 1977 Houston L. McGhee (b. 1937 - d. 2012) Chairmen 1976 – 2000 Eddie L. Tullis (1st time) (b. 1938) 2000 – 2001 Fred L. McGhee (1st time) (b. 1950 – d. 2006) 2001 – 2005 Eddie L. Tullis (2nd time) (s.a.) 2005 – 2006 Fred L. McGhee (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Jun 2006 - 19 Jun 2014 Buford L. Rolin (b. 1940) 19 Jun 2014 - Stephanie A. Bryan (f) Alaska Note: Currently listed are the nine largest Native Villages by tribal enrollment in 2005 (the ones whose tribal enrollment exceeded 1370) and both regional tribes out of total of 229 Alaska tribal entities. In 1972, the state was divided into 12 regions of Alaska Native Regional Corporations holding the title to most of the native lands and conducting most of the native affairs. At the same time the existing 23 Indian Reserves were abolished, except Annette Island (Metlakatla), and for the first time complete, but informal list of Alaska tribal entities was created. The tribal entities were listed on the Federal Register from 1982 in a "preliminary list," but since 1993 they are listed along with the tribes of the contiguous 48 states. Except Metlakatla from 1970, all tribal entities from 1959 on are under the jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Barrow 23 May 1939 Formal recognition by the U.S. (Native Village of Barrow). 26 Aug 1971 Part of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, a regional Indian tribe. 22 Jun 1972 Within the region of Arctic Slope Regional Corp. (respective regional non-profit organization: Arctic Slope Regional Association). 23 Oct 1997 Renamed Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government. 1998 Covered by the Arctic Slope Self-governance agreement with U.S. 4 Oct 2016 Referendum passes (381-375) to rename city of Barrow as Utqiagvik. Presidents 1940 – 19.. .... c.1946 Fred K. Ipalook (b. 1910 - d. 1971) c.1953 Eben Hopson (b. 1922 – d. 1980) c.1992 Rex A. Okakok (1st time) bf.1993 - 1994 Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (1st time) 1994 – 1995 Rex A. Okakok (2nd time) 1995 – 1997 Kathy Itta (f) 1997 – 1998 Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (2nd time) 1998 – 2000 Elsie Itta (f) (b. 1952) 2000 – 2001 Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (3rd time) 2001 – 2003 Patsy Aamodt (f) (b. 1949) 2003 – 2005 Percy Nusunginya (b. 1941) 2005 - 2016 Thomas P. Olemaun 2016 - 2018 Charles Brower 2018 - 2021 Muriel K. Brower (f) 2021 - 2024 Forrest D. Olemaun (b. 1961) 2024 - Esther Evikana (f) Curyung
the region of Bristol Bay Native Corp. (respective regional non- profit organization: Bristol Bay Native Association). 1995 Covered by the Bristol Bay Area Self-governance agreement with the U.S. 23 Oct 1997 Renamed Curyung Tribal Council. Presidents bf.1992 - af.1993 Sally H. Smith (f) bf.1994 - 2001 Ida Roehl (f) 2001 – 2002 DuWayne Johnson First chiefs 2002 – 2003 Rose Heyano (f) (b. 1923 - d. 2019) 2003 – 2004 Ida Roehl (f) 2004 - 2021 Thomas Tilden (b. 1953) 2021 - 2023 Jonathan J. Larson 2023 - Gayla Hoseth (f) Inupiat of Arctic Slope
the regional Indian tribe, federating 8 (originally 5) Native Villages recognized by the U.S. as native tribal entities on their own: Anaktuvuk Pass, Atqasuk, Barrow, Kaktovik (Barter Island), Nuiqsut, Point Hope, Point Lay, and Wainwright. 22 Jun 1972 Within the region of Arctic Slope Regional Corp. (respective regional non-profit organization: Arctic Slope Regional Association). 1998 Covered by the Arctic Slope Self-governance agreement with U.S. Presidents 1971 – 197. .... c.1979 Joseph Upicksoun (b. 1932 – d. 2005) c.1983 Arnold Brower, Sr. (b. 1922 - d. 2008) bf.1992 - 1998 George Edwardson, Jr. (1st time) (b. 1947?) 1998 – 2000 Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (1st time) 2000 – 2001 Don Long 2001 – 2007 Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (2nd time) 2007 – 2010 George Edwardson, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 2010 – 2011 Doreen Lampe (f) 2011 – 2012 George Edwardson, Jr. (3rd time) (s.a.) 2012 - 2016 George Olemaun 2016 - 2024 George Edwardson, Jr. (4th time) (s.a.) 2024 - Nicole Wojciechowski (f) Ketchikan
19 Aug 1965 Under authority of the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida, a regional Indian tribe. 22 Jun 1972 Within the region of Sealaska Corp. (respective regional non-profit organization: Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida). 1995 Covered by the South East Alaska Self-governance agreement with the U.S. 2021 Ketchikan Indian Community (on the U.S. list of tribal names). Presidents 1940 – 19.. .... bf.1989 - af.1993 Ronald W. Leighton c.1995 Christine Collison (f) c.1996 Gerald E. Hope 1998 – 2001 Stephanie D. Rainwater (f) (b. 1948) (1st time) 2001 – 2002 Marly F. Edenso (f) (b. 1953) 2002 – 2003 Charles W. White 2003 – 2005 Stephanie D. Rainwater–Sande (f) (s.a.) (2nd time) 2005 – 2006 Samuel E. Bergeron (b. 1958) 2006 – 2007 Stephanie D. Rainwater–Sande (f) (s.a.) (3rd time) 2007 – 2008 Richard Jackson 2008 – 2012 Norman A. Arriola (b. 1947?) 2012 - 2018 Irene Dundas (f) 2018 - 2019 Gianna "Saanu Ga" Willard Flanery (f) 2019 - 2020 Norman Skan (1st time) 2020 - Jan 2022 Gloria Burns (f) Jan 2022 - 29 Jan 2023 Trixie Bennett (f) 29 Jan 2023 - Norman Skan (2nd time) Kotzebue
7 Jun 1972 Within the region of NANA (Northwest Alaska Native Association) Regional Corp., Inc. (respective regional non-profit organization: Northwest Alaska Native Association [in 1973, renamed Maniilaq Association]). 1995 Covered by the Maniilaq Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Chairmen 1939 – 19.. .... bf.1992 - af.1996 Peter Schaeffer (1st time) bf.1999 - 2002 Marie N. Greene (f) 2002 – 2003 Eugene Smith 2003 – 2004 Ian Erlich 2004 – 2007 Peter Schaeffer (2nd time) 2007 – 2008 Guy Adams (1st time) 2008 – 2011 Margaret Hansen (f) 2011 – 2013 Guy Adams (2nd time) 2013 - 2016 Chester Ballot 2016 - 2017 Martin Shroyer 2017 - 2018 Robert J. Schaeffer 2018 - 2019 Dominic Ivanoff 2019 - 2023 Gia Hanna (f) 2023 - Toni R. Bergan (f) Metlakatla ![]() 1887 Settlement (Metlakatla) by the Tsimshian emigrants from the British Columbia, Canada, governed by Declaration of Residents (1887), Rules and Regulations (1915) and Constitution (1944). 3 Mar 1891 Annette Island Indian Reserve set aside. 19 Dec 1944 Metlakatla Indian Community of the Annette Island Reserve. 1997 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Mayors 1887 – 1915 Village Council (elected annually) 1915 – 19.. Edmund Verney (b. 1861 - d. 1928) c.19.. Alfred Atkinson bf.1937 - af.1938 David Leask (b. 1884 - d. 1972) 1945 – 1957 John W. Smith (b. 1906 – d. 1990) 1957 - 1969 Henry S. Littlefield (b. 1914 - d. 1988) 1969 - 1971 Solomon Guthrie (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1997) 1971 – 1973 John R. Benson (b. 1932 – d. 1983) 1973 - 1975 Solomon Guthrie (2nd time) (s.a.) 1975 – 1977 Wallace D. Leask (b. 1921 – d. 2004) 1977 – 1979 Solomon D. Atkinson, Jr. (1st time) 1979 - 1981 Stanley Patterson 1981 – 1983 Casey Nelson, Sr. 1983 – 1985 Harris L. Atkinson, Jr. (b. 1928 – d. 1999) (1st time) 1985 - 1987 Casey D. Nelson, Jr. (1st time) 1987 - 1989 Harris L. Atkinson, Jr. (s.a.) (2nd time) 1989 - 1991 Theodore "Ted" A. Littlefield (b. 1944 - d. 2003) 1991 – 1993 Casey D. Nelson, Jr. (2nd time) 1993 – 1995 Jim Scudero 1995 – 1997 Jack Booth, Sr. 1997 – 1999 Timothy E. Gilmartin 1999 – 2001 Solomon D. Atkinson 2001 – 2007 Victor C. Wellington, Sr. (1st time) 2007 – 2008 John A. Scudero, Jr. 2008 – 2009 Karl S. Cook, Jr. (1st time) 2009 – 2011 Arthur G. Fawcett, Jr. 2011 – 2013 Victor C. Wellington, Sr. (2nd time) 2013 - 2017 Audrey Hudson (f) 2017 - 2019 Karl S. Cook, Jr. (2nd time) 2019 - 2021 Reginald Atkinson 2021 - Albert Smith Nome Eskimo 23 Nov 1939 Formal recognition by the U.S. (Nome Eskimo Community). 23 Jun 1972 Within the region of Bering Straits Native Corp. (respective regional non-profit organization: Bering Straits Native Association [in 1973, renamed Kawerak, Inc.]). 1995 Covered by the Kawerak (Norton Sound) Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Presidents 1939 – 19.. .... c.1991 - af.1993 Danny Karmun (b. 1927 - d. 2018) bf.1994 - af.1995 Andrew Miller, Jr. (1st time) c.1996 Sandra T. Tahbone (f) (1st time) (b. 1964) bf.1999 - 2000 Andrew Miller, Jr. (2nd time) 2000 Sandra T. Tahbone (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 2000 – 2003 Andrew Miller, Jr. (3rd time) 2003 – 2005 Laban Iyatunguk, Jr. 2005 – 2006 Dawn Salesky (f) (1st time) 2006 – 2007 Clifford Johnson 2007 – 2008 Alfred Sahlin (1st time) 2008 Dawn Salesky (f) (2nd time) 2008 – 2009 Karlin Itchoak 2009 Alfred Sahlin (2nd time) 2009 – 2010 Lester Keller 2010 Bantu Nichols 2010 – 2013 Cynthia Ahwinona (f) (b. 1952 - d. 2021) 2013 - 2017 Janice Doherty (f) 2017 - 2020 Shane Smithhisler 2020 - 2023 Gloria Ann Karmun (f) (b. 1961) 2023 – 2024 Allison Johnson (f) 2024 - 2025 Loretta Bullard (f) 2025 - Edna "Becka" Baker (f) Orutsararmiut 1972 Native Village of Bethel listed for the first time, within the region of Calista Corp. (respective regional non-profit organization: Association of Village Council Presidents). 1988/1992 Renamed Orutsararmiut Native Village. 1995 Covered by Yukon-Kuskokwim Self-governance agreement with U.S. Presidents c.1982 John Angiak bf.1992 - c.1996 Thaddeus Tikiun, Jr. Chairmen c.1996 - 2004 Henry J. Hunter, Sr. (1st time) 2004 – 2012 Raymond Watson 2012 - 2015 Gloria Simeon (f) 2015 - 2019 Walter Jim (1st time) 2019 - 2021 Henry J. Hunter, Sr. (2nd time) 2021 - Walter Jim (2nd time) Sitka ![]() 11 Oct 1938 Formal recognition by the U.S. (Sitka Community Association). 1965 Under authority of the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida, a regional Indian tribe. 22 Jun 1972 Within the region of Sealaska Corp. (respective regional non-profit organization: Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida). 1992 Renamed Sitka Tribe of Alaska. 1995 Covered by the South East Alaska Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Head chiefs of Sitka Tlingits (in Russian: Glavny Koloshensky Toen) 1842 – 1868 Kooxx'aan (Mikhail) (d. 1868) 1868 – 1874 Vacant 1874 – 1889 Annaxoots (from 1886, Aleksey) (d. 1889) 1889 – 1908 Laanteech (Ivan) (b. c.1843 – d. 1908) Presidents 1938 – 19.. .... c.1982 Andy Hope 1987 – 1990 William M. Brady (b. 1922 – d. 1995) 1990 – 1991 Rav Perkins 1991 – 1992 Pete Esquiro Chairmen 1992 – 2012 Lawrence A. "Woody" Widmark, Jr. (1st time) 2012 - 2016 Michael Baines 2016 - 2020 Kathy H. Erickson (f) 2020 - 2024 Lawrence A. "Woody" Widmark, Jr. (2nd time) 2024 - Dionne Brady-Howard (f) Sun'aq of Kodiak 1972 Kodiak Native Village listed for the first time, within the region of Koniag Inc. (respective regional non-profit organization: Kodiak Area Native Association). 1988 Renamed Shoonaq' Tribe of Kodiak. 1995 Covered by the Kodiak Area Self-governance agreement with the U.S. 2000 Added to the (formal) list of federally recognized tribes. 2004 Renamed Sun'aq Tribe of Kodiak. Chairmen 197.? - 1987 No elections 1987 – 1992 Margaret Roberts (f) 1992 – 1994 Julie Knagin (f) (b. 1928 - d. 2014) 1994 – 1995 Hank Eaton 1995 – 1997 Gloria Bishop (f) 1997 – 1999 Mark Olsen 1999 – 2000 Leonard "Pat" Heitman 2000 – 2002 Kenneth Parker 2002 – 2003 Teri Schneider (f) 2003 – 2008 Chris Helms 2008 – 2012 Brenda Schwantes (f) 2012 – 2013 Patricia Pruitt (f) 2013 – 2014 Jeannine "J.J." Marsh (f) 2014 – 2015 Sophie Frets (f) 2015 - 2016 Thomas Johnson (1st time) 2016 - 2017 Frank Petersen 2017 - 2020 Thomas Johnson (2nd time) 2020 - 2024 Nina Gronn (f) 2024 - Emily J. Capjohn (f) Tlingit and Haida Central Council
5 Nov
1912
Alaska Native Brotherhood established by the Tlingit and
Presidents Arizona Ak Chin Indian Community
20 Dec 1961 Ak-Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation. 1982 - 1997 Ak Chin Indian Community of Papago Indians of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Reservation (on the U.S. list of tribal names). 1993 Gaming compact. 2005 Self-governance agreement. 2016 Reference to reservation dropped from tribal name. Chairmen c.1929 General Council 1961 - 1963 Ross Lopez 1963 - 1965 Richard Carlyle (d. 1965) c.1970 - 19 Jan 1972 Francis Antone 1972? - af.1979 Wilbert "Buddy" J. Carlyle 1979? Jonas Paul Miguel 1980 - Jan 1984 Leona M. Carlyle-Kakar (f)(1st time) c.1984 Leroy Narcia 198. – 1988? Leona M. Carlyle-Kakar (f)(2nd time) 1989? - 1993? Delia M. Antone (f)(1st time) (from c.1991, Delia M. Carlyle) 1993? - 1996 Martin J. Antone 1996 – 1997 Terry O. Enos (1st time) 1997 - 1998 William W. Antone 1998 – 2000 Leona M. Kakar (f) (3rd time) 2000 – 2002 Delia M. Carlyle (f)(2nd time) 2002 – 2006 Terry O. Enos (2nd time) 2006 – 2010 Delia M. Carlyle (f)(3rd time) 2010 - 2016 Louis J. Manuel, Jr. Feb 2016 - Robert Miguel Cocopah ![]() 27 Sep 1917 Cocopah Indian Reservation established. 16 Nov 1964 Cocopah Indian Tribe of Arizona 1992 Gaming compact. Chiefs 1917 - af.1927 Frank Tehanna c.1950 Joe San Diego Chairmen c.1950 - Feb 1963 Pedro Jim Feb 1963 - 1964 Louis S. San Diego 1964 - 1968 Clara Barley Brown (f) (b. 1909) 1968 - 1970 Lena San Diego (f) 1970 - 1978 Robert Sam Barley 1978 - 1990 Fred Miller 1990 - Jul 1994 Dale Phillips (b. 1946 - d. 2016) 15 Jul 1994 - 1995 Peter Soto (d. 1995) 1995 - Sherry Cordova (f) (acting to 1996) Colorado River Indian Tribes
3 Mar 1865 Colorado River Reservation, Arizona/California established (no treaty). 1909 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 13 Aug 1937 Colorado River Indian Tribes (CRIT) 2003 Gaming compact with the state. Chiefs of Mojave 1861 – 1874 Yara-tav (= Iretaba) (b. c.1808 – d. 1874) (in 1867, came from Fort Mojave) 1874 – c.1898 Hook-a-row (d. c.1898) c.1898 - af.1914 Manataba Chief of Chemehuevi bf.1863 - 187. Pan Coyer (Espanqua) Chairmen c.1929 General Council 18 Sep 1937 - 193. Jay Gould (1st time) c.1939 George G. Fisher c.1940 Wendell Goodman c.1942 Henry Welsh c.1945 - af.1948 Kearney Miller c.1949 - af.1950 Jay Gould (2nd time) bf.1951 - 1953 George Fisher 1953 - af.1954 Jay Gould (3rd time) 195. - 1955 Herman Laffoon, Sr. (1st time) 1955 - 1965 Peter Homer (b. 1903 - d. 1988) 1965 - 1967 Herman Laffoon, Sr. (2nd time) 1967 – 1969 Dempsey Scott 1969 - 1971 Adrian Fisher 1971 – Dec 1974 Antone Gonzalez Jan 1975 - Jan 1977 Anthony Drennan (1st time) Jan 1977 – Jan 1981 Franklin McCabe Jan 1981 – Jan 1989 Anthony Drennan (2nd time) Jan 1989 - Jan 2009 Daniel Eddy, Jr. Jan 2009 - 2013 Eldred Enas 2013 - Jan 2014 Wayne Patch Jan 2014 - Jan 2021 Dennis Patch Jan 2021 - Amelia Flores (f) Fort McDowell Yavapai ![]() 15 Sep 1903 Fort McDowell Reservation established. 1903 – 1913 Camp McDowell Indian Agency. 1933 First constitution adopted. 24 Nov 1936 Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Indian Community of the Fort McDowell Reservation 1992 Gaming compact. 12 Nov 1999 Renamed Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal names in 2002). Chiefs c.1900 - 1914 Yuma Frank (Kapalwa) (d. 1914) 1914 – 19.. Thomas Surrama bf.1929 - 1933 General Council Presidents 1933 – 193. .... c.1938 Sam Wilson c.1940 John Smith c.1947 Harry Austin c.1948 Ben Kill (1st time) c.1955 - c.1956 Ben Kill (2nd time) c.1965 Phillip Dorchester (b. 1933 - d. 1997) c.1968 - Feb 1970 Vincent Smith c.1971 Harry Jones c.1972 Bob Brussel 197. - 197. Esau Patrick (b. 1934 - d. 1999) c.1972 - 1973 Robert Lloyd Doka (b. 1935 – d. 1977) c.1973 Gilbert S. Jones (1st time) c.1974 - 1975 Ben Kill (3rd time) 1975 - 1976 Robert Russell 1976 - Jan 1977 Clinton M. Pattea (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2013) Feb 1977 Ethel Doka (f) (d. 1981) 1977 - 19.. Hiawatha Hood c.1980 - 1981 Clinton M. Pattea (2nd time) (s.a.) 1981 - May 1982 Norman Austin (1st time) 198. - 1983 Joan Enos (f) (b. 1928 - d. 1999) c.1983 - Feb 1985 Ben Kill (4th time) 1985 - 198. Norman Austin (2nd time) 198. - Feb 1990 Clinton M Pattea (3rd time) (s.a.) c.1990 – Feb 1991 Gilbert S. Jones (2nd time) bf.1992 - 1997 Clinton M. Pattea (4th time) (s.a.) 1997 - 1999 Gilbert S. Jones (3rd time) 1999 - 2000 Bernadine Boyd (f)(1st time) 2000 - 2004 Clinton M. Pattea (5th time) (s.a.) 2004 - 2008 Raphael R. Bear 2008 - 5 Jul 2013 Clinton M. Pattea (6th time) (s.a.) Aug 2013 - Jan 2016 Ruben Balderas Jan 2016 - Jan 2024 Bernadine Burnette (f) (2nd time) (= Bernadine Boyd) Jan 2024 - Sandra Pattea (f) Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California & Nevada ![]() 30 Mar 1870 Fort Mohave Indian Reservation established (formally from 2 Feb 1911). 1890 – 1930 Fort Mohave Indian Agency. 6 May 1957 Fort Mojave Indian Tribe 1990 Gaming compact with the state. Chiefs of Mojave (title: Aha Macav Pina Ta'ahon) bf.1859 - 1861 Homoseh-quahot (1st time) (d. 1875) 1861 – 1867 Yara-tav (= Iretaba) (b. c.1808 – d. 1874) (moved to Colorado River) 1867 – 1875 Homoseh-quahot (2nd time) (s.a.) 1875 – 1877 Empote-quatachech (= Potachecha) (d. 1877) 1877 – 1947 Sukulai-homar (Peter Lambert) (b. 1869 – d. 1947) 1877 – c.1890 John Asukit (guardian) 1947 – 1951 Homer O. Davidson (b. 1892 – d. 1959) (head of interim government) Chairmen 1951 - 1957 Robert Jenkins (b. 1897 – d. 1964) 1957 - 1965 Frances Malika Stillmann (f) (b. 1910 – d. 1994) 1965 - c.1970 Llewellyn Barrackman (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 2006) c.1970 - 1973? Minerva Jenkins (f) (1st time) c.1974 - Dec 1982 Llewellyn Barrackman (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1983 Norvin McCord (acting) c.1983 - c.1984 Minerva Jenkins (f) (2nd time) 1985 - Jun 1993 Nora Garcia (f)(1st time) Jun 1993 - 1997 Patricia Madueño (f) 1997 - 13 Jul 2002 Nora Garcia Helton (f)(2nd time) 13 Jul 2002 - Aug 2002 Llewellyn Barrackman (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) Aug 2002 - 2007 Nora McDowell (f)(3rd time) (= Nora Garcia Helton) 2007 - Timothy Williams Fort Yuma Quechan: see under California Gila River Indian Community ![]() 17.. Pima and Maricopa tribes confederate. 1825 - 1856 Treaty of alliance with Mexico. 1856 Pima (1864 - 1875 occasionally named Gila River) Indian Agency established. 28 Feb 1859 Gila River Indian Reservation established (no treaty). 14 May 1936 Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, Arizona. 20 Jan 1960 Gila River Indian Community (GRIC). 1982 - 1997 Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (on the U.S. list of tribal names). 1993 Gaming compact with the state. 2003 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Head chiefs of Pima (largest tribe of the confederacy; title of chief: Uhgchu) bf.1825 - 1855 Juan Antonio Llunas "Culo Azul" (d. 1855) (also titled as governor) 1855 - 1910 Antonio Azul (b. c.1825 - d. 1910) 1910 - 1923 Antonito Azul (b. 1851 – d. 1923) Governors 1923 – 1926 General Council 1926 – 1934/36 Advisory Committee Oct 1936 – 1937 Xavier Cawker 1937 – 1938 Johnson McAfee 1939 - 1942 Alexander Cannon 1942 – 1944 Alfred Jackson, Sr. (1st time) 1944 - 1945 Gee Gage 1945 - 1950 David A. Johnson, Sr. 1951 - 1952 Alfred Jackson, Sr. (2nd time) 1952 - 1954 Loyde A. Allison (1st time) (b. 1904 - d. 1985) 1954 – 31 Dec 1960 Jay R. Morago, Jr. (b. 1917 - d. 2008) 1 Jan 1961 – 31 Dec 1963 Nelson José 1 Jan 1964 – 31 Dec 1969 Loyde A. Allison (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1970 – 31 Dec 1981 Alexander Lewis, Sr. 1 Jan 1982 – 31 Dec 1984 Dana R. Norris 1 Jan 1985 – 31 Dec 1987 Donald R. Antone, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1937) 1 Jan 1988 – 31 Dec 1993 Thomas P. White 1 Jan 1994 – 31 Dec 1999 Mary Vivian Thomas (f) 1 Jan 2000 – 31 Dec 2002 Donald R. Antone, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 2003 – 31 Dec 2005 Richard P. Narcia (b. 1953) 1 Jan 2006 – 31 Dec 2011 William P. Rhodes (b. 1933) 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2014 Gregory Mendoza (b. 1965) 1 Jan 2015 - Stephen Roe Lewis Havasupai ![]() 8 Jun 1880 Havasupai Reservation set aside. 1904 – 1933 Havasupai Indian Agency. 27 Mar 1939 Havasupai Tribe of the Havasupai Reservation, Arizona. Chiefs bf.1869- 1872 Wa Sgwiivma (d. 1872) 1872 – 1898 'Navahu (= Navajo) (d. 1898) 1900 – 1942 Hmaan Gjaah (= Manakaja) (b. c.1848 – d. 1942) Chairmen Mar 1939 - 1940 Arthur Kaska 1940 - 194. Dean Sinyella c.1943 Jim Crook c.1946 West Sinyella c.1947 Lemuel Paya (1st time) c.1951 Clark Jack, Sr. c.1952 Lemuel Paya (2nd time) c.1957 Juan Sinyella c.1959 Lemuel Paya (3rd time) c.1962 - Apr 1963 Earl Paya (1st time) (b. 1919) May 1963 - 1965 Lee Marshall (1st time) (b. 1896 - d. 1973) c.1965 - Dec 1966 Earl Paya (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1967 Lee Marshall (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1968 - c.1969 Daniel Kaska (b. 1928) c.1971 - Jan 1972 Lee Marshall (3rd time) (s.a.) 1973 - Dec 1974 Oscar Paya 1975 – 197. Leon Rogers 1976 - 197. Clark C. Jack, Jr. (1st time) 197. – 1978 Wayne Sinyella (1st time) (b. 1949 - d. 1999) 1978 - 1980 Reed Watahomigie 1980 - 1982 Wayne Sinyella (2nd time) (s.a.) 1982 - 1984 Clark C. Jack, Jr. (2nd time) 1984 - 1986 James Uqualla 1986 – af.1987 Wayne Sinyella (3rd time) (s.a.) 198. - 1988 Delmer Uqualla 1988? - 1990 Clark C. Jack, Jr. (3rd time) 1990 – Dec 1990 Wayne Sinyella (4th time) (s.a.) bf.1991 - af.1992 Don Watahomigie 1990 - 1993 Wayne Sinyella (5th time) (s.a.) 1993 – 1994 Rex Tilousi (1st time) 1994 - Dec 1996 Wayne Sinyella (6th time) (s.a.) 1996 - c.1997 Lester Crooke c.1997 - 1998 Lincoln Manakaja (b. 1947) 1998 – 1999 Thomas Siyuja (1st time) 1999 – 2001 Augustine Hanna 2001 – 2002 Agnes Chamberlain (f) 2002 – 2004 Donald E. Watahomigie (1st time) 2004 – 2005 Rex Tilousi (2nd time) 2005 – 2007 Thomas Siyuja (2nd time) 2007 – 2009 Donald E. Watahomigie (2nd time) 2009 - 2011 Bernadine Jones (f) (1st time) 2011 - 2014 Donald E. Watahomigie (3rd time) 2014 - 2015 Rex Tilousi (3rd time) 2015 - 2017 Donald E. Watahomigie (4th time) 2017 - Jan 2020 Muriel Uqualla-Coochytewa (f) Jan 2020 - 2022 Eva Kissoon (f) 2022 - Jan 2024 Thomas Siyuja (3rd time) Jan 2024 - Bernadine Jones (f) (2nd time) Hopi
settlements in the U.S.); by c.1750 there were 7 Hopi pueblos. 1629 – 1680 Subject to the Spanish (1699 – 1700 again briefly). 1869 Moqui Pueblo (from 1923, Hopi) Indian Agency established (1883-1899 closed). 16 Dec 1882 Hopi (to 1907, Moqui) Indian Reservation created. 1906 "Oraibi Split", majority of Oraibi population leaves to establish 5 new villages, including Hotevila, which becomes leading traditional village. 19 Dec 1936 Hopi Tribe, a "union" of 12 self-governing Villages: Bacavi, Hotevila, Kykotsmovi, Lower Moenkopi, Mishongnovi, Oraibi, Sichumovi, Sipaulovi, Shungopavi, Tewa, Upper Moenkopi, Walpi (Sichumovi, Tewa and Walpi administered jointly as the First Mesa Consolidated Villages); some of traditional villages refuse to participate in the central government (as of 1936, Bacavi, Hotevila, Lower Moenkopi, Oraibi; as of 2014, Hotevila, Lower Moenkopi, Oraibi, Shungopavi, and First Mesa). 1936 – 1974 Most of the original Hopi Reservation (except the District 6) shared between Hopi and Navajo (in 1962, the shared area formally organized as the Navajo-Hopi Joint Use Area; in 22 Dec 1974, that Area partitioned between Hopi and Navajo by the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act). Chiefs of Oraibi Pueblo (oldest pueblo, originally with precedence over others) (title: Kikmongwi) c.1825 - c.1850 Talayawma (d. c.1850) c.1850 - c.1865 Nakwaiyamtewa (d. c.1865) c.1865 – 1880 Kuyingwu (acting) 1880 – 1904 Lololma (b. 18.. - d. 1904) 1904 – 1960 Wilson Tewaquaptewa (b. 1873 – d. 1960) (forced to reside in California 1906-1909) 1906 – 1909 Sakwaitewa (acting) (d. 196.) (not recognized by the U.S.) 1960 – 1978 Mina Lansa (f)(de facto acting)(b. 1904 – d. 1978) 1978 – 2005? Stanley Bahnimptewa (acting) (b. 1911 – d. 2005?) (last Kikmongwi) Chiefs of Hotevila (assumes traditional leadership from Oraibi; title: Kikmongwi) 1906 – 1929 Yukiwma (b. c.1835 – d. 1929) 1929 Poliwuhiwma (d. 1929) 1930 – 1943 Dan Qötshongva (1st time) (b. 1875 – d. 1972) (acting) 1943 – 1989 James Pongyayawma (d. 1989) (absent 1950-1967, did not resume until 1972) 1950 – 1972 Dan Qötshongva (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 1972 Ralph Tawangyawma (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1972) 1989 – 1990 Martin Kyarwisiwma (acting) (last Kikmongwi) Chiefs of Shungopavi (assumes traditional leadership from Hotevila; title: Kikmongwi) bf.1936 - af.1951 Clark Talahaftewa (Talahevtewa) bf.1970 - af.1977 Claude Kewanyawma bf.2010 - Lee Wayne Lomayestewa Chairmen 1936 - 1937 Peter Nuvamsa (1st time) 1937 Wesley Poneoma 1937 – 1938 Otto Lomavitu 1938 – 1939 Peter Nuvamsa (2nd time) 1939 – 1940 .... 1940 – 1941 Samuel P. Shing 1941 - 1943 Byron P. Adams 1943 Roger Honahni (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 19..) 1943 – 1944 Ray Seumptewa 1944 – 1945 Emory Sekaquaptewa (b. 1895 – d. 1969) 1945 – 1950 No elections? 1950 – 1951 Karl T. Johnson (1st time) 1951 - 1953 Logan Koopee (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1980) 1953 – 1955 Hale Secakuku (b. 1907 - d. 1969) 1955 - 1958 Karl T. Johnson (2nd time) 1958 Willard Sekiestewa (1st time) (b. 1904 - d. 1992) 1958 - 1959 Dewey Healing (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 1992) 1959 – 1960 Willard Sekiestewa (2nd time) (s.a.) 1960 – 1961 Harry T. Chaca (b. 1903 - d. 19..) 1961 – 1963 Abbott Sekaquaptewa (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 1992) 1963 – 1964 Dewey Healing (2nd time) (s.a.) 1964 - 1965 Lee Thomas Dec 1965 - 30 Nov 1966 Dewey Healing (3rd time) (s.a.) Dec 1966 - 1967 Logan Koopee (2nd time) (s.a.) 1967 – Dec 1969 Jean Fredericks (b. 1906 - d. 1990) Dec 1969 – Dec 1975 Clarence C. Hamilton Dec 1975 – Dec 1981 Abbott Sekaquaptewa (2nd time) (s.a.) Dec 1981 - Dec 1989 Ivan L. Sidney (1st time) (b. 1947) Dec 1989 - Dec 1993 Vernon Masayesva Dec 1993 - Dec 1997 Ferrell Secakuku (b. 1937 - d. 2007) Dec 1997 - Dec 2005 Wayne Taylor Jr. Dec 2005 – Sep 2006 Ivan L. Sidney (2nd time) (s.a.) Sep 2006 – Mar 2007 Todd Honyaoma (acting) Mar 2007 - 31 Dec 2008 Benjamin H. Nuvamsa 1 Jan 2009 – Dec 2009 Mary A. Felter (f) (acting) Dec 2009 - Dec 2013 LeRoy N. Shingoitewa (b. 1945?) Dec 2013 - Dec 2017 Herman G. Honanie (b. 1953?) Dec 2017 - Timothy L. Nuvangyaoma Superintendents, Hopi Agency (in Keams Canyon, Arizona) 1924 - 1933 Edgar K. Miller 1934 - 1935 Ernest H. Hammond (acting) 1935 - 1938 Alexander G. Hutton (acting to 1936) 1939 - 1942 Seth Wilson May 1942 - Sep 1947 Burton A. Ladd 1948 - 1951 James D. Crawford (b. 1908 - d. 1975) 1951 - 1953 Dow Carnal May 1954 - Jan 1956 Clyde W. Pensoneau (1st time) (b. 1914 - d. 1989) Feb 1956 - 1965 Herman E. O'Harra 1965 - 1967 Clyde W. Pensoneau (2nd time) (s.a.) 1697 - 1968 Joseph Nucero (acting) 1968 - 1972 Homer M. Gilliland 1972 - 1974 Francis J. Boger (acting) 1974 Guy McIntosh (b. 1926? - d. 2004) Hualapai ![]() 4 Jan 1883 Hualapai (to 1929, also spelled Walapai) Indian Reservation established. 1901 Truxton Canyon Indian Agency established. 17 Dec 1938 Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Reservation, Arizona. Chiefs of Middle Mountain People (largest of 3 tribal divisions; title: Pa-kawha't) 1863 – 1910 Cherum (Tokumhet "Big Chief") (b. c.1840 – d. 1910) 1910 – 1919 Leve Leve (b. 184. - d. 1919) First chiefs (honorary leaders of the council) c.1921 Steve Leve-Leve (b. 1875 – d. 19..) bf.1927 - af.1931 Bob Schrum (d. af.1944) Chairman 1934 – Nov 1938 Charles McGee (b. 1903 – d. 1979) Presidents Nov 1938 - 1939 Philip Quasula (b. 1890 – d. 19..) 1939 - 1940 Charles McGee (s.a.) 1940 - 1941 Leo Bill Andrews (1st time) 1941 - 1944 Grant Tapija (1st time) 1944 - 1945 Leo Bill Andrews (2nd time) 1945 - 1946 Grant Tapija (2nd time) 1946 - 1948 Leo Bill Andrews (3rd time) 1948 - 1950 Wilson Honga (1st time) 1950 - Oct 1952 Sterling Mahone (b. 1915 - d. 1977) 4 Oct 1952 - 1953 Wilson Honga (2nd time) 1953 - Dec 1953 Leo Bill Andrews (4th time) 1954 - Oct 1955 Rupert Parker Chairmen Oct 1955 - 1958 Rupert Parker (1st time) 1958 - 1960 Jacob Honga 1960 - 1962 Rupert Parker (2nd time) 1962 - 1963 Willie Walker 1963 - 1964 Sterling Mahone (1st time) (s.a.) 1964 - 1966 George Rocha 1966 - Oct 1966 Sterling Mahone (2nd time) (s.a.) Oct 1966 - Feb 1970 Rupert Parker (3rd time) Feb 1970 - Jun 1971 Sterling Mahone (3rd time) (s.a.) Jun 1971 - 1973 Benedict Beecher 1973 - 1975 Sterling Mahone (4th time) (s.a.) 1975 - 1976 Wilfred Whatoname (1st time) 1976 - 1979 Earl Havatone (1st time) (b. 1931 - d. 2000) c.1980 Wilfred Whatoname (2nd time) 198. - 1983 Delbert Havatone (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2001) 1 Jul 1983 - 20 Sep 1983 Justin Powskey (b. 1943 - d. 2016) Sep 1983 - Jun 1984 Delbert Havatone (2nd time) (s.a.) Jun 1984 - Jun 1988 Edgar B. Walema Jun 1988 - 1990 Carrie Bender Imus (f) 1990 - 1992 Earl Havatone (2nd time) (s.a.) 1992 - 1996 Delbert Havatone (3rd time) 1996 - 2000 Earl Havatone (3rd time) (s.a.) 2000 - 2004 Louise Benson (f) (1st time) 2004 - 2009 Charlie Vaughn 2009 - 2011 Wilfred Whatoname (2nd time) 2011 - 2012 Louise Benson (f) (2nd time) 2012 - 2016 Sherry J. Counts (f) (1st time) 2016 - Jan 2023 Damon R. Clarke Jan 2023 - 2024 Sherry J. Parker (f) (2nd time) Aug 2024 - Duane Clarke Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians ![]() 1910 – 1927 Kaibab Indian agency. 11 Jun 1913 Kaibab Reservation set aside. 1951 Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians Chairmen bf.1942 – 195. .... c.1959 Theodore Drye bf.1963 - 10 Jan 1969 Vernon E. Jake (d. 1969) 1969 – Oct 1975 Bill Tom (1st time) 1975 - 1977 Vivian C. Jake (f) 1977 - 1982 Bill Tom (2nd time) 1982 – 1983 Dolores Savala (f) (1st time) 1983 – 1984 Gloria Bulletts (f) (1st time) 1984 – 1989 Dolores Savala (f) (2nd time) 1989 – 1990 Alberta Fuller (f) 1990 – 1996 Gloria Bulletts-Benson (f) (2nd time) 1996 – 2006 Carmen M. Bradley (f) 2006 – 2009 Ona M. Segundo (f) (1st time) 2009 – 2010 Timothy L. Rogers 2010 – 2011 Ona M. Segundo (f) (2nd time) 2011 - 2015 Manuel M. Savala 2015 - 2017 Roland Maldonado (1st time) 2017 - 2023 Ona M. Segundo (f) (3rd time) 2023 - Roland Maldonado (2nd time)
1786 -
1793
Subject to the Spanish. c.1822 - 1849 Narbona (Hastiin Naat'aa) (b. 1766 - d. 1849) 1849 - 1853 Mariano Martinez 1853 - 1855 Zarcillos Largos (1st time) (d. 1858) 1855 - 1858 Manuelito (Hastiin Ch'ilhajini)(b. 1818 - d. 1893) (1st time) 1858 Zarcillos Largos (2nd time) (s.a.) 1858 - 1861 Herrero Delgado (A'tsidii Sani)(b. 1830 - d. 1870) 1861 - 1866 Herrero Grande 1866 - 1871 Barboncito (Hastiin Da'ghaaii) (b. 1820 - d. 1871) 1871 - 1885 Ganado Mucho (b. 1809 - d. 1890) (To'tso'nii Hastiin) (for Western Navajos) 1871 - 1885 Manuelito (2nd time) (s.a.) (for Eastern Navajos) 1885 - 1923 Henry Chee Dodge (b. 1857 - d. 1947) (Hastiin Adiits'a'ii, Kiiłchíí') Chairmen 1922 – 1923 Business Council - Henry Chee Dodge (s.a.) - Dugal Chee Bekiss (Daghaa' Lichii' Bik'is) - Charley Mitchell (d. 1932) (acting) 7 Jul 1923 - 1928 Henry Chee Dodge (1st time) (s.a.) 1928 – Jul 1932 Deshna Clah Chischilze (d. 1945) (Dashne Cheschillige) Jul 1932 – Mar 1936 Thomas Dodge (b. 1899 - d. 1987) Mar 1936 - Mar 1937 Marcus Kanuho (interim) (b. 1889 - d. 1985) Mar 1937 – Nov 1938 Henry Taliman, Sr. (b. 1896 - d. 1967) Nov 1938 – Nov 1942 Jacob C. Morgan (b. 1879 – d. 1950) Nov 1942 - Nov 1946 Henry Chee Dodge (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 1946 - Apr 1955 Sam Ahkeah (b. 1896 - d. 1967) Apr 1955 – Apr 1963 Paul Jones (b. 1895 - d. 1971) Apr 1963 - Apr 1971 Raymond Nakai (b. 1918 - d. 2005) Apr 1971 - Apr 1983 Peter MacDonald (1st time) (b. 1928) Apr 1983 – Apr 1987 Peterson Zah (b. 1937 - d. 2023) Apr 1987 – 17 Feb 1989 Peter MacDonald (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Feb 1989 – 10 Mar 1989 Marshall P. Plummer (interim) (b. 1948 – d. 2010) 10 Mar 1989 – 15 Jan 1991 Leonard Haskie (interim) (b. 1944 - d. 2015) Presidents 15 Jan 1991 – 10 Jan 1995 Peterson Zah (s.a.) 10 Jan 1995 – 19 Feb 1998 Albert A. Hale (b. 1950 - d. 2021) 19 Feb 1998 – 24 Jul 1998 Thomas E. Atcitty (b. 1933 - d. 2020) 24 Jul 1998 – 12 Jan 1999 Milton Bluehouse, Sr. (interim)(b. 1935 - d. 2019) 12 Jan 1999 - 20 Jan 2003 Kelsey A. Begaye (b. 1951 - d. 2021) 20 Jan 2003 - 11 Jan 2011 Joe Shirley, Jr. (b. 1947) 11 Jan 2011 - 12 May 2015 Ben Shelly (b. 1947 - d. 2023) 12 May 2015 - 8 Jan 2019 Russell Begaye (b. 1958) 15 Jan 2019 - 10 Jan 2023 Jonathan Nez (b. 1975) 10 Jan 2023 - Buu Nygren (b. 1986) U.S. Navajo Agents (at Fort Defiance, Arizona) 12 Mar 1851 – 1852 Richard Hanson Weightman (b. 1816 - d. 1861) 22 Jan 1852 – 1853 Spencer M. Baird 11 Apr 1853 – 19 Nov 1856 Henry Linn Dodge (b. 1810 - d. 1856) 1856 – 1857 Vacant 25 Jun 1857 – 1858 William R. Harley (b. 1809 - d. ....) 1858 - 1859 Samuel M. Yost Feb 1859 – 1859 Robert J. Cowart 1859 Alexander Baker 22 Aug 1859 – 1861 Silas Franklin Kendrick (b. 1822 - d. 1902) 30 Apr 1861 – 1865 John Ward 24 May 1865 – 1868 Theodore Hale Dodd (b. 1830 - d. 1869) 16 Jul 1868 – 1869 James C. French 1 Jul 1869 – 1870 Frank Tracy Bennett (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1894) 22 Nov 1870 – 1872 James H. Miller 4 Jun 1872 – 1873 Thomas Varker Keam (b. 1842 - d. 1904) 18 Jun 1873 – 1875 William Frederick Milton Arny (b. 1813 - d. 1881) 23 Sep 1875 – 1878 Alexander G. Irvine (b. 1843 - d. ....) 1 Apr 1878 – 26 Apr 1879 John E. Pyle 27 Apr 1879 – 30 Jun 1880 Galen Eastman (1st time) 1 Jul 1880 – 30 Jun 1881 Frank Tracy Bennett (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 1 Jul 1881 – 31 Dec 1882 Galen Eastman (2nd time) 1 Jan 1883 – 30 Jun 1884 Dennis Matthew Riordan 1 Jul 1884 – 31 Mar 1886 John H. Bowman 1 Apr 1886 – 16 Jan 1889 S.S. Patterson 17 Jan 1889 – 18 Dec 1890 Charles E. Vandever (b. 1848 - d. 1912) 19 Dec 1890 – 31 Mar 1893 David L. Shipley 1 Apr 1893 – 14 Nov 1894 Edward H. Plummer (acting) 15 Nov 1894 – 14 Oct 1898 Constant Williams (b. 1843 - d. 1922) 15 Oct 1898 – 30 Sep 1903 George W. Hayzlett (b. 1837 - d. 1908) Superintendents, Indian Training School, Navajo Agency (1923 - 31 Dec 1926, Navajo Agency; from 1 Jan 1927, Southern Navajo Agency) (at Fort Defiance, Arizona) 1 Oct 1903 – 16 Oct 1906 Reuben Perry (b. 1845 - d. 1922) 17 Oct 1906 - 8 Nov 1906 Sam B. Daire (supervisor in charge) 9 Nov 1906 – 30 Sep 1908 William H. Harrison 1 Oct 1908 – 24 Jan 1919 Peter Paquette (1st time) (b. 1866 - d. 1939) 25 Jan 1919 - 16 Jul 1919 S.A.M. Young (acting) 17 Sep 1919 – 15 Nov 1924 Peter Paquette (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Nov 1924 - 31 Dec 1924 Chester L. Walker (acting agent) 1 Jan 1925 – 31 Dec 1928 August F. Duclos 1 Jan 1929 – 30 Sep 1934 John G. Hunter 1 Oct 1934 – 30 Jun 1935 William H. Zeh (acting administrator) Superintendents, Western Navajo School and Agency (from 1923, Western Navajo Agency) (in Tuba City, Arizona) 27 Aug 1901 – 30 Nov 1904 Milton J. Needham 1 Dec 1904 – 22 Nov 1907 Matthew M. Murphy 23 Nov 1907 – 1 May 1910 Stephen Janus 17 May 1910 – 8 Aug 1912 Clarence R. Jeffries 9 Aug 1912 - 16 Oct 1912 Claude C. Early (special agent) 17 Oct 1912 – 4 Jul 1914 William T. Sullivan 7 Jul 1914 – 30 Apr 1920 Walter Runke 1 May 1920 – 31 Jan 1921 Robert E. Burris 1 Feb 1921 - 22 Feb 1921 Charles E. Coe (special supervisor) 23 Feb 1921 – 8 Apr 1921 Charles L. Ellis (special agent) 9 Apr 1921 – 18 Apr 1923 Byron A. Sharp 19 Apr 1923 - 31 May 1923 Adelbert W. Leech (special supervisor) 1 Jun 1923 – 31 Mar 1926 Harvey K. Meyer 1 Apr 1926 – 15 Feb 1933 Chester L. Walker 16 Feb 1933 – 30 Sep 1934 John E. Balmer 1 Oct 1934 – 30 Jun 1935 Francis J. Scott Superintendents, San Juan School Agency (from 1 Jan 1927, Northern Navajo Agency) (in Shiprock, New Mexico) 1903 – 1906 .... [No Data] 1907 - 1916 William Taylor Shelton (b. 1869 - d. 1944) 1916 - 1917 Harold F. Coggeshall 1917 - 31 Dec 1926 Evan W. Estep (b. 1864 - d. 1950) 1 Jan 1927 – 31 Dec 1928 Albert H. Kneale (b. 1880 - d. 1943) 1 Jan 1929 – 31 Jan 1931 Billie P. Six 1 Feb 1931 - 30 Jun 1931 Ernest H. Hammond (district superintendent) 1 Jul 1931 – 1934 Ernest R. McCray 1934 – 30 Jun 1935 William H. Zeh (acting administrator) Additional Farmers, Navajo Extension (in Leupp, Arizona) 14 Nov 1901 - 1902 .... [No Data] 1903 William R. Johnston Additional Farmers and Special Disbursing Agents, Navajo Extension (in Leupp, Arizona) 1904 Fred Allen 1904 - 1908 Joseph E. Maxwell Superintendents, Leupp School and Agency (from 1923, Leupp Agency)(in Leupp, Arizona) 14 Aug 1908 – 28 Feb 1911 Joseph E. Maxwell 1 Mar 1911 – 11 Oct 1914 Charles H. Dickson (supervisor to 31 Mar 1911) 12 Oct 1914 – 31 Mar 1915 Thomas K. Adreon (special agent) 1 Mar 1915 – 31 Mar 1924 Stephen Janus 1 Apr 1924 – 30 Apr 1926 Harmond P. Marble 1 May 1926 – 30 Jun 1927 William O. Roberts 1 Jul 1927 – 31 Dec 1928 John G. Hunter ) 1 Jan 1929 – 15 Feb 1933 John E. Balmer 16 Feb 1933 - 31 Oct 1933 Ernest H. Hammond (district superintendent) 1 Nov 1933 – 31 Aug 1934 Theodore B. Hall 1 Sep 1934 - 30 Sep 1934 Francis J. Scott 1 Oct 1934 - 30 Jun 1935 Gordon J. Barber (senior clerk) 1 Oct 1934 - 30 Jun 1935 William H. Zeh (acting administrator) Superintendents, Pueblo Bonito School and Agency (1923 - 31 Dec 1926, Pueblo Bonito Agency; from 1 Jan 1927, Eastern Navajo Agency)(in Crownpoint, New Mexico) 1907 - 1909 .... [No Data] 1909 – 30 Jun 1935 Samuel F. Stacher Navajo Special Commissioner (charged with general Navajo issues) 1923 – 1935 Herbert J. Hagerman (b. 1871 – d. 1935) General Superintendents, Navajo Agency (in Window Rock, Arizona) 1 Jul 1935 – 15 Apr 1936 Chester E. Faris (b. 1877 - d. 1957) (superintendent) 16 Apr 1936 – 31 May 1942 E. Reeseman Fryer (b. 1901 - d. 1991) 1 Jun 1942 – 30 Jun 1949 James M. Stewart 1 Jul 1949 - 30 Nov 1949 Allan G. Harper Area Director, Window Rock Area (in Window Rock, Arizona) 30 Nov 1949 - 21 Mar 1954 Allan G. Harper General Superintendents, Navajo Agency (in Window Rock, Arizona) 21 Mar 1954 - 31 Aug 1958 G. Warren Spaulding 27 Sep 1959 - 1966 Glenn R. Landbloom (b. 1909 - d. ....) Pascua Yaqui ![]() Aug 1964 Pascua Yaqui Village formed (special federal involvement). 18 Sep 1978 Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona federally recognized; until 1985 remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement 1993 Gaming compact with the state. 2018 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1978 - Dec 1987 David G. Ramirez Jun 1988 - Jun 1992 Arcadio Gastelum (1st time) (b. 1940) 1992 - 15 Feb 1994 Albert V. Garcia (d. 1994) 1994 (2 months) Octaviana V. Trujillo (f)(acting) 1994 - 1996 Arcadio Gastelum (2nd time) (s.a.) 1996 - 2000 Benito Felix Valencia 2000 - 2004 Robert Valencia (1st time) (b. 1951) 2004 - 1 Aug 2007 Herminia Frias (f) (b. 1973) 1 Aug 2007 - 2016 Peter S. Yucupicio (1st time) (b. 1957) (acting to 2008) 2016 - Jun 2020 Robert Valencia (2nd time) (s.a.) Jun 2020 - 2024 Peter S. Yucupicio (2nd time) (s.a.) 2024 - Julian Hernandez Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community ![]() 14 Jun 1879 Salt River Indian Reservation set aside. 1913 – 1934 Salt River (from 1927, Phoenix) Indian Agency established. 11 Jun 1940 Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, Arizona. 1993 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. 1998 Gaming compact with the state. Head chiefs of Pima (title of chief: Uhgchu) bf.1911 - 1933 Juan Andreas Chappo (b. c.1853 – d. 1933) 1933 - 19.. Jose King Chairman 19.. – 1940 Vavages Buck Presidents 1940 - 1946 Joseph Thomas 1946 - 1951 Billman Hayes, Sr. (1st time) 1951 - 1956 Hollis Chough 1956 - 1957 Billman Hayes, Sr. (2nd time) 1957 - 1958 Edmund Manuel (1st time) 1958 - 1959 Charles Chough 1959 - May 1960 Lemuel King May 1960 - Sep 1960 Raymond Enos, Sr. (acting) Sep 1960 - 1962 Burgess Burke 1962 - 1964 Vernon Smith 1964 - Jun 1967 Filmore Carlos (1st time) Jun 1967 - Aug 1967 Johnson Enos (acting) Aug 1967 - 1969 Filmore Carlos (2nd time) 1969 - 1970 Harold R. Schurz 1970 - 1971 Edmund Manuel (2nd time) 1971 - Dec 1974 Paul J. Smith 1974 - 1979 Gerald Anton (1st time) 1979 - 1982 Herschel Andrews 1982 - Feb 1990 Gerald Anton (2nd time) Feb 1990 - Jul 1990 Alfretta M. Anton (f)(acting) (b. 1929 - d. 2012) Jul 1990 - 2002 Ivan Makil 2002 - 2006 Joni M. Ramos (f) 2006 - Dec 2014 Diane Enos (f) (b. 1950) Dec 2014 - 2018 Delbert W. Ray Dec 2018 - Martin Harvier San Carlos Apache ![]() 1871 Camp Grant (from 1872, San Carlos) Indian Agency established. 14 Dec 1872 San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation established. 17 Jan 1936 San Carlos Apache Tribe 1993 Gaming compact with the state. Chiefs of Aravaipa and Pinal Apache (largest band on the reservation; title: Nant'an) c.186. Santos (chief of Aravaipa) (d. af.1872) bf.1871 – 1891 Haske-bahnzin (= Eskiminzin) (b. c.1828 – d. 1895) 18.. – c.1915 General Council c.1915 - 1923 Tribal Council 1923 – 1933 General Council Chairmen 1933 – 193. .... bf.1935 - af.1937 Victor Kindelay (b. 1882 - d. 19..) c.1940 - 1942? Ernest Victor (b. 1911 - d. 1991) c.1945 - 1948 Clarence Bullis (b. 1905 - d. ....) 1948 - 1954 Clarence Wesley (1st time) (b. 1914 - d. 1988) 1954 - 1958 Jesse J. Stevens 1958 - 1962 Clarence Wesley (2nd time) (s.a.) 1962 - 1974 Marvin Mull 1974 - 1978 Buck Kitcheyan, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 2010) 1978 - 1986 Ned Anderson 1986 - 1991 Buck Kitcheyan, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1991 Raleigh Thompson (acting) 1991 - 1994 Harrison Talgo 1994 - 2002 Raymond Stanley 2002 - 2006 Kathleen "Kathy" Wesley-Kitcheyan (f) 2006 - 2010 Wendsler A. Nosie, Sr. 2010 - Terry Rambler San Juan Southern Paiute
Navajo reservation). 28 Mar 1990 Recognition by the U.S. confirmed (San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe) Chiefs 186. – 1877 Patnish (d. 1877) c.1880 – c.1930 Pakai (from c.1900, David Lehi) (b. c.1845 – d. c.1930) c.1930 – 1969 Alfred Lehi (b. 1898 – d. 1969) 1970 – 1980 Anna Whiskers (f) Presidents 1980 – 1999 Evelyn James (f) (1st time) (to 1984, spokesperson) 1999 – 2003 Johnny M. Lehi, Sr. 2003 – 2004 James Lehi (acting) 2004 – 2007 Evelyn James (f) (2nd time) 2007 Lee Choe (acting) 2007 – 2012 Mary L. Boone (f) (not recognized by the U.S.) 2012 - 2015 May Preston (f) 2015 - 2016 Tiffany Williams (f) 2016 - 2021 Carlene Yellowhair (f) (b. 1974) 2021 - 2022 Michael King 2022 - 2023 Johnny Lehi, Jr. (1st time) 2023 - 2024 Robbin Preston 2024 - Johnny Lehi, Jr. (2nd time)(acting)
1699
Subject
to the Spanish (from 1821, Mexico). Governors of San Xavier Papago (most
important village in the later U.S. territory)
6 Oct 1972
Recognized
by the U.S. (Payson Community of Yavapai-Apache). 9 Nov
1871
White Mountain Reservation established. c.1938 Roy Clark c.1940 - c.1942 Purcell Kane c.194. Lawrence Johnson c.1945 Fred Larzelere 1948 - 1950 Lester Oliver (1st time) (b. 1910 – d. 1997) 1950 - 1952 Nelson Lupe (1st time) (b. 1909 – d. 1993) 1952 - 1954 Lester Oliver (2nd time) (s.a.) 1954 - 1956 Nelson Lupe (2nd time) (s.a.) 1956 - 1958 Clinton Kessay 1958 - 1966 Lester Oliver (3rd time) (s.a.) 1966 - 1970 Ronnie Lupe (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2019) 1970 - 1974 Fred Benashley 1974 - 1986 Ronnie Lupe (2nd time) (s.a.) 1986 - 1990 Reno Johnson 1990 - 1998 Ronnie Lupe (3rd time) (s.a.) 1998 - Apr 2006 Dallas Massey, Sr. Apr 2006 - 2018 Ronnie Lupe (4th time) (s.a.) May 2018 - May 2022 Gwendena Lee-Gatewood (f) 10 May 2022 - Kasey Velasquez Yavapai-Apache Nation ![]() 1900 – 1930 Camp Verde Indian agency. 1910 Camp Verde Reservation set aside. 12 Feb 1937 Yavapai-Apache Indian Community of the Camp Verde Reservation. 1992 Renamed Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Reservation (on the U.S. list of tribal names in 1995). 1993 Gaming compact. Chairmen 1937 – 19.. .... 1939 - c.1947 Harrington Turner (1st time) c.1948 Callaway Bornah 19.. - 1966? Harrington Turner (2nd time) 1966 - 1968? Vincent Everett Randall (1st time) 1968 - 1970 Harrington Turner (3rd time) 197. - 1971 Vincent Everett Randall (2nd time) c.1972 - 1974? Aaron H. Russell (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 2006) 1974? - 1975 Theodore "Ted" Smith, Sr. (b. 1922 – d. 2008) (1st time) 1975 - 1976 Vera Brown Starr (f) (b. 1924 - d. 1985) 197. – 1978 Theodore "Ted" Smith, Sr. (s.a.) (2nd time) 1978 - Jul 1983 David Kwail (1st time) Jul 1983 – Dec 1983 .... (acting) Dec 1983 - Dec 1985 Ned Russell (b. 1924 - d. 2009) 1985 - 1987 Theodore "Ted" Smith, Sr. (s.a.) (3rd time) 1987? - af.1990 David Kwail (2nd time) 199. - 1995 Theodore "Ted" Smith, Sr. (s.a.) (4th time) 1995 - Sep 1998 David Kwail (3rd time) 1998 - Oct 2001 Vincent Everett Randall (3rd time) Oct 2001 - 2003 Aaron H. Russell (2nd time) (s.a.) 2003 - Oct 2007 Jamie L. Fullmer 4 Oct 2007 - Oct 2010 Thomas Beauty (1st time) 7 Oct 2010 - 2013 David Kwail (4th time) 2013 - Oct 2016 Thomas Beauty (2nd time) Oct 2016 - Oct 2019 Jane Russell-Winiecki (f) Oct 2019 - 2022 Jon Huey 2022 - Tanya Lewis (f) Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe
5 Dec 1962 Yavapai-Prescott Community. 21 Dec 1974 Renamed Yavapai-Prescott Tribe of the Yavapai Reservation. 2003 Gaming compact. 2012 Reference to reservation dropped from tribal name. Chief 1935 - 21 May 1940 Sam "Red Ants" Jimulla (b. 1877 - d. 1940) Chieftess 1940 - 7 Dec 1966 Viola Jimulla (f) (b. 1878 - d. 1966) Aug 1967 - 5 Mar 1976 Grace Jimulla Mitchell (f) (b. 1903 - d. 1976) Jul 1976 - 11 Sep 1984 Lucy Jimulla Miller (f) (b. 1906 - d. 1984) Chairmen 1938 - 1946 Don S. Mitchell (b. 1906 - d. 2002) 1946 - 1948 .... Presidents 1948 - 1972 Don S. Mitchell (s.a.) 1972 - 1988 Patricia McGee (f) (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 1994) 1988 - 1990 Stanhope "Stan" Rice, Jr. (1st time) 1990 - 1994 Patricia McGee (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1994 - 13 Nov 2001 Stanhope "Stan" Rice, Jr. (2nd time) 13 Nov 2001 - 17 Sep 2018 Ernest Jones, Sr. (b. 1943 - d. 2018) (acting to Jul 2002) 2018 - Robert Ogo (acting to 2019/20) Arkansas None Recognized California Note: There are 105 native tribal
entities in California. Currently recorded are: (1) all
the 31 Mission tribes of Southern California (including
Quechan); (2) the nine Paiute-Shoshone tribes along the
Nevada boundary (including Chemehuevi); (3) the four
major native nations of northern and central California
(Hoopa Valley, Round Valley, Tule River, Yurok) that are
the original reservations that were intended for all the
natives of northern and central part of the state; (4)
the ten largest of the 58 "rancherias" (tiny tracts set
aside in the early 20th century for natives who avoided
removal to the four principal original reservations) by
native population in 2000 (the ones whose native
population exceeded 120); (5) three tribes located among
rancherias with latter federal recognition (Karuk,
Quartz Valley, Tejon). In contrast to other parts of the
U.S., there are no ratified treaties between the U.S.
and native nations of California. By 1920, all or a
majority of rancheria and Paiute-Shoshone Indians had
became the U.S. citizens. All the California tribes from
1953 on (Agua Caliente from 1949) are under the
jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. There were the following Indian agencies not
recorded below under individual rancherias: Nome Lackee
(1856-1860), Smith River (1865-1869), Greenville
(1897-1923), Digger (1899-1921), and Upper Lake
(1909-1911). Agua
Caliente Band of Cahuilla
15 May 1876 Agua Caliente (from c.1905 also called Palm Springs) Indian Reservation established (confirmed 14 May 1896). 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1 Jan 1937 - 1938 Federal government assumes direct control over the reservation. 2 Jun 1939 Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians, first constitution adopted. 1959 Long-term lease of part of the reservation to the city of Palm Springs; leases lead to Indians becoming a minority on the reservation. 1972 Renamed Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation. 1999 Self-governance agreement. 2000 Gaming compact. Captains c.1830 Cabazon (Cabezón) (d. 1883/84) c.1840 Juan Antonio c.1850 Andreas c.1863 Manuel Largo (d. 1889) c.188. Pedro Chino (b. 1816 - d. 1939) c.1884 Gervasio Cabezón c.1892 José Rafael c.1905 Marcus Belardo (b. c.1860 - d. 1928) c.1918 Juan Andreas c.1923 Pedro Chino (b. 1816 - d. 1939) c.1925 Lee Arenas (b. 1876 – d. 1966) c.1928 Ramon Manuel (b. 1884 – d. 1942) Ceremonial Leaders (Nét) c.1890 - 1925 Alejo Patencio 1925 - 1947 Francisco Patencio (b. 1857 – d. 1947) 1947 - 8 Nov 1951 Albert Santos Patencio (b. 1879 - d. 1951) Spokesmen bf.1934 - 1935 Marcus J. Pete 1935 – 22 Jun 1939 Willie Marcus Belardo (b. 1882 - d. 19..) Captains of the Tribal Committee 1934 - 1935 Albert Santos Patencio (s.a.) 1935 - 1938 Willie Marcus Belardo (s.a.) 1938 - 1939 Marcus J. Pete Chairmen of the Tribal Committee 22 Jun 1939 - 1940 Willie Marcus Belardo (1st time) (s.a.) 1940 Lee Arenas (1st time) (s.a.) 1940 - 1941 Willie Marcus Belardo (2nd time) (s.a.) Oct 1941 - Dec 1941 Lee Arenas (2nd time) (s.a.) Dec 1941 - 1945 Willie Marcus Belardo (3rd time) (s.a.) 1945 - 1948 Romalda Lugo Taylor (f) (1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1949) 1948 - 1949 Lorene "Lena" Lugo Welmas (f) (b. 1906 - d. ....) 1949 - Nov 1949 Romalda Lugo Taylor (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) Chairmen of Tribal Council Nov 1949 - Jan 1952 Francisco Segundo (b. 1919 - d. ....) 1952 – 1954 Lorene McGlamary (f) (b. 1908 – d. 2002) 1954 - 6 Jan 1959 Vyola J. Ortner (f) (s.a.) (from 15 Mar 1964, Vyola J. Olinger) 1959 - 1966 Eileen Miguel (f) (b. 1928 - d. 1996) 22 Mar 1966 - 2 Aug 1966 Edmund Peter Siva (1st time) (b. 1937 - d. 2003) 1966 - 1968 Dora Joyce Prieto (f) (b. 1936 - d. 2000) 1968 - 1970 Joseph Patrick Patencio (b. 1938 - d. 2008) 1970 - 1972 Larry N. Olinger (b. 1938 - d. 2019) 1972 - 1981 Ray Leonard Patencio (b. 1946 - d. 2007) 1981 – 1982 Edmund Peter Siva? (2nd time) (s.a.) 1982 – 1984 Barbara M. Gonzalez-Lyons (f) (b. 1954) 1984 - 11 Mar 2012 Richard M. Milanovich (b. 1942 - d. 2012) 11 Mar 2012 - 5 Apr 2022 Jeff L. Grubbe (acting to 19 Jun 2012) 5 Apr 2022 - Reid D. Milanovich (b. 1982?)
Feb 1893
Augustine Indian
Reservation set aside.
11 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 10 Apr 1939 Part of the Owens Valley Paiute-Shoshone Bands (see Bishop). bf.1972 Big Pine Band of Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the Big Pine Reservation, recognized as separate tribe. 2011 Renamed Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley. Chairmen bf.1962 - 19.. Art Richars 19.. - 19.. Anona Harvier (f) (b. 1904 - d. 1995) 19.. - 19.. Harvey Stewart 19.. - 19.. Dolores Miller (f) 19.. - 19.. James Duckey (b. 1938 - d. 2014) bf.1980 - af.1983 Cheryl Coleman (f) bf.1984 - af.1987 Velma Jones (f) (1st time) c.1989 Tom Lone Eagle (b. 1932 - d. 2008) bf.1991 - af.1993 Velma Jones (f) (2nd time) c.1994 Cheryl Andreas (f) c.1996 Donna Duckey (f) bf.1997 - 2000 Roseanne Moose (f) 2000 - 2002 Cheryl Levine (f) 2002 – 2008 Jessica Bacoch (f) 2008 - 2013 Virgil "Dave" Moose 2013 - 2015 Genevieve "Gina" Jones (f)(1st time) 2015 - 2017 Shannon Romero (f) 2017 - 2019 Genevieve "Gina" Jones (f)(2nd time) 2019 - 2021 James Rambeau 2021 - 2023 L'eaux Stewart (f) 2023 - Cheyenne Stone (f) Big Valley Rancheria
15 Jan 1936 Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Big Valley Rancheria. 11 Nov 1965 – 22 Dec 1983 Terminated by the U.S. 1985 - 1998 Renamed Big Valley Rancheria of Pomo & Pit River Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. Chairmen 1936 – 19.. .... c.1940 - c.1956 Roger A. Posh 1965 – 19.. Abolished bf.1984 - af.1993 Manuel Gomez bf.1994 - 1999 Valentino Jack (1st time) 1999 – 2007 Anthony Jack (1st time) 2007 Valentino Jack (2nd time) 2007 – 2009 Anthony Jack (2nd time) 2009 – 2012 Valentino Jack (3rd time) 2012 - 2020 Anthony Jack (3rd time) 2020 - 2024 Phillip Gomez 2024 - Flaman McCloud
1912
Bishop Indian
Colony set aside. 17 Oct 1974
Bridgeport Indian Colony set aside. Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Indians
18 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1965 Cabazon Band of Mission Indians 1979 – 2003 Renamed Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. 1997 Self-governance agreement. 2000 Gaming compact. 2023 Renamed Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Indians. Captains c.1823 Chihachia c.1855 Cabezon (b. c.1783 – d. 1883) c.1891 Genazio Cabezon (1st time) (b. c.1810 – d. 1906) c.1893 Indio Jim c.1896 Genazio Cabezon (2nd time) (s.a.) Spokesmen 19.. – 1963 Remeijo Callaway 1963 – 1965 Joseph R. "Joe" Benitez (b. 1935) Chairmen 1965 - 1978 Joseph R. "Joe" Benitez (s.a.) 1978 - 1989 Arthur J. Welmas (b. 1929 - d. 2006) 1989 - 2009 John A. James (b. 1930) 2009 - 2013 David Roosevelt 2013 - Douglas Welmas Cahto of Laytonville Rancheria
10 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 21 Jul 1967 Cahto Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria. 2000 Gaming compact. 2006 Covered by the Consolidated Tribal Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1967 – 19.. Christine Smith (f) bf.1978 - af.1983 Bert Sloan (1st time) c.1984 Gertrude Brown (f) bf.1989 - af.1993 Bert Sloan (2nd time) bf.1994 - af.1996 Carmen Ochoa (f) bf.1997 – 2001 Genevieve Campbell (f) 2001 – 2003 Vernon Wilson 2003 – 2005 Brandon Mitchell 2005 – 2012 Cristy Taylor (f) (from 2011, Cristy Nelson) 2012 - 2016 Richard J. Smith 2016 - 2018 Aimie Lucas (f) 2018 - Mary Norris (f) 27 Dec 1875
Cahuilla Indian Reservation set
aside. Campo
Band of Diegueno Mission Indians
1910 – 1920 Campo Indian agency. 18 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. bf.1972 Campo Community of Mission Indians 13 Jul 1975 Renamed Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. 2015 Covered by the Southern Indian Self-governance agreement. Captain of Jacum c.1852 Santiago Spokesmen c.1934 John Williams c.1972 Mabel Meza (f) c.1972 - af.1973 Christobal Pinto Chairmen bf.1976 - 1985 Valacia M. Thacker (f) 1985 - 2004 Ralph L. Goff (1st time) 2004 - 2009 Harry Paul Cuero (1st time) 2009 - 2012 Monique LaChappa (f) 2012 - 2020 Ralph L. Goff (2nd time) 2020 - Jan 2021 Harry Paul Cuero (2nd time) Jan 2021 - Marcus Cuero Capitan Grande Diegueno Mission (Barona and Viejas)
Grande Band of Mission Indians. 1932 Capitan Grande Band divided into two groups: the Barona Group (reservation established in 1932) and the Viejas (to 1934, Los Conejos) Group (reservation established in 1934), but remains single tribe. 1974/79 Renamed Capitan Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians. 1990 Gaming compact by Viejas. 1992 Gaming compact by Barona. 2015 Covered by the Southern Indian Self-governance agreement. Captains of Capitan Grande c.1853 Ignacio Curo bf.1870 - af.1875 Pio Pena c.1932 Juan Diego LaChappa Spokesmen of Barona 1932 – af.1934 Ramon Curo Ames (1st time) (d. 1957) 1946 – 19.. Bob Quitac c.1950 Ramon Curo Ames (2nd time) (s.a.) 1953 – 195. Catherine Banegas-Welch (f) c.1954 Ramon Curo Ames (3rd time) (s.a.) 1970 – 197. Josephine Romero (f) (1st time) c.1972 - af.1973 Edward Joseph Welch (1st time) (b. 1937) c.1978 - c.1981 Josephine Romero (f) (2nd time) c.1983 – 31 Dec 1988 Edward Joseph Welch (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1989 – 31 Dec 2004 Clifford M. La Chappa 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2008 Rhonda "Lisa" Welch-Scalco (f) Chairmen of Barona 1 Jan 2009 – 31 Dec 2012 Edwin "Thorpe" Romero (1st time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2016 Clifford M. La Chappa 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2020 Edwin "Thorpe" Romero (2nd time) Jan 2021 - Raymond Welch Spokesmen of Viejas 1932 – af.1936 Ventura Paipa (b. 1879 – d. 19..) c.1954 Sam Brown 1973 – 1983 Carmen "Daisy" Welch (f) (b. 1940 – d. 2004) 1983 – 1989/93 Anthony R. Pico (b. 1945) Chairmen of Viejas 1989/93 – 2001 Anthony R. Pico (1st time) (s.a.) 2001 - 2002 Steven TeSam (b. 1960) 2002 - 2006 Anthony R. Pico (2nd time) (s.a.) 2007 - 2010 Bobby L. Barrett (b. 1964) 2011 - 2015 Anthony R. Pico (3rd time) (s.a.) 2015 - 2018 Robert J. Welch 2018 - John Christman
1971 Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation. 2000 Gaming compact Chairmen 1951 – af.1964 Dan Eddy, Sr. 19.. - 1972 Ralph Esquerra 1972 - 1978 Herbert Pencille 1978 - 1980 Ronald L. "Ron" Esquerra 1980 - 1982? Betty McDonald (f) 1982? - 1984 Martha Wetmore (f) 1984 - 1988 Richard Alvarez 1988 - Apr 1992 Christine Walker (f) Apr 1992 - 1996 Matthew Leivas (acting to Apr 1993) 1996 - Dec 1997 Levi Esquerra Dec 1997 – 1999 Gjrjle Dunlap (f) 1999 – 2000 David Chavez c.2000 - 2005 Edward D. "Tito" Smith (1st time) 2005 - 2012 Charles F. Wood (1st time) 2012 - 2015 Edward D. "Tito" Smith (2nd time) 2015 - 2020 Charles F. Wood (2nd time) 2020 - 2022 Sierra Pencille (f) 2022 - Glenn H. Lodge Cold Springs Rancheria ![]() 10 Nov 1914 Rancheria set aside 8 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. Oct 1961 Sycamore Valley Association of the Cold Springs Rancheria. 29 Nov 1979 Renamed Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians. Presidents Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone: see Timbisha Shoshone Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians (Cuyapaipe Band)
bf.1972 Cuyapaipe Band of Mission Indians 28 Sep 1973 Renamed Cuyapaipe Community of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Cuyapaipe Reservation. 2002 Self-governance agreement 20 May 2003 Renamed Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians, California. Chairmen 1967 - 2001 Anthony "Tony" J. Pinto (b. 1914 - d. 2003) (spokesman to 1973) 2001 - 2007 Harlan Pinto 2007 - Robert Pinto, Sr. (b. 1973) 30 Jan 1897
Fort Bidwell Reservation set aside. Chiefs Fort Independence Paiute Fort Mojave: see under Arizona Fort Yuma Quechan
7 Jan 1909
Rancheria set aside.
8 Apr
1864
Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation established (no treaty).
27 Dec
1875
Santa Ysabel (c.1905 – c.1925 also called Volcan)
Reservation
27 Dec 1875
Inaja and Cosmit Indian Reservation
set aside.
1971
Orleans
Karok Council formed. 1971 – 197. .... c.1977 Lottie Beck (f) Chairmen 1979 - af.1980 Gladys Guy (f) 1982 – af.1986 Paul Gary Beck (b. 1947 – d. 2006) bf.1988 - 2003 Alvis "Bud" Johnson 2003 - 2011 Arch Super 2011 - Russell "Buster" Attebery
La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians
3 May 1877 La Jolla Indian Reservation established. 1909 – 1911 La Jolla Indian agency. 18 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1962 La Jolla Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed La Jolla Band of Luiseño Mission Indians. 2006 Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement. 2010 Renamed La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians. Captains c.1852 Santiago c.1882 Jose Albanez Chairmen 1962 – 19.. ... bf.1972 - af.1978 Lester Leonard Nelson 19.. - 19.. Henry Rodriguez (b. 1919 - d. 2002) bf.1980 - af.1983 Fred Nelson (1st time) bf.1984 - 1994 Doris J. Magante (f) 1994 – 199. Geneva FitzSimmons (f) c.1996 Janet Weeks (f) (b. 1941 – d. 2010) bf.1999 - 2002 Jack Musick (b. 1961) 2002 – 2004 Wendy Schlater (f) (1st time) 2004 - 2008 Tracy Lee Nelson 2008 – 2010 Lariann Musick (f) 2010 - 2014 LaVonne Peck (f) 2014 - 2018 Thomas Rodriguez 2018 - 2020 Fred Nelson (2nd time) 2020 - 2022 Norma Contreras (f) 2022 - Wendy Schlater (f) (2nd time) 10 Feb 1893
La Posta Reservation set
aside. Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Los Coyotes Cahuilla and Cupeno
5 May 1889
Los Coyotes Reservation set
aside. Manchester
Rancheria Chairmen
10 Feb 1893
Manzanita Reservation set
aside.
27 Dec 1875
Mesa Grande Indian Reservation set
aside.
15 May
1876
Morongo Reservation established. Pala Band
27 Dec 1875 Pala Indian Reservation established. 1903 Agua Caliente band of Cupeno moved to Pala, eventually becoming a majority of the reservation population. 1903 – 1920 Pala Indian agency. 18 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1961 Pala Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 - 2015 Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation. 1998 Gaming compact. 2006 Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement. 2015 Renamed Pala Band of Mission Indians. 2018 Individual self-governance agreement. Captains of Pala Luiseno (1853 – 1878, also captains-general of the Luiseno tribe) 1835 – 18.. .... bf.1851 - 1853 Pablo Apis, Jr. (b. 1810 – d. 1853) 1853 – 1862 Manuel Cota (1st time) 1862 – 1865 Francisco 1865 – 1871 Manuel Cota (2nd time) 1871 Manuel Olegario (b. c.1830 - d. 1877) 1871 - af.1885 Jose Antonio Sal Captains of Agua Caliente Cupeno bf.1847 - 1852 Antonio Garra (b. c.1815 - d. 1852) 1852 – 185. Jose Noca 185. – 1885 Jose Maria Moro (b. 1820 - d. 1885) 1885 – 188. Adolfo Moro c.1892 Jose Cecilio Blacktooth (1st time) (b. c.1840 – d. 1918) c.1896 Alejandro Barker (b. c.1854 – d. 1900) c.1900 Salvador Nolasquez (b. 1861 – d. 1933) c.1902 Jose Cecilio Blacktooth (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1903 Juan Maria Cibimoat Captains of Pala c.1906 Ambrosio Ortega (b. 1869 – d. 1922) c.1921 Domingo Moro (b. 1866 – d. 1931) Spokesmen c.1934 Remeijo Robles bf.1954 - af.1956 Robert Lavato (1st time) c.1957 Catherine Trujillo (f) bf.1960 - 1961 Robert Lavato (2nd time) Chairmen 1961 – 196. Robert Lavato 196. - 196. Gerard Boisclair 196. - 196. Robert Mel Lavato c.1968 Josephine "Josie" Jackson (f) c.1972 King Freeman (1st time) c.1973 Donald Magee 1977 – 1978 Lawrence "Larry" Blacktooth 1978 - 1987 King Freeman (2nd time) 1987 - 1988 Robert H. Smith (1st time) 1988 - 1989 Richard D. Stephens (b. 1952) 1989 – 1990 Patricia R. Nelson (f) 1990 - Robert H. Smith (2nd time)
15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 28 Jun 1966 Pauma Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed Pauma Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Pauma and Yuima Reservation. 2000 Gaming compact. 2006 Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement. Captains c.1852 Francisco c.1885 Pedro Pablo Spokesmen c.1934 Roscencio Ardilla c.1958 Maurice Magante Chairmen 1966 – 19.. .... c.1972 Edward Calac 1970's Lorena L. Dixon (f) (b. 1922 - d. 2012) c.1975 Samuel J. Powvall (1st time) c.1978 Florence Lofton (f) (1st time) c.1979 - af.1980 Samuel J. Powvall (2nd time) c.1982 Florence Lofton (f) (2nd time) bf.1983 - c.1988 Patricia A. Dixon (f) Dec 1988 - af.1991 Benjamin Magante (1st time) bf.1992 – af.1993 Florence Lofton (f) (3rd time) c.1993 Lee E. Dixon ?? c.1994 Maurice J. Magante (b. 1931? - d. 2006) c.1994 Christobal C. Devers (1st time) bf.1996 – 199. Samuel J. Powvall (3rd time) bf.1998 - Jan 2001 Benjamin Magante (2nd time) Jan 2001 - Jan 2011 Christobal C. Devers (2nd time) Jan 2011 - Dec 2015 Randall G. Majel Dec 2015 - Temet A. Aguilar (from 2023, Temet A. Majel) Pechanga Band of Indians ![]() 27 Jun 1882 Pechanga (to c.1890 also called Temecula) Reservation established. 1909 – 1913 Pechanga Indian agency. 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. bf.1972 Pechanga Band of Mission Indians 1978 Renamed Pechanga Band of Luiseño Mission Indians, Pechanga Reservation. 2000 Gaming compact. 2005 Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement. 2022 Renamed Pechanga Band of Indians. Captains of Temecula (later Pechanga) 1835 – 1851 Pablo Apis (b. 1792 - d. 1851) (alcalde) 1851 - af.1869 Lauriano 1900? - 1910? Juan Macarro (b. 1851 – d. 1920) Spokesmen c.1934 Louis Flores bf.1978 - af.1980 Vincent Ibanez c.1984 Gabriel H. Pico bf.1990 - 1995 Jennie Miranda (f) 1995 – 2003 Marc A. Macarro (b. 1965) Chairman 2003 - Marc A. Macarro (s.a.) Quartz Valley
10 Feb 1893
Ramona Indian Reservation set
aside. Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians
27 Dec 1875 Rincon Indian Reservation established. 1909 – 1911 Rincon Indian agency. 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1960 Rincon Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed Rincon Band of Luiseño Mission Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. 2006 Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement. 2023 Renamed Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians. Captain of Potrero c.1852 Jose Calac Spokesmen c.1934 Tomas Arviso 1940's Marcus Golsh (b. 1890 - d. 1987) 1947 – 1955 Max C. Mazzetti (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2010) 1955 – af.1957 Therman E. McCormick (b. 1912 – d. 1958) 195. - 1960 Max C. Mazzetti (2nd time) (s.a.) 1960 - bf.1967 Leo Donald Calac (b. 1920 - d. 2013) Chairmen 1960 – 196. .... c.1965 DeLisle Calac c.1966/88 Patricia A. Duro (f) c.1970 Frank Mazzetti c.1972 Donald Calac c.1975 Max C. Mazzetti (s.a.) c.1976/78 Matthew L. Calac bf.1978 - c.1980/81 Edward T. Arviso (1st time) c.1980/81 - bf.1983 .... bf.1983 - 1994 Edward T. Arviso (2nd time) 1994 - 1996 Robert G. Calac 1996 – 1998 Edward T. Arviso (3rd time) 1998 - Feb 2006 John D. Currier Feb 2006 - 10 Apr 2008 Vernon H. Wright (b. 1955 - d. 2008) Apr 2008 - Frederick "Bo" Mazzetti Robinson Rancheria ![]() 8 Sep 1909 Rancheria set aside. 3 Sep 1965 – 29 Jun 1977 Terminated by the U.S. 1978 Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. 2012 Renamed Robinson Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians. Jan 2015 Renamed Robinson Rancheria. Chairmen 1978 - c.1986 Bernadine Tripp (f) c.1990 Curtis F. Anderson, Jr. (1st time) (b. 1946) c.1990 – af.1993 Marcus N. Anderson (b. 1939 - d. 2000) bf.1994 - af.1996 Douglas Duncan 1997 - 1999 Curtis F. Anderson, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1999 - 2006 Clara Wilson (f) Oct 2006 - 4 Dec 2013 Tracey Avila (f) (b. 1961 - d. 2013) Dec 2013 - 2014 Curtis F. Anderson, Jr. (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting) 2014 - 2016 Nicholas Medina 2016 - 2020 Eddie Crandall 2020 - Beniakem Cromwell Round Valley ![]() 14 Jun 1856 Round Valley Reservation set aside (no treaty). 1860 – 1950 Round Valley (to 1865, Northern District; 1923 - 1948 Sacramento; from 1948, California) agency. 8 Apr 1864 Round Valley Reservation confirmed by Congress. 1894 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 7 Nov 1936 Covelo Indian Community of the Round Valley Reservation. 14 Sep 1994 Renamed Round Valley Indian Tribes. 2020 Self-governance agreement. Presidents 1936 – af.1937 Arthur Anderson c.1969 Warren Lincoln 1969 - af.1977 Norman Wayne Whipple (1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 2013) bf.1979 – 1980 Douglas Whipple 1980 – af.1981 Thomas Hanover c.1983 Ronald James c.1984 Daran Lincoln bf.1991 - af.1993 Gaylan G. Azbill (b. 1948 - d. 2000) bf.1994 - af.1996 Joseph A. Russ, Sr. c.1999 Norman Wayne Whipple (2nd time) (s.a.) bf.2000 - 2004 John Azbill, Sr. 2004 – 2005 Deborah Oliver (f) 2005 – 2006 Shannon M. Barney (f) 2006 – 2010 Eugene Jamison, Jr. 2010 – 2011 Carlino Bettega 2011 - 2015 Kenneth Wright 2015 - 2023 James Russ 2023 Randall Britton 2023 - 2024 Lewis Whipple 2024 - Joseph Parker Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation (San Manuel Band of Mission Indians) ![]() 1865 – 1948 Mission Indian agency. 1891 San Manuel Indian Reservation established. 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1966 San Manuel Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 - 2009 Renamed San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. 2005 Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement. Jan 2022 Renamed Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation. Captains c.1866 Antonio Sever c.1870 Manuel Santos (b. 1814 – d. 1919) c.1893 Crispin c.1903 Manuel Spokesman c.1934 Alfred Marcus Chairmen 1966 – c.1980 .... c.1972 Geraldine Campos (f) c.1980 - c.1991 Henry Duro (1st time) (b. 1949) c.1993 Harvey Duro 1994 - 1996 Lynn R. LeRoy (f) (1st time) 1996 - 1999 Henry Duro (2nd time) (s.a.) 1999 - 2006 Deron Marquez (b. 1970) 2006 - 2008 Henry Duro (3rd time) (s.a.) 2008 - 2012 James C. Ramos (b. 1967) 2012 - 2014 Carla Rodriguez (f) (b. 1953) 2014 - 2020 Lynn R. Valbuena (f) (2nd time) (= Lynn R. LeRoy) Apr 2020 - 2022 Ken Ramirez 2022 - Lynn R. Valbuena (f) (3rd time) San Pasqual Diegueno
1971 San Pasqual Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians 2000 Gaming compact. 2006 Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement. Captains 1835 – 183. Juan Cuerpo (alcalde) bf.1837 - 1874 Jose Pedro Panto (b. c.1804 – d. 1874) (from 1854, also captain-general of the Diegueno tribe) Spokesmen c.1954 Florence Trask-Wolf (f) bf.1978 - af.1984 Ronald Peralta (b. 1931 – d. 2010) bf.1991 - af.1993 Diane Martinez (f) c.1994 Ray Natividad (b. 1940 – d. 2007) bf.1996 - 1997 Dorothy Tavui (f) 1997 - 2019 Allen E. Lawson, Jr. 2019 - Stephen W. Cope Santa Rosa Cahuilla ![]() 2 Feb 1907 Santa Rosa Reservation set aside. 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. bf.1972 Santa Rosa Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. 2005 Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement. 2007 Renamed Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians. Captain c.1911 Manuel Tortes Spokesmen c.1934 Jack Meyers 1976 – 2000 Anthony Largo 2000 – 2001 Vivian Scribner (f) 2001 – 2003 Christina Arzate (f) 2003 – 2004 Erlinda A. Jones (f) Chairmen 2004 – 2008 John Marcus (acting to 2006) (1st time) 2008 – 2009 Mayme Estrada (f) (1st time) 2009 – 2010 John Marcus (2nd time) 2010 – 2012 Mayme Estrada (f) (2nd time) 2012 - 2016 John Marcus (3rd time) 2016 - Jan 2020 Steven Estrada (1st time) Jan 2020 - 2023 Lovina Saul Redner (f) 2023 - Steven Estrada (2nd time) Santa Rosa Rancheria ![]() Feb 1921 Rancheria set aside. 8 May 1963 Santa Rosa Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria. 2000 Gaming compact. Chairmen 1963 – 197. .... 197. – 2001 Clarence Atwell (1st time) (b. 1945 – d. 2013) 2001 – 2003 Michael Sisco 2003 – 2009 Clarence Atwell (2nd time) (s.a.) 2009 - 2019 Ruben Barrios 2019 - Leo Sisco Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians ![]() 27 Dec 1901 Santa Ynez Indian Reservation established. 1964 Santa Ynez Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians 2000 Gaming compact. 2015 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen bf.1967 - c.1983 Edward Olivas c.1984 James P. Pace c.1985 Edward A. Valencia 198. - 199. Richard Gomez bf.1990 - 1999 David Dominguez 1999 - 2016 Vincent Armenta 2016 - Kenneth Kahn Sherwood Valley Rancheria ![]() 10 May 1909 Rancheria set aside. 10 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 25 Jul 1974 Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. 2006 Covered by the Consolidated Tribal self-governance agreement. 2018 Individual self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1974 – 197. .... 197. – 1979 Thomas E. Campbell (d. 1979) c.1980 Patrick Renick (b. 1942 - d. 2015) bf.1982 - af.1984 Patricia Augustine (f) bf.1985 - af.1997 Michael Knight (1st time) bf.1999 - 2001 Robin Phillips 2001 – 2005 Allen Wright 2005 - 2015 Michael Fitzgerral 2015 - 2019 Michael Knight (2nd time) 2019 - 2023 Melanie Rafanan (f) 2023 - Hazel Ramirez (f) Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians ![]() 19 Jun 1883 Soboba (to c.1890 also called San Jacinto) Reservation established. 1910 – 1920 Soboba Indian agency 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. bf.1972 Soboba Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed Soboba Band of Luiseño Mission Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. 2002 Renamed Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians. 2005 Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement. Captains bf.1852 - af.1860 Victoriano (d. 1888) c.1882 Jose Jesus Castillo Spokesmen bf.1934 - af.1948 Anthony Mojado 19.. - 1953 Adam Castillo (b. 1885 - d. 1953) c.1962 Elor Soza c.1964 - c.1969 William P. Soza 19.. - 1972 Eleanor Gomez (f) 1972 – 197. Benny Helms (1st time) 1976 – af.1980 Robert J. Salgado (1st time) (b. 1942 - d. 2016) c.1983 Paul Boniface c.1984 Benny Helms (2nd time) 198. – 1986 Robert J. Salgado (2nd time) (s.a.) 1986 - 1988 Scott Cozart (1st time) 1988 – 1994 Robert J. Salgado (3rd time) (s.a.) 1994 – 1996 Ernest Salgado, Jr. 1996 – 1998 Charles Lopez 1998 – 2007 Robert J. Salgado (4th time) (s.a.) 2007 – Apr 2008 Rosemary Morillo (f) (1st time) (b. 1953) (acting) Apr 2008 - Nov 2009 Robert J. Salgado (5th time) (s.a.) Nov 2009 – Apr 2010 Rosemary Morillo (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) Apr 2010 – Apr 2012 Scott Cozart (2nd time) Chairmen Apr 2012 - Jun 2016 Rosemary Morillo (f) (s.a.) Jun 2016 - Apr 2020 Scott Cozart Apr 2020 - Isaiah Vivanco Susanville Rancheria ![]() 15 Aug 1923 Rancheria set aside. 1972/74 - 1997 Renamed Susanville Rancheria of Paiute, Maidu, Pit River & Washoe Indians. 2000 Gaming compact 2007 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1969 – 19.. Freda C. Owens (f) c.1976 Harold Dixon c.1978 Leo Gutierez c.1980 Dwight "Ike" Lowry (1st time) bf.1984 - af.1993 Aaron Dixon bf.1994 - af.1996 Nicholas J. Padilla (1st time) bf.1998 - 1999 Victor Preston 1999 – 2000 Nicholas J. Padilla (2nd time) 2000 – 2002 Dwight "Ike" Lowry (2nd time) 2002 – 2003 Valerie Edwards (f) 2003 - 2015 Stacy Dixon 2015 - 2018 Brandon Gutierez 2018 - 2021 Deana Bovee (f) 2021 - Arian Hart Sycuan Kumeyaay ![]() 27 Dec 1875 Sycuan Reservation set aside. 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. bf.1972 Sycuan Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed Sycuan Band of Diegueno Mission Indians. 1998 Gaming compact. 2005 Renamed Sycuan Band of Kumeyaay Nation. Captains c.1852 Surdo c.1870 Manuel Spokesmen c.1934 John Helmiup 1972 – 1992 Anna Prieto-Sandoval (f) (b. 1934 – d. 2010) 1992 – 1994 Daniel J. Tucker (1st time) 1994 – 2002 Georgia Tucker (f) 2002 - 2015 Daniel J. Tucker (2nd time) 2015 - Cody Martinez Tejon ![]() 1853 – 1856 Temporary reservation set aside (no treaty). 1855 – 1860 Tejon (Sebastian) Indian agency. 2012 Recognition by the U.S. confirmed (Tejon Indian Tribe), 2023 Reservation set aside. Chiefs bf.1851 - af.1864 Vicente Kawana (d. af.1873) bf.1915 - 1944 Juan Lozada (informal) (b. 1859 – d. 1944) Chairmen 2000 - 2016 Kathryn Montes-Morgan (f) (b. 1957?) 2016 - Octavio Escobedo Timbisha Shoshone
2010 Named Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Tribe. 2019 Renamed Timbisha Shoshone Tribe. Chairmen 1966 - af.1986 Pauline Esteves (f) (1st time) (b. 1924) (spokesperson to 1978) c.1987 Dollie Jones (f) (acting) c.1988 - af.1989 Alice Eben (f) bf.1991 – 1993 Angela Boland (f) (1st time) 1993 – 1995 Roy Kennedy 1995 – 1996 Pauline Esteves (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1996 – 1997 Angela Boland (f) (2nd time)(acting) 1997 – 2001 Pauline Esteves (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) 2001 – 2002 Leroy Jackson 2002 Georgia E. Kennedy (f)(1st time) (acting) 2002 – 2003 Richard Boland 2002 – 2003 Georgia E. Kennedy (f) (2nd time) (in opposition in Bishop; from 2003, recognized by U.S.) 2003 – 2004 Shirley Summers (f) (from 2004, in Bishop) 2004 Dan Shoshone (in opposition to Summers; not recognized by U.S.) 2004 - 2019 Joseph Kennedy (not recognized by U.S. from 2010) 2007 - 2019 George Gholson (b. 1963) (in opposition to 2016, in Bishop; from 2011 recognized by U.S.) 2019 - Dec 2020 White Dove Kennedy (f) (b. 1971) Dec 2020 - 2023 Jimmy J. Thompson 2023 - Margaret Cortez (f) Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla ![]() 15 May 1876 Torres-Martinez Indian Reservation established. 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. bf.1972 Torres-Martinez Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 Renamed Torres-Martinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. 2004 Renamed Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians. 2005 Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement. Captains of Torres c.1862 Jose Ignacio c.1894 Joaquin Torres c.1902 Francisco Torres (1st time) c.1903 Louis Torres c.1910 Francisco Torres (2nd time) Spokesmen c.1934 Basquet Chihuahua bf.1950 - af.1957 Virgil R. Lawson (b. 1918 – d. 1997) c.1971 Theodore P. Torro Chairmen 1974 - bf.1976. .... bf.1976 - af.1978 Theodore P. Torro bf.1980 - af.1987 Harvey J. Duro 198. – 1990 Helen Jose (f) (1st time) 1990 – 199. Mary E. Belardo (f) (1st time) (b. 1949) bf.1991 - 1994 Helen Jose (f) (2nd time) 1994 - 1997 Mary E. Belardo (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1997 - 1998 Arthur R. "Art" Lopez 1998 - Nov 2002 Mary E. Belardo (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) 2002 - 2009 Raymond Torres 2009 - 2017 Mary L. Resvaloso (f) 2017 - Thomas Tortez Tule River ![]() 1860 – 1923 Tule River (to 1865, Southern District) agency. 9 Jan 1873 Tule River Reservation set aside. 7 Jan 1936 Tule River Indian Tribe 2000 Gaming compact. Chairmen bf.1936 - 19.. .... c.1940 Ross Ellis c.1969 Robert Santos c.1979 - af.1980 Alec Garfield c.1984 Crispina Sierra (f) bf.1990 - af.1993 Nicola Larsen (f) c.1994 Irma Hunter (f) c.1996 Duane M. Garfield, Sr. (1st time) bf.1999 - 2001 Phillip D. Hunter 2001 – 2004 Duane M. Garfield, Sr. (2nd time) 2004 – 2010 Neil Peyron (1st time) 2010 – 2012 Ryan Garfield 2012 - Jan 2021 Neil Peyron (2nd time) Jan 2021 - Jan 2022 William J. Garfield Jan 2022 - Feb 2024 Neil Peyron (3rd time) Feb 2024 - Charmaine McDarment (f) Tuolumne Rancheria ![]() 25 Oct 1910 Rancheria set aside 15 Jan 1936 Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria. 2000 Gaming compact. Chairmen 1936 – af.1937 John Kibby c.1940 William Fuller (b. 1873 – d. 1958) bf.1969 - 1970 George Wessell 1970 – 1974 Luna Wessell (f) 1974 – 19.. Vernon Bailey c.1980 Dorothy A. Stanley (f) (b. 1924 - d. 1990) c.1984 Stanley Robert Cox bf.1990 - af.1996 Sonny Hendricks bf.1999 - 2020 Kevin A. Day (1st time) 2020 - 2023 Andrea Reich (f) 2023 - Kevin A. Day (2nd time) Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians ![]() 11 Nov 1895 Twenty-Nine Palms Reservation established. 1972 Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians bf.1979 - 2002 Renamed Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Luiseño Mission Indians. 2000 Gaming compact. 2005 Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement. Captains 187. – af.1895 William Mike (Mike Boniface) (b. 18.. - d. 1909) bf.1908 - 1911 Jim Pine (b. c.1840 – d. 19..) Spokesmen 1972 – 19.. .... bf.1980 - af.1983 Dean Mike (1st time) c.1984 Jennifer Andrade (f) bf.1990 - 1996 June Mike (f) 1996 - 2006 Dean Mike (2nd time) 1 Jan 2007 - Darrell Mike Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute of Benton 22 Jul 1915 Benton Reservation set aside. 20 Jan 1976 Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation Chairmen bf.1970 - af.1983 Joseph C. Saulque (1st time) c.1984 Gladys Beauregard (f) c.1989 Joseph C. Saulgue (2nd time) bf.1990 - 2003 Rose M. Saulque-Bahe (f) 2003 – 2007 Joseph C. Saulque (3rd time) 2007 – 2010 Mike Keller 2010 - 2016 Billie G. Saulque 2016 - 2020 Tina Braithwaite (f) 2020 - Shane Saulque Yurok ![]() 16 Nov 1855 Klamath River Reservation set aside (no treaty). 1856 – 1860 Klamath River Indian agency. 1891 - 1988 Reservation a part of the Hoopa Valley reservation, known as the Hoopa Extension (in 1892 the Extension is opened to non-Indian settlement). 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1940 Yurok Tribe (until 1993 listed by the U.S. with addition "of the Hoopa Valley Reservation"). 1996 Self-governance agreement. 2007 Gaming compact. Chairmen 1988 – 1991 Transition Team (5 members) 1991 – 1997 Susie L. Long (f) 1997 – 2003 Susan M. Masten (f) 2003 – 2006 Howard McConnell 2006 – 2009 Maria Tripp (f) 2009 - 2015 Thomas P. O'Rourke, Sr. (1st time) 2015 - 2016 James Dunlap 2016 - 2018 Thomas P. O'Rourke, Sr. (2nd time) 2018 - Joseph L. James Colorado
30 Dec 1849
Under the U.S. protection
(Confederated Bands of the Ute), divided c.1849 Quixiachigiate bf.1855 - 1868 Coneache (Kaniache) (d. 1881) Head chief for the Tabeguache, Grand River, Yampa bands (in the north) bf.1849 - 1868 Nevava (d. 1868) Head chief of the Confederated Ute (title of chief: Ta'wa-vi) 1868 - 24 Aug 1880 Ouray (b. 1833 - d. 1880) Chiefs of Southern Ute 1880 – 1896 Ignacio (head chief) (b. 1844 – d. 1913) 1896 - 8 May 1936 Charles Buck "Buckskin Charlie" (b. 1840 - d. 1936) 1936 Antonio Buck, Sr. (b. 1879 - d. 1961) Chairmen 1935 – Dec 1936 John Burch Dec 1936 - 1939 Antonio Buck, Sr. (s.a.) 1940 - 1944 Julius N. Cloud (1st time) 1945 - 1948 Samuel Burch (1st time) 1949 Julius N. Cloud (2nd time) 1950 Samuel Burch (2nd time) 1951 - 1952 Julius N. Cloud (3rd time) 1953 - 1956 Samuel Burch (3rd time) 1957 - 1960 John E. Baker, Sr. (1st time) 1961 Anthony C. Burch 1962 - 1963 John E. Baker, Sr. (2nd time) 1963 - 1965 John S. Williams 1966 John E. Baker, Sr. (3rd time) 1967 - Dec 1984 Leonard C. Burch (1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 2003) Dec 1984 – Dec 1987 Christopher A. Baker, Sr. Dec 1987 – Dec 1996 Leonard C. Burch (2nd time) (s.a.) Dec 1996 – Dec 1999 Clement J. Frost (1st time) Dec 1999 – Dec 2000 John E. Baker, Jr. (b. 1947) Dec 2000 – Feb 2001 Vida B. Peabody (f) (acting) Feb 2001 – Dec 2002 Leonard C. Burch (3rd time) (s.a.) Dec 2002 – Nov 2004 Howard D. Richards, Sr. Nov 2004 – Jan 2005 Anthony C. Burch (acting) Jan 2005 - 21 Dec 2008 Clement J. Frost (2nd time) 21 Dec 2008 – Feb 2011 Matthew J. Box (b. 1970) Feb 2011 – 13 Apr 2011 Jimmy R. Newton, Jr. (1st time) (b. 1976 - d. 2014) (acting) 13 Apr 2011 - 15 Dec 2011 Pearl E. Casias (f) 15 Dec 2011 - 31 Mar 2014 Jimmy R. Newton, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Apr 2014 - 29 May 2014 James M. "Mike" Olguin (acting) 29 May 2014 - Dec 2017 Clement J. Frost (3rd time) Dec 2017 - Dec 2020 Christine Sage (f) Dec 2020 - Melvin J. Baker Ute Mountain Ute Tribe ![]() 1896 Non-citizens (from 1915, known as the Ute Mountain Ute) separated from the rest of Southern Ute and retained the western sector of the reservation (from 1938 the Ute Mountain Reservation). 1900 – 1922 Navajo Springs (from 1915, Ute Mountain) Indian Agency established. 1938 Ute Mountain Reservation established. 6 Jun 1940 Ute Mountain Tribe 1992 Gaming compact with the state. 2015 Renamed Ute Mountain Ute Tribe. Chiefs 1896 – 1913 Ignacio (head chief) (b. 1844 – d. 1913) 1913 – 1936 John Miller (d. 1936) 1936 - 1971 Jack House (b. 188. - d. 1971) [last traditional leader] Chairmen 1938 – May 1940 Jack House (s.a.) May 1940 - 1955 George Mills 1955 - 1958? Scott Jacket (1st time) 1958? – af.1962 Albert Wing (1st time) (b. 1923) c.1965 - c.1967 Scott Jacket (2nd time) c.1970 - c.1973 Albert Wing (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1975 - c.1976 Marshall Whyte c.1977 - 1979 Scott Jacket (3rd time) 1979 - 1981 Judy Pinnecoose (f) (1st time) (b. 1943) 1981 - 1982 Terry Knight 1982 - 1985? Ernest House (1st time) (b. 1945 - d. 2011) 1985? - 1986 .... 1986 - 1989 Ernest House (2nd time) (s.a.) 1989 - 1998 Judy Knight-Frank (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) (= Judy Pinnecoose) 1998 - Oct 2001 Ernest House (3rd time) (s.a.) Oct 2001 – Jul 2002 Judy Knight-Frank (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) Jul 2002 – Oct 2004 Harold D. Cuthair (1st time) Oct 2004 – Aug 2005 Selwyn Whiteskunk Aug 2005 – Oct 2007 Manuel Heart (1st time) Oct 2007 – Oct 2010 Ernest House (4th time) (s.a.) Oct 2010 – Oct 2013 Gary Hayes Oct 2013 - Oct 2016 Manuel Heart (2nd time) Oct 2016 - Oct 2019 Harold D. Cuthair (2nd time) Oct 2019 - Manuel Heart (3rd time) Connecticut Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation ![]() 1683 Reservation set aside for the Eastern Pequots. 1976 – Aug 2002 Tribe divided into two groups. 24 Jun 2002 Federal recognition is granted as "Historical" Eastern Pequot Tribe, it did not become final. Jan 2003 Formal merger of the two groups (Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation). 12 Oct 2005 Federal recognition withdrawn. Chiefs (first two also titled as governors) 1655 – 1677 Harmon Garrett (Cashawasset) (b. c.1610 – d. 1677) 1677 – 1695 Momoho (d. 1695) c.1678 Catapesset (in opposition) (b. c.1650 – d. af.1680) bf.1713 Cushamequin (d. bf.1713) bf.1713 - af.1723 "Sunk Squaw" (f) [recorded only by titular designation] bf.1749 - 1752 Mary Momoho (f) (b. c.1665 – d. 1752) Chairmen of the Eastern Pequot 1976 - 1997 Roy Sebastian (Chief Hockeo) (b. 1926 - d. 2022) (from 1997, Sachem for Life) 1997 - 2001 Mary E. Sebastian (f) 2001 - Jan 2003 Marcia Jones Flowers (f) (b. 1946 - d. 2016) Chairmen of the Authentic (from Aug 1979, Paucatuck) Eastern Pequot 1976 – 1977 Linda Strange (f) (b. 1948 - d. 2019) 1977 – 1981 Richard E. Williams 1981 - Feb 1987 Raymond A. Geer 1987 - 2002 Agnes E. Cunha (f) (b. 1943 - d. 2023) (acting to 1988) 2002 – Jan 2003 James A. "Jim" Cunha, Jr. Chairmen Jan 2003 - Jul 2006 Marcia Jones Flowers (f) (s.a.) 2006 - 2009 Lewis Randall 25 Jul 2009 - Jul 2012 James A. "Jim" Cunha, Jr. Jul 2012 - Jun 2013 Brian Geer 2013 - 2015 Dennis Jenkins (acting to Nov 2013) Jul 2015 - Sep 2021 Katherine Sebastian-Dring (f) Sep 2021 - JUl 2024 Mitchel Ray (b. 1980?) Jul 2024 - Lawrence E. Wilson III Mashantucket Pequot
1622 – 1631
Pequots allied with the Dutch. Mohegan
1671 Reservation established. 1872 – 1973 Dissolved and not recognized by the state. 7 Mar 1994 Federal recognition granted to the Mohegan Tribe of Indians of the State of Connecticut, remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1994 Gaming compact. 2001 Self-governance agreement. Chiefs 1635 – 1683 Uncas (b. c.1588 – d. 1683) 1683 – 1715 Oweneco (b. c.1620 – d. 1715) 1715 – 1723 Caesar Uncas (b. c.1640 – d. 1723) 1723 – 1725 Ben Uncas I (d. 1725) 1726 – 1746 Ben Uncas II (b. c.1695 – d. 1746) 1735 – 1736 Mahomet (b. c.1705 – d. 1736) (did not take office; in opposition) 1736 Anne Uncas (f) (interim) (in opposition) 1736 – 1769 John Uncas I (in opposition) 1746 – 1769 Benjamin Uncas III (d. 1769) 1769 – 1770 Isaiah Uncas (d. 1770) (did not take office) 1769 – 1787 Zachary Johnson –Regent (d. 1787) 1769 – af.1783 John Uncas II (in opposition) (d. 1842) Headmen (after 1823 title not specified) bf.1789 - c.1806 Henry Quaquaquid + Robert Ashpo (Ashbow) c.1807 John Cooper + Andrew Ashpo (Ashbow) c.1823 Benoni Occom (chief headman) (b. 1763 – d. 1829) c.1838 Jacob Cooper c.1853 Martha Uncas (f) (b. 1769 – d. 1859) c.1860 Henry Matthews (b. 1819 – d. 1903) 1872 – 1902 Abolished Chiefs (not recognized by the state to 1973; traditional leaders from 1992) 1902 - 1903 Henry Matthews (Wegun) (s.a.) 1903 - 1928 Lemuel M. Fielding (Occum) (b. 1859 - d. 1928) (acting to 1920) 1929 - 1935 Everett M. Fielding (b. 1887 - d. 1935) 1935 - 1937 Julian L. Harris (Peegee Uncas) (b. 1872 - d. 1941) 1937 - 1952 Burrill H. Fielding (Matahga) (b. 1862 - d. 1952) 1952 - 1970 Harold A. Tantaquidgeon (b. 1904 - d. 1989) 1970 - 1991 Courtland E. Fowler (b. 1905 - d. 1991) ("Little Hatchet") 1992 - 1 Oct 2007 Ralph W. Sturges (G'tinemong) (b. 1918 - d. 2007) 15 Aug 2010 - Marilynn "Lynn" Roberge Malerba (f)(b. 1953) (Mutawi Mutahash) Chairmen 1980 – 1991 Courtland E. Fowler (s.a.) 1991 – 1995 Ralph W. Sturges (s.a.) 1995 – 2000 Roland J. Harris 2000 – 2005 Mark F. Brown (b. 1957) 2005 – 2009 Bruce S. Bozsum (1st time) ("Two Dogs") 2009 – 2010 Marilynn "Lynn" Roberge Malerba (f)(s.a.) 2010 – 7 Oct 2013 Bruce S. Bozsum (2nd time) 7 Oct 2013 - Feb 2019 Kevin P. Brown 2019 - R. James Gessner 1736 Reservation set aside. 1985 Tribe divided into two groups (in Oct 1991, the group under Velky changes name to Schaghticoke Tribal Nation, while the group under Russell remains Schaghticoke Indian Tribe). 24 Jan 2004 Schaghticoke Tribal Nation federally recognized, the recognition did not become final. 11 Oct 2005 Federal recognition withdrawn. Chiefs bf.1742 - 1760 Gideon Mauwee (b. c.1687 – d. 1760) 1760 – af.1775 Joshua Job Mauwee bf.1786 - af.1792 Joseph Mauwee Chairmen 1973 – 1979 Irving A. Harris (Mikigu)(1st time)(b. 1931 - d. 2005) 1979 – 1982 Maurice "Butch" Lydem 1982 – 1983 Trudie Ray Lamb-Richmond (f) (b. 1931 - d. 2021) 1983 – 1985 Alan Russell (b. 1946) (from 1985, continues in opposition) 1985 – 1987 Irving A. Harris (Mikigu)(2nd time)(s.a.) 1987 - Richard L. Velky (b. 1950?) Delaware None Recognized District
of Columbia None Recognized Florida Miccosukee
(Miccosukee Tribe of Indians), under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1971 Self-governance contract with the U.S. (one of the first of three). Chairmen 1953 – 1961 William Buffalo Tiger (1st time) (b. 1920 - d. 2015) (to 1957, spokesman) 1961 Howard Osceola 1961 - 1985 William Buffalo Tiger (2nd time) (s.a.) 1985 – 1986 Sonny Billie 1986 - 2010 Billy Cypress (1st time) (b. 1952 - d. 2025) 5 Jan 2010 - Nov 2015 Colley Billie Nov 2015 - Mar 2016 Roy Cypress (interim) Mar 2016 - 2021 Billy Cypress (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 2021 - Talbert Cypress
1839
Some
Seminole avoid removal to Oklahoma. 1842 – May 1858 Holahtv Mekko "Billy Bowlegs" (b. 1810 - d. 1859) (Anglicized: Holata Micco) Chairmen 1945 – 1953 Board of Tribal Trustees (3 trustees, composition as of 1949 below) - Josie Billie (b. 1887 – d. 1980) - John Cypress - "Little" Charlie Micco 1953 - 1967 Bill "Billy" Osceola (b. 1919 - d. 1995) 1967 - 1971 Betty Mae Tiger-Jumper (f) (b. 1923 - d. 2011) 1971 - 1979 Howard E. Tommie (b. 1938) 1979 - 2003 James E. "Jim" Billie (1st time) (b. 1944) (suspended from 2001) 2001 - 2011 Mitchell Cypress (b. 1947) (acting for Billie to 2003) 2011 - Nov 2016 James E. "Jim" Billie (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 2016 - Marcellus W. Osceola (b. 1972) Georgia None Recognized Hawaii None Recognized Idaho Coeur d'Alene
14 Jun 1867
Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation set aside
(no treaty). Head chiefs (title of chief: Yelmixwum)
Chairmen Kootenai Tribe of Idaho ![]() 1896 Kootenai Reservation established, but gradually lost. 1947 Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 18 Oct 1974 Kootenai Reservation re-established. 1993 Gaming compact. 2001 Self-governance agreement. Chiefs c.1775 – 1840 "Three Moons" (b. c.1740 – d. 1840) 1840 – 1864 "Big Hunter"(from 1844 Thomas Blind)(d. 1864) 1864 – 1887 Abraham Blind (d. 1887) 1887 – 1900 Morisse Chiqui (d. 1900) 1900 – 1916 Isadore Chiqui (d. 1916) 1916 – 1935 Narcisse Isadore (d. 1935) 1935 – 1950 Pierre Andrew (d. 1950) [not the last chief] Chairmen 1947 – 19.. .... c.1966 Baptiste Cutsack c.1974 Amelia "Amy" C. Trice (f) (b. 1936 - d. 2011) (1st time) c.1978 Dixie Cooper c.1980 Mathias David (b. 1923 - d. 2014) bf.1983 - c.1984 Amelia "Amy" C. Trice (f) (s.a.) (2nd time) c.1990 Velma A. Bahe (f)(1st time) c.1992 Amelia "Amy" C. Trice (f) (s.a.) (3rd time) 199. - 1993 Larry Aitken 1993 – 2001 Velma A. Bahe (f)(2nd time) 2001 – 2005 Gary Aitken, Sr. 2005 - 2013 Jennifer Porter (f)(1st time) 2013 - 2021 Gary Aitken, Jr. 2021 - Jennifer Porter (f)(2nd time) Nez Perce
1857 – 1933 Washington East of the Cascades (1861 – 1902 Nez Perce; from 1902, Fort Lapwai) Indian Agency established. 9 Jun 1863 Nez Perce (1873-1929 Lapwai) Indian Reservation established. Jul 1878 – May 1885 Joseph band of Nez Perce displaced to the Nez Perce Indian Reservation in Oklahoma (1879-1885 Oakland Indian Agency established); in 1885 moved to the Colville Indian Reservation (see Colville). 1893 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). 18 Nov 1895 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 1927 Nez Perce advisory committee established under a constitution. 17 Nov 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 13 Apr 1948 New constitution adopted 1995 Gaming compact with the state. 2001 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Head chiefs (title: Wiya-taqis Miyo-xat ["Older Chief"]) 1842 – 1848 Twvish Sisimnen "Sparkling Horn" (b. c.1810 – d. 1848) (Ellis) 1848 – 1849 Richard Tackensuatis (d. af.1858) 1849 – 1876 Hallalhot-soot (‘Alu-ya "Lawyer") (b. 1796 – d. 1876) 1876 – 1877 Reuben (d. 1877) 1877 – 1879 James Lawyer (b. 18.. - d. 1905) 1879 – 1880 .... 1880 – 1927 General Council Presidents 1927 – 1929 James Stuart (b. 1862 – d. 1929) c.1932 Harry Wheeler (b. 1884 - d. 1963) 1936 - 19.. James M. Parsons Chairmen 1948 – 19.. Sam Slickpoo (b. 1890 - d. 1969) c.1952 Harrison Lott (b. 1891 - d. 1971) 1955 - 1961 Richard A. Halfmoon (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. 1999) 1961 - May/Aug 1965 Angus A. Wilson (1st time) (b. 1913) May/Aug 1965 – 1966 Richard A. Halfmoon (2nd time) (s.a.) 1966 – Feb/May 1967 Angus A. Wilson (2nd time) (s.a.) Feb/May 1967 – 1976 Richard A. Halfmooon (3rd time) (s.a.) 1976 – 1977 .... 1977 - 1983 Wilfred A. Scott 1983 - c.1985 Allen V. Pinkham, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1938) c.1985 - 1987 Herman J. Reuben 1987 – May 1990 Allen V. Pinkham, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) May 1990 – 1992 Charles H. Hayes (1st time) (d. 1996) 1992 – 1994 Samuel N. Penney (1st time) 1994 – 1995 Charles H. Hayes (2nd time) (s.a.) 1995 – 2003 Samuel N. Penney (2nd time) 2003 – 2005 Anthony D. Johnson (1st time) 2005 – 2007 Rebecca A. Miles (f) (b. 1978) 2007 – 2010 Samuel N. Penney (3rd time) 2010 – 2011 McCoy Oatman (b. 1978) 2011 – 2012 Brooklyn D. Baptiste 2012 - 2015 Silas C. Whitman (b. 1942) 2015 - 2016 Anthony D. Johnson (2nd time) 2016 - 2018 Mary J. Miles (f) 2018 - 2021 Shannon Wheeler (1st time) May 2021 - May 2023 Samuel N. Penney (4th time) May 2023 - Shannon Wheeler (2nd time)
14 Jun 1867 Fort Hall Indian Agency set aside. 3 Jul 1868 Fort Hall Indian Reservation established by Treaty. 30 Apr 1936 Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation. 2000 Gaming compact with the state. Head chiefs (all Bannock; title of chief: Kapitaa) bf.1814 - 1832 Po'have "The Horse" ("Horn Chief") (d. 1832) bf.1843 - 1863 Toso-Kwauberaht "Le Grand Coquin" 1863 – 1871 Tagi (= Taghee) (b. c.1825 - d. 1871) 1871 – 1878 Council (5 band headmen) 1878 – 1891 Tyghee (d. 1891) 1892 - af.1901 James Ballard (Sheme) (b. 1843 – d. 1918) bf.1909 - af.1917 Pat L. Tyhee (b. 1853 – d. 1924) c.1929 Council (6 band headmen) Chairmen 1930 – 1936/37 Charles Peterson (b. 1867 – d. 194.) c.1937 Peter Jim (1st time) c.1938 Willie George c.1940 Peter Jim (2nd time) c.1947 LaSalle Pocatello c.1955 Wilford Broncho 195. – 1957 Lasalle Pocatello c.1957 - af.1958 Frank W. Parker c.1962 Edward Boyer c.1964 Layton L. Littlejohn 1966 – 1967 Kesley Edmo, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1919 – d. 1998) c.1967 Herbert LeClair c.1968 Joseph Thorpe, Jr. c.1969 Arthur Hayball bf.1971 - 1972 Kesley Edmo, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1972 – 1973 Zelma Edmo (f) 12 Jun 1973 – Jun 1974 Kesley Edmo, Sr. (3rd time) (s.a.) 1 Jul 1974 – 197. Jimmie Dann 1975 - 1977 Gilbert Teton (1st time) c.1978 Lionel Q. Boyer (1st time) bf.1979 - c.1980 Gilbert Teton (2nd time) c.1982 - 1983 R. Willis Dixey c.1983 Lionel Q. Boyer (2nd time) c.1984 Kesley Edmo, Sr. (4th time) (s.a.) c.1989 - af.1990 Gilbert Teton (3rd time) bf.1992 - 1993 Kesley Edmo, Sr. (5th time) (s.a.) 1993 – 1994 Keith Tinno (1st time) 1994 - 1995 Marvin Osborne 1995 - 1997 Delbert Farmer 1997 - 1998 Arnold Appenay 1998 - 1999 Keith Tinno (2nd time) 1999 - 2000 Duane Thompson 2000 - 2001 Lionel Q. Boyer (3rd time) 2001 - 2003 Blaine J. Edmo (1st time) 2003 - 2004 Nancy Eschief-Murillo (f) 2004 - 2005 Frederick Auck 2005 - 2006 Blaine J. Edmo (2nd time) 2006 – 8 Jun 2010 Alonzo A. Coby (b. 1969) 8 Jun 2010 - Jun 2015 Nathan Small (1st time) Jun 2015 - Jun 2017 Blaine J. Edmo (3rd time) Jun 2017 - Jun 2019 Nathan Small (2nd time) Jun 2019 - Apr 2020 Ladd Edmo Apr 2020 - Sep 2020 Tino Batt Sep 2020 - Jun 2022 Devon Boyer Jun 2022 - Jun 2023 Nathan Small (3rd time) Jun 2023 - Lee J. Tyler (from 2024, Lee J. Tendoy) Illinois None Recognized Indiana Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians: see under Michigan Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa ![]() 1857 Separated from Sac and Fox of Mississippi (modern Sac and Fox of Oklahoma), returned from Kansas to Iowa, purchased a tract of land, placed into state trust. 1866 – 1935 Sac and Fox Indian Agency established. 1867 Recognized by the U.S. as separate tribe. 1886 State reservation became federal reservation. 1937 Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa, constitution adopted. 1948 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1992 Gaming compact. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs 1861 - 1881 Mamiwanige (d. 1881) 1882 - 1919 Pushetonequa (d. 1919) 1919 - 1929 Tribal Council (5 members) Chief 1929 - 1938 "Young Bear" (b. c.1867 – d. 19..) Chairmen Jan 1938 - af.1939 Horace Poweshiek 19.. - 1946 Jack Old Bear (1st time) 1946 - 1948 Frank Mitchell (b. 1881 - d. 1967) 1948 - 1950 Jack Old Bear (2nd time) 1950 - 1958 Edward Davenport (b. 1900 - d. 1979) 1958 - c.1966 George Youngbear bf.1968 - af.1971 Columbus Keahna (1st time) c.1973 Louis Mitchell (1st time) bf.1976 - 1980 Columbus Keahna (2nd time) 1980 - af.1981 Homer Bear bf.1983 - af.1984 Louis Mitchell (2nd time) c.1989 Donald Wanatee (1st time) c.1992 Keith C. Davenport bf.1993 - af.1995 Gailey Wanatee 199. - 1999 Dean Whitebreast 1999 - 19.. David Old Bear bf.2000 - 2001 Talbert Davenport Nov 2001 - Nov 2003 Alexander Walker 26 Mar 2003 - 2008 Homer Bear, Jr. (in opposition) Nov 2003 - Apr 2006 Donald Wanatee (2nd time) bf.2007 - Nov 2011 Adrian Pushetonequa Nov 2011 - 2013 Frank Blackcloud 2013 - 2015 Judith Youngbear-Bender (f)(1st time) 2015 - 2017 Troy Wanatee Feb 2017 - Jul 2017 Milo Buffalo (b. 19.. - d. 2017) Jul 2017 - Oct 2017 Alwin Wild Cat (acting) Oct 2017 - Feb 2020 Anthony Waseskuk Feb 2020 - Oct 2021 Judith Bender (f) (2nd time) Oct 2021 - Vern Jefferson Kansas Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Summer (Sky) chief formally alternating with the Winter (Earth) chief, but a single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S. 1825 Formally shared their country in Iowa with Sac and Fox (modern Sac and Fox of Oklahoma). 1836 Iowa Reservation established by treaty in Kansas (relocated in 1838). 1851 – 1882 Great Nemaha Indian Agency established. 1878 Part of the tribe relocated to Oklahoma (modern Iowa of Oklahoma). 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 26 Feb 1937 Iowa Tribe in (from 1978, "of") Kansas and Nebraska, constitution adopted. 1940 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1995 Gaming compact. 2019 Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs (all likely the Earth chiefs, affiliation of interim chief unknown) 1809 - 1820 Wayin Wexa "Hard Heart" (d. 1824) 1820 - 1834 Maxu Thka "White Cloud" (b. 1784 - d. 1834) 1834 - 1850 Francis White Cloud (b. c.1811 - d. 1850) 1850 - 1862 Na’hje Ning’e "No Heart" (b. 1797 - d. 1862) 1862 - 1865 Ragrashe "The British" (interim) (d. af.1869) 1865 - 1940 James White Cloud (b. 1840 - d. 1940) Chairmen c.1937 - af.1938 John DeRoin (b. c.1882 - d. 19..) bf.1940 - c.1954 Leonard Fee 19.. - Jul 1965 Marvin L. Franklin (b. 1916 - d. 19..) Jul 1965 - c.1967 Cecil R. Green c.1967 James A. Rhodd (acting) c.1970 - c.1977 Forrest Fee bf.1978 - 1983 Howard Simmonds 1983 - 1998 Leon C. Campbell (1st time) (b. 1945 - d. 2014) 1998 - 2005 Louis Deroin (b. 1920 - d. 2011) 2005 - 2011 Leon C. Campbell (2nd time) (s.a.) Mar 2011 - Timothy Rhodd Kickapoo in Kansas ![]() c.1720 - 1760 French ally. 1761 - 1792 Allied with the British. 1763 Part of Kickapoo moved from Illinois to Missouri, later to Texas (see Kickapoo of Oklahoma). 1795 Under the U.S. protection (interrupted by the British alliance 1812-1814). 1802 - 1821 Vincennes Indian Agency established. 1809 Ceded all land to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to the west. 1819 Reservation established in Missouri (relocated in 1825). 1832 Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1833). 1855 - 1921 Kickapoo Indian Agency established (closed 1874–1903). 1865 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens); the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 1937 Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, constitution adopted. 1940 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1995 Gaming compact. Principal chiefs bf.1719 - af.1728 Wapasaiya "White Robe" bf.1778 - af.1788 Pacanne "Pecan" bf.1804 - af.1825 Pemwatome "Swan That Cries" Spokesmen 1837 - 1853 Kennekuk "Kickapoo Prophet" (b. c.1794 - d. 1853) 1854 - af.1862 John Kennekuk (Pahkahkah) (d. c.1868) Head chief c.1905 "Little" Simon Nenasek (b. 1864 - d. 1936) Chairmen bf.1929 - 1935 .... 1935 - 19.. Louis Shuckahosee 19.. - 19.. Frank Cadue (b. 1908 - d. 1983) Apr 1953 - 1961 Vestana Cadue (f) (b. 1901 - d. 1974) 1961 - c.1966 Kenneth R. Cadue (b. 1932 - d. 1995) c.1966 - c.1967 Thomas R. Goslin c.1967 - c.1974 Ralph E. Simon (b. 1926 - d. 2006) 1974 - af.1975 Amos Goslin bf.1976 - af.1978 Clifford "Steve" Cadue (1st time) c.1979 - c.1981 Keith Keo 198. - 1982 John Thomas (1st time) 1982 - 1983 Emory L. Negonsott (1st time) 1983 - af.1984 John Thomas (2nd time) bf.1991 - 1992 Clifford "Steve" Cadue (2nd time) 1992 – 1993 Carol Anske (f) 1993 - 1994 Emory L. Negonsott (2nd time) 1994 - 199. Clifford "Steve" Cadue (3rd time) bf.1996 – 1998 Nancy Bear (f) (1st time) 1998 - 1999 Fred Thomas Oct 1999 - 21 Mar 2000 Clifford "Steve" Cadue (4th time) 2000 Bobbi Darnell (f) Oct 2000 - 2001 Nancy Bear (f) (2nd time) 2001 - 2005 Clifford "Steve" Cadue (5th time) Oct 2005 - 2006 Russell Bradley (1st time) 2006 - 2008 Clifford "Steve" Cadue (6th time) 2008 - 2010 Arlan Whitebird 2010 - 2011 Russell Bradley (2nd time) Oct 2011 - Oct 2014 Clifford "Steve" Cadue (7th time) 2014 - 2023 Lester Randall Sep 2023 - Gail Cheatham (f) Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation ![]() 176. - 1779 Allied with the British. 1795 Under the U.S. protection (Prairie Bands of Potawatomi). 1805 - 1834 Chicago Indian Agency established. 1832 Reservation (several tracts) established in north-eastern Illinois. 1833 Exchanged for reservation in Missouri (relocated in 1834). 1836 Exchanged for reservation in Iowa (relocated in 1837). 1846 Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1846). 1846 - 1861 Prairie Band nominally merged with Mission Bands (see Citizen Potawatomi) into Potawatomi Nation. 1851 Potawatomi (Haskell 1927-1935) Indian Agency established. 1867 Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, separation from Citizen Band formally completed. 1899 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship, the allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 1932 First constitution adopted (not confirmed by the U.S. to Jan 1961). 1940 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1995 Gaming compact. May 2000 Renamed Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation. 2004 Self-governance agreement. Dec 2007 Renamed Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal names from 2012). First chiefs (native spellings, if known, in parentheses) 1792 - 1815 Gomo (b. c.1750 - d. 1815) 1815 - 1829 Senachewine "Swift Water" (b. c.1744 - d. 1831) (Znajjewan) 1829 - 1841 Thomas "Billy" Caldwell (Zhaganash)(b. 1782 - d. 1841) 1841 - c.1848 Wah-bon-seh "Little Dawn" (Wabanzi)(b. c.1760 - d. c.1848) c. 1856 Pah-eh-go-shuk bf.1860 - af.1867 Wab-say Chairmen 1867 - 18.. .... c.1874 Anthony F. Navarre ? (b. 1825 – d. 1893) (described as leader of the Business Committee) c.1929/32 William Wishkeno c.1938 Ernest Seymour c.1939 James P. Wahbnosah (1st time) bf.1942 - af.1943 James Kegg c.1946 James P. Wahbnosah (2nd time) 16 Sep 1947 - 19.. Minnie Evans (f) (1st time) (b. 1888 - d. 1971) c.1950 Curtis Pequano c.1954 Minnie Evans (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1957 - 1961 Mage N. Puckkee (b. 1931 - d. 1989) 1961 - af.1963 Philip D. Burns (b. 1925 - d. 2001) 1969? - Jun 1971 Lester L. Jessepe (1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 2007) Jun 1971 - 1971 Frank Battese 1971 - af.1974 Lester L. Jessepe (2nd time) (s.a.) c.197. Tom Tuckwin May 1976 - 197. Camilla Wishkeno (f) 197. - 1979 Milton L. LaClair (b. 1924 – d. 2016) Jul 1979 - af. 1980 Vestina Durham (f) 19.. - 1982 George Wahquahboshkuk (1st time) 1982 - 1983 Leslie Hale 1983 - 198. Elwin I. Shopteese Jul 1984 - 1985 Delores A. Miller (f) 1985 - Apr 1993 George Wahquahboshkuk (2nd time) Aug 1993 - 1994 Gary E. Mitchell (1st time) (b. 1952? - d. 2015) Jul 1994 - Oct 2000 Mamie Rupnicki (f) Oct 2000 - 5 Dec 2000 Gary E. Mitchell (2nd time)(acting)(s.a.) 5 Dec 2000 - 2002 Badger Wahwassuck 2002 - Jan 2006 Zachariah "Zach" Pahmahmie Jan 2006 - Jul 2007 Tracy Stanhoff (f) (interim to Jul 2006) Jul 2007 - Oct 2007 Rey Kitchkumme (acting) Oct 2007 - 2014 Steve Ortiz 2014 - Aug 2018 Liana Onnen (f) Aug 2018 - Joseph P. Rupnick Sac and Fox of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska ![]() 1804 Separated from the main part of Sac and Meskwaki (Fox) (see Sac and Fox of Oklahoma), moved from Illinois to Missouri. 6 Sep 1815 Under the U.S. protection (Sac and Fox of Missouri), recognized as separate tribe. 4 Aug 1824 Reservation established in Missouri. Sac and Fox sign a treaty ceding their claims in northern Missouri from the Mississippi River to a line beginning at the mouth of the Kansas River and running north one hundred miles to the state boundary. The Missouri Band settled west of this line in a tract known as the Platte Country. 17 Sep 1836 Northwest corner of Missouri reservation exchanged for reservation in northeast Kansas (relocated in 1837). 1899 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens); the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 2 Mar 1937 Sac and Fox Tribe of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, constitution adopted. 1940 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 29 Aug 1995 Gaming compact. 1995 Renamed Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska. Head chiefs bf.1815 - 1819 Shamaga "The Lance" (d. 1819) c.1837 Pokomah "The Plume" bf.1854 - af.1863 Petiokima "Hard Fish" c.1868 - af.1889 Quashpahma (b. c.1824 – d. ....) Chairmen 1920 - 1973 Charles W. Robidoux (b. 1893 - d. 1973) bf.1976 - af.1983 Curtis D. Gilfillan (b. 1933 - d. 2003) bf.1992 - 1993 Sandra Keo (f) (1st time) 1993 - af.1995 Joan Rebar (f) c.1997 - 31 Jul 1998 Corbin Shuckahosee (b. 1929 - d. 1998) 1998 - 1999 Gary Bahr 1999 - 2001 Donald "Bucky" Pilcher 2001 - 2007 Sandra Keo (f) (2nd time) 2007 - 2009 Fredia Perkins (f) 2009 - 2011 Twen Barton (f) 2011 - 2013 Michael Daugherty 2013 - 2015 Brigette Robidoux (f) 2015 - 2017 Edmore Green 2017 - Tiauna Carnes (f) Kentucky None Recognized Louisiana Chitimacha
1767 Spanish land grant. 1917 Chitimacha granted federal recognition. 1971 Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana. 1993 Gaming compact. 1998 Self-governance agreement. Grand Chiefs bf.1695 - af.1727 Framboise c.1738 Totica bf.1767 - af.1775 Champagne c.1780 Soulier Rouge c.1799 Jean-Baptiste Soulier Rouge Chiefs c.1810 Adele Champagne (f) c.1814 Celestain Groffe c.1845 Alexandre Bertin c.1853 Eugenie Soulier Rouge (f) (b. 1798 – d. 1868) c.1869 Alexander Darden (b. 1842 – d. 1878) c.1890 Paul Nelson bf.1897 - 1903 John Paul (b. 1835 – d. 1903) 1903 - 1934 Benjamin Paul (b. 1867 – d. 1934) 1934 - 1947 Ernest "Papa Jack" Darden (b. 1881 – d. 1967) 1947 Alexander P. Darden (b. 1899 – d. 1947) 1948 - 1950 Leroy M. Burgess (chairman) (b. 1922 – d. 2014) 1950 - 1969 Emile "Bizz" Stouff (b. 1903 – d. 1978) 1969 - 1971 Leonard "Nick" Stouff (b. 1925) Chairmen 1971 - 1981 Leroy M. Burgess (s.a.) 1981 - 1983 Daniel Darden (1st time) 1983 - 1987 Larry Burgess 1987 - 1989 Daniel Darden (2nd time) 1989 - 1998 Ralph C. Darden 1998 - 2007 Alton D. LeBlanc, Jr. (b. 1955) 2007 - 2009 Lonnie L. Martin 2009 - 2015 John Paul Darden 2015 - 2017 O'Neil J. Darden 2017 - Melissa Darden (f) ![]() c.1880 Some Coushatta families arrived from Texas. 1973 Recognized by the U.S. (Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana). 1992 Gaming compact with the state. Chiefs (informal) c.1890 – 1910 John Abbey (b. 18.. - d. 1910) 1910 – 1918 None 1918 – 1930 Jackson Langley 1930 – 1951 Jefferson Abbey (b. 1854 - d. 1951) 1952 – 1973 Martin L. Abbey (b. 1887 – d. 19..) Chairmen 1973 – 1985 Ernest Sickey 1985 Edwin Poncho 1985 – 1987 Leroy Sylestine 1987 – 1988 Beverly Poncho (f) 1988 - 2005 Lovelin Poncho (1st time) 2005 – 2013 Kevin Sickey 2013 - 2017 Lovelin Poncho (2nd time) 2017 - 2021 David Sickey 2021 - 2024 Jonathan Cernek 2024 - Crystal Williams (f) (acting) Jena Band of Choctaw Indians ![]() c.1870 Some Choctaw families arrived from Mississippi. 31 May 1995 Jena Band of Choctaw Indians federally recognized. Chiefs (informal) c.1870 – 1910 John Allen (b. c.1825 – d. 1910) 1910 – 1916 Sam Gibson (b. c.1850 – d. 19..) 1917 – 1933 Bill Lewis (b. c.1860 – d. 1933) 1933 - Dec 1950 Will Jackson (b. c.1880 - d. 1950) 1950 - 1958 Chris Jackson (b. c.1895 – d. 1958) 1958 - 1968 William Lewis (d. 1968) 1968 – 1974 None Chairmen 1974 - 1975 Jerry D. Jackson (1st time) (b. 1950) 1975 - 1985 Clyde Jackson (b. 1947) 1985 - 1986 George Allen 1986 – 1991 Jerry D. Jackson (2nd time) (s.a.) Chiefs 1991 – 1998 Jerry D. Jackson (s.a.) 1998 - 2002 Beverly Cheryl Jackson-Smith (f) (b. 1954) (1st time) 2002 - 2010 Christine M. Jackson-Norris (f) (b. 1955) 2010 - 2022 Beverly Cheryl Jackson-Smith (f) (s.a.) (2nd time) 2022 - Libby Rogers (f) Tunica-Biloxi
1768 - 1778 Allied with the British. 1779 Spanish land grant. 1921 Tunica are joined by Biloxi. 23 Jul 1981 Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe federally recognized. 1992 Gaming compact. Grand Chiefs of Tunica c.1541 Pacaha bf.1721 - 1731 Cahura Joligo (d. 1731) c.1779 Mingo Falaya Chiefs of Tunica (from 1921, Tunica-Biloxi) c.1812 Valentine 18.. - 1841 Melancon (d. 1841) 1841 - 187. Zenon La Joie 187. - 1911 Valsin (Volsin) Chiqui Jun 1911 - 1921 Sesostris Youchican (d. 194.) (Sesostrie Youchicant) 1921 - 1936 Ernest Pierite (d. 1936) 1936 - 1948 Eli Barbry (b. 1877 - d. 1956) 1948 - 1955 Horace Pierite, Jr. (b. 1908 - d. 1985) 1955 - 16 Mar 1976 Joseph A. Pierite, Sr. (b. 1900 - d. 1976) Chairmen 1973 - 1978 Joseph "Joe" Pierite, Jr. 1978 - 31 Jul 2013 Earl J. Barbry (b. 1950 - d. 2013) 24 Aug 2013 - 2014 Marshall Pierite (1st time) 2014 - 2018 Joey P. Barbry (b. 1978) 2018 - Marshall Pierite (2nd time) British commissaries to the Small Tribes on the Lower Mississippi (also deputy superintendents for Choctaw, Chickasaw and Small Tribes 1766-1779) 1764 - 1770 Charles Stuart (1st time) (d. 1780) 1770 - 1772 John Thomas (d. 1776) 1772 - 1780 Charles Stuart (2nd time) (s.a.) Maine Mik’maq Nation (Aroostook Band of Micmacs)
26 Nov 1991 Federal Recognition granted (Aroostook Band of Micmacs), remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Jan 2022 Renamed Mik’maq Nation. Presidents 1984 - 1985 Donald Sanipass (1st time) 1985 - 1986 Paul Phillips 1986 - 1987 Donald Sanipass (2nd time) 1987 - 1988 David Sanipass 1988 - 1989 Wesley Miller 1989 - 1991 Mary Philbrook (f) Chiefs 1992 - 1994 Mary Philbrook (f)(1st time) 1994 - 1995 Roger Pictou 1995 - 1997 Mary Philbrook (f)(2nd time) 1997 - 1999 Richard Getchell (1st time) 1999 - 2007 William W. Phillips 2007 - 2011 Victoria Higgins (f) 2011 - 2013 Richard Getchell (2nd time) 2013 - Edward Peter-Paul Houlton Maliseet
under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Chairmen 1977 - 1982 Terry C. Polchies 1982 - 1984 Jim Thomas 1984 - 1997 Clair Sabattis 1997 – 2002 Brenda Commander (f) Chiefs 2002 - 2017 Brenda Commander (f) 2017 - Clarissa Sabattis (f) Passamaquoddy
1713 – 1775 Ally (later subject) of the British. 1794 Reservations established by the state. 1852 Divided into two governments (Indian Township and Pleasant Point), but remains single tribe. 1972 Recognized by the U.S. (Passamaquoddy Tribe). Chiefs (title: Sakom) c.1604 Esauqueet c.16.. Agoumett c.1689 Michel Neptune I bf.1725 - af.1749 Pierre-Paul Neptune c.1760 Michel Neptune II 17.. – 1778 Jean-Baptiste Neptune (b. c.1718 – d. 1778) Governors 1778 – 1834 Francis Joseph Neptune (b. c.1735 – d. 1834) 1834 – 1852 John Francis Neptune (d. 1875) (from 183., governor of the Old Party) 183. – 1852 .... (in opposition; governors of the New Party) Governors of Indian Township 1852 - 1875 John Francis Neptune (s.a.) c.1882 Tomah Joseph (b. 1837 – d. 1914) 1953 - af.1971 John Stevens (1st time) (b. 1933) 1972 - 1976 Allen J. Sockabasin (b. 1944 – d. 2018) 1976 - 1978 John Stevens (2nd time) (s.a.) 1978 - 1980 Harold J. Lewey (b. 1933 – d. 2015) 1980 - 1986 John Stevens (3rd time) (s.a.) 1986 - Mar 1993 Robert L. Newell (1st time) (b. 1943) Mar 1993 - 1998 John Stevens (4th time) (s.a.) 1 Oct 1998 - 2002 Richard Stevens 2002 - 1 Oct 2006 Robert L. Newell (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Oct 2006 - 2010 William J. Nicholas 3 Dec 2010 - 2013 Joseph Socobasin Chiefs of Indian Township 2013 – 1 Oct 2014 Joseph Socobasin 1 Oct 2014 - William J. Nicholas Governors of Pleasant Point 1852 - 18.. Selmore Francis 18.. - 1916 .... 1916 - af.1920 William Neptune c.1965 George Francis bf.1967 - af.1969 Joseph Mitchell bf.1971 - af.1973 Eugene Francis 1974 - 1978 Francis J. Nicholas (b. 1928 – d. 2008) 1978 - 1980 Robert L. Newell (s.a.) 1980 - 1982 J. Hartley Nicholas 1982 – 1984 Ralph F. Dana 1984 - 1986 Cliv Dore (1st time) 1986 - Nov 1991 Melvin J. Francis (1st time) (b. 1945 – d. 2006) Nov 1991 - Apr 1997 Cliv Dore (2nd time) Apr 1997 - 2002 Richard M. Doyle (1st time) 2002 - Jan 2006 Melvin J. Francis (2nd time) (s.a.) Jan 2006 - Oct 2006 Mark Altvater (acting) 2006 – 2010 Richard M. Doyle (2nd time) 2010 - 2013 Reuben "Clayton" Cleaves Chiefs of Pleasant Point 2013 – 1 Oct 2014 Reuben "Clayton" Cleaves 1 Oct 2014 - Oct 2015 Frederick Moore Oct 2015 - Oct 2016 Vera J. Francis (f) (acting) Oct 2016 - Oct 2018 Ralph E. Dana Oct 2018 - Dec 2020 Marla Dana (f) Dec 2020 - Oct 2022 Elizabeth "Maggie" Dana (f) Oct 2022 - Oct 2023 Rena D. Newell (f) Oct 2023 - Pos Bassett (f) Penobscot Nation ![]() 1650 – 1713 In alliance with the French. 1713 – 1775 Ally (later subject) of the British. 1796 Reservation established by the state. 1972 Recognized by the U.S. (Penobscot Tribe). 1995 Self-governance agreement. 2012 Renamed Penobscot Nation. Chiefs bf.1568 – 1616 Bashaba (d. 1616) 1616 – 16.. Asticou 16.. – 16.. Assaminasqua bf.1667 – 1698 Madockawando (b. c.1630 - d. 1698) 1698 – 1724 Wenonganet (d. 1724) 1725 – 1730 Wenemouet (d. 1730) bf.1751 - 1757 Lolon Saguarrab (d. 1757) c.1759 Tomer (Tomasus) bf.1771 – c.1774 Osson (d. c.1774) Governors 1775 – 1801 Joseph Orono (d. 1801) 1801 – 1806 Vacant 1806 – 1809 Michael Attean (d. 1809) 1810 – 1815 Joseph Lorain (d. 1815) 1816 – 1858 John Attean (b. 1778 – d. 1858) (from 1838, governor of the Old Party) 1838 – 1866 Tomer Sockalexis (1st time) (b. 1802 – d. 1870) (in opposition; governor of the New Party) 1858 – 1867 Joseph Attean (1st time) (b. 1829 - d. 1870) 1868 Tomer Sockalexis (2nd time) (s.a.) 1869 Joseph Attean (2nd time) (s.a.) 1870 Tomer Sockalexis (3rd time) (s.a.) 1870 Attean Orson (acting) (d. 1874) 1871 Saul Neptune (1st time) 1872 Joseph Sockalexis (1st time) 1873 Saul Neptune (2nd time) 1874 .... [name not recorded] 1875 Sabattis J. Mitchell 1876 Joseph Sockalexis (2nd time) 1877 Saul Neptune (acting) (3rd time) 1877 Stephen Stanislaus (1st time) 1878 Joseph Sockalexis (3rd time) 1879 Stephen Stanislaus (2nd time) 1880 Sockabesin Swassian (1st time) 1881 – 1882 Stephen Stanislaus (3rd time) 1883 – 1884 Sockabesin Swassian (2nd time) 1885 – 1886 Stephen Stanislaus (4th time) 1887 – 1888 Joseph Francis (1st time) 1889 – 1890 Saul Neptune (4th time) 1891 – 1892 Joseph Francis (2nd time) 1893 – 1894 Sabattis M. Francis (1st time) 1895 – 1896 Francis P. Sockalexis 1897 – 1898 Sabattis M. Francis (2nd time) 1899 – 1900 Joseph Francis (3rd time) 1901 – 1902 Mitchell Attean 1903 Sabattis Glossian (d. 1903) 1903 – 1904 Lola Coley (acting) 1904 Newell Lyon (1st time) 1905 – 1906 Newell Francis (1st time) 1907 – 1908 Joseph Francis (4th time) 1909 – 1910 Sabattis M. Francis (3rd time) 1911 – 1912 Peter M. Nicola (1st time) 1913 – 1914 Horace Nicola 1915 – 1916 Newell Lyon (2nd time) 1917 – 1918 Newell Francis (2nd time) 1919 – 1920 Peter M. Nicola (2nd time) 1921 – 1922 Nicholas Solomon 1923 – 1924 .... (name not recorded) 1925 – 1926 John Nelson 1927 – 1928 Newell Tomer (d. 1928) 1928 Lester Bassett (acting) 1928 Louis Nicholas (1st time) 1929 – 1930 George C. Dana 1931 – 1932 Louis Nicholas (2nd time) 1933 John T. Ranco 1933 – 1936 Howard M. Ranco 1937 – 1938 James Lewis (1st time) 1939 – 1940 Horace Nelson 1941 – 1942 James Lewis (2nd time) 1943 – 1944 Theodore B. Mitchell 1945 – 1946 James Lewis (3rd time) 1947 – 1956 Albert J. Nicola (1st time) 1957 – 1960 Francis J. Ranco (1st time) 1961 – 1962 Albert J. Nicola (2nd time) 1963 – 1964 Ernest Goslin 1965 – 1966 Francis J. Ranco (2nd time) 1967 – 1970 John M. Mitchell, Sr. 1970 – 1972 Francis J. Ranco (3rd time) 1972 – 1974 Matthew P. Sappier 1974 – 1978 Nicholas Sapiel 1978 – 1980 Wilfred Pehrson 1980 – 1986 Timothy R. Love 1986 – 1988 James G. Sappier (1st time) 1988 – 1989 Francis D. Mitchell 1989 Phillip Guimond, Jr. (acting) 1989 – 1992 James G. Sappier (2nd time) 1992 – 1994 Geraldo R. Pardilla (b. 1958) 1994 – 1996 Richard H. Hamilton (1st time) 1996 – 1998 Francis D. Mitchell (b. 1941 – d. 2005) 1998 – 2000 Richard H. Hamilton (2nd time) 2000 – 2003 Barry L. Dana Chiefs 2003 - 2004 Barry L. Dana 2004 - 2006 James G. Sappier 2006 - Kirk E. Francis (b. c.1969) Maryland None Recognized Massachusetts
set aside. 1870 Dissolved by the state. 1974 Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council established. 23 May 2007 Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Massachusetts federally recognized, no reservation as of 2014. 18 Sep 2015 170 acres in Mashpee and 150 acres in Taunton, are into trust on their behalf by the U.S. Department of Interior, establishing these parcels as reservation land. 27 Mar 2020 Bureau of Indian Affairs rules that reservation designation was rescinded and reservation disestablished. U.S. District Court ruling reverses this decision on 6 Jun 2020. Chiefs 1665 – 1720 Council of Chiefs 1720 – 1763 General Council of Proprietors Presidents (not recognized by the state 1833-1834) 1763 – 1788 Board of Overseers (elected annually; composition as of 1786 below) - Simon Ketour - Moses Pocknett - ...(name unknown) 1788 – 1833 General Council of Proprietors 1833 Ebenezer Attaquin, Sr. (b. 1786 - d. 1850) 1833 – 1834 Daniel B. Amos (b. 1804 – d. 1858) 1834 – 1870 Board of Selectmen (elected annually; composition as of 1834 below) - Isaac Coombs (b. 1774 – d. 1848) - Israel Amos (b. 1786 – d. 1862) - Ezra Attaquin (b. 1794 – d. 1876) 1870 – 1974 Abolished 1974 – Mar 1980 Russell M. Peters (1st time) (b. 1928 – d. 2002) Mar 1980 – 1984 Hannah M. Averette (f) (b. 1918 - d. 1987) 1984 – 1986 Vernon Pocknett, Sr. "Sly Fox" (b. 1934 – d. 1999) 1986 – 1992 Joan Tavares-Avant (f) (b. 1940) 1992 – Oct 1992 Earl "Guy" Cash Oct 1992 - 2000 Russell M. Peters (2nd time) (s.a.) 2000 - 27 Aug 2007 Glenn A. Marshall (b. 1949) Chairmen Aug 2007 - 2009 Shawn W. Hendricks 2009 - 2021 Cedric Cromwell (b. 1965) 2021 - Brian M. Weeden Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) 1711 Reservation (to 1862 Indian Plantation, from 1862 Indian District) set aside. 1870 Dissolved by the state. Nov 1972 Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc. formed. 10 Apr 1987 Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) federally recognized, remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 2001 Self-governance agreement. Grand Chiefs of Wampanoag bf.1620 – 1661 Massasoit (b. c.1580 – d. 1661) 1661 – 1662 Alexander (Wamsutta) (b. c.1621 – d. 1662) 1662 – 1676 Philip (Metacomet) (b. c.1638 – d. 1676) Chiefs of Gay Head 1675 – 1683 Mittark (d. 1683) 1683 – 1687 Joseph Mittark (d. bf.1705) 1687 – 1727 None 1727 – 1855 General Council of Proprietors Presidents 1855 – 1862 Board of Overseers (elected annually; composition as of 1855 below) - Zacheus Howwaswee (b. 1792 – d. 1873) - Samuel Peters (b. 1809 – d. 1880) - Aaron Cooper (b. 1822 – d. 1900) 1862 – 1870 Board of Selectmen (elected annually; composition as of 1869 below) - Isaac D. Rose (b. 1812 – d. 1880) - Aaron Cooper (s.a.) - Thomas Jeffers (b. 1829 – d. 1916) 1870 – 1972 Abolished 1972 – 1976 Beatrice Vanderhoop Gentry (f) (b. 1910 - d. 2013) 1976 – 1979 Wenonah Madison Silva (f) (d. 1992) 1979 – 1987 Gladys A. Widdiss (f) (b. 1914 - d. 2012) Chairmen 1987 - 1991 Donald A. Widdiss (1st time) 1992 - 2005 Beverly M. Wright (f) 2005 - 2008 Donald A. Widdiss (2nd time) 2008 - 2014 Cheryl Andrews-Maltais (f) (1st time) 2014 - 2016 Tobias Vanderhoop 2016 - Cheryl Andrews-Maltais (f) (2nd time)
1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 1935 Recognized as reservation. 4 Nov 1936 Bay Mills Indian Community. 1953 Separation by off-reservation Indians (later Sault Ste. Marie Chippewa). 1982 – 2000 Bay Mills Indian Community of Sault Ste. Marie Band of Chippewa (on the U.S. list of tribal names). 1993 Gaming compact. Chiefs of Bay Mills (to the 1860's, Waishkey Bay) c.1822 - af.1838 Wayeshkad "The Beginning" (b. c.1778 – d. 1855) c.1855 .... "The Son" bf.1857 - af.1870 John W. Waishkey (b. c.1816 – d. 1879) bf.1886 - af.1900 William "Big Bill" Waishkey bf.1910 - af.1920 Andrew Waishkey Chairmen bf.1915 - af.1920 John M. Lufkins? (described as leader of the Business Committee) 19.. – 1937 .... Presidents 6 Mar 1937 - 1 Jun 1937 Herman E. Cameron (1st time) 1 Jun 1937 - 1939 Lucy M. LeBlanc (f) 1939 - 1941 John H. Cameron 1941 D. Henry Teeple 30 Jun 1941 - 1945 George W. Teeple 1945 - 1953 William L. LeBlanc 1953 - 1961 Arthur L. LeBlanc (1st time) 1961 - 1963 Irma G. Parrish (f) 1963 - 1967 Herman E. Cameron (2nd time) 1967 Albert B. LeBlanc (1st time) 1967 – 1969 Maurice LeBlanc 1969 – 1971 Albert B. LeBlanc (2nd time) 1971 - 1973 Donald W. Parish 1973 - 1975 Michael C. Parish 1975 - 1979 Arthur L. LeBlanc (2nd time) 1979 - 1987 Wade I. Teeple 1987 - 1989 Clinton J. Parish 1989 - 2001 Jeffrey D. Parker (1st time) 2001 - 2003 L. John Lufkins 2003 - 2012 Jeffrey D. Parker (2nd time) 2012 - 2013 Kurt Perron 2013 - 2017 Levi Carrick 2017 - 19 Feb 2021 Bryan Todd Newland (b. c.1980) 19 Feb 2021 - 19 Mar 2021 Brenda Bjork (f) (acting) 19 Mar 2021 - Whitney B. Gravelle (f) Grand Traverse Ottawa and Chippewa
1795
Under the U.S. protection
(Grand Traverse Bay Bands of Ottawa).
Forest County Potawatomi). 1935 Wisconsin Potawatomi in Michigan, a separate tribe. Jul 1936 Hannahville Indian Community. 1982 – 2000 Hannahville Indian Community of Wisconsin Potawatomi (on the U.S. list of tribal names). 1993 Gaming compact. Chief (informal) c.1870 – 1882 Sah-pen-aiss "Yellow Bird" (d. 1882) Chairmen c.1937 Frank Elie (d. 1954) c.196. Genevieve Sagataw (f) (b. 1924 - d. 2011) c.1967 - c.1971 Omar "Joe" Sagataw 1972 - 1974 James McCulloch 1974 - c.1978 Sally Halfaday (f) 197. - af.1984 Henry Philemon (1st time) c.1985 Theodore Wandahsega bf.1986 - 1990 Henry Philemon (2nd time) 1990 - Kenneth Meshigaud
1826
Under the U.S. protection (L'Anse Band of Chippewa). 1826
Under the U.S.
protection (Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa). 1795
Under the U.S. protection
(Grand River Bands of Ottawa). 1795
Under the U.S. protection (Little
Traverse Bay Bands of Ottawa). British Deputy Superintendent and Agent for
Mackinac tribes Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Pottawatomi
1821
One of several
tracts of St. Joseph Potawatomi
c.1712 - 1761
French ally. Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians,
Michigan & Indiana
c.1750 –
1761
Allied with the French.
1763 – 1820 Allied with the British. 1820 Under the U.S. protection (Sault Ste. Marie Bands of Chippewa), the British party (modern Batchewana and Garden River, in Canada) separated. 1822 – 1835 Sault Ste. Marie Indian Agency established (re-established 1934). 1836 Reservation (several tracts) established. 1876 Reservation dissolved (according to the treaty of 1855), except the tract at Bay Mills. 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 24 Dec 1953 Off-reservation Sugar Island Chippewa (from 1959 named Original Bands of Sault Ste. Marie Chippewa) begin attempt to complete separation from Bay Mills. 7 Sep 1972 Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan, recognized by the U.S. 7 Mar 1974 Sault Ste. Marie Indian Reservation established. 1993 Gaming compact. 1995 Self-governance agreement. First chiefs c.1763 Gichi-Ojidiben "Great Crane" bf.1779 - af.1794 Maidosagee (Anglicized spelling) bf.1811 – 1813 Waabijaagi "White Crane" (d. 1813) 1813 – 1819 Zhingwaakoons "Little Pine" (b. c.1773 – d. 1854) (head chief of Garden River, in Canada 1835 – 1854) bf.1820 - 1828 Zhingaabewasin "Image Stone" (b. c.1763 – d. 1828) 1828 – 1836 Gayaashk "The Gull" (d. 1836) 1837 Gabe-noodin "Soft Wind" (d. af. 1855) (appointed by the Indian agent) 1837 - af.1875 Ozhaawan-Akiwenzi "Revered South" (b. c.1786 – d. 18..) Louis Chairmen 1953 – 1973 Fred Hatch (b. 1901 – d. 1973) 1973 - 1987 Joseph "Joe" K. Lumsden (d. 1987) 1987 - 2004 Bernard Bouschor (acting to 1988) 2004 - 2008 Aaron A. Payment (1st time) (b. 1966?) 2008 - 10 May 2011 Darwin "Joe" McCoy May 2011 - 23 Aug 2011 Lana Causley (f)(interim) 23 Aug 2011 - Jul 2012 Joe Eitrem Jul 2012 - Jul 2022 Aaron A. Payment (2nd time) (s.a.) Jul 2022 - Austin Lowes (acting to Dec 2022) British Superintendent and Agent for Western tribes 1812 – 1815 Robert Dickson (b. 1765 - d. 1823) 1889
Reservation set aside
(to 1934, all Sioux lands in Minnesota were
c.1784 – c.1803 Allied with the British; by then the latter Minnesota Chippewa are divided into 3 groups: Lake Superior (in the east), Mississippi (in the center) and Pillager (in the west). 1825 Under the U.S. protection (Grand Portage from 1844, Bois Forte from 1854). 1851 Chippewa (1878 – 1922 White Earth, from 1922 Consolidated Chippewa) Indian Agency established (additional short-lived agencies: 1874 – 1922 Leech Lake [1879 – 1899 closed], 1908 – 1919 Nett Lake, 1909 – 1920 Fond du Lac, 1911 – 1919 Grand Portage). 1854 Reservations begun to be established (1854 Fond du Lac, 1854 Grand Portage [until 1913 named Pigeon River], 1855 Mille Lacs, 1855 Leech Lake, 1855 Gull Lake [on 19 Mar 1867 exchanged for White Earth], 1866 Nett Lake [for Bois Forte]). 1889 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920 all of Leech Lake and White Earth, and majority of others were citizens), the assets of all the bands (to 1902 including Red Lake) merged into single Chippewa in Minnesota Fund. 1898 Reservations opened to the non-Indian settlement (largely not effected on Grand Portage and Nett Lake). May 1913 – 1927 General Council of the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota organized, the constitution adopted, the authority of chiefs deemed to have ceased. 24 Jul 1936 Minnesota Chippewa Tribe established, composed of 6 bands (Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, White Earth), after 1964 the bands are self-governing. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement (Bois Forte until 1975). 1990 Gaming compacts with the state by 5 bands (by White Earth in 1991). 1993 Self-governance agreements begun with the US (in 1993 Mille Lacs, 1995 Fond du Lac, 1999 Bois Forte, 1999 Grand Portage, and 1999 Leech Lake, and 2007 White Earth). Presidents 1913/14 - 1916 John G. Morrison (1st time) 1916 – Jul 1917 James I. Coffey (1st time) Jul 1917- af.1920 John G. Morrison (2nd time) Apr 1918 – Jul 1919 James I. Coffey (2nd time) (in opposition) Jul 1919 – af.1920 Benjamin Caswell (1st time) (in opposition) c.1921 Benjamin Caswell (2nd time) c.1922 John G. Morrison (3rd time) c.1924 Benjamin Caswell (3rd time) 1927 – 1936 Abolished 1936 – 1937 John Broker 1937 - 1938 John L. Pemberton 1938 – 1939 Edward M. Wilson (1st time) 1939 – 1941 Frank Broker (1st time) 1941 – 1943 Edward M. Wilson (2nd time) 1943 – 1945 William Anywaush 1945 – 1947 Frank Broker (2nd time) 1947 – 1949 Sam Zimmerman 1949 – 1950 Lawrence Connor 1950 – 1955 Edward M. Wilson (3rd time) 1955 – 1956 William J. Hanks 1956 – 1958 Lyzeme Savage 1958 – 1960 Simon Howard (1st time) 1960 – 1961 John B. Buckanaga (b. 1936) 1961 - 1964 Allen Wilson 1964 - 1970 Peter Dufault 1970 – 1974 Simon Howard (2nd time) 1974 – 1975 Harry Boness 1975 – 1980 Arthur Gahbow (b. 1935 - d. 1991) 1980 - 1994 Darrell "Chip" Wadena (b. 1939 – d. 2014) 1994 – 1998 Norman W. Deschampe (1st time) 1998 – 2000 Peter J. Defoe (b. 1939 – d. 2016) 2000 - 2016 Norman W. Deschampe (2nd time) Sep 2016 - 2018 Kevin R. Dupuis Jun 2018 - 2024 Catherine Chavers (f) Jun 2024 - Michael LaRoque bf.1854 - af.1866 Gabeshkodawe "Going Through the Prairie" bf.1880- 1910 Edaawaanikwebines "Twin-Haired Bird" (b. c.1810 - d. 1910) (= Farmer John) 1911 - af.1918 Debwewidam "Sound in the Distance" (b. c.1835 - d. af.1923) (= Moses Day) Chairmen 1939 – 19.. .... c.1967 Ira Isham c.1970 Daniel E. Morrison (1st time) (b. 1927 – d. 2005) bf.1974 - 1976 Harry Boness 1976 – 1984 Gary W. Donald (1st time) 1984 – 1986 Donald R. Hackey 1986 – 1988 Daniel E. Morrison (2nd time) (s.a.) 1988 - 1992 Eugene A. Boshey (b. 1932 - d. 2012) 1992 – 1996 Gary W. Donald (2nd time) 1996 – 1997 Clint Langren 1997 – 2000 Doris Isham (f) 2000 – 2004 Gary W. Donald (3rd time) 2004 – Jul 2016 Kevin W. Leecy Jul 2016 - Catherine Chavers (f) bf.1826 - 1835 Zhingob "Balsam Fir I" (d. 1835) bf.1837 - 1854/55 Zhingob "Balsam Fir II" (d. 1860) (original name Nindibens "Small Head") 1854/55 - 1894 Naagaanab "Foremost Sitter" (Joseph) (b. c.1800 - d. 1894) Chairmen 1939 – 19.. .... bf.1967 - af.1970 Sherman D. Smith 1974 - 1988 William J. Houle (b. 1931 – d. 2013) 1988 – 2004 Robert B. Peacock 2004 – 2006 Peter J. Defoe (b. 1939 – d. 2016) 2006 – 2007 Vincent R. "Butch" Martineau (interim) 2007 - 2015 Karen R. Diver (f) 2015 – Jul 2016 Wally Dupuis (interim) Jul 2016 - 2024 Kevin R. Dupuis Jun 2024 - Bruce Savage bf.1844 - af.1854 Zhaaganaashiins "Little Englishman" 185. - 18.. Adikoons "Little Reindeer" bf.1885 - af.1905 Memashkawaash "Strong Wind" (Louis) (b. c.1825 - d. bf.1921) Chairmen 1939 – 19.. .... c.1944 Alton Bramer 1954 – 19.. James S. Hendrickson (1st time) (b. 1929 – d. 2009) c.1967 Paul LeGarde bf.1969 - af.1970 Paul Cyrette bf.1975 - 1992 James S. Hendrickson (2nd time) (s.a.) 1992 - 9 Feb 2019 Norman W. Deschampe (b. 1953 - d. 2019) 2019 - 21 Aug 2020 Elisabeth Drost (f) 21 Aug 2020 - Bobby Deschampe (to late 1800's also head chiefs of Pillager Chippewa, title: Gichi-Ogimaa) bf.1805 - 1860 Eshkibagikoonzh "Flat Mouth I" (b. c.1774 - d. 1860) 1860 - af.1864 Bizhikiins "Little Buffalo" bf.1866 - 1907 Niiganibines "Leading Bird" (d. 1907) (also known as "Flat Mouth II") (in exile in Canada c.1885 - 1890) c.1886 Naawagiizhig "Noon Day" (acting) Chairmen 1939 – 19.. .... bf.1964 - af.1968 Allen Wilson bf.1969 - af.1970 David R. Munnell (1st time) bf.1973 - 1974 Simon Howard 1974 – 1976 David R. Munnell (2nd time) 1976 – 1988 Hartley F. White (b. 1925 – d. 2009) 1988 – 1992 Daniel S. Brown 1992 – 1996 Alfred R. Pemberton 1996 – 2002 Eli O. Hunt 2002 – 2003 Richard Robinson (interim) 2003 – 2004 Peter D. White 2004 – 2008 George Goggleye 2008 - 2012 Arthur LaRose 2012 – Jul 2016 Carri Jones (f) (b. 1979) Jul 2016 - Faron Jackson First chiefs
First chiefs of Sandy Lake
Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians
2 Oct 1863
Under U.S. protection (Red
Lake Band of Chippewa); the Red Lake
Mdewakanton Sioux, details under Lower Sioux). 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 28 Nov 1969 Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community. 1991 Gaming compact. 2004 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1969 - 1984 Norman Melvin Crooks (b. 1917 - d. 1989) 1984 – 1986 Susan Totenhagen (f) 1986 - 1992 Leonard Prescott 1992 - 25 Aug 2012 Stanley R. Crooks (b. 1941 - d. 2012) 2012 - 31 Jan 2020 Charlie Vig (b. 1960) 31 Jan 2020 - 2024 Keith B. Anderson 2024 - Cole Miller
1934
Separated from the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
8 Oct 1918 Recognized by the U.S. (Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians); the Choctaw Indian Agency established. 23 Dec 1944 Mississippi Choctaw Indian Reservation established. 20 Apr 1945 First constitution adopted. 29 Jan 1993 Gaming compact with the state. 1995 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Chairmen 1934 – af.1935 Pat Chitto 1945 - 1949 Joe Chitto (1st time) (b. 1890 – d. 1974) 1949 – 1951 Emmett York (1st time) (b. 1903 – d. 1971) 1951 – 1955 Joe Chitto (2nd time) (s.a.) 1955 – 1959 Emmett York (2nd time) (s.a.) 1959 - 1967 Phillip Martin (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2010) 1967 – 1971 Emmett York (3rd time) (s.a.) 1971 – 1975 Phillip Martin (2nd time) (s.a.) Chiefs (title Miko) 1975 - 1979 Calvin Isaac 1979 - Jul 2007 Phillip Martin (s.a.) Jul 2007 – Jul 2011 Beasley Denson Jul 2011 - Jul 2019 Phyllis J. Anderson (f) Jul 2019 - Cyrus Ben Missouri Sac and Fox of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska: see under Kansas
Siksika, Canada). 17 Oct 1855 Under the U.S. protection by the treaty with the confederacy (referred to as the Blackfoot Nation); the Blackfeet Indian Agency established. 16 Aug 1873 Great Blackfeet Reservation established. 19 Aug 1874 Formal division of Peigan into Northern Peigan (now Piikani in Canada) and Southern Peigan (increasingly named as Blackfeet, in the U.S.); separate tribal roll of the U.S. tribe created by 1882. 1 May 1888 Reservation divided into 3 reservations: Blackfeet, Fort Belknap and Fort Peck. 1922 First constitution adopted 13 Nov 1935 Blackfeet Tribe of Montana 1996 Gaming compact with the state. Head chiefs of Southern Peigan (title: Akokskina) c.1846 "Big Lake" bf.1855 – 1856 "Lame Bull" (b. c.1796 – d. 1856) 1856 – 1867 "Little Dog" (d. 1867) 1867 "Many Horses" (d. 1867) ("Sitting in the Middle") c.1868 "Calf Shirt" bf.1870 – 1873 "Big Lake" (d. 1873) c.1874 "Cut Hand" (acting) Head chiefs of Blackfeet (title: Akokskina) 1874 - 1877 Inaksapopi "Little Plume" (b. c.1837 - d. 1877) 1877 - 1903 Onistaipoka "White Calf" (b. c.1835 - d. 1903) [not the last chief] Presidents bf.1911 - 1915 "Wolf Tail" (b. c.1853 – d. 19..) 1915 – af.1921 Robert J. Hamilton (b. c.1870 – d. 1932) 192. – 1922 Joseph W. Brown (b. 1873 – d. 19..) Chairmen 1922 – 1923 Joseph W. Brown (1st time) (s.a.) 1923 – 1924 Robert J. Hamilton (1st time) (s.a.) 1924 – 1926 .... 1926 – 1927 Robert J. Hamilton (2nd time) (s.a.) 1927 - 1938 Joseph W. Brown (2nd time) (s.a.) 1938 – 1940 Stuart Hazlett 1940 – 1941 Levi J. Burd bf.1942 - 1944 Richard Grant 1944 – af.1946 Joseph W. Brown (3rd time) (s.a.) 1948 – 1950 Henry Magee 1950 – 1952 George Pambrun 1952 – 1964 Walter S. Wetzel (b. 1915 – d. 2003) 1964 – 1978 Earl Old Person (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 2021) 1978 – 1980 Daniel Boggs 1980 – 1998 Earl Old Person (2nd time) (s.a.) 1998 - 2000 William Old Chief (b. 1957) 2000 - 2002 Earl Old Person (3rd time) (s.a.) 2002 - 2003 William A. Talks About (1st time) 2003 - 2004 Jesse St. Goddard 2004 - 2005 William A. Talks About (2nd time) 2005 - 2006 Patrick Thomas 2006 – 2008 Earl Old Person (4th time) (s.a.) 12 Jul 2008 - 12 Aug 2011 Willie A. Sharp, Jr. (1st time) 15 Aug 2011 - Jul 2012 Terry "T.J." Show Jul 2012 - 10 Jul 2014 Willie A. Sharp, Jr. (2nd time) 10 Jul 2014 - Jul 2018 Harry R. Barnes Jul 2018 - Apr 2022 Timothy Davis Apr 2022 - 2024 Scott Kipp Jun 2024 - Rodney Gervais Chippewa Cree of Rocky's Boy
c.1885 Group of Chippewa (later known as the Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa) arrived from Turtle Mountain, North Dakota; joined by the Cree refugees from Canada. 7 Sep 1916 Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation established. 1917 Rocky Boy Indian Agency established. 23 Nov 1935 Chippewa Cree Tribe of the Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana (heading of the constitution, but not the text, uses word "Indians" instead of "Tribe"; in 1982 "Tribe" replaced by "Indians" in the list of tribal names published by the U.S.). 1993 Gaming compact with the state. 1994 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Chief c.1895 - 1916 Asiniiwin "Stone Child" (b. 1851 - d. 1916) 1917 – 1925 Tribal Council (originally 13 headmen) 1925 – 1934 General Council Chairmen 1934 - 1936 Malcolm Mitchell 1936 - 1937 Louis St. Marks 1937 - 1938 Dan Sangrey 1938 - 1939 Dan Belcourt 1939 – 1941 William "Bill" Morsette, Sr. (1st time) 1941 - 1942 Paul Mitchell 1942 – 1946 John Parker, Sr. 1946 – 1948 William "Bill" Morsette, Sr. (2nd time) 1948 – 1950 Jim Monteau 1950 - 1951 Joe Corcoran 1951 – 1954 Francis Four Souls (b. 1907 – d. 1984) 1954 – 1956 Joe Demontiney, Sr. (1st time) 1956 – 1958 Fred Nault 1958 - 1960 William "Bill" Morsette, Sr. (3rd time) 1960 – 1961 William Denny 1961 - 1962 Paul Eagleman 1962 – 1964 Ted Lamere, Sr. 1964 – 1966 Pete Sutherland 1966 – 1969 Joe Demontiney, Sr. (2nd time) 1969 – 1971 Joe Rosette, Sr. 1971 – 1985 John Windy Boy 1985 - 1992 Rocky Stump, Sr. 1992 - 1996 John "Roddy" Sun Child, Sr. (b. 1930 – d. 2004) 1996 - 2000 Bert Corcoran 2000 - 2004 Alvin Windy Boy 2004 - 2009 John "Chance" Houle Feb 2009 - 2011 Raymond "Jake" Parker 2011 - 2012 Bruce Sun Child 2012 - Mar 2013 Ken Blatt St. Marks (1st time) Mar 2013 - Jul 2013 Richard "Ricky" Morsette (1st time) (interim) Jul 2013 - Sep 2013 Ken Blatt St. Marks (2nd time) Sep 2013 - Nov 2014 Richard "Ricky" Morsette (2nd time) (interim) Nov 2014 Ken Blatt St. Marks (3rd time) Nov 2014 - Feb 2015 Richard "Ricky" Morsette (3rd time) (interim) Feb 2015 - Mar 2015 Ken Blatt St. Marks (4th time) Mar 2015 - Jun 2015 Richard "Ricky" Morsette (4th time) (interim) Jun 2015 - Jul 2015 Ted E. Whitford (interim) Jul 2015 - Nov 2016 Ken Blatt St. Marks (5th time) Nov 2016 - Harlan Baker
c.1750
Gros
Ventre (or A'aninin) tribe a part of the Blackfoot Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of Fort
Peck
1826
Assiniboine (or Nakoda) under the U.S.
protection. 1851 – 1855 Mato Witko "Crazy Bear" (b. c.1785 – d. 1855) 1855 – 1866 .... 1866 – 1896 Iya Sha "Red Stone" (b. 1833 – d. 1896) Head chiefs of Upper Yanktonai Nakota Sioux 1866 – 1872 Howa Sapa "Black Catfish" (d. af.1885) 1872 – af.1886 Mato Wakan "Medicine Bear" Chairmen 18.. – 1909 General Council 1909 – 19.. .... c.1921 Samuel Conger c.1924 Rufus Ricker 1927 – 1929 Joshua Wetsit (1st time) (b. 1887 – d. 1971) 1929 Charles Hall (president) 1929 – 1931 General Council 1931 – 1932 Joshua Wetsit (2nd time) (s.a.) 1932 – 1934 Gus M. Headrick 1934 – 1935 George Washington (1st time) 1935 – 1941 Charles Eder 1941 - 1945 George Washington (2nd time) 1945 - 1947 Carl Walking Eagle 1947 - 1949 Peter Eagle 1949 - 1951 David Buckles 1951 - 1953 William C. Knorr 1953 - 1957 Austin Buckles (1st time) 1957 - 6 Sep 1958 Dolly Akers (f) 6 Sep 1958 - 1959 George Thompson, Jr. (acting) 31 Jan 1959 - 15 Apr 1959 Roy L. Sansaver (acting) 1959 - 1961 Austin Buckles (2nd time) 1961 - 1971 William Youpee 1971 - 1973 Joseph Red Thunder 1973 - 1985 Norman Hollow 1985 – 1987 Kenneth Ryan 1987 - 1989 Raymond White Tail Feather 1989 - 1991 Lawrence "Larry" Wetsit 1991 - 1997 Caleb Shields 1997 Raymond "Abby" Ogle 1997 - 1 Aug 1999 Spike Bighorn 1999 Ray K. Eder (acting) (1st time) 1999 - 2003 Arlyn Headdress 2003 - May 2004 John Morales (1st time) 2004 - 2005 Ray K. Eder (acting) (2nd time) 2005 - 2007 John Morales (2nd time) 2007 - 2011 A.T. "Rusty" Stafne (1st time) (b. 1936) 2011 - 2013 Floyd G. Azure (1st time) 2013 - 2015 A.T. "Rusty" Stafne (2nd time) (s.a.) 2015 - 2023 Floyd G. Azure (2nd time) Oct 2023 - Justin Gray Hawk Crow Tribe of Montana
17 Sep 1851 River Crows under the U.S. protection. 7 May 1868 Crow Indian Reservation established. 1869 Crow Indian Agency established. May 1922 Crow Tribe of Montana, the by-laws adopted. 18 May 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 2009 Gaming compact with the state. Head chiefs of Mountain Crow (in the south) bf.1805 - 1836 Itchuuwaaooshbishish (b. c.1750 – d. 1836) "Red Plume" ("Long Hair") 1836 – 1862 Daxpitcheehisshish "Red Bear" (b. c.1807 - d. 1862) 1851 – 1858 "Big Shadow" (b. c.1800 – d. 1858) (jointly with the previous, in the east) 1862 – 1868 Awe Kualawaachish ("Blackfoot") (b. c.1795 – d. 1877) "Sits in the Middle of the Land" Head chiefs of River Crow (in the north) bf.1825 - 1834 Eelapuash "Sore Belly" (b. c.1795 – d. 1834) 1834 – 1867 Chiischipaaliash ("Rotten Tail")(b. c.1800 – d. 1867) "Twines His Tail" Head chiefs of Crow (title: Batse’tse-kyashe) 1868 – 1877 Awe Kualawaachish (s.a.) "Sits in the Middle of the Land" 1877 – 1886 Uuwatchiilapish "Iron Bull" (b. c.1820 – d. 1886) 1886 – 1904 Deaxitchish "Pretty Eagle" (b. c.1846 – d. 1904) 1904 – 1932 Alaxchiiaahush "Plenty Coups" (b. 1848 – d. 1932) ("Buffalo Bull") Chairmen 1911 – 191. Frank Shane c.1913 George W. Hogan bf.1918 - 1920 James H. Carpenter (1st time) (b. 1881 – d. 19..) 1920 - 1921 Ralph Saco 1921 - 1927 James H. Carpenter (2nd time) (s.a.) 1927 - 1934 William Bends 1934 - 1938 Hartford Bear Claw 1938 - 1941 Charles Yarlott 1941 - 1946 Henry Pretty On Top 1946 - 1954 Robert "Robbie" Yellowtail (b. 1889 - d. 1988) 1954 - 1956 William Wall 1956 - 1960 Edward "Posie" Whiteman 1960 - 1964 John B. Cummings 1964 - 1966 John E. Wilson 1966 - 1972 Edison Real Bird 1972 - 1974 David Stewart 1974 - 1977 Patrick Stands Over Bull (b. 1941 - d. 2015) 1977 - 1982 Forrest Horn 1982 - 1986 Donald Stewart 1986 - 1990 Richard Real Bird 1990 - 2000 Clara Nomee (f) (b. 1938 - d. 2012) 2000 - 5 Sep 2002 Clifford G. Birdinground 5 Sep 2002 - Nov 2002 Vincent Goes Ahead (acting) 11 Nov 2002 - Feb 2009 Carl E. Venne (b. 1946 - d. 2009) 2009 - 3 Dec 2012 Cedric Black Eagle 2 Dec 2012 - Dec 2016 Darrin Old Coyote Dec 2016 - Dec 2020 Alvin "A.J." Not Afraid Dec 2020 - Frank White Clay Little Shell Chippewa
along with the latter Chippewa of Rocky Boy. 1936 Non-Treaty Chippewa-Cree Indians of Northern Montana (headquarters in Great Falls). 1939 Renamed Pembina Band of Chippewa. 1949 Renamed Little Shell Band of Chippewa. 1977 Renamed Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana, constitution adopted. 20 Dec 2019 Recognized by the U.S., no reservation as of 2024. Presidents 1936 - 1963 Joseph H. Dussome (b. 1880 – d. 1963) 1963 - 1976 George St. Clair 1976 - 1978 John Contway Chairmen 1978 - 1979 George Plummer (b. 1906 – d. 1992) 1979 - 1980 John L. "Bud" Sinclair (d. 2008) 1980 - 1981 John Parker Shield 1981 Gerald "Jerry" Azure (d. 1981) 1981 - 1983 Ralph Doney 1983 - 1984 Howard Paul (acting) (b. 1913 – d. 19..) 1984 - 1988 Donald F. "Don" Bishop (b. 1938 – d. 1996) 1988 - 1995 Deborah Swanson (f) 1995 - 1996 Mack McGillis (acting) 1996 - 1997 James Parker Shield (b. 1951) 1997 - 1999 John Gilbert (1st time) 1999 - 2000 Tim Zimmerman 2000 - 2008 John Gilbert (2nd time) 2008 - 2010 John Sinclair (continued in opposition in Havre to 2012) 2010 - 2012 John Gilbert (3rd time) 2012 - Gerald Gray Northern Cheyenne
Arapaho). 10 May 1868 Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho ceded their land to the U.S. and are moved to the Great Sioux Reservation in South Dakota. 1874 Northern Cheyenne establish the Council of 44 Chiefs (title of chief: Veho), separate from the Southern Cheyenne. May 1877 – Apr 1879 Briefly displaced to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation in Oklahoma (in 1879, returned to Montana). 16 Nov 1884 Tongue River Indian Reservation established. 1886 Tongue River Indian Agency established. 19 Mar 1900 Renamed Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (former name remains in use until 1939). 1933 First constitution adopted. 23 Nov 1935 Northern Cheyenne Tribe. 1993 Gaming compact with the state. Sweet Medicine Chiefs (ceremonial leaders) bf.1868 – 1881 O’kohomoxhaahketa "Little Wolf" (b. c.1820 – d. 1904) 1881 – 1892 Vacant 1892 – 1900 Hahkota "Grasshopper" 1900 – 1911 Ve’ho’evo’ha "American Horse" (b. c.1842 – d. 1911) [not the last Chief] 1911 – 1940 Vacant Chairmen 1915 – 19.. .... bf.1928 – 1935 Clay T. Rowland 1935 Rufus Wallowing (b. 1887 – d. 1965) Presidents Dec 1935 - Sep 1936 Rufus Wallowing "Big Egg" (s.a.) (1st time) Sep 1936 - Jun 1938 Joseph White Bear "Black Ree" Sep 1938 - 31 May 1940 Eugene Fisher, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1878 - d. 1956) "Tall Buffalo" 4 Jun 1940 - Sep 1940 William Red Cherries "Oyster" (1st time) (interim) Sep 1940 - 19 Jan 1943 Eugene Little Coyote "One that Kills in the Morning" 19 Jan 1943 - 21 Mar 1943 William Red Cherries "Oyster" (2nd time) (interim) 22 Mar 1943 - 22 Jul 1943 John Stands in Timber (interim) (b. 1882 – d. 1967) "One that Stands in the Timber" Jul 1943 - Oct 1943 William Red Cherries "Oyster" (3rd time) 30 Nov 1943 - Sep 1944 William Red Cherries "Oyster" (4th time) Sep 1944 - 9 Jul 1947 Eugene Fisher, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) "Tall Buffalo" Jul 1947 - Sep 1948 John Russell "Bear" Sep 1948 - Sep 1952 Rufus Wallowing "Big Egg" (s.a.) (2nd time) Sep 1952 - 4 Mar 1955 Eugene Fisher, Sr. (3rd time) (s.a.) "Tall Buffalo" Mar 1955 - Sep 1968 John Wooden Legs (b. 1910 – d. 1981) Sep 1968 - Sep 1984 Allan Rowland "Ghost Bull" Sep 1984 - 2 Dec 1985 Windy Shoulder Blade "Beaver Heart" Dec 1985 - 30 Jan 1986 Mark Elk Shoulder (1st time) "Wondering Medicine" (interim) 30 Jan 1986 - 18 Aug 1986 John Buffalo Horn 18 Aug 1986 – 30 Aug 1986 Mark Elk Shoulder (2nd time) (interim) 30 Aug 1986 - 22 Sep 1986 Charles Yellowfox "Bird"(interim) 22 Sep 1986 - Sep 1988 Robert Bailey "He's Blue" Sep 1988 - Dec 1989 Edwin Dahle (1st time) 16 Dec 1989 - 18 Jan 1990 John Wooden Legs, Jr. (interim) "Mighty Eagle" 18 Jan 1990 – 1 Sep 1992 Edwin Dahle (2nd time) 1 Sep 1992 - Dec 1996 Llevando "Cowboy" Fisher (b. 1944) (1st time) Dec 1996 - Jan 1998 William Walks Along "Wolf Chief" Jan 1998 - Mar 1998 Norma Gourneau (f) (interim) "Sacrifices Woman" Mar 1998 - Nov 2000 Joe Walks Along, Sr. "Little Bear" Nov 2000 - Nov 2004 Geri Small (f) (1st time) "Lighting Woman" Nov 2004 - 28 Dec 2007 Eugene Little Coyote, Jr. 28 Dec 2007 - Mar 2008 Rick Wolfname (interim) Mar 2008 – Nov 2008 Geri Small (f) (2nd time) Nov 2008 - 16 Nov 2012 Leroy A. Spang 16 Nov 2012 – Jul 2013 John J. Robinson Jul 2013 – Oct 2013 Winfield S. Russell (interim) Oct 2013 - Dec 2016 Llevando "Cowboy" Fisher (s.a.) (2nd time) Dec 2016 - Oct 2018 Lawrence "Jace" Killsback Oct 2018 – Jan 2019 Conrad Fisher (interim) Jan 2019 - 17 Nov 2020 Rynalea Whiteman-Peña (f) 17 Nov 2020 - Feb 2022 Donna Marie Fisher (f) Feb 2022 - Nov 2024 Serena Wetherelt (f) (interim to Apr 2022) Nov 2024 - Gene Small Salish and Kootenai Confederated Tribes of the Flathead
16 Jul 1855 Under the U.S. protection (Confederated Tribes of the Flathead Nation); the Jocko (from 1910, Flathead) Indian Reservation established. 1910 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 28 Oct 1935 Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation. 9 Apr 1954 Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes successfully resisted the U.S. government attempt to terminate their tribes and reservation. 1963 – 1995 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1993 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. 2001 Gaming compact with the state. Head chiefs of the Flathead (largest tribe of the confederacy; title of chief: Ilmixwm) bf.1831 - 1841 "Big Face" (from 1840, Paul) (b. c.1750 – d. 1841) 1841 – 1870 Victor (Xwelxlcin "Many Horses")(b. c.1790 – d. 1870) 1870 – 1910 Charlo (b. c1830 - d. 1910) (Slmxe Qwoxwqeys "Little Grizzly Claw") (refused to settle on the reservation until 1891) 1872 – 1889 Henry Arlee (acting) (d. 1889) 1910 – 1941 Martin Charlo (b. 1856 - d. 1941) Chiefs of Upper Kalispel (Pend d'Oreille) (second largest tribe of the confederacy) 1848 – 1868 Alexander (Tmlxicin 'No Horses")(b. c.1808 – d. 1868) 1868 – 1897 Michell (b. 1805 – d. 1897) 1897 – 1929 Charley Michell (b. 1863 – d. 1929) 1929 – 1944 Moses Michell (b. 1886 – d. 1944) Chairman 1910 – 1921 Duncan McDonald (b. 1849 – d. 1934) Presidents c.1921 Thomas J. Burland 1923 – 193. Caville Dupuis (b. 1873 – d. 19..) bf.1933 - 1936 Joseph R. Blodgett, Jr. (b. 1877 - d. 1950) Chairmen 1936 – 1940 Edwin Dupuis (b. 1896 – d. 1976) 1940 – 1942 Eneas Granjo (1st time) (b. 1882 – d. 1957) 1942 Richard McLeod 1942 – 1944 Eli Gingras 1944 – 1945 Stephen DeMers 1945 – 1946 Lester Dupuis 1946 – 1948 Eneas Granjo (2nd time) (s.a.) 1948 – 1950 Walter W. McDonald (1st time) 1950 – 1952 Walter Morigeau 1952 – 1960 Walter W. McDonald (2nd time) 1960 – 1964 William E. Morigeau 1964 – 1966 Walter W. McDonald (3rd time) 1966 – 1968 Lyman L. Trahan 1968 – 1970 Harold W. Mitchell, Jr. (1st time) 1970 – 1972 Fred Whitworth 1972 – 1978 Harold W. Mitchell, Jr. (2nd time) 1978 – 1979 Thomas Swaney 1979 – 1984 Thomas Pablo 1984 – 1986 Joseph J. Felsman (b. 1932 – d. 2006) 1986 – 1987 Ron Therriault 1987 – 1996 Michael T. Pablo (1st time) (b. 1948 – d. 1999) 1996 – 1998 Rhonda C. Swaney (f) 1998 – 1999 Michael T. Pablo (2nd time) (s.a.) 1999 – 2006 D. Frederick Matt 2006 – 2010 James H. Steele, Jr. 2010 – 2012 Ernest T. Moran 2012 – 2014 Joe Durglo 2014 - 2015 Ronald Trahan (1st time) 2015 - 2017 Vernon Finley 2017 - 2019 Ronald Trahan (2nd time) 2019 - 2021 Shelly Fyant (f) Dec 2021 - Dec 2023 Tom McDonald Dec 2023 - Michael Dolson Nebraska Omaha Tribe ![]() 1815 Under the U.S. protection (Omaha Tribe), by then governed by council of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Sky chief formally sharing with the Earth chief, but a single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S. 1819 - 1925 Upper Missouri (1837-1856 Council Bluffs, from 1856 Omaha) Indian Agency established (closed 1849-1851, 1910-1914). 1854 Omaha Reservation established. 1883 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens), the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without formal opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 1936 Omaha Tribe, constitution adopted. 1953 - 1970 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1990 Gaming compact. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs (title: Ni’ka Gahi U’zhu) (to 1800 the Sky chiefs, afterwards the Earth chiefs) bf.1777 - 1800 Wazhin’ga Thabe "Black Bird" (b. c.1750 - d. 1800) c.1801 On’pon Thka "White Elk" (d. af.1820) bf.1811 - 1843 On’pon Tonga "Big Elk" (b. c.1772 - d. 1846) 1843 - 1853 James Big Elk (b. c.1822 - d. 1853) 1853 - 1855 Logan Fontenelle (interim) (b. c.1825 - d. 1855) (Shon’ge Thka "White Horse") 1855 - 1866 Joseph LaFlesche (b. c.1820 - d. 1888) (Inshta’ Monthe "Iron Eye") 1866 - 1880 Monhin’thin Ge "No Knife" (b. c.1820 - d. 1901) 1880 - 18.. Tribal Council [7, later 10 life chiefs] Presidents bf.1921 - af.1922 Thomas F. Walker c.1930 Edward Cline bf.1931 - 1936 Elwood Harlan Chairmen 1936 - 19.. Elwood Harlan c.1944 Amos Lamson (1st time) c.1947 Charles A. Walker bf.1951 - af.1953 Amos Lamson (2nd time) c.1954 Alfred W. Gilpin (1st time) c.1955 - c.1957 Gustavus White 1957 - Nov 1962 Alfred W. Gilpin (2nd time) Nov 1962 - 196. Louis Saunsoci 196. - 1965 Edward L. Cline (1st time) (b. 1925 - d. 2008) c.1965 Valentine Parker (b. 1931 - d. 2004) bf.1966 - c.1968 Alfred W. Gilpin (3rd time) c.1969 - c.1970 Edward L. Cline (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1970 - c.1975 Elmer LaFlesche Blackbird (b. 1921 - d. 2007) (1st time) c.1975 - 1980 Edward L. Cline (3rd time) (s.a.) 1980 Oliver Saunsoci (b. 1931 - d. 2008) 1980 - 1981 Elmer LaFlesche Blackbird (s.a.) (2nd time) 1981 - 1982 Doran L. Morris (1st time) (b. 1943 - d. 2006) 1982 - 1983 Wade Miller (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 1987) 1983 Elmer LaFlesche Blackbird (s.a.) (3rd time) 1983 – 1986 Wade Miller (2nd time) (s.a.) 1986 - 1992 Doran L. Morris (2nd time) (s.a.) 1992 - 1995 Rudi L. Mitchell 1995 - 1998 Gary A. Lasley 1998 - Nov 2001 Elmer LaFlesche Blackbird (s.a.) (3rd time) Nov 2001 - Nov 2004 Donald F. Grant Nov 2004 - Nov 2005 Orville Cayou Nov 2005 - Nov 2006 Eleanor Baxter (f) Nov 2006 - Nov 2007 Mitchell Parker Nov 2007 - Nov 2008 Ansley Griffin Nov 2008 - Nov 2012 Amen Sheridan Nov 2012 - Nov 2013 Rodney Morris Nov 2013 - Nov 2014 Clifford Wolfe Nov 2014 - Nov 2016 Vernon Miller Nov 2016 - Nov 2018 Michael Wolfe Nov 2018 - Nov 2020 Isaac Sherman Nov 2020 - Nov 2021 Everett Baxter Nov 2021 - Nov 2023 Leander Merrick Nov 2023 - Jason Sheridan Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
to Nebraska, initially settled on the Omaha reservation. 1881 Recognized by the U.S. as separate tribe, the U.S. citizenship granted. 1890 Ponca Reservation restored. 1936 Ponca Tribe of Nebraska, constitution adopted. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 27 Oct 1966 Federal recognition revoked, reservation dissolved. 31 Oct 1990 Federal recognition restored. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Chief (formerly the Earth chief of Ponca) 1881 - 1908 Manchu Nanzhin "Standing Bear" (b. c.1829 - d. 1908) Chairmen c.1934 Edward W. Peniska (b. 1886 - d. 1940) bf.1935 - 1936 Joseph J. Peniska (b. 1901 - d. 1966) Presidents 1936 - 19.. Joseph J. Peniska (s.a.) bf.1944 - af.1947 Otto Birdhead c.1948 Joseph LeRoy 19.. - 1966 .... Chairmen 1987 - 19.. .... c.1991 Gloria Chytka (f) c.1993 Deborah Wright (f) 5 Nov 1994 - 2002 Fred LeRoy (b. 1947 - d. 2012) 2002 - Nov 2006 Mark Peniska Nov 2006 - Jan 2011 Larry Wright, Jr. (1st time) Jan 201. - Mar 2014 Rebecca White (f) Mar 2014 - 2021 Larry Wright, Jr. (2nd time) Nov 2021 - Jul 2022 Rebecca Sullivan (f) (interim) Jul 2022 - Candace Schmidt (f) Santee Sioux ![]() c.1750 Seven Fires (Oceti Shakowin), a confederacy of 7 Sioux tribes (4 Dakota tribes, present Santee Sioux, Sisseton-Wahpeton and Spirit Lake; 2 Nakota tribes, present Crow Creek Sioux and Yankton Sioux; 1 Lakota (Teton) tribe, present Cheyenne River Sioux, Lower Brule Sioux, Oglala Sioux, Rosebud Sioux and Standing Rock Sioux), the Mdewakanton tribe of Dakota having precedence as the eldest ("parent") tribe; the last annual confederacy council was held in 1850. 1805 Mdewakanton and Wahpekute tribes (referred to as the Lower Dakota or Santee) of Dakota Sioux under the U.S. protection (then in central Minnesota). 1812 – 1815 Allied with the British during the U.S.-British war. 1819 – 1865 St. Peters Indian Agency established. 1851 Minnesota River Reservation established for the Dakota tribes (revoked 3 Mar 1863). 1 Jul 1863 - 1865 Displaced from Minnesota to the Crow Creek Reservation, South Dakota. 27 Feb 1866 Santee Sioux (also named Niobrara to c.1930) Reservation set aside. 1866 – 1917 Santee Sioux Indian agency established. 1889 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 3 Apr 1936 Santee Sioux Tribe 1953 – 2006 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 2003 Santee Sioux Nation 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Speakers of Mdewakanton and Wahpekute Dakota Sioux (title: Eyapaha) c.1815 Aampahaa [recorded spelling of title] c.1834 Shakpe "The Six" (b. 1794 – d. 1857) 183. – 1836 Wahpe Sha "Red War Banner" (b. c.1773 – d. 1836) 1836 – 1845 Cetan Waku’mani "Little Crow I" (d. 1845) (personal name Wakinyan Tanka "Big Thunder") 1846 – 1851 Wasu Cashtashni "Bad Hail" (d. af.1852) 1851 – 1858 Cetan Waku’mani "Little Crow II" (b. c.1810 – d. 1863) (personal name Taoyate Duta "His Red Nation") 1859 – 1861 Hihan Duta "Scarlet Owl" (b. 1813 – d. 1861) 1862 Wasu Hiyaya "Passing Hail" (d. 1867) Head chiefs (title of chief: Wicashta Yatapi) 1866 – 1876 Joseph Wabasha (b. c.1812 – d. 1876) 1878 – af.1885 Robert Hakewaste (b. 1828 – d. 1903) Chairmen c.1934 William Whipple bf.1935 - 1972 David Frazier (d. 1972) c.1976 Enid Goodteacher c.1978 Roger Trudell (1st time) (b. 1948) c.1980 Henry James c.1982 - 1985 Richard L. Kitto (1st time) (b. 1950 - d. 1995) 1985 – 1990 Donald LaPointe 1990 – af.1991 Daniel Denny bf.1993 – Aug 1995 Richard L. Kitto (2nd time) (s.a.) 1995 Richard Thomas (acting) 1995 - 2000 Arthur "Butch" Denny 2000 - Nov 2022 Roger Trudell (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 2022 - Alonzo Denny Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska ![]() 1728 - 1758 French ally. 1761 - 1814 Allied with the British. 1807 - 1837 Prairie du Chien Indian Agency established. 1816 Under the U.S. protection (Winnebago Tribe), by then governed by council of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Above (Wageregi) chief formally sharing with the Earth chief, but a single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S. 1832 Reservation established in Iowa (relocated in 1840), part of tribe avoided the relocation and remained in Wisconsin (see Ho-Chunk). 1846 Reservation established in Minnesota (relocated in 1848). 1862 Reservation temporarily set aside in South Dakota (relocated in 1863). 1863 Winnebago Reservation established in Nebraska (relocated in 1865). 1865 Winnebago Indian Agency established (closed 1879-1903). 1868 Laws of Winnebago Tribe adopted (contain some constitutional provisions). 1889 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 1929 First constitution adopted. 1936 Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. 1953 - 1986 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1995 Gaming compact. 2018 Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs (to 1859 the Above chiefs, LaSallieur unknown, "Little Hill" the Earth chief) bf.1812 - 1833 Kera Maniga "Walking Turtle I" (b. 1735 - d. 1833) (Kera Maniga chiefs also had office name Naga "Wood") c.1837 Kera Maniga "Walking Turtle II" (d. af.1850) 1845 - 1859 Wa’kaja Guga "Coming Thunder" (b. 1812 - d. 1872) (Algonquian name: Winneshiek) 1859 - 1864 Baptiste LaSallieur (b. 1799 - d. 1893) 1864 - af.1865 Shogoknika "Little Hill" (d. 1881) c.1868 Tribal Council [14 life chiefs] Chairmen bf.1929 - 19.. .... bf.1934 - af.1939 Frank Beaver (1st time) c.1940 William Davis bf.1943 - af.1962 Frank Beaver (2nd time) c.1965 Charles White Beaver c.1967 Ashley Rave bf.1968 - af.1970 Gordon Beaver bf.1972 - Nov 1977 Louis LaRose 1977 - 1987 Reuben A. Snake (b. 1937 - d. 1993) 1987 - 1988 .... 1988 - 1990 John W. Blackhawk (1st time) 1990 - 1991 Gerben Earth 1991 - 1997 John W. Blackhawk (2nd time) 1997 - 1998 Kenneth "Kenny" Mallory (1st time) Oct 1998 - May 1999 Daryl L. LaPointe, Sr. (b. 1950 - d. 1999) May 1999 - Oct 1999 John W. Blackhawk (3rd time) Oct 1999 - Oct 2000 Kenneth "Kenny" Mallory (2nd time) Oct 2000 - Oct 2006 John W. Blackhawk (4th time) Oct 2006 - Oct 2008 Matthew Pilcher (b. 1930) Oct 2008 - Apr 2015 John W. Blackhawk (5th time) Apr 2015 - Oct 2016 Darla LaPointe (f) Oct 2016 - Oct 2019 Frank White Oct 2019 - Oct 2020 Coly Brown Oct 2020 - Victoria Kitcheyan (f) Nevada Duckwater Shoshone ![]() 1 Oct 1863 Treaty with the U.S. by the Western Shoshone. 13 Nov 1940 Duckwater Shoshone Tribe, the Duckwater Reservation established. 1955 – 1975 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1994 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1937 – c.1939 Wagon Johnnie 1943 - 19.. Andy Thompson c.1950 - c.1953 Willie Johnnie bf.1976 - af.1978 Boyd Graham (1st time) bf.1979 - af.1989 Jerry Millett (1st time) bf.1992 - 1994 Boyd Graham (2nd time) 1994 – af.1996 Keith Honaker c.1997 Rodney Mike (1st time) bf.1999 – 2000 Timothy Thompson 2000 – 2002 Henry M. Blackeye 2002 – 2003 Rodney Mike (2nd time) 2003 – 2004 Perline Thompson (f) (1st time) 2004 – 2005 Jerry Millett (2nd time) 2005 – 2006 Ruby Sam (f) 2006 – 2009 Jerry Millett (3rd time) 2009 - 2015 Virginia Sanchez (f) 2015 - 2016 Perline Thompson (f) (2nd time) 2016 - 2017 Rodney Mike (3rd time) 2017 - 2018 Lorin Watson (f) 2018 - 2021 Rodney Mike (4th time) 2021 - 2024 Warren Graham 2024 - Debbie O'Neil (f) Ely Shoshone ![]() 1 Oct 1863 Treaty with the U.S. by the Western Shoshone. 27 Jun 1930 Ely Indian Colony established. 1955 – 1988 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 21 Apr 1990 Ely Shoshone Tribe. 1994 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1966 – 19.. .... bf.1976 - af.1979 Alfred Stanton (1st time) bf.1980 - c.1984 Wesley Allison bf.1987 - af.1990 Ben Reilley bf.1992 - 1996 Jerry Charles 1996 – 1997 Sally Marques (f) 1997 – 1999 Christine Stones (f) 1999 – 2000 Ron Apodaca 2000 – 2001 Arthur G. Kaamasee 2001 – 2002 Alfred Stanton (2nd time) 2002 – 2003 Victor McQueen (1st time) 2003 – 2009 Diana Buckner (f) (1st time) 2009 - 2017 Alvin S. Marques (1st time) 2017 - 2018 Victor McQueen (2nd time) 2018 - 2024 Diana Buckner (f) (2nd time) 2024 - Alvin S. Marques (2nd time) Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone ![]() 1906 – 1923 Fort McDermitt Indian agency. 16 Sep 1912 Fort McDermitt Reservation set aside. 2 Jul 1936 Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes. 2017 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1923 – 19.. .... bf.1936 - af.1939 Harry Lossing c.1940 Ross E. Hardin (1st time) c.1945 Willie Hardin c.1961 Ross E. Hardin (2nd time) c.1976 Stanley Smart bf.1977 - af.1978 Glenn E. Hardin (b. 1946 – d. 2008) c.1980 Glen Abel (1st time) c.1983 Daniel Snapp (1st time) c.1984 Glen Abel (2nd time) bf.1987 - af.1989 Daniel Snapp (2nd time) c.1990 Arnold Sam bf.1993 - 1994 Helen Snapp (f) (1st time) 1994 – 1997 Wilson Crutcher 1997 – 2000 Helen Snapp (f) (2nd time) 2000 – 2002 Dennis Smartt 2002 – 2003 Robert A. Garfield 2003 – 2004 Ernestine Coble (f) 2004 – 2007 Karen Crutcher (f) 2007 – 2009 Arlo Crutcher (1st time) 2009 Dale Barr 2009 – 2013 Billy A. Bell 2013 - 2014 Maxine Smart (f) (1st time) 2014 - 2016 Tildon Smart (1st time) 2016 - 2017 Bradley Crutcher 2017 - 2020 Tildon Smart (2nd time) 2020 - 2023 Maxine Redstar (f) (2nd time) (= Maxine Smart) 2023 – 2024 Arlo Crutcher (2nd time) 2024 Larina Bell (f) (acting) 2024 - Dackota "Natasha" York (f)
22 Jul 1970 Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians. 1994 Gaming compact. 2001 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1960 - af.1964 Raymond Anderson (b. 1920 – d. 1985) bf.1970 - 1978 Kenneth Anderson 1978 - c.1982 Gloria Yazzie (f) c.1982 – af.1984 Billy J. Frye bf.1986 - 1987 Lawana Ramos (f) 1987 – 198. Linda Rae Anderson (f) 1988 - 1990 Margaret Henry (f) Jul 1990 - 1993 Alfreda L. Mitre (f) (1st time) (b. 1954) 1993 - Jul 1994 Kenny A. Anderson (1st time) 1994 - 1998 Alfreda L. Mitre (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1998 - 1999 Kenny A. Anderson (2nd time) 1999 - 13 Jul 2002 Curtis Anderson (1st time) Jul 2002 – 2004 Gloria Hernandez (f) 2004 – 2008 Alfreda L. Mitre (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) 2008 - 2010 Benny Tso (1st time) 2010 – 2011 Lucille Campa (f) 2011 – 2012 Tonia Means (f) (b. 1964) 2012 - 2018 Benny Tso (2nd time) 2018 - 2020 Chris Spotted Eagle 2020 - 2022 Curtis Anderson (2nd time) 2022 - 2024 Deryn Pete (f) 2024 - Benny Tso (3rd time) Lovelock Paiute 12 Mar 1873
Moapa River Reservation set
aside. 1908 – 1925 Fallon Indian agency. 13 Aug 1917 Fallon Indian Colony set aside. 17 May 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 12 Jun 1964 Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony. Chairmen bf.1937 - af.1940 Willie Steve c.1963 Dell Steve c.1976 Chris Hicks c.1978 Donald Brown c.1980 George Johnny bf.1983 - c.1984 Alvin Moyle (1st time) c.1987 Richard Hicks bf.1989 - 1992 Merlyn David Dixon 1992 – 1996 Thomas C. Burton 1996 – 2000 Alvin Moyle (2nd time) 2000 – 2001 Lenora Rogers (f) 2001 – 2003 Donna L. Cosette (f) 2003 - 13 Nov 2012 Alvin Moyle (3rd time) 13 Nov 2012 - 2020 Len George 2020 - 2021 Alvin Moyle (4th time) 2021 - Catherine Williams-Tuni (f) Pyramid Lake Paiute 8 Dec 1859 Pyramid Lake Reservation set aside (formally in 23 Mar 1874). 1870 – 1933 Pyramid Lake Indian agency (1921-1930 closed). 26 Jan 1936 Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. Chiefs (title: Poinnabi) 1860 – 1871 Charley Numaga (b. c1830 – d. 1871) (Young Winnemucca) 1871 – 1874 George Curry (d. 1874) c.1880 Jim Mow-wee 1883 – 1919 David Numana (b. c.1836 – d. 1919) bf.1925 - 1934 Abraham Mauwee (b. c.1855 – d. 19..) Chairmen 1934 Dewey E. Sampson (b. 1898 – d. 1982) 1934 – 1935 Teddy James (acting) (1st time) 1935 – af.1940 Lawrence B. Williams bf.1949 - 1950 Avery Winnemucca (1st time) 1950 Albert Aleck (1st time) 1950 – af.1954 Avery Winnemucca (2nd time) bf.1955 - af.1956 Teddy James (2nd time) bf.1960 - af.1961 Albert Aleck (2nd time) bf.1964 - af.1966 Allen Aleck (1st time) c.1967 Wilfred Shaw bf.1969 - 1970 James Vidovich (1st time) 1970 – 1971 Teddy James (3rd time) 1971 – 1974 Mervin K. Wright, Sr. (b. 1939 – d. 2000) bf.1975 - af.1976 Allen Aleck (2nd time) bf.1977 - 1980 James Vidovich (2nd time) 1980 – 198. William Wadsworth bf.1982 - 1984 Roy Garcia 1984 - 1985 Alvin Kelly (d. 1985) 1985 - 1990 Joseph H. Ely bf.1992 – 1993 Elwood Lowery (1st time) 1993 – 1994 Alvin R. James 1994 – 1996 Norman Harry (1st time) 1996 – 1998 Mervin Wright, Jr. (1st time) 1998 – 2000 Norman Harry (2nd time) 2000 – 2002 Keith A. Mandell 2002 – 2004 Bonnie Akaka-Smith (f) 2004 – 2006 Norman Harry (3rd time) 2006 – 2010 Mervin Wright, Jr. (2nd time) 2010 – 2012 Wayne Burke (b. 1974 – d. 2012) 2012 - 2015 Elwood Lowery (2nd time) 2015 - 2018 Vinton Hawley 2018 - Dec 2020 Anthony Sampson Dec 2020 - Dec 2022 Janet Davis (f) Dec 2022 – 2024 James J. Phoenix Mar 2024 - Steven Wadsworth
1912 – 1925
Reno Indian agency. Shoshone-Paiute of Duck Valley 1 Oct 1863
Treaty with the U.S.
by the Western Shoshone. 14 Jan 1913
Summit Lake Reservation set aside.
1 Oct 1863
Treaty with the U.S. by the
Western Shoshone. 29 Nov 1859
Walker River Reservation set aside
(formally in 19 Mar 1874).
26 Mar 1917 Carson Indian Colony set aside. 16 May 1917 Dresslerville Indian Colony set aside. 24 Jan 1936 Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California. 1955 – 1975 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Jun 1966 Constituent self-governing communities established: Carson, Dresslerville, Woodfords, and (from 5 Sep 1990) Stewart. 2003 Self-governance agreement. Chiefs of Carson Valley (largest of 3 tribal groups) bf.1857 – c.1865 Henukeha "Captain Jim" (d. c.1865) 187. – 1909 Gumalanga "Captain Jim" (d. 1909) c.1913 Sam Pete Chairmen c.1934 – 19.. .... bf.1937 - 1939 Raymond Fillmore (1st time) 1939 - 19.. Willie Smokey bf.1940 - c.1954 Raymond Fillmore (2nd time) c.1961 Earl James c.1968 - 197. John Henry Dressler (b. 1916 – d. 1970) bf.1974 - af.1985 Robert L. Frank bf.1987 - 1990 Vernon Wyatt 1990 - 2006 A. Brian Wallace 1 Dec 2006 - 1 Dec 2010 Waldo W. Walker 1 Dec 2010 - Apr 2013 Wanda Batchelor (f) Apr 2013 - Nov 2014 Darrel D. Kizer Nov 2014 - Nov 2018 Neil Mortimer Nov 2018 - Serrell Smokey Winnemucca ![]() 18 Jun 1917 Winnemucca Indian Colony set aside. 1955 – 1975 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Chairmen (not recognized by the U.S. 2000 - 2012) c.1939 John Bliss c.1940 Andrew Cinnabar (spokesman) (d. 1964) 1971 – 197. .... c.1976 Doc Blossom bf.1978 - af.1984 Leo Snapp (b. 1932 – d. 2009) c.1987 Robert Harney 1990 – 2000 Glenn E. Wasson (b. 1924 – d. 2000) 2000 – 2001 William R. Bills (acting) (b. 1959) 2001 – c.2002 Allen Ambler c.2002 - 2005 Vivian Leyva (f) 2005 – 2012 Linda J. Ayer (f) (b. 1959) 2012 - 2014 Thomas R. Wassson (in opposition in Susanville, California 2002-2012) 2014 - 2017 Judy Rojo (f) (1st time) 2017 - 2018 Eric Magiera (1st time) 2018 - 2024 Judy Rojo (f) (2nd time) 2024 - Eric Magiera (2nd time) Yerington Paiute ![]() 18 May 1916 Yerington Indian Colony set aside. 4 Jan 1937 Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell Ranch. 2001 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1936 – 1937 Dennis Bender (b. 1909 - d. 1964) 1937 – 19.. Richard Conway (b. 1900 – d. 1986) c.1965 Frank Quinn (1st time) c.1967 Lindsey Rogers c.1976 Delmar Stevens (d. 1976) bf.1977 - af.1978 Linda L. Howard (f) (1st time) c.1979 Frank Quinn (2nd time) bf.1980 - c.1983 Linda L. Howard (f) (2nd time) c.1984 Rena Hamilton (f) (b. 1938 – d. 2013) c.1985 Ken Richardson c.1986 Linda L. Howard (f) (3rd time) c.1987 Richard Reymers bf.1989 - 1993 Linda L. Howard (f) (4th time) 1993 – 1997 Stacy L. Stahl (f) 1997 – 2000 Kenneth L. Roberts (b. 1960 - d. 2023) 2000 – 2003 Elwood L. Emm (1st time) 2003 – 2006 Wayne M. Garcia 2006 – 2009 Vince Conway 2009 – 2011 Elwood L. Emm (2nd time) 2011 – Jan 2013 Linda L. Howard (f) (5th time) Jan 2013 - Aug 2013 Delmar Stevens Aug 2013 - 2015 Linda L. Howard (f) (6th time) 2015 - 2020 Laurie A. Thom (f) 2020 - 2021 Genny Hatch (f) 2021 - Elwood L. Emm (3rd time) Yomba Shoshone
10 Jul 1937 Yomba Reservation set aside. 20 Dec 1939 Yomba Shoshone Tribe. 1955 – 1975 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Chiefs of Reese River (principal leaders in the southern part of the Western Shoshone country) c.1862 Tu-tuwa (Totoi) c.1905 Kawich Chairmen 1938 - 1939 Hicks Darrough (b. 1917 - d. 1959) 1939 – 19.. James R. Bobb c.1940 Willie Bobb bf.1976 - af.1980 Levi Hooper (1st time) bf.1983 - c.1984 William Rosse c.1987 Kenneth Smith bf.1989 - af.1990 Levi Hooper (2nd time) bf.1992 - 1993 Wayne A. Dyer (1st time) 1993 – 1994 Gerald Johns (1st time) 1994 – 1997 James W. Birchim, Sr. (1st time) 1997 – 2000 Kevin Brady 2000 – 2003 James W. Birchim, Sr. (2nd time) 2003 – 2005 Gerald Johns (2nd time) 2005 Lisa Cagle (f) 2005 – 2007 Dennis J. Bill 2007 – 2009 Wayne A. Dyer (2nd time) 2009 – 2010 James W. Birchim, Sr. (3rd time) 2010 – 2011 Wayne A. Dyer (3rd time) 2011 – 2012 David Smith 2012 – 2013 Elisha A. Mockerman 2013 - 2014 Wayne A. Dryer (4th time) 2014 - 2015 James Birchim, Jr. 2015 – 2016 Wayne A. Dryer (5th time) 2016 - 2017 Darryl Brady (1st time) 2017 – 2018 Birchim, Sr. (4th time) 2018 - 2022 Ronald Snooks 2022 - Darryl Brady (2nd time) (acting to 2023) New Hampshire None Recognized New Jersey None Recognized New Mexico Acoma Pueblo ![]() c.1100 Acoma (ʔáák’u̓u̓m̓é) Pueblo founded by the Keresans (one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the U.S.) 1599 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Acóma); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1995 Gaming compact with the state. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1692 Mateo 1839 Joaquin Seloso 1857 Jose Lovato 1863 Jose Miguel (1st time) 1866 Mariano Pancho 1871 Jose Miguel (2nd time) 1872 Jose Antonio Garcia 1877 Jose Berrendo 1884 Martin del Vallo 1885 – 1888 Solomon Bibo (b. 1853 – d. 1934) 1888 - 1911 .... 1911 - 1915? Lorenzo Concho (1st time) 1916 - 31 Dec 1919 Leo Garcia 1 Jan 1920 - 31 Dec 1920 Frank Ortiz 1 Jan 1921 - 31 Dec 1923 Juan Pablo Garcia (1st time) 1 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1925 James H. Miller 1 Jan 1926 - 31 Dec 1926 Bautisto Rey José 1 Jan 1927 - 31 Dec 1927 Juan Pablo Garcia (2nd time) 1 Jan 1928 - 31 Dec 1929 Juan Luis Haskaya 1 Jan 1930 - 31 Dec 1930 José L. Vallo 1 Jan 1931 - 31 Dec 1931 Juan Pablo Garcia (3rd itme) 1 Jan 1932 - 31 Dec 1932 Juan Luis Haskaya 1 Jan 1933 - 31 Dec 1933 Albert Paytiamo (1st time) 1 Jan 1934 - 31 Dec 1935 Bautisto Pino 1 Jan 1936 - 31 Dec 1936 James T. Vallo 1 Jan 1937 - 31 Dec 1937 José Leon Chino 1 Jan 1938 - 31 Dec 1938 Syme R. Sanchez (1st time) 1 Jan 1939 - 31 Dec 1939 Steve Orillo 1 Jan 1940 - 31 Dec 1940 Martin W. Pino 1 Jan 1941 - 31 Dec 1941 George Cerno 1 Jan 1942 - 31 Dec 1942 Antonio M. Torivio (1st time) 1 Jan 1943 - 31 Dec 1943 Vicente Ray Chavez 1 Jan 1944 - 31 Dec 1944 José A. Chino 1 Jan 1945 - 31 Dec 1947 Antonio M. Torivio (2nd time) 1 Jan 1948 - 31 Dec 1948 Martin W. Pino 1 Jan 1949 - 31 Dec 1949 Julian Chino 1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1950 Lorenzo Concho (2nd time) 1 Jan 1951 - 31 Dec 1951 Syme R. Sanchez (2nd time) 1 Jan 1952 - 31 Dec 1952 Albert Paytiamo (2nd time) 1 Jan 1953 - 31 Dec 1955 Castillo A. Vallo 1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956 Henry Vallo 1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957 José A. Chino (1st time) 1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1959 Frank L. Ortiz (1st time) 1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960 Sandy D. Vallo 1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961 Frank Estevan 1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962 Frank Torivio 1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Jerry Garcia 1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1965 Sam Victorino (1st time) 1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966 Frank L. Ortiz (2nd time) 1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967 Syme R. Sanchez (3rd time) 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968 José A. Chino (2nd time) 1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1970 Sam Victorino (2nd time) 1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971 Lorenzo Toribio 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972 Harry Martinez 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1974 Clyde J. Sanchez 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1976 Merle Garcia (1st time) 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1978 Stanley Paytiamo (1st time) 1 Jan 1979 - 1981 Raymond J. Concho (1st time) 1982 - 31 Dec 1985 Merle Garcia (2nd time) 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1987 Stanley Paytiamo (2nd time) 1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1990 Ray A. Histia 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1994 Reginald T. Pasqual 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1998 Ronnie Davis Shutiva 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2000 Lloyd D. Tortalita 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2002 Cyrus G. Chino 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2004 Fred S. Vallo (1st time) 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Raymond J. Concho (2nd time) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2007 Jason Johnson 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2010 Chandler Sanchez 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2012 Randall Vicente (1st time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Gregg P. Shutiva 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2015 Fred S. Vallo (2nd time) 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2018 Kurt Riley 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2021 Brian D. Vallo 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2023 Randall Vicente (2nd time) 1 Jan 2024 - Charles P. Riley Cochiti Pueblo ![]() c.1300 Kotyit (Kʾúutìimʾé) Pueblo founded by the Keresans. 1599 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Cochiti); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 2020 Self-governance agreement. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1880 Juan Jose Montoya c.1891 - c.1901? José Hilario Montoya c.1906 Santiago Quintana 1929 Salvador Pecos 1931 Marcial Quintana bf.1950 Epitacio Aquerro 1966 Fred Cordero 1968 Celestino Quintana 1978 Joe Quintana 1979 Isaac P. Herrera (1st time) 1980 Johnnie Bowannie (1st time) 1983 Dan Chalan 1984 Johnnie Bowannie (2nd time) 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Epifanio Mody 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Cedric Chavez 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Andrew Quintana 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Isaac P. Herrera (2nd time) 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Joseph C. Quintana 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Lawrence Herrera 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Joseph Henry Suina (1st time) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Isaac P. Herrera (3rd time) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Wilson A. Romero 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Regis Pecos 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Andrew Quintana 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Simon Suina 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Sam Arquero 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Leonard Trujillo 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Cippy CrazyHorse 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Ray J. Trujillo 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Joseph Ernest Suina 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 John F. Pecos 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Vernon M. Garcia 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Robert B. Pecos 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Phillip Quintana 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 J. Leroy Arquero (1st time) 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Joseph Henry Suina (2nd time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 J. Leroy Arquero (2nd time) 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Nicholas F. Garcia 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Eugene Herrera (1st time) 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Dwayne Herrera 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Eugene Herrera (2nd time) 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Charles Naranjo 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021 Joseph L. Herrera 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Phillip Quintana 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Everett P. Herrera 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024 Joel A. Arquero 1 Jan 2025 - Joseph B. Herrera Isleta Pueblo ![]() c.1300 Shiewhibak Pueblo founded by the Tiwas. 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Isleta); the land grant is issued 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico; the pueblo is abandoned 1681 - 1710). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1901 – 1935 Albuquerque (from 1919, Southern Pueblos) Indian Agency established (1914 – 1919 closed). 27 Mar 1947 First constitution adopted. 1995 Gaming compact with the state. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1710) 1863 – 1864 Simon Zuni 1899 Vicente Jiron 1912 Domingo Lucero 1916 – 1917 Juan P. Lente 1918 Bautista Zuni (1st time) 1926 – 1928 Jose Padilla (1st time) 1929 Juan T. Abeita (1st time) 1930 Domingo Lujan 1931 Pasqual Abeita (1st time) 1932 Jose Padilla (2nd time) 1933 – 1934 Juan T. Abeita (2nd time) 1935 Francisco Jiron 1936 Bautista Zuni (2nd time) 1937 Juan Lente 1938 Pasqual Abeita (2nd time) 1939 Jose F. Jojola 1940 Juan A. Abeita 1941 Bautista Padilla 1942 Frank Marrajo 1942 Elias Jiron (1st time) (in opposition) 1943 John R. Abeita 1944 Domingo Jojola 1945 – 1946 Andres Abeita 1947 Jose Rey Papuyo 1948 – 1949 Juan Jose Carpio 1950 Joe S. Abeita 1951 Juan Rey Abeita (1st time) 1952 Elias Jiron (2nd time) 1953 Juan Rey Lucero 1954 Carlos Jojola (1st time) 1955 Juan Rey Abeita (2nd time) 1956 – 1957 Ramon Zuni 1958 Remijo Jojola 1959 Joe L. Lucero 1960 John D. Zuni (1st time) 1961 Esquipula Jojola 1962 Carlos Jojola (2nd time) 1963 Lawrence Jaramillo 1964 Juan B. Jojola 1965 - 1966 Andy Abeita 1967 – 1968 John D. Zuni (2nd time) 1969 Pablo Abeita 1970 Alvino Lucero (1st time) 1971 – 1972 Juan B. Abeita 1973 – 1974 Alvino Lucero (2nd time) 1975 – 1976 Seferino Lente 1977 – 1978 John D. Jojola 1979 - 1980 Alvino Lucero (3rd time) 1981 – 1982 Frank Jojola 1983 - 1984 Andy Lucero 1985 – 1986 Alvino Lucero (4th time) 1987 – 1990 Verna J. Williamson-Teller (f) 1991 – 1992 Alex Lucero 1993 – 1996 Alvino Lucero (5th time) 1997 – 1998 Fred R. Lujan 1999 – 2004 Alvino Lucero (6th time) 2005 – 2010 Robert Jose Benavides (1st time) 2011 – 2012 Frank E. Lujan 2013 - 2017 Edward Paul Torres 2017 - 2019 Robert Jose Benavides (2nd time) 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2020 Max Zuni (1st time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022 Vernon B. Abeita 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Max Zuni (2nd time) 1 Jan 2024 - Eugene Jiron Jemez Pueblo ![]() c.1350 Walatowa Pueblo founded by the Towas. 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Jemez); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico; the pueblo is abandoned 1681 – 1692 and 1696 - 1706). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, Spanish land grant confirmed). 17 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 2011 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Governors (office established 1621, mostly interrupted 1680-1706) 1665 Matheo Pacheco 1849 Francisco Josto 1888 Agustin Cota 1923 Juan L. Pecos 1940 George Toledo 1958 Antonio Sando 1972 Pat Toya 1974 Vincent A. Toya (1st time) 1978 Louis Casiquito 1979 Frank Loretto 1980 Joe Sando 1983 Paul S. Chinana (1st time) 1984 Joe Loretto 1990 Rosendo Gachupin 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Joe V. Cajero (1st time) 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Paul Tosa (1st time) 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Jose L. Pecos 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Paul S. Chinana (2nd time) 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Randolph Padilla 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Leonard Loretto 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Vincent A. Toya (2nd time) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2000 Raymond Gachupin (1st time) 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Joe V. Cajero (2nd time) 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Paul Tosa (2nd time) 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Raymond Loretto (1st time) 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Paul S. Chinana (3rd time) 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Michael Toledo (1st time) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 James R. Madalena 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Raymond Gachupin (2nd time) 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Paul S. Chinana (4th time) 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 David M. Toledo (1st time) 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Joshua Madalena (1st time) 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Michael Toledo (2nd time) 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Joshua Madalena (2nd time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Vincent A. Toya (3rd time) 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Joshua Madalena (3rd time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Raymond Loretto (2nd time) 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 David Yepa 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Joseph A. Toya 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Paul S. Chinana (5th time) 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2020 David M. Toledo (2nd time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021 Michael Toledo (3rd time) 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Raymond Loretto (3rd time) 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Dominic Gachupin 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024 Peter Madalena 1 Jan 2025 - George Shendo Jicarilla Apache ![]() 1854 Abiquiu (from 1901, Jicarilla) Indian Agency established (1878 – 1901 closed; 1862 – 1876 there was separate Cimarron Indian Agency for the Llaneros). 1874 Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation set aside (abolished 1876 – 1880 and 1884 – 11 Feb 1887). 4 Aug 1937 Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation. 1995 Gaming compact with the state. 2000 Renamed Jicarilla Apache Nation. Chiefs of Olleros (the western division) bf.1849 - af.1854 Francisco Chacon bf.1868 - af.1873 Huero Mundo bf.1880 - 1886 Huerito Mundo Chief of Lllaneros (the eastern division) bf.1873 - 1886 San Pablo Head chiefs (title of chief: Nant’an) 1886 – 18.. Garfield Velarde (b. 1851 – d. 1958) c.1890 Augustine Velarde 1920 – 1937 General Council Chairmen 1937 – af.1940 Agapito Baltazar 1952 – 1954 Frank Vigil c.1960 - 1964 James D. Garcia 1964 – 1968 Charlie Vigil Presidents 1968 - 1972 Charlie Vigil 1972 - 1976 Hubert Velarde 1976 - 1988 Leonard Atole (1st time) (b. 1942 - d. 2002) 1988 - 1992 Levi Pesata (1st time) 1992 - Jun 1997 Leonard Atole (2nd time) (s.a.) 1997 - Feb 1998 Arnold Cassador 1998 - 1999 Ron Julian (acting) Jan 1999 - 25 Jun 1999 Arnold Cassador Jun 1999 - Jul 2000 Rodger T. Vicenti (acting to Sep 1999) Jul 2000 - Mar 2004 Claudia J. Vigil-Muniz (f) Jul 2004 - 2012 Levi Pesata (2nd time) 2012 - Jan 2016 Roger "Ty" Vicenti Jan 2016 - 2017 Wainwright Velarde 2017 - Jun 2019 Levi Pesata (3rd time) Jun 2019 - Jul 2020 Darrell Paiz Jul 2020 - 2024 Edward Velarde Sep 2024 - Adrian Notsinneh Santo Domingo Pueblo
c.1300 Gipuy (Díiwʾi) Pueblo founded by the Keresans. 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Santo Domingo); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico; the pueblo is abandoned 1681 - 1692). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1 Jan 2010 - Apr 2021 Renamed Kewa Pueblo. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1706 – 1715 Christophor Coris 1929 Jose E. Calabasa 1967 Diego Rosetta 1978 Valentino Garcia 1979 Alex Garcia (1st time) 1980 Reyes Quintana 1983 Alex Garcia (2nd time) 1984 Ramon C. Garcia (1st time) 1990 Ernest Lovato (1st time) 1992 Victor Reano 1993 Thomas Moquino 1994 Ernest Lovato (2nd time) 1995 Bennie Star 1996 Vidal Aragon 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Tony Tortalita (1st time) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Alex Bailon 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Tony Tortalita (2nd time) 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Ramon C. Garcia (2nd time) 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Ernest Lovato (3rd time) 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Everett F. Chavez (1st time) 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Sisto Quintana (1st time) 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Everett F. Chavez (2nd time) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Julian Coriz 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Nelson Pacheco 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Sisto Quintana (2nd time) 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Everett F. Chavez (3rd time) 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Tony Tortalita (3rd time) 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 David F. Garcia 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Sisto Quintana (3rd time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Felix Tenorio 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Oscar K. Lovato 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2016 Daniel Coriz 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Brian Coriz 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Thomas Moquino, Jr. (1st time) 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Joseph M. Aguilar 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Thomas Moquino, Jr. (2nd time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022 Sidelio Tenorio 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Esquipula Tenorio 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024 Frank P. Nieto 1 Jan 2025 - Thomas Moquino, Jr. (3rd time) Laguna Pueblo ![]() 1699 Spanish land grant (Pueblo of San José de la Laguna) to the Keresan emigrants from the Pueblo of Santo Domingo (modern Kewa Pueblo). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1897, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1 Jan 1908 First constitution adopted. 1997 Gaming compact with the state. Governors (office established 1699) 1855 Juan Pedro Garbiso 1866 Francisco Juancho 1877 Juan Analla 1880 Robert G. Marmon (b. 1848 - d. 1933) 1886 Walter G. Marmon (b. 1845 - d. 1899) c.1899 José A. Paisano c.1903 Martin Paisano c.1904 - c.1906 José M. Shocema 1908 William Paisano (1st time) 1910 Bautista Kawenicema 1913 William Paisano (2nd time) c.1932 Francisco Lorenzo (1st time) 1935 - c.1937 Walter Sarracino 1942 - 1943 John C. Sarracino 1944 John Alonzo c.1945 Francisco Lorenzo (2nd time) c.1949 John C. Sarracino c.1951 Francisco Lorenzo (3rd time) 1954 - 1955 Tom Dailey (1st time) 1956 John Paisano 1958 James Solomon 1959 Timothy P. Analla (1st time) 1960 Robert Pacheco 1963 Walter Sarracino 1964 Irvin Santiago 1967 - 31 Dec 1971 Tom Dailey (2nd time) 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1974 Timothy P. Analla (2nd time) 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1977 Roland Johnson (1st time) 1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1979 Floyd R. Correa 1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1982 Harry D. Early (1st time) 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1984 Edwin Martinez 1 Jan 1985 - 1988 Chester T. Fernando 1989 Delfino Begay 1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990 Conrad Lucero 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1994 Harry D. Early (2nd time) 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1998 Roland Johnson (2nd time) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2002 Harry D. Early (3rd time) 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2006 Roland Johnson (3rd time) 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2010 John E. Antonio (1st time) 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2014 Richard Luarkie 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2018 Virgil A. Siow 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2020 Wilfred Herrera (1st time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021 John E. Antonio (2nd time) 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Martin Kowemy 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Wilfred Herrera (2nd time) 1 Jan 2024 - Harry Antonio Mescalero Apache ![]() 1855 Mescalero Indian Agency established. c.1870 Lipan Apaches arrived from Texas. 27 May 1873 Mescalero Apache (to 1883, referred also as Fort Stanton Indian Reservation set aside. 25 Mar 1936 Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation. 12 Jan 1965 Renamed Mescalero Apache Tribe. 1995 Gaming compact with the state. Head chiefs of Mescalero Apache (title of chief: Nant’an) c.1830 – 1857 Barranquito (d. 1857) 1857 – 1876 Cadete (Zhee-es-not-son) (d. 1872) + Santana (b. c.1810 - d. 1876) 1876 – 1887 San Juan (d. 1887) 1887 – 1918 Peso (b. c.1850 – d. 1929) Chief of Lipan Apache c.1850 – 1915 Magoosh (b. 1821 – d. 1915) Presidents 1918 – 19.. .... c.1936 Victor Dolan 1938 – 1939 Asa Daklugie (1st time) (b. 1872 – d. 1955) 1939 – 1941 Samuel E. Kenoi 1941 – 1942 Homer Yahnozha 1942 – 1943 Eric Tortilla 1943 – 1944 Solon Sombrero 1944 – 1945 .... 1945 – 1948 Asa Daklugie (2nd time) (s.a.) 1948 – 1950 Rufus Sago (b. 1899 – d. 1970) 1950 - af.1951 Wheeler Tissnolthtos (b. 1898 – d. 1975) 1953 – 1956 Wendell Chino (1st time) (b. 1923 – d. 1998) 1956 – 1957 Fred Pellmann (1st time) (b. 1899 – d. 1985) 1957 – 1959 Wendell Chino (2nd time) (s.a.) 1959 – 1961 Virginia S. Klinekole (f) (b. 1924 – d. 2011) 1961 – 1962 Fred Pellmann (2nd time) (s.a.) 1961 – 1998 Wendell Chino (3rd time) (s.a.) 1998 – 1999 Paul Ortega 1999 – 2004 Sara Misquez (f) (b. 1945 – d. 2008) 2004 – 2008 Mark R. Chino (1st time) 2008 – 2010 Carleton Naiche-Palmer 2010 – 2012 Mark R. Chino (2nd time) 2012 – 2013 Frederick Chino 2013 – 2014 Sandra Platero (f) 2014 - 2018 Danny H. Breuninger 2018 - 2019 Arthur Blazer 2019 - 2021 Robert "Gabe" Aguilar Nov 2021 - Jan 2024 Eddie Martinez Jan 2024 - Thora Padilla (f) Nambé Pueblo ![]() c.1300 Nambe Owingeh (nɑ̃̀ŋbèʔ ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by the Tewas. 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Nambé); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1702 Francisco Cootu 1856 Juan Rosario Padilla 1864 Juan Ignacio Tapolla 1880 Antonio Jose Vigil 1929 Antonio Vigil 1940 Petocio Pena 1961 - 1964 Ernest Mirabal 1964 Marcus Johnson 1965 Amadeo Trujillo (1st time) (d. 1998) 1970 James B. Porter (1st time) 1972 James B. Porter (2nd time) 1974 - 1975 Amadeo Trujillo (2nd time) (s.a.) 1978 - c.1982 Gilbert Pena 1983 - 1984 Carlos Vigil c.1985 - c.1988 David A. Perez 1989 Tony B. Vigil (1st time) 1991 - 1992 Tony B. Vigil (2nd time) 1993 - 1994 Herbert Yates 1995 Tony B. Vigil (3rd time) 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1997 Lela Kaskalla 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 2001 David A. Perez 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2005 Tim F. Talache 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2007 Dennis Vigil 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2011 Ernest Mirabal 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2021 Phillip A. Perez 1 Jan 2022 - Nathaniel Porter Ohkay Owingeh ![]() c.1200 Caypa Pueblo founded by the Tewas. 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de San Juan de los Caballeros); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1901 – 1935 Santa Fe (from 1919, Northern Pueblos) Indian Agency established (1914 – 1919 closed). 1995 Gaming compact with the state. Nov 2005 Pueblo of San Juan renamed Ohkay Owingeh (ʔòhkèː ʔówĩ̂ŋgè). 2012 Self-governance agreement. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1680 Nicolas Bua (d. 1680) 1696 Miguel Saxete 1921 Ramos Archuleta 1929 Santano Archuleta 1935 Eliseo Trujillo 1940 Eulogio Cata 1972 Frank J. Cruz 1978 Vincent Martinez (1st time) 1979 Andrew Garcia 1980 Vincent Martinez (2nd time) 1981 Joseph A. Trujillo (1st time) 1983 Joseph A. Trujillo (2nd time) 1984 Richard Martin 1990 John Bird (1st time) 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Herman Agoyo 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Wilfred Garcia (1st time) 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Simon Cata 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Joseph A. Garcia (1st time) (b. 1953) 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Earl N. Salazar (1st time) (b. 1952) 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Joseph A. Garcia (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Earl N. Salazar (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Anthony Moquino 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 John Bird (2nd time) 1 Jan 2001 – 31 Dec 2002 Wilfred Garcia (2nd time) 1 Jan 2003 – 31 Dec 2004 Earl N. Salazar (3rd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 2005 – 31 Dec 2006 Joseph A. Garcia (3rd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 2007 – 31 Dec 2008 Earl N. Salazar (4th time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 2009 – 31 Dec 2010 Marcelino Aguino (1st time) 1 Jan 2011 – 31 Dec 2012 Ron Lovato (1st time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2014 Marcelino Aguino (2nd time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2017 Earl N. Salazar (5th time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2018 Peter Garcia 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2020 Ron Lovato (2nd time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022 J. Patrick Aguino 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Larry P. Phillips 1 Jan 2024 - Benny Lujan Picuris Pueblo
1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Picuris [Pueblo de Pikuria]); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico; the pueblo is abandoned 1696 - 1706). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1947 – 1955 Renamed Pueblo of San Lorenzo. Governors (office established 1621, mostly interrupted 1680-1706) 1680 Luis Tupatu (d. 1693) 1713 Geronimo Dirucaca 1715 Lorenzo Tupatu 1929 Reyes Mermejo 1932 Antonio J. Martinez 1956 - 1957 Thomas Martinez 1962 Alfredo Rael (1st time) 1967 Pat Martinez (1st time) (b. 1914) 1968 - 1969 Alfredo Rael (2nd time) 1970/71 Pat Martinez (2nd time) (s.a.) 1972 Alfredo Rael (3rd time) 1973/74 Joe I. Quanchello (1st time) 1975 Pat Martinez (3rd time) (s.a.) 1976/77 Joe I. Quanchello (2nd time) 1979 Bernard Duran (1st time) 1979 - 1980 Victor Martinez 1981 - 1982 Gerald Nailor, Jr. (1st time) 1983 - 1984 Bernard Duran (2nd time) 1985 Gerald Nailor, Jr. (1st time) 1988 Gerald Nailor, Jr. (2nd time) 1990 Richard Mermejo (1st time) 1992 Gerald Nailor, Jr. (3rd time) 1993 Manuel Archuleta (1st time) 1994 Reyes Martinez c.1995 - c.1997 Gerald Nailor, Jr. (4th time) 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1998 Manuel Archuleta (2nd time) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2000 Eagle Rael 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2002 Clarence Chile (1st time) 1 Jan 2003 - 2004 Gerald Nailor, Jr. (5th time) 2004 Clarence Chile (2nd time) 2005 - 2007 Richard Mermejo (2nd time) 2007 - 2008 Craig Quanchello (1st time) 2008 - 2009 Richard Mermejo (3rd time) 13 Jun 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Gerald Nailor, Jr. (6th time) 1 Jan 2010 - 2011 Manuel Archuleta (3rd time) 2011 - 31 Dec 2012 Gerald Nailor, Jr. (7th time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2014 Richard Mermejo (4th time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2016 Gary Pyne 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2023 Craig Quanchello (2nd time) 1 Jan 2024 - Wayne Yazza Pojoaque Pueblo ![]() c.1300 P'osuwaege Owingeh (p’òhsũ̀wæ̃̀gè ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by Tewas. 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo of San Francisco de Pojoaque); the land grant issued in 1699. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico; the pueblo is abandoned 1694 - 1706). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1995 Gaming compact. Governors (office established 1621, mostly interrupted 1680-1706) 1900 Jose Antonio Tapia 1900 – 1934 Vacant 1970 Tom Romero 1972 Alvin Duran 1974 Elizabeth Duran (f) 1975 – 197. Thelma G. Talachy (f) (1st time) c.1979 Jacob Viarrial (1st time) (b. 1946 – d. 2004) 1980 Raymon Romero bf.1982 - 1984 Thelma G. Talachy (f) (2nd time) 1985 – 2004 Jacob Viarrial (2nd time) (s.a.) 2004 – 31 Dec 2014 George Rivera 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2021 Joseph M. Talachy (b. 1981) 1 Jan 2022 - Jenelle Roybal (f) Sandia Pueblo
1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Sandía); the land grant issued in 1748. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico; the pueblo is abandoned 1681 - 1748). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1995 Gaming compact. 2010 Self-governance agreement. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1748) 1899 Mariano Carpintero 1915 Lorenzo Lucero 1923 Lorenzo Lucero 1931 Francisco Lauriano 1932 Lorenzo Lucero 1934 Juan A. Trujillo 1940 Ignacio Baca 1942 Juan H Lujan 1943 Francisco Lauriano 1944 Mike Avila 1950 Andres Lauriano 1953 Andres Lauriano 1960 Esquipula Sanchez 1961 Andres Lauriano 1962 Paul Chavez 1965 Esquipula Sanchez 1967 Paul Lujan 1968 Andres Lauriano 1968/69? Domingo Montoya 1970 Domingo Montoya 1971 Esquipula Sanchez 1972 Domingo Trujillo 1973 Esquipula Sanchez 1974 Moses Chavez 1975 Paul Lujan 1977 Moses Chavez 1978 Frank Paisano 1979 Inez Baca (1st time) (b. 1930? - d. 2001) 1980 Victor Montoya 1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981 Michael Avila (1st time) 1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982 George Montoya 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983 Bernardino Trujillo 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1985 Esquipula Chavez 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986 Michael Avila (2nd time) 1987 Inez Baca (2nd time) (s.a.) 19.. - 31 Dec 1990 Patrick G. Baca 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Reuben Baca 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Moses Chavez 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Inez Baca (3rd time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1998 Alex Lujan 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Inez Baca (4th time) (s.a.) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2005 Stuart Paisano 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Lawrence Gutierrez 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Victor Montoya (1st time) 1 Jan 2008 - Jun 2008 Robert Montoya Jun 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Stuart Paisano 1 Jan 2009 - 19 Oct 2010 Joe M. Lugan (b. 19.. - d. 2010) 19 Oct 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Myron Armijo (acting) 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2012 Malcolm Montoya (1st time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Victor Montoya (2nd time) 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Stuart Paisano (1st time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2016 Isaac Lujan (1st time) 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Malcolm Montoya (2nd time) 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Richard Bernal 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Isaac Lujan (2nd time) 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2022 Stuart Paisano (2nd time) 1 Jan 2023 - Felix L. Chavez San Felipe Pueblo ![]() c.1400 Katishtya Pueblo founded by the Keresans. 1598 Katishtya subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de San Felipe); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico; the pueblo is abandoned 1681-1692). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1995 Gaming compact with the state. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1972 Carlos Lucero (1st time) 1976 Henry Esquibel (1st time) 1979 Juan Valencia 1980 Joseph Sanchez (1st time) 1982 Frank Tenorio (1st time) 1983 Cisto Trancosa 1984 Henry Esquibel (2nd time) 1990 Anthony Ortiz (1st time) 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Frank Tenorio (2nd time) 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Carlos Lucero (2nd time) 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Joseph Sanchez (2nd time) 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Calvin Garcia 1 Jan 1996 – 31 Dec 1997 Lawrence Trancoza (1st time) 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Robert Valasquez 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Anthony Ortiz (2nd time) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Sam Candelaria (1st time) 1 Jan 2001 – 31 Dec 2002 Lawrence Trancoza (2nd time) 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Jimmy Cimarron (1st time) 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Harold Candelaria 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Jimmy Cimarron (2nd time) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Sam Candelaria (2nd time) 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Michael T. Sandoval 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Ronald L. Tenorio (1st time) 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Anthony Ortiz (3rd time) 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Feliciano Candelaria 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Raymond Sandoval 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Anthony Ortiz (4th time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Jimmy Cimarron (3rd time) 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Joseph E. Sandoval (1st time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Ronald L. Tenorio (2nd time) 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Joseph E. Sandoval (2nd time) 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2018 Anthony Ortiz (5th time) 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 James Candelaria 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2021 Anthony Ortiz (6th time) 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Carl Valencia 1 Jan 2023 - Anthony Ortiz (7th time) San Ildefonso Pueblo ![]() c.1300 P'ohwhóge Owingeh (p’òhxʷógè ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by Tewas. 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de San Ildefonso); the land grant issued in 1704. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1793 Antonio Guille 1896 Alfonso Vigil 1899 Francesco Vigil c.1910 Juan Vigil c.1923 - d.1925 Juan B. Gonzales 1929 Atalano Montoya 1931 Bernardo Sanrdons 1931 Julian Martinez 1932 Joe Aguilar 1936 Sotero Montoya 1939 Sotero Montoya 1940 Julian Martinez (b. 1879 - d. 1943) 194. - 1943 Sotero Montoya 1944 - 1945 Luis Gonzales (b. 1907 - d. 1990) 1946 - 19.. Dionicio Sanchez 1952 - 19.. Tony Martinez (= Popovi Da) (b. 1923 - d. 1971) c.1964 Abel Sanchez 1966 - 1967 Gilbert Benjamin Atencio (b. 1930) 1968 - 1971? Abel Sanchez (= Oqwa Pi) (b. 1899 - d. 1971) 1972 Ike Martinez 1976 - 1977 James Martinez 1977 - 1979 Jay Mountain 1979 - c.1981 Dennis P. Martinez (1st time) c.1983 - 1984 Jay Mountain 1985 - 31 Dec 1986 Gilbert Sanchez 1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1988 Luis Naranjo 1 Jan 1989 - 1990 Dennis P. Martinez (2nd time) 1990 - 1992 .... 1992 - 31 Dec 1993 Agapito "Pete" Martinez 1 Jan 1994 - 1997 Elmer Torres 1994 - 1995 Raymond Gonzales (in opposition) 30 Mar 1995 - Oct 1995 Randy Sanchez (acting for Torres) 1997 - 1998 Harvey Martinez 1998 - 31 Dec 1999 Terry L. Aguilar (1st time) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2001 Perry Martinez (1st time) 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2003 John Gonzales 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2005 Dale Martinez 1 Jan 2006 - Oct 2007 James Mountain (1st time) Oct 2007 - 2008 Martin W. Aguilar 2008 - 31 Dec 2009 Leon T. Roybal 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2011 Perry Martinez (2nd time) 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2014 Terry L. Aguilar (2nd time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2017 James Mountain (2nd time) 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2020 Perry Martinez (3rd time) 1 Jan 2021 - Christopher Moquino Santa Ana Pueblo ![]() c.1300 Tamaya Pueblo founded by the Keresans. 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Santa Ana); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1869, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1997 Gaming compact. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1696 Bartolome Ojeada 1813 Eusebio Mairo 1822 Andres Maygua 1846 Miguel Lucero 1978 William H. Gallegos (1st time) 1979 Sam Armijo 1980 Lawrence Montoya 1983 Elisio Montoya 1984 Clyde Leon 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 William H. Gallegos (2nd time) 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Eliseo Raton 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Andrew Gallegos 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Ernest J. Lujan (1st time) 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Leonard D. Garcia 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Leonard Armijo (1st time) 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Ronald Montoya (1st time) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Bruce Sanchez (1st time) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Lawrence A. Montoja (1st time) 1 Jan 2001 – 31 dec 2002 Bruce Sanchez (2nd time) 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Myron Armijo (1st time) 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Leonard Armijo (2nd time) 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Lawrence A. Montoja (2nd time) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Leonard Armijo (3rd time) 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Ronald Montoya (2nd time) 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Ulysses Leon (1st time) 1 Jan 2009 – 31 Dec 2010 Bruce Sanchez (3rd time) 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Lawrence A. Montoya (3rd time) 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Ernest J. Lujan (2nd time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Myron Armijo (2nd time) 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 George M. Montoya 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Lawrence A. Montoya (4th time) 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Myron Armijo (3rd time) 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Lawrence A. Montoya (5th time) 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Glenn Tenorio 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Timothy Menchego 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Lawrence A. Montoya (6th time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021 Ulysses Leon (2nd time) 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Joseph Sanchez 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Nathan Garcia 1 Jan 2024 - Myron Armijo (4th time) Santa Clara Pueblo
1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Santa Clara); the land grant issued in 1699. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1 Nov 1935 Constitution adopted. 1997 Gaming compact with the state. 2002 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1693 Naranjo 1734 – 1735 Roque Canjuebe 1788 Antonio Naranjo 1850 Jose Antonio Naranjo 1897 - 1898? Jose de Jesus Naranjo (1st time) 1900 Jose Leandro Tafoya 1901 Juan Jose Gutierrez 1902 Leandro Tafoya 1903 Diego Naranjo (2nd time) 1904 José de Jesus Naranjo (2nd time) 1905 Frost Moving 1906 Leandro Tafoya 1907 Santiago Naranjo (1st time) 1911 Victoriano Sisneros (acting) 1911 - 1912 Santiago Naranjo (2nd time) 1916 Santiago Naranjo (3rd time) 1920 Santiago Naranjo (4th time) Governors of the Summer side 1923 – 1924 Santiago Naranjo (5th time) 1925 – 1926 Victoriano Sisneros (2nd time) 1927 Juan Jose Gutierrez (2nd time) 1928 Victoriano Sisneros (3rd time) Governors of the Winter side (in opposition) 1923 – 1926 .... 1926 Desiderio Naranjo 1927 – 1928 .... Governors 1929 Victoriano Sisneros 1931 Santiago Naranjo 1932 Juan Jose Gutierrez (in opposition) 1933? Desiderio Naranjo bf.1934 Pedro Cajete 1934 - 1935 Ologio Naranjo 1936 - 193. Agapito Naranjo 1939 Joseph T. Tafoya (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1972) 1940 Pasqual Tafoya 1941 Joseph T. Tafoya (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1943 Juan Chavarria c.1947 Juan Chavarria 1949/50? Joseph T. Tafoya (3rd time) (s.a.) 1951/52 Manuel Holcomb c.1957 - c.1958 Juan Chavarria (1st time) 1960 Juan Gutierrez 1964 - 1966 Paul Tafoya (1st time) (b. 1928 – d. 2009) 1967 Pat Gutierrez c.1968 - c.1970 Juan Chavarria (2nd time) 1971 - 1975 Paul Tafoya (2nd time) 1976 - 1977? Lucario Padilla 1977 - 1978 Paul Tafoya (3rd time) (s.a.) 1979 Walter Dasheno (1st time) 1980 - 1983 Paul Tafoya (4th time) 1984 Jose M. Tafoya 1985 Lawrence Singer 1986 - 1987 Charles Suazo 1987 - 1988 Frankie V. Gutierrez 1988 - 1990 .... 1990 Calvin Tafoya 1991 - 1994 Walter Dasheno (2nd time) 1995 Edwin Tafoya 1996 - 1997 Gilbert Tafoya 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1999 Walter Dasheno (3rd time) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2003 Denny Gutierrez (b. 1942 - d. 2013) 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Jeff Sisneros 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Joseph Bruce Tafoya (1st time) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2008 J. Michael Chavarria (1st time) 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2012 Walter Dasheno (4th time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Joseph Bruce Tafoya (2nd time) 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2023 J. Michael Chavarria (2nd time) 1 Jan 2024 James A. Naranjo Taos Pueblo ![]() c.1100 Taos (tə̂otho or tə̂obo) Pueblo founded by the Tiwas (one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the U.S.). 1598 Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Taos); the land grant issued in 1816. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1859, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 14 Dec 1992 Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 1995 Gaming compact with the state. 2008 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1815 Jose Francisco Luján 1920 Porfirio Mirabal 1927 José la Cruz Concha 1929 Guadalupe Lucero 1938 Albert Martinez (b. 1888 - d. 1940) 1940 Juan Isidro Conchas 1941 John Concha 1942 Juan D. Romero (1st time) 1943 Santana Sandoval 1944 Severino (Seferino) Martinez (1st time) 1945 Albano Luján 1946 Juan D. Romero (2nd time) 1947 Severino Martinez (2nd time) 1948 Tony Mirabel 1949 Juan D. Romero (3rd time) 1950 Geronimo Gomez (1st time) 1951 Manuel Luján (1st time) 1952 Juan D. Romero (4th time) 1953 Geronimo Gomez (2nd time) 1954 Teofilo Romero (1st time) 1955 Severino Martinez (3rd time) 1956 Geronimo Trujillo (1st time) 1957 Teofilo Romero (2nd time) 1958 Cruz P. Trujillo (1st time) 1959 Cristino Mirabal 1960 Teofilo Romero (3rd time) 1961 Severino Martinez (4th time) 1962 Geronimo Trujillo (2nd time) 1963 Manuel Luján (2nd time) 1964 Lupe Sandoval (1st time) 1965 Teofilo Romero (4th time) 1966 John J. Reyna (1st time) 1968 Querino Romero (1st time) 1969 Lupe Sandoval (2nd time) 1970 Querino Romero (2nd time) 1971 John J. Reyna (2nd time) 1972 Cruz P. Trujillo (2nd time) 1973 Querino Romero (3rd time) 1974 Teresino Jiron 1975 Henry Luján 1976 Joe la Cruz Romero 1977 Pete Concha (1st time) 1978 Frank J. Luján 1979 Pete Concha (2nd time) 1980 Adam Trujillo 1981 Patrick Romero 1982 Tony Reyna (1st time) 1983 Luis Luján 1984 Benny Mondragon 1985 Joe Sandoval (b. 1926 - d. 1996) 1986 Santana Romero 1987 Jimmy Cordova (1st time) 1988 Avelino Trujillo 1989 Ernesto Luján 1991 Jimmy Cordova (2nd time) 1990 Mike Concha (1st time) 1992 Tony Reyna (2nd time) 1993 Jose Samora 1994 Carl N. Concha (1st time) 1995 Mike Concha (2nd time) 1996 Dave Gomez 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 John C. Romero 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Ruben A. Romero (1st time) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Carl N. Concha (2nd time) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Don LightningBow 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Nelson J. Cordova (1st time) 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Vincent Luján 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Allen R. Martinez 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 John Mirabal 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Ruben A. Romero (2nd time) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 James A. Luján (1st time) 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Gilbert Suazo (1st time) 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Paul T. Martinez 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Ruben A. Romero (3rd time) 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 James A. Luján (2nd time) 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Nelson J. Cordova (2nd time) 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Laureano B. Romero 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Ernesto C. Luján 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Clyde M. Romero (1st time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Louis Romero 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Benito Sandoval 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Ruben A. Romero (4th time) 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Gilbert Suazo (2nd time) 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Richard Aspenwind 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Edwin Concha (1st time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022 Clyde M. Romero (2nd time) 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2024 Gary J. Lujan 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024 Fred L. Romero 1 Jan 2025 - Edwin Concha (2nd time) Tesuque Pueblo ![]() c.1250 Tetsuge Owingeh (tèʔts’úgé ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by the Tewas. 1598 Tet-Sugeh subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Tesuque); the land grant issued in 1689. Aug 1680 – Sep 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). 1995 Gaming compact. Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1694 – 1713 Domingo Romero (d. 1713) 1850 Carlos Vigil 1929 Hilario Vigil 1969 James S. Hena (1st time) 1970 Joe Vigil (1st time) 1972 Joe Vigil (2nd time) 1978 James S. Hena (2nd time) 1979 Joe A. Padilla 1980 Herman Vigil (1st time) 1983 Joe Vigil (3rd time) 1984 James S. Hena (3rd time) 1990 Gilbert L. Vigil (1st time) 1992 Gilbert L. Vigil (2nd time) 1993 Charles J. Dorame (1st time) 1994 Paul Suazo (1st time) 1995 Herman Vigil (2nd time) 1996 Frederick Vigil (1st time) 1997 J. Marvin Herrera (1st time) 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Ramos Romero (1st time) 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Milton Herrera (1st time) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Gilbert L. Vigil (3rd time) 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Charles J. Dorame (2nd time) 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Paul Suazo (2nd time) 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 J. Marvin Herrera (2nd time) 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Ramos Romero (2nd time) 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Mark Mitchell (1st time) 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Gilbert L. Vigil (4th time) 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Charles J. Dorame (3rd time) 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008 Robert Mora (1st time) 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Mark Mitchell (2nd time) 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Frederick Vigil (2nd time) 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Mark Mitchell (3rd time) 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Ramos Romero (3rd time) 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Mark Mitchell (4th time) 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Robert Mora (2nd time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Milton Herrera (2nd time) 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Frederick Vigil (3rd time) 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Mark Mitchell (5th time) 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Frederick Vigil (4th time) 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Milton Herrera (3rd time) 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Robert Mora (3rd time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2024 Mark Mitchell (6th time) 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Robert Mora (4th time) 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Milton Herrera (4th time) 1 Jan 2024 - Earl Samuel Zia Pueblo ![]() c.1250 Tsi'ya Pueblo founded by the Keresans. 1598 Tsia subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Zía); the land grant issued in 1689. 1680 – 1692 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico). 1850 Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant confirmed). Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692) 1883 Pedro Sanchez 1901/02 Jesus Baca Medina bf.1937 José Rey Shije (d. 1937) 1936 Emiliano Galvan 1940 Lorenzo Medina 1943 Juanito Medina 1 Jan 1946 - 31 Dec 1946 Amado Shije 1 Jan 1947 - 19.. Perfecto Pino 1954 Juanito Medina 1956 Juanito Medina 1957 José de la Cruz Galvan 1958 John Pino 1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959 Joe Medina 1 Jan 1960 - 196. Juan D. Pino 1969 Joe Medina 1970 Luciano Pino 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972 Benny Salas (1st time) 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973 Gilbert Lucero 1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974 Moses Pino (1st time) 1975 - 1976? Jose de La Cruz Galvan 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977 Moses Pino (2nd time) 1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1978 Joe Medina 1 Jan 1949 - 31 Dec 1979 Moses Shije (1st time) 1 Jan 1980 - 198. Casper Toribio 1982 - 1983 Benny Salas (2nd time) 1984 Augustine Pino 1988 Celestino Gachupin 1990 Gilbert Lucero 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Earl J. Gachupin 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 Benny Salas (3rd time) 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Moses Shije (2nd time) 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Henry Shije 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Stanley Pino 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Amadeo Shije (1st time) 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Gabriel Galvan 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Edwin Shije 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Amadeo Shije (2nd time) 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Vincent Pino 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 William Toribio 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Harry Shije 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Amadeo Shije (3rd time) 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Peter Pino 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Teofilo Pino 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2007 Rudy Shije 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2009 Ivan R. Pino (1st time) 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Amadeo Shije (4th time) 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Marcellus Medina 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Wilfred Shije 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Harold Reid 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Ivan R. Pino (2nd time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 David Pino 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Jerome Lucero (1st time) 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Carl B. Schildt 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Anthony Delgarito 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Antonio Medina 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Frederick Medina 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021 Jerome Lucero (2nd time) 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Gabriel Galvan 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Valentino Pino 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024 Ben Shije 1 Jan 2025 - Lambert Pino Zuni Pueblo
1598 A:shiwi subject to the Spanish (nominally to 1629), except during 1680 - 1692. 1699 Spanish land grant is issued (by then single Pueblo de Zuñi remains). 1877 Zuni Reservation set aside. 1902 – 1935 Zuni Indian Agency established. 13 Aug 1970 Renamed Zuni Tribe. 1970 Self-governance contract with the U.S. (one of the first of three). Governors (office established 1692) 1702 Juan 1830 - 1875 Lai-iu-ah-tsai-ah (Pedro Pino) (b. c.1788 – d. 1878) (governor several times in this period) 1858 Mariano (1st time) 1863 Mariano (2nd time) 1875 - 1885 Ba:lawahdiwa (Palowahtiwa, Patricio Pino) 1885 Yacqui Pie (Yaki) 1885 Quala Mona 1888 Dick Senaha (Tsinnahe) 1889 Juan Antonio (Juan DeDiose) 1891 Jesus Eriacho 1895 Mu:ma (1st time) (Ramon Luna, Mormon) 1897 - 1899 Mu:ma (2nd time) 1907 Jesus Eriacho 1907 - 1909 Keecko (Quicko) Chavez 1909 DaThlana (Di:clana) 1909 - 1911 Juan DeDiose (Kwan Antonia, Juan Antonia) 1912 - 1916 William F. Lewis (1st time) 1917 Ernest Seciwa 1917 Margaret Lewis (f) (intetrim) 1917 - 19.. William F. Lewis (2nd time) 1923 Wayhusiwa 1923 Mocko Ondulacy 1923 - 1924 Dumahka (Nick) 1924 - 1926 Eustace (Usstisy) 1926 - 192. Nastacio 1928 - 1933 Lallio (1st time) 1933 Warren Ondulacy 1933 Leopoldo Eriacho 1933 – 1935 Vacant 1935 Lallio (2nd time) 1935 - 31 Dec 1941 Henry Gaspar (1st time) 1 Jan 1942 - 31 Dec 1942 Henry Natewa 1 Jan 1943 - 1943 Lallio (3rd time) 1943 - 1947 Henry Gaspar (2nd time) 1947 - 1951 Leopoldo Eriacho 1951 - 1954 Conrado Lesarlley 1 Jan 1955 - 1955 Latone Wyaco 1955 Teddy Weahky 1955 - 1957 Casa Appa 1957 - 1960 Calvin Eustace 1960 - 1962 Warren Ondulacy 1962 - 31 Dec 1964 Fred Bowanie 1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1974 Robert E. Lewis (1st time) 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1978 Edison Laselute 1979 - 1982 Robert E. Lewis (2nd time) 1982 - 1983 Quincy Panteah 1983 - 31 Dec 1986 Chauncey Simplicio 1 Jan 1987 - 1994 Robert E. Lewis (3rd time) 1994 - 1998 Donald Eriacho 1998 - 2002 Malcolm Bowkaty 2002 - 5 Jan 2007 Arlen P. Quetawki Sr. (1st time) 5 Jan 2007 - 2011 Norman J. Cooeyate 2011 - 31 Dec 2014 Arlen P. Quetawki Sr. (2nd time) 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2022 Val R. Panteah, Sr. 1 Jan 2023 - Arden L. Kucate New York Cayuga Nation ![]() 31 Aug 1142 Cayuga Nation a member of the Five (later Six) Nations confederacy (details under Onondaga), governed by the Council of Chiefs (10 lineages of titled/named life chiefs). 22 Oct 1784 Under the U.S. protection, the pro-British majority settle in Canada at the Grand River. 22 Feb 1789 Reservation established by the state (in 11 Nov 1794, recognized by the U.S.). 18 May 1807 Reservation ceded to the state, the Cayuga mostly settle on the Seneca lands (first at Buffalo Creek, later at Cattaraugus). 15 Jan 1838 – 19 Feb 1873 New York Indian Reservation established in Kansas for some Cayuga and other landless Indians of New York State (in 1873 the reservation is allotted). First chiefs (by precedence; title of Cayuga chief: Hoya:neh) c.1142 Haka’e:yok [this name becomes title/name of the first chief by precedence] c.1691 .... [Haka’e:yok title/name recorded for the first time] c.1794 Te-kenh-yoo-hau "Captain Key" c.1838 Jack Wheelbarrow Head chief of New York Indians (in Kansas) 1839 – af.1854 William King Leading chiefs c.1890 Alexander John (head chief) bf.1970 - 1972 Franklin Patterson (president) 1972 – 1983 James Leaffe (spokesman) 1983 - 2003 Vernon Isaac (b. 19.. - d. 2003) [last undisputed chief] Representatives 2003 - Clint C. Halftown (b. 1972) (Aug 2011 – 2013 not recognized by the U.S.) Jun 2011 - Chief William C. Jacobs (in opposition) Oneida of New York ![]() 31 Aug 1142 Oneida Nation a member of the Five (later Six) Nations confederacy (details under Onondaga), governed by the Council of Chiefs (9 lineages of titled/named life chiefs). 22 Oct 1784 Under the U.S. protection, the pro-British minority settle in Canada at the Grand River. 1785 Reservation established by the state (in 11 Nov 1794, recognized by the U.S.). 1828 Majority of Oneida settles in Wisconsin (latter Oneida of Wisconsin). 1840 Another group leaves for Canada (latter Oneida of the Thames). 18 Jun 1936 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by special referendum 1948 Oneida Nation of New York; under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1993 Gaming compact. Leading chiefs (title of Oneida chief: Loya:nel) c.1142 O’tatshehte’ (this name becomes title/name of the first chief by precedence) c.1688 .... (O’tatshehte’ title/name recorded for the first time) c.1794 Odotsaihte (recorded spelling) 1878 – 1936 Alexander D. Burning (head chief) (b. 1864 – d. 1936) Presidents (from 1975 in opposition to the representatives) 1948 – 19.. .... bf.1961 - 1976 Jacob Thompson 1976 - 1984 Robert W. Burr Representatives (not recognized by the U.S. to 1984; there are no Oneida chiefs in the U.S.) 1975 – 1977 David Honyoust May 1977 - Arthur Raymond "Ray" Halbritter (b. 1951) Onondaga
31 Aug 1142 Likely founding date of the Five Nations (in Onondaga: Hodinohso:ni, "Longhouse People"; Anglicized: Haudenosaunee) confederacy, consisting of Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca nations; the Onondaga Nation (headquarters of the confederacy) is governed by the Council of Chiefs (14 lineages of titled/named life chiefs). 1643 Five Nations allied with the Dutch (Mohawks from 1628). 1664 Allied (from 1755, under protection) with the English. 1677 - 1755 "Covenant Chain", an alliance, dominated by the Five Nations, with Delaware, Mohicans, Shawnee and several smaller tribes. 1722 Five Nations becomes the Six Nations upon addition of Tuscarora, a non-voting member. 1777 Majority of the Six Nations remains loyal to the British, the minority (mostly Oneida and Tuscarora) side with the U.S.; the Grand Council of the confederacy suspends (to 1784) meeting. 22 Oct 1784 Under the U.S. protection (the U.S. refused to deal with the Six Nations confederacy as single entity), the pro-British minority settle in Canada at the Grand River. 1788 Reservation established by the state (in 11 Nov 1794, recognized by the U.S.). 15 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1948 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement First chiefs (by precedence; title of Onondaga chief: Hoya:neh) c.1142 Thadoda:ho’ (this name becomes title/name of the first chief) c.1745 ... (Thadoda:ho’ title/name recorded for the first time) c.1765 Wathatodarho (recorded spelling) bf.1838 - 1845 Ut-ha-wah "Captain Cold" (b. c.1760 – d. 1845) 1845 – 1848 Abram LaFort (b. 1794 – d. 1848) 1848 – 1873 Samuel George (b. 1795 – d. 1873) Oct 1874 – 1884 Albert Cusick (b. 1846 – d. 1912) Dec 1885 – 1896 Daniel LaFort (b. 1833 – d. 1899) 1896 – Jul 1917 Frank Logan (b. 1857 – d. 1917) Oct 1917 – Mar 1924 George E. Thomas (1st time) (b. 1885 – d. 1957) Oct 1924 – Jul 1938 Joshua Jones (b. 1887 - d. 1938) 1924 – 1957 George E. Thomas (2nd time) (s.a.) (in opposition to 1938) 1957 – Oct 1968 George A. Thomas (b. 1911 - d. 1968) Dec 1968 – Jul 1996 Leon Shenandoah (b. 1915 – d. 1996) 2002 - Sidney Hill (b. 1951) Presidents (chief executives) 1882 – 1886 Chief Daniel LaFort (1st time) (s.a.) 1886 – 1887 Chief Baptist Thomas (1st time) (b. 1826 – d. af.1911) 1887 – 1889 Chief Daniel LaFort (2nd time) (s.a.) 1889 – af.1908 Chief Baptist Thomas (2nd time) (s.a.) Secretary (from bf.1999 de facto chief executive) bf.1970 - 2017 Chief Irving Powless, Jr. (b. 1929 – d. 2017) British Deputy Superintendent and Agent for the Six Nations 1762 – 1775 Guy Johnson (b. 1740 - d. 1788) Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe
1783 St. Regis Mohawk village (present Akwesasne in Canada) split by the U.S.-British (Quebec) border. 31 May 1796 Treaty with the U.S., under joint protection of the U.K. and U.S. (St. Regis Tribe); the U.S. side established as reservation. 1802 Position of Trustees (regular elections recorded from 1833) created by the state in addition to the Quebec-based Council of Chiefs (creation of separate tribal roll in 1859 largely finalizes separation of so-called American tribe). 1888 Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs (9 lineages of titled/named life chiefs, title of Mohawk chief: Roya:ner), not recognized by the U.S., established (increasingly in opposition to the trustees and elected chiefs). 8 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1948 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1972 Renamed St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians. 1993 Gaming compact with the state. 2003 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. 2007 Renamed Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe (the name used already in the constitution of 1995). Trustees 1802 – 1875 Board of Trustees (elected annually, composition as of 1802 below) - Chief Loran Tarbell (d. 1818/24) - Louis Joseph Cook (b. c.1740 - d. 1814) - William Louis Gray (b. 1763 - d. 1813) 1875 – 1898 Board of Trustees (elected for 3 years staggered terms; composition as of 1892 below) - Chief Joseph Wood - Joseph Bero - Thomas Ransom Head chiefs (elected chief serving final year of his 3 year term) 1898 – 1935 Tribal Council (chiefs elected for 3 years staggered terms; composition as of 1914 below) - Noah Lafrance - Mitchell Laughing - John Gray 1935 – 1937 .... 1937 – 1938 Joseph Tarbell 1938 – 1940 .... 1940 – 1941 Louis Terrance 1941 – May 1948 .... Chairman (not recognized by the U.S.) 1948 - 1949 Chief Alex White (d. 1950) Head chiefs Jul 1949 – 1958 .... 1958 – 1959 Alexander T. Solomon (b. 1911 – d. 1967) 1959 – 1960 .... 1960 – 1961 Thomas Laughing 1961 – 1963 .... 1963 – 1964 Noah L. Cook (b. 1907 – d. 1971) 1964 – 1968 .... 1968 – 1969 John A. Cook (1st time) (b. 1922 – d. 1992) 1969 – 1971 .... 1971 - 1972 John A. Cook (2nd time) (s.a.) 1972 – 1973 John A. Jacobs (b. 1915 – d. 1974) 1973 – 1974 Lawrence P. Lazore (b. 1927 – d. 1975) 1974 – 1975 John Bigtree 1975 – 1976 Russell P. Lazore 1976 – 1977 Rudolph Hart (1st time) 1977 – 1978 Charles T. Terrance (b. 1915 – d. 2001) 1978 – 1979 Leonard V. Garrow (1st time) 1979 – 1980 Rudolph Hart (2nd time) 1980 – 1981 Reginald E. White (b. 1924 – d. 2012) 1981 – 1982 Leonard V. Garrow (2nd time) 1982 – 1983 Solomon Cook 1983 – 1984 Allen Terrance 1984 – 1985 Leonard V. Garrow (3rd time) 1985 – 1986 Lawrence Pyke 1986 – 1987 Julius D. Herne 1987 – 1988 Rosemary Bonaparte (f) 1988 – 1989 Brenda Lafrance (f) 1989 – 1990 Harold Tarbell 1990 – 1991 L. David Jacobs (1st time) 1991 – 1992 Lincoln C. White 1992 – 1993 Norman J. Tarbell 1993 – 1994 L. David Jacobs (2nd time) 1994 – 1995 John S. Loran Chiefs 1995 – 1996 Phillip H. Tarbell (interim) 1996 – 2000 Edward D. Smoke Head chiefs 2000 – 2001 Hilda E. Smoke (f) 2001 – 2002 Paul O. Thompson (1st time) 2002 – 2003 Alma Ransom (f) 2003 – 2004 James W. Ransom (1st time) 2004 – 2005 Margaret Terrance (f) 2005 – 2006 Barbara A. Lazore (f) (1st time) 2006 – 2007 James W. Ransom (2nd time) 2007 – 2008 Lorraine M. White (f) 2008 – 2009 Barbara A. Lazore (f) (2nd time) 2009 – 2010 James W. Ransom (3rd time) 2010 – 2011 Monica M. Jacobs (f) 2011 – 2012 Mark H. Garrow 2012 – 2013 Randy Hart 2013 – 2014 Ronald W. Lafrance (1st time) 2014 - 2015 Paul O. Thompson (2nd time) 2015 - 2016 Beverly Cook (f) (1st time) 2016 - 2017 Ronald W. LaFrance (2nd time) 2017 - 2018 Eric Thompson (1st time) 2018 - 2019 Beverly Cook (f) (2nd time) 2019 - 2020 Michael L. Conners (1st time) 2020 - 2021 Eric Thompson (2nd time) 2021 - 2022 Beverly Cook (f) (3rd time) 2022 - 2023 Michael L. Conners (2nd time) 2023 - 2024 Ronald W. LaFrance (3rd time) 2024 - Beverly Cook (f) (4th time) Seneca Nation of Indians ![]() 31 Aug 1142 Seneca Nation a member of the Five (later Six) Nations confederacy (details under Onondaga), governed by the Council of Chiefs (8 lineages of titled/named life chiefs). 22 Oct 1784 Under the U.S. protection, the pro-British minority settle in Canada at the Grand River; a group living in Ohio recognized as separate tribe (latter Seneca-Cayuga Tribe). 1792 Six Nations (from 1835, New York) Indian Agency established. 11 Nov 1794 Canandaigua Treaty of Peace 15 Sep 1797 Allegany, Buffalo Creek, Cattaraugus and Tonawanda Indian Reservations established. 15 Jan 1838 – 20 May 1842 U.S. attempts to remove Seneca and other tribes west; all the Seneca reservations ceded to the U.S. (in 1842, the Allegany and Cattaraugus Reservations transferred back). 4 Dec 1848 Seneca Nation of Indians, constitution adopted; the Council of Chiefs continues in opposition to 1857. 5 Nov 1857 Tonawanda Band of Seneca secedes. 1892 Long-term lease of the part of the Allegany Reservation for the future city of Salamanca; this leads to Indians becoming minority on the reservation. 10-14 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum on all reservations. 1948 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 2002 Gaming compact with the state. First chiefs of Lower Side (by precedence; title of Seneca chief: Hoya:ne:h) c.1142 Skanyotaiyo’ (this name becomes title/name of the first chief) c.1739 .... (Skanyotaiyo’ title/name recorded for the first time) c.1794 Konyootiayoo (recorded spelling) c.1838 George Lindsey First chiefs of Upper Side (by precedence; title of Seneca chief: Hoya:ne:h) c.1142 Sha’tekeoye:s (this name becomes title/name of the first chief) c.1687 .... (Sha’tekeoye:s title/name recorded for the first time) c.1794 Sauhtakaongyees (recorded spelling) c.1838 Daniel Twoguns (b. 1791 – d. 188.) Presidents 4 Dec 1848 - 1849 Solomon William MacLane 1850 - 1851 Zechariah L. Jimerson 1852 - 1853 Jacob Blacksnake 1853 - 1854 John Luke (1st time) 1854 - 17 Jun 1855 Henry Two Guns (d. 1855) c.1857 John Luke (2nd time) c.1858 Edward Purse c.1859 John Luke (3rd time) c.1860 Isaac Halftown (b. 1790? - d. 1879) c.1862 Henry Silverheels (1st time) 1864 - 1865 Henry Silverheels (2nd time) af.1865 Harrison Halftown 1867 - 1868 Peter Snow (1st time) c.1871 William Krouse 1872 - 1873 Peter Snow (2nd time) 1874 - 1875 William Nephew 1875 - 1876 Casler Redeye (b. 1829 - d. af.1910) 1876 - 1877 Andrew John, Jr. (1st time) 1882 - 1883 Sylvester Cowles Lay (b. 1822 - d. 1907) 1884 – 1885 Chester C. Lay (1st time) (b. 1848 – d. 1906) 1888 - 1889 Chester C. Lay (2nd time) (s.a.) 1889 - 1890 Andrew John, Jr. (2nd time) 1890 – 1891 Chester C. Lay (3rd time) (s.a.) 1891 - 1892 Thomas Kennedy (1st time) (b. 1848 – d. 1912) 1892 - 1893 Wallace Halftown 1893 - 1894 Frank L. Patterson (1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1925) 1894 - 1895 William C. Hoag (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1927) 1895 - 1896 Frank L. Patterson (2nd time) (s.a.) 1896 - 1897 William C. Hoag (2nd time) (s.a.) 1897 - 1898 Theodore F. Jamerson (b. 1870 – d. 1946) 1898 – 1900? William C. Hoag (3rd time) (s.a.) 1900 – 1902 Thomas Kennedy ?(2nd time) (s.a.) 1902 - 1904 William C. Hoag (4th time) (s.a.) 1904 – 1906 Andrew John, Jr. ? (3rd time) 1906 - 1908 William C. Hoag (5th time) (s.a.) 1908 – 1910 Frank L. Patterson (3rd time) (s.a.) 1910 – 1912 William C. Hoag (6th time) (s.a.) 1912 - 1914 Frank L. Patterson (4th time) (s.a.) 1914 - 1916 William C. Hoag ? (7th time) (s.a.) 1916 - 1918 Frank L. Patterson (5th time) (s.a.) 1918 - 1920 William C. Hoag (8th time) (s.a.) 1920 - 1922 .... 1922 - 1924 William C. Hoag (9th time) (s.a.) Nov 1924 - 6 Nov 1925 Frank L. Patterson (6th time) (s.a.) Nov 1925 - 31 Jul 1927 William C. Hoag (10th time) (s.a.) 1927 – 1928 .... 1928 - 1930 Ray W. Jimerson (1st time) 1930 - 1932 Leland John (b. 1898 - d. 1989) 1932 - 1934 Ray W. Jimerson (2nd time) 1934 - Aug 1935 Henry John (d. 1935) Aug 1935 - 1936 Franklin John 1936 - 1938 Adlai S. Williams 1938 - 1940 Wilford J. Crouse (1st time) 1940 - 1942 Cornelius Seneca (1st time) 1942 - 1944 Wilford J. Crouse (2nd time) (b. 1902 – d. 1944) 1944 - 1946 Cornelius Seneca (2nd time) 1946 - 1948 Calvin K. John (1st time) (b. 1920 – d. 2004) 1948 - 1950 Dean Williams (1st time) 1950 - 1952 Calvin K. John (2nd time) (s.a.) 1952 - 1954 Francis Kettle 1954 - 1956 Leo Cooper 1956 - 1958 Cornelius Seneca (3rd time) 1958 - 1960 George D. Heron (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 2011) 1960 - 1962 Basil G. Williams (b. 1918 – d. 2003) 1962 - 1964 George D. Heron (2nd time) (s.a.) 1964 - 1966 Martin Seneca, Sr. 1966 - 1968 Calvin K. John (3rd time) (s.a.) 1968 - 1970 William Seneca (b. 1926? - d. 1984) 1970 - 1972 James E. George 1972 - 1974 Dean Williams (2nd time) 1974 - 1976 Robert C. Hoag (1st time) (b. 1935 - d. 1989) 1976 - 1978 Calvin E. Lay (1st time) (b. 1925 - d. 2012) 1978 - 1980 Robert C. Hoag (2nd time) (s.a.) 1980 - 1982 Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1940) 1982 - 1984 Lionel R. John (b. 1938 - d. 1993) 1984 - 1986 Calvin E. Lay (2nd time) (s.a.) 1986 - 1988 Robert C. Hoag (3rd time) (s.a.) 1988 - 1990 Dennis M. Lay 1990 - 1992 Calvin K. John (4th time) (s.a.) 1992 - 1994 Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1994 - 1996 Dennis J. Bowen 1996 - 1998 Michael W. Schindler (b. 1954) 1998 - 2000 Duane J. Ray (b. 1948) 2000 - 2002 Cyrus M. Schindler (b. 1958) 2002 - 2004 Rickey L. Armstrong (1st time) (b. 1953) 2004 - 2006 Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (3rd time) (s.a.) 2006 - 2008 Maurice A. John (1st time) (b. 1948) 2008 - 9 Nov 2010 Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (4th time) (s.a.) 9 Nov 2010 - 2012 Robert Odawi Porter (b. 1963) 2012 - Nov 2014 Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (5th time) (s.a.) Nov 2014 - Nov 2016 Maurice A. John (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 2016 - Nov 2018 Todd Gates Nov 2018 - Nov 2020 Rickey L. Armstrong (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 2020 - Nov 2022 Matthew Pagels Nov 2022 - Nov 2024 Rickey L. Armstrong (3rd time) (s.a.) 13 Nov 2024 - J. Conrad "J.C" Seneca
1666 Reservation established. 1 Oct 2010 Shinnecock Indian Nation federally recognized, remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Grand Chiefs of the Montauk .... - 1636 Monqotucksee (b. c.1551 – d. 1636) 1636 – 1651 Poggatacut (d. 1651) 1651 – 1659 Wyandance (b. c.1571 – d. 1659) 1660 – 1662 Wyandanbone (b. 1639 – d. 1662) 1663 – 1665 Quashawam (f) (d. 1666) Chiefs of Shinnecock 1671 – 16.. Quaquasho (1st time) c.1686 Pungamo (1st time) c.1691 Quaquasho (2nd time) c.1703 Pungamo (2nd time) c.1750 – 1792 None Presidents 1792 – 19.. Board of Trustees (elected annually; composition as of 1792 below) - David Jacob - Samuel Waukus - Abraham Jacob bf.1971 - af.1974 Harry K. Williams (b. 1924) 19... – 1992 .... Chairmen 1992 – 199. .... c.1995 - c.1999 Peter E. Smith c.1999 - c.2000 James W. Eleazer 2002 – 2003 Frederick C. Bess (1st time) 2003 - 2004 Charles K. Smith (1st time) 2004 - 2005 Lance A. Gumbs (1st time) 2005 – 2006 Randall "Randy" King (1st time) 2006 – 2007 Lance A. Gumbs (2nd time) 2007 – 2008 Randall "Randy" King (2nd time) 2008 - 2009 Frederick C. Bess (2nd time) 2009 - 2013 Randall "Randy" King (3rd time) 2013 - 2015 Daniel S. Collins 2015 - 2017 Bryan Polite (1st time) 2017 Randall "Randy" King (4th time) 2017 – 2019 Charles K. Smith (2nd time) 2019 - 2024 Bryan Polite (2nd time) 2024 - Lisa Goree (f) Tonawanda Seneca 5 Nov 1857 Tonawanda Band of Seneca secedes from the Seneca Nation, retains the Seneca Council of Chiefs (8 lineages of titled/named life chiefs), purchases from the U.S. the former Tonawanda Reservation. 11 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1948 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. First chiefs (by precedence; title/name: Skanyotaiyo’) 1857 – bf.1971 .... bf.1971 – 1983 Ellsworth George (d. 1983) 1983 - 2 Jul 2020 Kervin Jonathan (b. 1933 - d. 2020) Presidents (chief executives) 1862 – 18.. .... c.1890 Chief David Billy c.1942 Chief Peter W. Doctor c.1946 Chief Albert Abram c.1967 Chief Beaman Logan bf.1971 - af.1975 Chief Ellsworth George (s.a.) Chairmen bf.1982 – 1984 Chief Corbett Sundown (b. 1909 – d. 1992) bf.1990 - 1996 Chief Bernard N. Parker (d. 1996) bf.1999 - 2010 Chief Emerson Webster 2010 – Chief Roger Hill Tuscarora Nation
begun (completed by 1804, reservation sold to the state in 1831). 1722 Tuscarora Nation becomes a non-voting member of the Five (becomes Six) Nations confederacy (details under Onondaga), governed by the Council of Chiefs (13 lineages of titled/named life chiefs). 22 Oct 1784 Under the U.S. protection, the pro-British minority settle in Canada at the Grand River. 15 Sep 1797 Reservation established. 15 Jan 1838 – 20 May 1842 U.S. attempts to remove Tuscarora west; reservation ceded to the U.S. (in 1842, transferred back). 12 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1948 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Head chiefs (in North Carolina) bf.1711 - 1713 John Hancock (d. 1713) 1713 – 1739 Tom Blunt (d. 1739) 1739 – af.1766 James Blunt bf.1778 - af.1788 Witmell Tuffdick 17.. – 1803 Samuel Smith (d. 1803) First chiefs (by precedence; title of Tuscarora chief: Rakuwa:nen) c.1722 Sekwari’cre (this name becomes title/name of the first chief) c.1753 Saquareesey (recorded spelling) bf.1789 - 1810 Sacharissa I (recorded spelling) (b. c.1730 – d. 1810) bf.1813 - 1831 Sacharissa II (recorded spelling) (b. 1748 – d. 1831) 1831 - 1857 William Chew (b. 1796 – d. 1857) 1857 - 1878 .... 1878 - 1939 William J. Johnson (b. 1858 – d. 1939) 1939 – 1966 Eleazer Williams (b. 1877 – d. 1966) Nov 1967 - 15 Aug 2021 Leo R. Henry (b. 1931 - d. 2021) Leading chief (title/name: Ni’hno’ka:’we’) 2021 - Tom Jonathan Presidents (chief executives) bf.1890 – 190. Chief Thomas Williams (b. 1854 – d. af.1906) bf.1908 - 1923 Grant Mount Pleasant (b. 1867 – d. 1929) 1923 – 1930 Warren J. Brayley (b. 1884 – d. 1953) 1930 – 1931 Chief Clinton Rickard (b. 1882 – d. 1971) 1931 – 1947 Chief William C. Chew (b. 1871 – d. 1953) 1947 - 1964 Chief Elton Greene (b. 1889 – d. 1977) 1964 – 1983/87 Chief Arnold K. Hewitt (b. 1918 – d. 2007) North Carolina Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians
cession of the Cherokee lands. 19 Feb 1866 North Carolina assured the permanent residence of the Cherokees. 27 Jul 1868 Recognized by the U.S. (Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians), governed by constitutions (10 Dec 1868, 1 Dec 1870), and charter (11 Mar 1889). 14 Aug 1876 Cherokee Indian Reservation created. 1882 Cherokee Indian Agency established. 1897 – 1924 U.S. citizenship revoked by the U.S. Circuit Court. 1994 Gaming compact with the state. 2002 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Chiefs 1824 – 1832 Yanegwa "Big Bear" (Robert Brown) (b. c.1750 – d. 1832) 1832 - Apr 1839 Chief Yana-gunski "Drowning Bear" (b. c.1759 - d. 1839) (John Brown) 1839 – Mar 1867 William Holland Thomas (Wil-usdi) (b. 1805 - d. 1893) (de facto leader) 1867 - 1869 .... 1869 – 1870 George W. Bushyhead 1870 John Ross Principal chiefs 1 Dec 1870 – Oct 1875 Salonitah "Flying Squirrel" (b. c.1810 – d. 1875) Oct 1875 – Jun 1880 Lloyd R. Welch (d. 1880) Jun 1880 - 1891 Nimrod Jarrett Smith (Tsaladihi) (b. 1837 - d. 1893) 1891 - 1895 Stillwell Saunooke 1895 - 1899 Andy Standing Deer 1899 - 1903 Jesse Reed 1903 - 1907 Bird Saloneeta "Young Squirrel" 1907 - 1911 John Goins Welch 1911 - 1915 Joseph A. Saunooke (1st time) 1915 - 1919 David Blythe 1919 - 1923 Joseph A. Saunooke (2nd time) 1923 - 1927 Sampson Owl 1927 - 1931 John A. Tahquette 1931 - 1947 Jarret B. Blythe (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1977) 1947 - 1951 Henry Bradley (b. 1883 - d. 1965) 1951 - 1955 Osley Bird Saunooke (1st time) 1955 - 1959 Jarret B. Blythe (2nd time) (s.a.) 1959 - 1963 Olsey Bird Saunooke (2nd time) 1963 - 1967 Jarret B. Blythe (3rd time) (s.a.) 1967 - 1971 Walter S. Jackson 1971 - 1973 Noah Powell (d. 1973) 1973 - 1983 John A. Crowe (acting to 1975) (b. 1917 – d. 2000) 1983 - 1987 Robert S. Youngdeer (b. 1922) 1987 - 1995 Jonathan L. Taylor (b. 1941) 15 Sep 1995 - 2 Oct 1995 Gerard Parker (b. 1936 – d. 2012) 1995 - 1999 Joyce C. Dugan (f) (b. 1949) 1999 - 2003 Leon D. Jones (b. 1936 – d. 2006) 2003 - 2015 Michell Hicks (1st time) (b. 1965) 2015 - 26 May 2017 Patrick Lambert (b. 1963) 26 May 2017 - 2 Oct 2023 Richard G. Sneed (b. 1967) 2 Oct 2023 - Michell Hicks (2nd time) (s.a.) North Dakota Spirit Lake Tribe
19 Feb 1867 Fort Totten Reservation established for a group that split from the Sisseton-Wahpeton Dakota Sioux in South Dakota. 1871 Devils Lake (from 1906, Fort Totten) Indian Agency established. 1891 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 17 Nov 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 14 Apr 1944 Devils Lake Sioux Tribe. 1992 Gaming compact with the state. 19 Aug 1996 Renamed Spirit Lake Tribe. 2016 Self-governance agreement. Chief (title Wicashta Yatapi) 1867 – 1919 Ti Washte "Good Lodge" (b. 1825 – d. 1919) c.1929 General Council Chairmen c.1934 Louis Myrick bf.1944 - 1948 Charles Black Bird (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1968) 1948 - 1950 Jerome A. Abraham (b. 1905 - d. 1978) 1950 – 1955 Charles Black Bird (2nd time) (s.a.) 1955 - 1957 Ernest H. Smith (b. 1912 - d. 1961) 1957 - 1971 Louis J. Goodhouse 1971 - 1972 Claude Red Hail Longie (d. 1994) 1972 - 1974 Evelyn Young (f) (b. 1931) 1974 - 1979 Carl McKay (1st time) (b. 1948) 1979 - 1980 Paul Little (b. 1930 – d. 1996) 1980 - 1983 Daniel J. Duboise (b. 1921) 1983 - 1984 Elmer White (1st time) (b. 1936) 1985 - 1990 Carl McKay (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Jun 1990 - 1991 Ila Rae McKay (f) (b. 1959) "Pretty Weasel Woman" 1991 - 1995 Peter J. Belgarde (b. 1944) 1995 - Nov 1996 Elmer White (2nd time) (s.a.) 1996 – Nov 1996 Carl B. Walking Eagle (b. 1942) (acting for White) Nov 1996 - 1999 Myra Pearson (f) (1st time) 25 May 1999 - 2003 Philip G. "Skip" Longie 28 May 2003 - 23 Jun 2005 Valentino White 2005 - 2011 Myra Pearson (f) (2nd time) 2011 - 17 Jun 2013 Roger Yankton (1st time) (b. 1946) 17 Jun 2013 - 17 Jul 2013 Leander "Russ" McDonald (1st time) 17 Jul 2013 - 9 Sep 2013 Roger Yankton (2nd time) (s.a.) 9 Sep 2013 - Sep 2014 Leander "Russ" McDonald (2nd time) Sep 2014 - Apr 2019 Myra Pearson (f) (3rd time) Apr 2019 - Jun 2020 Peggy L. Cavanaugh (f) Jun 2020 - May 2023 Douglas Yankton May 2023 - Lonna Street (f) Standing Rock Sioux ![]() 1825 Hunkpapa and Blackfeet (Sihasapa) sub-tribes of Teton (Lakota) Sioux tribe under the U.S. protection (details under Oglala Sioux), each led by a committee of chiefs (in Lakota: Wicasha Itancan, the "Chief Men"). 1865 Joined by majority of Lower Yanktonai Nakota Sioux and minority of Upper Yanktonai Nakota Sioux (majority went to Fort Peck), both from Crow Creek, South Dakota. 29 Apr 1868 Part of the Great Sioux Reservation. 1869 Grand River (from 1874, Standing Rock) Indian Agency established. 2 Mar 1889 Standing Rock Reservation established upon division of the Great Sioux. 25 Jun 1914 Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, North Dakota - first constitution adopted. 1992 Gaming compact with the state. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs of the Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan) 1856 – 1862 Mato Cutuhu "Bear's Rib" (d. 1862) 1862 – 1867 Committee of chiefs 1867 – 1881 Tatanka Iyotake "Sitting Bull" (b. 1831 – d. 1890) (leader of the hostile party; title: Okicize Itancan ["Warrior Chief"]; 1877–81 in Canada exile) bf.1872 - 1876 Tatoka Inyanke "Running Antelope" (b. c.1820 – d. c.1896) 1876 – 1906 Cetan Wakinyan "Thunder Hawk" (b. c.1837 – d. 1906) Head chiefs of the Blackfeet (Sihasapa) Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan) 1856 – 1868 Cante Peta "Fire Heart" (b. c.1813 – d. af.1881) 1868 – 1873 Pezhi "The Grass" (b. c.1817 – d. 1873) 1873 – 1918 John Grass (b. 1837 – d. 1918) Head chiefs of the Lower Yanktonai Nakota Sioux 1865 – 1879 Mato Nunpa "Two Bears I" (d. 1879) 1879 – 188. Mato Nunpa "Two Bears II" (d. 188.) bf.1885 - af.1888 Stephen Two Bears (b. 1864 – d. 18..) Chief of the Upper Yanktonai Nakota Sioux 1865 – 1897 Pa Tanka "Big Head" (b. 1838 – d. 1897) (from 1882, Felix Big Head) Chairmen 1889 – 1911 General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni) Jul 1911 - 1911 Marcellus Red Tomahawk (b. 1849 – d. 1931) 1911 – 1912 Joseph Otter Robe 1912 – 1913 John Tiokasin (b. 1862 – d. 1925) 1913 – 1914 Vital Bear Face (b. 1874 – d. 1939) 1914 – 1915 John Grass (s.a.) 1915 – 1916 Dominic Long Bull 1916 – 1917 Thomas Frosted (b. 1859 – d. 1932) 1917 – 1918 Henry Iron Shield 1918 – 1919 .... 1919 – 1920 Clarence Grey Eagle (b. 1874 – d. 1965) 1920 – 1921 Herbert Buffalo Boy 1921 – 1922 Thomas Mentz 1922 – 1923 Benedict Blackhoop 1923 – 1924 .... 1924 – 1925 Martin Medicine 1925 – 1928 .... 1928 – 1929 Richard Ramsey 1929 – 1930 Basil Two Bears 1930 – 1931 Jack Iron Boulder 1931 – 1932 Edward Young Hawk (1st time) 1932 – 1933 Francis Bullhead 1933 – 1934 Eugene Young Hawk (1st time) 1934 – 1935 John Gates, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1889 – d. 1962) 1935 – 1936 Antoine DeRockbraine (b. 1871 – d. 1942) 1936 – 1937 Don Yellow Earrings 1937 – 1938 Edward Young Hawk (2nd time) 1938 – 1940 John Gates, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1940 – 194. Eugene Young Hawk (2nd time) 1946 – 1947 Josephine Gates-Kelly (f)(1st time)(b. 1888 – d. 1976) 1947 - 1948 John Gates, Sr. (3rd time) (s.a.) 1948 - 1951 Josephine Gates-Kelly (f)(2nd time)(s.a.) 1951 - 1952 Whitney J. Agard (d. 1952) Nov 1952 - 1955 F. David Blackhoop 1955 - 1956 J. Dan Howard 1956 - 1957 Edward Loon 1957 - 1958 Marguerite Fiddler (f) 1958 - 1959 Theodore E. Jamerson (b. 1919 - d. 1973) 1959 - 1960 James G. McLean 1960 - 1961 Clayton Brown Otter 1961 - 1969 Alfred J. "Aljoe" Agard (b. 1928 - d. 1994) Apr 1969 - 9 Oct 1970 Douglas Skye (b. 1904 - d. 1970) 1970 - 1975 Melvin White Eagle (b. 1926 - d. 1999) 1975 - 1979 Pat McLaughlin (1st time) (b. 19.. - d. 2002) Oct 1979 - Sep 1981 Frank A. Lawrence (b. 1941 - d. 1989) 1981 - 1983 Pat McLaughlin (2nd time) (s.a.) Sep 1983 - 1993 Charles W. Murphy (1st time) 1993 - 1997 Jesse "Jay" Taken Alive (b. 1955 - d. 2020) 1997 - 2005 Charles W. Murphy (2nd time) 2005 - 2009 Ron His Horse Is Thunder 2009 – Sep 2013 Charles W. Murphy (3rd time) Sep 2013 - 2017 Dave Archambault Sep 2017 - 2021 Mike Faith Nov 2021 - Janet Alkire (f) Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold
the U.S. protection. 1837 Hidatsa and Mandan confederated (in 1862, joined by Arikara). 1864 Fort Berthold Indian Agency established. 12 Apr 1870 Fort Berthold Indian Reservation created. 1891 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 15 May 1936 Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation. 1992 Gaming compact with the state. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs of Hidatsa (largest tribe of three, title of chief: Matseetsi) 1804 – 1837 "Flat Bear" (b. c.1735 - d. 1837) 1837 - 1861 "Four Bears" (b. c.1810 – d. 1861) 1861 - 1894 "Crow Breast" (b. 1818 – d. 1896) 1870 – 1894 "Crow Flies High" (b. 1832 – d. 1900) (in opposition, refused to move to reservation) 1894 - 1912 "Long Bear" (b. 1834 – d. 1912) 1912 – 1928 "Bulls Eye" (b. 1864 – d. 1928) 1928 – 1943 "Drags Wolf" (b. 1862 – d. 1943) Head chiefs of Arikara (second largest; title: Neeshaanu’-nacitawi’u, the "Leading Chief") c.1804 Kaakaaneeshaanu’ "Chief Crow" bf.1825 - 1837 Shtaanapaa’at "Bloody Hand" (d. 1837) (Sakaa’a "The Star") 1837 - 1866 Kuunux-tee-shaanu "Bear Chief" (b. c.1790 – d. 1866) 1866 - 1876 Nahtasuutaaka’ "White Shield" (b. 1798 – d. 1878) 1876 - 1881 Kuunux-tuunawiinx "Rushing Bear" (b. 1825 – d. 1881) ("Son of Star") 1881 - 1915 Kuunux-teewiita "Sitting Bear" (b. 1839 – d. 1915) 1915 – 1926 Floyd Bear (b. 1874 – d. 1926) 1926 – 1947 Harry Gillette (b. 1867 – d. 1947) [not the last chief] Head chiefs of Mandan (smallest tribe of three) c.1804 "Black Cat" (b. c.1750 – d. 18..) 1837 – 1888 "Red Buffalo Cow" (d. 1888) bf.1912 - 1936 "Sitting Crow" (b. c.1861 - d. 1936) Chairmen 1910 – 1932 .... 1932 - Aug 1938 Arthur Mandan (b. 1882 - d. 1955) Sep 1938 - Aug 1940 Martin Levings (b. 1892 - d. 1974) Sep 1940 - Aug 1942 Albert H. Simpson (b. 1882 - d. 1957) Sep 1942 - Aug 1944 Peter H. Beauchamp (b. 1877 - d. 1960) Sep 1944 - Aug 1946 Martin T. Cross (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1964) Sep 1946 - Aug 1948 George Gillette (b. 1902 - d. 1985) Sep 1948 - Aug 1950 Carl Whitman (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1995) Sep 1950 - Aug 1956 Martin T. Cross (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 1956 - Aug 1958 Carl Whitman (2nd time) (s.a.) Sep 1958 - Aug 1960 James Hall (b. 1894 - d. 1977) Sep 1960 - Aug 1962 Robert L. Fox (1st time) (b. 1915 - d. 1982) Sep 1962 - Aug 1964 Carl Whitman (3rd time) (s.a.) Sep 1964 - Aug 1966 Robert L. Fox (2nd time) (s.a.) Sep 1966 - Aug 1968 August Little Soldier (b. 1914 - d. 2009) Sep 1968 - Aug 1970 Vincent Malnourie (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. 1979) Sep 1970 - Dec 1971 Ralph Wells Jr. (b. 1908 - d. 1971) Dec 1971 - Aug 1972 Nathan Little Soldier (b. 1918 - d. 1980) Sep 1972 - Oct 1972 Rose Crow Flies High (f)(1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 1994) Oct 1972 - Nov 1974 Vincent Malnourie (2nd time) (s.a.) Oct 1974 - Oct 1978 Rose Crow Flies High (f)(2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 1978 - Oct 1982 Austin Gillette (b. 1946) Oct 1982 - Apr 1986 Alyce Spotted Bear (f) (b. 1945) Apr 1986 - Nov 1990 Edward Lone Fight (b. 1939) Oct 1990 - Nov 1994 Wilbur D. Wilkinson (b. 1948) Oct 1994 - Nov 1998 Russell Mason (b. 1936 – d. 2009) Nov 1998 - Nov 2006 Tex G. Hall (1st time) (b. 1956) Nov 2006 - 2010 Marcus D. Wells (b. 1966) (from 2009, Marcus D. Levings) 2010 - Dec 2014 Tex G. Hall (2nd time) (s.a.) Dec 2014 - Mark Fox (b. 1962) Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa ![]() 2 Oct 1863 Under the U.S. protection (Pembina Band of Chippewa). 1874 Reorganized as the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa. 21 Dec 1882 Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation set aside. 1910 Turtle Mountain Indian Agency established. 8 Oct 1932 Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, North Dakota first constitution adopted. 18 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1992 Gaming compact with the state. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs (title Gichi-Ogimaa) c.1851 Esens "Little Shell II" (b. c.1795 - d. 18..) c.1863 Muskomukwa "Red Bear" (d. 1879) 1874 – 1892 Esens "Little Shell III" (b. 1836 – d. 1901) (from 1889, Thomas Little Shell) (several periods resided in Canada) c.1882 Kaishpaw Gourneau (acting) c.1891 "Red Thunder" (acting) 1892 – 1930 Kakenowash "Flying Eagle" (b. 1864 – d. 1930) 1930 – 1932 Kanik "Walking with Thunder" (b. 1881 – d. 19..) Chairmen 1932 - 1940 Kanik "Walking with Thunder" (s.a.) 1934 John B. Azure (briefly acted for or replaced Kanik) 1940 - 1942 Louis M. Marion (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 19..) 1942 - 1943 Frank Vondal (1st time) 1943 - 1945 Louis M. Marion (2nd time) (s.a.) 1945 - 1947 Edward "Chick" Jollie (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 19..) 1947 - 1948 Frank Vondal (2nd time) 1948 - 1949 Edward "Chick" Jollie (2nd time) (s.a.) 1949 - 1950 Norbert Davis 1950 - 1954 Edward "Chick" Jollie (3rd time) (s.a.) 1954 - 1959 Patrick M. Gourneau (b. 1904 - d. 1989) 1959 - 1962 Louis F. LaFountain (b. 1918 - d. 1985) 1962 - 1964 Francis Cree (1st time) (b. 1920) 1964 Andrew Turcotte (b. 1916) 1964 - 1966 Reginald "Tiny" Brien (1st time) (b. 1932 - d. 1990) 1966 Mary Cornelius (f) (1st time) 1966 Russell Davis 1966 - 1968 Reginald "Tiny" Brien (2nd time) (s.a.) 1968 Mary Cornelius (f) (2nd time) 1968 - 1970 Peter Marcellais, Jr. (b. 1929 – d. 1991) 1970 - 1971 Edwin James Henry (1st time) (b. 1929) 1971 - 1972 Gregory LaVallie 1972 - 1978 Edwin James Henry (2nd time) (s.a.) 1978 - 1980 Wayne Keplin (1st time) 1980 - 1982 Edwin James Henry (3rd time) (s.a.) 1982 - 1988 Richard "Jiggers" LaFromboise (b. 1946) (1st time) 1988 - 1992 Twila Martin-Kekahbah (f) (b. 1947) (1st time) 1992 - 1994 Richard "Jiggers" LaFromboise (s.a.) (2nd time) 1994 - 1995 Twila Martin-Kekahbah (f) (s.a.) (2nd time) 1995 - 1996 Francis Cree (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 1996 - 1997 Melvin L. Lenoir, Sr. (b. 1938 - d. 1997) 22 Apr 1997 - 1998 Raphael John DeCoteau (b. 1955) 1998 - 2000 Richard "Jiggers" LaFromboise (s.a.) (3rd time) 2000 - 16 May 2002 Richard A. Monette (1st time) 16 May 2002 - Nov 2002 Melvin "Mike" Lenoir (b. 1962) Nov 2002 – Oct 2003 Richard A. Monette (2nd time) Oct 2003 – Nov 2004 Leon Morin (b. 1961) 2004 - 2006 Kenneth W. Davis 2006 - 2008 David "Doc" Brien Nov 2008 - 2010 Richard Marcellais 2010 - 2012 Merle St. Claire 2012 - 2016 Richard W. McCloud Dec 2016 - 23 Oct 2017 Wayne Keplin (2nd time) 2017 Roman Marcellais (acting) Oct 2017 - Jamie Azure Ohio None Recognized Oklahoma Note: Upon Oklahoma's admission to the union in 1907 it was considered that all the Indian Reservations (except Osage) had ceased to exist through allotment and opening to the non-Indian settlement. The admission also implied the jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement over all the Oklahoma tribes. From 1936, some remains of tribal authority of tribes having reservations prior to the statehood were recognized under term "Former Indian reservations" (in 1997, replaced by term "Tribal jurisdictional areas"). Alabama-Quassarte ![]() 1939 A constituent town of the Creek Nation (present Muscogee) recognized by the U.S. as tribe by its own (Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town). 1974/78 - 1998 Alabama-Quassarte Creek Tribal Town, from 1982 Albama- Quassarte Tribal Town of the Creek Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal names). Chiefs c.1939 Governing Committee c.1964 Daniel Beaver bf.1980 - af.1983 Robert "Bobby" Yargee c.1985 Kenneth Tiger bf.1993 - 1995 Duke Harjo (b. 1942 – d. 2014) 1995 – af.1996 Tarpie Yargee (1st time) bf.1997 – 2000 Rebecca Torres (f) 2000 – 2001 Governing Committee 2001 - 2017 Tarpie Yargee (2nd time) 2017 - 2021 Nelson S. Harjo 2021 - Wilson Yargee 2023 - Sam Marshall (in opposition) Absentee-Shawnee of Oklahoma
reservation in Missouri and traveled southwards to Texas (thus became known as Absentee-Shawnee), allied with Mexico. 1825 – 1839 Part of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (see under Cherokee of Oklahoma). 1838 Allied with the Republic of Texas. 1839 – 1842 Displaced from Texas to the Creek Nation in Oklahoma. 1854 – 1859 Settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation in Texas. 1859 Relocated to the Wichita Reservation in Oklahoma. 1862 – 1867 Rejoined in Kansas the main part of the Shawnee Tribe. 1867 Rejected the eventual Shawnee incorporation into the Cherokee Nation, returned to Oklahoma, settled on the Potawatomi Reservation. 1872 Potawatomi Reservation formally shared between Citizen Potawatomi and Absentee-Shawnee (a formally separate tribe from 1869). 1891 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens), the reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 1901 Shawnee Indian Agency established. 5 Dec 1938 Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, constitution adopted. 1994 Self-governance agreement. 2001 Gaming compact. Chiefs 1826 – 1863 Jim Squire (Paylawestha) (b. c.1790 - d. 1863) 1863 - af.1870 John White bf.1872 - 1885 John Sparney (d. 1885) 1885 - af.1892 "White Turkey" Chairmen c.1892 John Welch 1894 - .... Thomas Wildcat Alford (b. 1860 - d. 1938) c.1935 James W. Alford c.1938 Thomas B. Hood (1st time) c.1939 Casper Alford c.1949 Harold Abraham c.1950 Thomas B. Hood (2nd time) c.1953 Charles R. Alford c.1957 – af.1971 Arthur C. Rolette (d. 1977) c.1972 Lee Blanchard 197. - 197. Betty Mahardy Watson (f) (?) c.1974 Daniel Little Axe (1st time) c.1976 Lee Edwards c.1977 Daniel Little Axe (2nd time) Governors 1978 - 1984 John L. Sloat 1984 – 1989 Daniel Little Axe Oct 1989 - 1991 Larry Nuckolls (1st time) 1991 - 20 May 1992 John Edwards May 1992 – Feb 1993 Leroy Ellis (acting) Feb 1993 – 1993 Kenneth Blanchard (1st time) 1993 – Jun 1999 Larry Nuckolls (2nd time) Jun 1999 - 21 Oct 2003 James Lee Edwards (b. 1937 - d. 2003) Oct 2003 – Jun 2005 Kenneth Blanchard (2nd time) Jun 2005 – Jun 2007 Larry Nuckolls (3rd time) 25 Jun 2007 – 31 Dec 2007 Jennifer Onzahwah (f) (?) (b. 1954?) 31 Dec 2007 – Jun 2009 Scott Miller Jun 2009 – Jun 2013 George Blanchard Jun 2013 - Jun 2019 Edwina Butler-Wolfe (f) Jun 2019 - John R. Johnson Apache of Oklahoma ![]() 17.. Plains Apache became one of 6 divisions of Kiowa (see Kiowa), thus known as Kiowa-Apache until the middle of the 20th cent. 1865 Recognized as separate tribe, to 1867 confederated with Cheyenne and Arapaho. 1867 Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation (see under Kiowa) established in Oklahoma, equally shared by the 3 tribes. 1899 - Jan 1963 Kiowa, Comanche and Apache Tribes, remaining individual tribes, governed by joint Business Committee (see under Kiowa). 1900 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens). 1972 Apache Tribe of Oklahoma (name already in use from 1967), constitution adopted. 2005 Gaming compact. Head chiefs c.1853 "Poor Wolf" bf.1863 - af.1867 "Poor Bear" bf.1871 - 1875 "Iron Sack" ("Pacer") (d. 1875) bf.1879 - af.1896 Tsayaditl-ti "White Man" (b. c.1830 – d. c.1900) c.1908 Apache John (Gonkon) (b. c.1849 – d. 1927) Chairmen 1963 - 196. .... bf.1967 - af.1968 Houston E. Klinekole, Sr. (b. 1913 - d. 1997) (1st time) 1972 - c.1975 Frank Red Bone 1976 - 197. Alfred Chalepah (b. 1910 - d. 2008) bf.1978 - af.1981 Houston E. Klinekole, Sr. (s.a.) (2nd time) c.1983 - 1984 Lonnie B. Tsotaddle, Sr. (b. 1930) 1984 - af.1985 Leroy Nimsey c.1989 - 1992 Houston E. Klinekole, Sr. (s.a.) (3rd time) 1992 - 2000 Henry Lee Kostzuta (1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 2009) 2000 - 2002 Gene Maroquin 2002 - 2 Oct 2005 Alonzo Chalepah (1st time) Oct 2005 - 2006 Nathan W. Tselee 2006 - 2010 Alonzo Chalepah (2nd time) 2010 - 2012 Louis Maynahonah 2012 - 2014 Donald Cabaniss 2014 - 2016 Lyman Guy 2016 - 2 Jul 2020 Bobby Komardley 2 Jul 2020 - Durell Cooper III (b. 1991?) Caddo Nation ![]() c.1000 First towns founded by the latter Caddo. 1542 Recorded (as Nondacao, etc.) for the first time by the Spanish. 1717 Kadohadacho, a Caddo confederacy in Louisiana, allied with the French. 1721 Hasinai, a Caddo confederacy in Texas, allied with the Spanish. 1770 Subjected to the Spanish. 1804 - 1834 Caddo (to 1807, Lower Louisiana; from 1821, Red River) Indian Agency established for Kadohadacho. 1825 - 1839 Caddos in Texas a part of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (see under Cherokee of Oklahoma). 1825 - 1835 Caddo Reservation established by the U.S. in Louisiana for Kadohadacho. 1835 Kadohadacho sold the reservation and relocated to Texas to join Hasinai (by then Hasinai were divided in two divisions – Nadaco [Anadarko] and Hainai [Ioni]). 1839 - 1842 Displaced from Texas to the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma. 1842 Allied with the Republic of Texas. 1846 Under the U.S. protection. 1854 - 1859 Settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation. 1859 Relocated from Texas to the Wichita Reservation (see under Wichita) in Oklahoma. 1861 - 1862 Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862 – 1867 in Kansas exile). 1872 Wichita Reservation officially established, equally shared by the Wichita and Affiliated Bands, a nominal entity composed of the Wichita (see there), Caddo (2 tribes) and Absentee- Delaware (modern Delaware Nation). 1874 Both Caddo tribes (Kadohadacho [Caddo proper] and Hainai/Anadarko) formally confederated. 1895 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens). 1938 Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted. Jun 2002 Renamed the Caddo Nation. 2006 Gaming compact. Principal chiefs of Kadohadacho (title of Caddo chief: Kahdi) bf.1768 - 1789 Tinhiouen (d. 1789) 1789 - 1800 Bicheda (d. 1800) 1800 - 1833 Dehahuit (d. 1833) 1833 - 1841 Tarshar (d. 1841) 1841 - 1843 "Red Bear" (acting) (d. af.1845) 1843 - 1848 Bintah (d. 1848) 1848 - 1853 Haddabah (d. 1853) 1853 - af.1867 Tinah bf.1871 - 1874 Guadeloupe (Nahahsana) (b. 1825 - d. 1887) Principal chiefs of Hasinai c.1714 Bernardino c.1721 Cheocas 1769 - 1777 Bigotes (Sauto) (d. 1777) 1777 - 1783 Vacant? 1783 - 1803 Balthasar Bigotes (d. 1803) 1803 - 1809 Blanco (d. 1809) Principal chiefs of Nadaco (Anadarko) bf.1836 - 1862 Jose Maria Iesh (b. 1806 - d. 1862) bf.1863 - af.1866 Jim Pockmark (acting) Principal chiefs of Caddo (native names, if known, and tribal affiliation in parentheses) 1874 - 1887 Guadelupe (Kadohadacho) (s.a.) c.1888 "Whitebread" (Dashkat Hakayu’) (d. 1916) (chief of Kadohadacho, de facto leader of Caddo) 1890 - 1902 Caddo Jake (Hakayu’ Kinuiseya’) (b. c.1820 - d. 1914) (Kadohadacho) 1902 - 1913 "Whitebread" (s.a.) 1913 - 1920 Enoch Hoag (Anadarko) (b. c.1850 - d. 1929) 1920 - 1922 Harry Edge (Hainai) (b. c.1876 - d. 1940) 1922 - 1923 Amos Longhat (Hainai) (b. 1871 - d. 19..) 1923 - 1937 Charles Adams (b. c.1880 - d. 1944) 1937 - 1939 Fritz Hendrix (b. 1887 - d. 1940) Chairman 1938 - af.1939 Maurice Bedoka (b. 1898 - d. 1957) c.1943 - af.1957 Lloyd Tounwin (b. 1898 - d. 1959) 19.. - 19.. Stanley Edge (b. 1873 - d. 1954) 19.. - 19.. Jesse Ahdunko 19.. - 19.. Wilbur Williams 1967 - 1973 Melford Williams 1973 - 197. Harry Guy (1st time) (d. 1977) c.1975 Andrew Dunlap 1976 - 1977 Harry Guy (2nd time) (s.a.) 1977 - af.1980 Doyle Edge (b. 1948) c.1981 Calvin Toho (b. 1922 - d. 1998) bf.1983 - af.1984 Mary Pat Francis (f) c.1985 - 1986 Henry Shemayme (b. 1923 - d. 1987) 1986 - 21 Mar 1989 Hubert Halfmoon (b. 1916 - d. 1989) c.1990 - Aug 1992 Leonard "Tony" Williams Aug 1992 - Aug 1994 Elmo Tewiwin Clark Aug 1994 - Oct 1995 Noah Frank Oct 1995 - Dec 1999 Vernon Hunter (acting to 1996 and Jul-Dec 1999) Dec 1999 - Aug 2009 Sundra LaRue Martin-Parker (f) (b. 1935 - d. 2011) Aug 2009 - Sep 2013 Brenda Shemayme Edwards (f) (continued in opposition to Jan 2015) Sep 2013 - Mar 2014 Philip M. Smith (acting) (1st time) Mar 2014 - Jun 2014 Anthony Cotter Jun 2014 - Jan 2015 Philip M. Smith (acting) (2nd time) Jan 2015 - Apr 2021 Tamara Francis-Fourkiller (f) Apr 2021 - Bobby Gonzalez Cherokee Nation
c.1000
Kituwa,
"mother town" of the Cherokee, founded. Speakers of Overhill Towns (senior
division by precedence) 1764 - 1779 Alexander Cameron (b. c.1719 - d. 1781) (from 1766, also deputy superintendent for Cherokee and Creek) 1779 - 1783 John McDonald (acting) (b. 1747 – d. 1824) United States Indian Agents 1788 (6 months) Joseph Martin (special agent) (b. 1740 – d. 1808) 1792 – 1794 Leonard D. Shaw (b. 1766 - d. 1808) 1794 – 1796 John McKee (b. 1771 – d. 1832) 1796 – 1798 Silas Dinsmoor (temporary) (b. 1766 – d. 1847) 1798 – 1801 Thomas Lewis (Eastern) Cherokee Indian Agents 1801 - 28 Jan 1823 Return Jonathan Meigs (b. 1740 - d. 1823) 1823 - 1824 Joseph McMinn (b. 1758 - d. 1824) 1824 - 31 Dec 1834 Hugh Lawson Montgomery (b. 1769 - d. 1852) 1835 – 1837 Benjamin Franklin Currey (d. 1837) (special agent) 1837 - 1839 Nathaniel W. Smith (b. 1791 - d. 1841) (superintendent of removal) Western Cherokee Indian Agents 1811 - 1813 Samuel Treat (b. 1760 - d. 1813) 1813 - 1817 William Lewis Lovely (b. 1750 - d. 1817) 1817 - 1820 Reuben Lewis (b. 1777 - d. 1844) 1820 - 1822? Matthew Lyon (b. 1750 - d. 1822) 1820/22? - 1 Jan 1824 David Brearly (b. 1767 - d. 1837) Jan 1824 - 1830 Edward Washington Duval (b. 1789 - d. 1830) 12 Mar 1830 - 1835 George Vashon (b. 1785 – d. 1835) (from 7 Jul 1834, sub-agent) Cherokee Indian Agents 25 Mar 1836 - 1841 Montfort Stokes (b. 1762 - d. 1842) (sub-agent to 8 Mar 1837) 13 Sep 1841 - 1846 Pierce Mason Butler (b. 1798 - d. 1847) 19 Aug 1846 - 13 Jan 1848 James McKissick (b. 1782 - d. 1848) Jan 1848 - Mar 1848 Gustavus A. Loomis (acting) (b. 1789 – d. 1872) Mar 1848 - May 1849 Richard C.S. Brown (b. 1774 - d. 18..) 29 May 1849 - 21 Sep 1850 William Butler, Jr. (b. 1790 - d. 1850) 24 Sep 1850 - 8 Dec 1850 William G. Belknap (acting) (b. 1794 – d. 1851) 8 Dec 1850 - Jun 1860 George M. Butler (b. 1823 - d. 1875?) Jun 1860 - Apr 1861 Robert J. Cowart 5 Apr 1861 - 1862 John Crawford (for the Confederate States Jun 1861-1862) 10 Mar 1862 - 31 Aug 1862 Charles W. Chatterton (b. 1815 - d. 1862) (in exile in Kansas) 11 Sep 1862 - 1866 Justin James Harlan (b. 1800 – d. 1879) (acting to Jan 1863; in exile in Kansas to 1865) 25 Sep 1866 - 4 Jul 1867 John P. Humphreys (d. 1867) 29 Nov 1867 - 1869 William B.D. Davis 22 Jun 1869 - 1870 John N. Craig 9 Dec 1870 – 22 Dec 1874 John Buttrick Jones (b. 1824 - d. 1876) 1874 - 1914 the Union Agency Agents Party abbreviations (to 1906): RP = Ross Party (informal, 1866–1879, former northerners, becomes NP); DP = Downing Party (informal 1866–1879, former southerners, reorganized 1883, afterwards considered progressive); NP = National Party (conservative, former RP, 1879-c.1906) Cheyenne and Arapaho
c.1680 Legendary founding of the Cheyenne government of the Council of 44 Chiefs (title of chief: Veho), including 4 principal chiefs. 1825 Cheyenne under the U.S. protection. c.1830 Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes confederate (Confederated Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes), but divide into the Southern and Northern divisions (the Northern division later becomes Northern Cheyenne Tribe and Arapaho Tribe of Wind River). 1846 – 1869 Upper Platte Indian Agency established. 17 Sep 1851 Arapaho under the U.S. protection. 1855 Upper Arkansas (from 1874, Cheyenne and Arapaho) Indian Agency established for the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho (latter additional short-lived Indian agencies: Cantonment 1902-27, Seger 1902-27, Red Moon 1908-17); the separation into the two divisions becomes permanent. 18 Feb 1861 – 1867 Upper Arkansas River Reservation established in Colorado. 21 Oct 1867 Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation established in Oklahoma. 1891 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens). 19 Apr 1892 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 25 May 1929 First constitution adopted. 18 Sep 1937 Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes. 2005 Gaming compact with the state. 17 Nov 2007 Renamed Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. Keepers of the Sacred Arrows (Cheyenne ceremonial leaders) c.1830 – 1838 Vohpenonoma’e "White Thunder" (b. c.1765 – d. 1838) 1838 Mo’eheo’he’e "Elk River" (d. 1838) 1838 – 1849 "Lame Medicine" (d. 1849) 1850 – 1876 Ho’honaeve’ohtanehe (b. c.1795 – d. 1876) "Stone Forehead" ("Walks with Toes Turned Out") 1876 – 1882 "Black Hairy Dog" (b. c.1823 - d. 1882) 1883 – 1917 Makeeta "Little Man" (b. c.1846 - d. 1917) 1917 – 1920 Vacant 1920 – 192. Oo’ko’oheo’o "Mower" 192.. – 192. "White Rabbit" (for 1 year) bf.1928 – 1936 "Red Bird Hog" (b. c.1864 – d. 1936) [not the last Keeper] Head chiefs of Southern Arapaho (title of chief: Neecee) c.1855 – 1889 Housoo "Young Crow" (b. c.1810 – d. 1889) 1889 – 1908 Nowooth "Left Hand" (b. c.1840 – d. 1911) 1908 – af.1911 "Bird Chief" (b. c.1851 – d. 1931) Presidents 1914 – af.1915 Robert Burns (1st time) c.1916 Paul Boynton (chairman) c.1917 DeForest Antelope (b. 1872 – d. 19..) c.1921 Robert Burns (2nd time) 192. - 1928 John W. Block 1928 – 1929 John Fletcher (b. 1895 – d. 19..) 1929 – 1931 Alfred Wilson (1st time) 1931 – 1933 Mack Haag 1933 – 1935 Jesse Rowlodge (b. 1884 – d. 1974) 1935 – 1937 Alfred Wilson (2nd time) Chairmen 13 Dec 1937 - 1939 Edward Burns (b. 1893 – d. 19..) 1940 – 1941 Jesse Rowlodge (1st time) (s.a.) 1942 – 1943 Richard Boynton (1st time) 1944 – 1945 Jesse Rowlodge (2nd time) (s.a.) 1946 – 1947 Richard Boynton (2nd time) 1948 – 1949 Jesse Rowlodge (3rd time) (s.a.) 1950 – 1951 Woodrow Wilson (1st time) 1952 – 1953 Jesse Rowlodge (4th time) (s.a.) 1954 – 1955 Fred Bushyhead 1956 – 1961 .... c.1958/59 Woodrow Wilson (2nd time) 1962 – 1963 Woodrow Wilson (3rd time) 1964 – 1965 Willie P. Hail 1966 – 1967 Lawrence H. Hart (1st time) 1968 – 1969 John Washee 1970 – 1971 Lawrence H. Hart (2nd time) 1972 – 1973 Virgil Franklin (b. 1928) 1974 – 1976 Howard Goodbear c.1978 Joseph "Joe" Pedro c.1979 Ralph Beard 1980 – 1981 Edward P. Wilson (1st time) 1982 – 1983 Juanita Learned (f) (1st time) 1984 – 1985 Fred Hoffman 1986 – 1987 Wisdom Nibbs 1988 – 1991 Juanita Learned (f) (2nd time) 1992 – 1993 Edward P. Wilson (2nd time) 1994 – 1995 Viola Hatch (f) 1996 – 1997 Charles Surveyor 1998 – 1999 Edward Starr, Jr. 2000 – 2001 James W. Pedro (b. 1940) 2002 – 2003 Robert P. Tabor (b. 1946) 2004 – 2005 William F. Blind (interim) (b. 1941) 2006 Darrell Flyingman Governors 5 Jul 2006 - 13 Nov 2009 Darrell Flyingman 13 Nov 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Teresa Dorsett (f) (acting) Jan 2010 - Dec 2013 Janice Prairie Chief-Boswell (f) Jan 2014 - Jan 2018 Eddie Hamilton Jan 2018 - Reggie Wassana Chickasaw Nation
c.1000
First towns founded by the latter Choctaw and Chickasaw. Chiefs (title: Minko)
Party abbreviations (to 1906): NP
= National Party (conservative, until 1896/98 also known
as "Pull-Back" Party, 1871-1906); PP
= Progressive Party (progressive, 1870/72-1906)
c.1000
First towns founded
by the latter Choctaw and Chickasaw. Grand Chiefs of Choctaw (title: Miko
Chito; speakers of the nation, at Lower Towns) British Commissaries to the Choctaw Party abbreviations (to 1906): NP = National Party (conservative, to 1885 also known as Buzzard Party, c.1870-1906); PP = Progressive Party (progressive, to 1885 also known as Eagle Party, c.1870-1896); TP = Tuskahoma Party (succeeded PP, 1896-1906)
1761 - 1789
Allied with the British. First chiefs of Wabash Potawatomi
1784
Principal chiefs of the Comanche divisions recorded for
the first (title of Comanche chief: Paraibo) (native spellings, if known, in parentheses) 1784 - 1786 Camisa de Fierro (d. 1786) 1786 Cabeza Rapada (d. 1786) 1787 - 1800 Zoquine + Sofais (d. af.1808) 1801 - 1806 Chihuahua (d. af.1818) 1806 - 1821 Sargento (= Cordero) (d. af.1826) bf.1836 - 1840 Muguara "Spirit Talker" (Mukwooru)(b. 177. - d. 1840) bf.1844 - 1849 Mopechucope "Old Owl" (b. c.1790 - d. 1849) (Mupitsakupu) 1849 - 1861 Potsanaquahip "Buffalo Hump" (b. c.1790 - d. 1870) (Potsana Kwahipu) - jointly with two below, being the reservation leaders - 1849 - 1855 Sanaco (d. af.1858) 1855 - 1861 Ketumsee (d. 1861) 1861 – 1865 Kakarawa (d. af.1874) 1865 - af.1875 Tosawa "Silver Brooch" (Tosahwi) (b. c.1810 – d. 1878/80) Principal chiefs of Kotsoteka Comanche 1786 - 1793 Ecueracapa (d. 1793) 1793 - 1797 Encanguane (d. 1797) 1797 - 1801 Canaguaipe (d. 1801) 1801 - 1805 Vacant? 1805 - 1818 Quegue (d. 1818) 1818 - 1821 Vacant? 1821 - af.1826 Cordero (= Sargento) (s.a.) 1828 - af.1831 Toro Echicero bf.1849 - 1878 Mowway "Shaking Hand" (Maawe) (b. c.1800 - d. 1886) Principal chiefs of Comanche (native spellings and division affiliation in parentheses) 1875 - 1890 Eschiti (Isatai’i) (Kwahada) (b. c.1840 - d. 1916) (self-proclaimed, with name Quenatosavit "White Eagle" [Kwina Tosapitu]) c.1879 Terheryaquahip "Horse Back" (b. c.1810 - d. 1888) (Tuhuya Kwahipu) (principal spokesman) (Tenewa) 1890 – 1911 Quanah Parker (Kwana) (Kwahada) (b. c.1845 - d. 1911) Chairmen 1964 - 1976 Lee Motah (b. 1911 - d. 1981) 1976 - Jul 1979 James M. Cox (b. 1914 - d. 1996) 1979 - Feb 1980 Kenneth Laverne Saupitty (b. 1937 - d. 2015) (1st time) c.1981 - 1985 Bernard Kahrahrah (b. 1938) 1985 - af.1987 Ronald L. Burgess (b. 1950) 1988 - Jun 1991 Kenneth Laverne Saupitty (s.a.) (2nd time) Jun 1991 - 1996 Wallace E. Coffey (1st time) 1996 - Apr 1998 Keith Yackyonney (b. 1962 – d. 2014) (continued in opposition to 1999) Apr 1998 - Jun 1998 Carney Saupitty (acting) Jun 1998 - Apr 1999 Jacquetta McClung (f) (acting) Apr 1999 - 2003 Johnny C. Wauqua (1st time) (b. 1945 - d. 2012) 2003 - 2009 Wallace E. Coffey (2nd time) Jul 2009 - Apr 2011 Michael Burgess 2011 - Jun 2012 Johnny C. Wauqua (2nd time) (s.a.) Jun 2012 - Feb 2016 Wallace E. Coffey (3rd time) Feb 2016 - Oct 2016 Susan Cothren (f) (interim) Oct 2016 - Jun 2021 William Nelson Jun 2021 - Jun 2024 Mark E. Woommavovah Jun 2024 - Forrest Tahdooahnippah
1825 Group of Delaware absented from the Delaware reservation in Missouri and traveled southwards to Texas (thus became known as Absentee-Delaware). 1825 – 1839 Part of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (see under Cherokee of Oklahoma). 1839 – 1842 Displaced from Texas to the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma. 1843 Allied with the Republic of Texas. 1854 – 1859 Settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation in Texas. 1859 Relocated to the Wichita Reservation in Oklahoma. 1862 – 1867 Rejoined in Kansas the main part of the Delaware. 1867 Rejected the Delaware incorporation into the Cherokee Nation, became a formally separate tribe, returned to Oklahoma, settled on the Wichita Reservation. 1872 – c.1936 Component of the Wichita and Affiliated Bands (see under Wichita and Affiliated Tribes), shared the Wichita Reservation with Wichita and Caddo. 1895 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens). 5 Jul 1958 Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma, constitution adopted. Nov 1999 Name changed to Delaware Nation. 2004 Gaming compact. 2008 Self-governance agreement. Chiefs of the Absentee-Delaware (traditional leaders from the 1930's) bf.1872 - 1880 "Black Beaver" (b. 1806 - d. 1880) bf.1891 - af.1893 Bull Wilson 189. - 1906 Bill Thomas (b. 1844 – d. 1906) 1906 - 14 Dec 1924 Jim Bobb (d. 1924) 1924 - Dec 1931 Jack Thomas (b. c.1856 - d. 1931) 193. - 1963 Willie Thomas Chairmen bf.1934 - af.1936 Jess Parton 19.. - 1947 Belo Ellis (d. 1947) 1947 - 1955 Myrtle Holder (f) (b. 1905 - d. 1984) Presidents 1955 - c.1957 Henry T. Chisholm (b. 1921 - d. 1995) c.1963 Arthur L. Thomas (1st time) c.1967 Lawrence Snake (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 1999) c.1971 Arthur L. Thomas (2nd time) c.1972 Lawrence Snake (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1978 Charles Keechi (1st time) c.1979 - af.1980 Lawrence Snake (3rd time) (s.a.) c.1983 Edgar L. French (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2006) c.1987 Richard Snake (b. 1938 - d. 1999) 15 Sep 1990 - Jan 1994 Charles Keechi (2nd time) Jan 1994 - Jul 2001 Lawrence Frank Snake (b. 1955) Jul 2001 - 2004 Bruce Gonzalez 2004 - 12 Nov 2006 Edgar L. French (2nd time) (s.a.) Dec 2006 - 21 Jun 2012 Kerry Holton (1st time) (b. 1949) 21 Jun 2012 - 2014 Cleanan J. Watkins 2014 - Jul 2015 Clifford Peacock Jul 2015 - Jul 2017 Kerry Holton (2nd time) (s.a.) Jul 2017 - Deborah Dotson (f)
Delaware Tribe ![]() 1614 – c.1630 Allied with the Dutch. 1638 – 1655 Swedish ally. 1677 - 1755 Under the "Covenant Chain" with the Five (latter Six) Nations of Iroquois (a dependent nation from 1711/12). 1682 Also allied to the English (interrupted 1755-1761). 1747 Majority relocated from Pennsylvania to Ohio. 1778 Treaty with the U.S., the first U.S.-native treaty (discontinued 1780). 1789 Group of Delaware arrived to Missouri (during the 1780's there was also relocation by small groups to Ontario, Canada: modern Delaware of the Grand River, Moravian of the Thames, Munsee- Delaware). 1793 Spanish land grant at Cap Girardeau, Missouri, jointly to Shawnee and Delaware (ceded to the U.S. in 1825). 1795 Under the U.S. protection (Delaware Nation), majority relocated from Ohio to the Miami country in eastern Indiana. 1807 Small reservation in Ohio established (ceded to the U.S. in 1829). 1808 Miami formally shared their country with Delaware. 1818 Exchanged for temporary reservation in Missouri (relocated in 1821). 1824 – 1869 Delaware (1837-1851 Fort Leavenworth) Indian Agency established (closed 1851-1855). 1825 Group of Delaware (latter Absentee-Delaware, modern Delaware Nation) absented from the reservation in Missouri and traveled southwards to Texas. 1829 Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1830). 18 Dec 1862 Laws of Delaware Nation adopted (contain some constitutional provisions). 1867 Incorporated into the Cherokee Nation (relocated to Oklahoma in 1868), reservation ceded to the U.S. (by the treaty of 1866), the incorporation was rejected by the Absentee-Delaware. 1974 – 1979 Listed as federally recognized tribe (Cherokee Delaware Tribe). 1996 – 2004 Again listed as federally recognized tribe (Delaware Tribe). 2009 Recognition restored, and the incorporation reversed by agreement with the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Grand chiefs (title Kitakima) (chiefs' names seem to be Anglicized versions, except 1759-1776) bf.1683 - af.1697 Tamenend bf.1698 - af.1709 Owechela c.1712 Skalitchy bf.1715 - 1747 Sasoonan (b. c.1670 - d. 1747) c.1751 Temakwe "The Beaver" -Speaker (b. c.1705 - d. 1771) 1752 – 1759 Shingas (b. c.1700 - d. 1763) 1759 – 1765 Temakwe "The Beaver" (s.a.) 1765 – 1776 Netewatewes "Newcomer" (b. c.1678 - d. 1776) 1773 – 1776 Koquetakeghton "White (b. c.1730 - d. 1778) Eyes" -Speaker (representative of grand chief) 1776 – 1778 Gelelemend "Killbuck" (b. c.1737 - d. 1811) 1778 – 1806 Tetepachksit (d. 1806) 1806 – 1831 William Anderson (Kikthawenund) (b. c.1757 - d. 1831) 1831 – 1835 William Patterson (Memshaquaowha) (d. 1835) 1835 – 1848 Nakkomin (d. 1848) 1848 – 1857 Ketchum (b. c.1780 - d. 1857) 1857 – 1858 James Conner (not installed) (b. 1817 - d. 1877) (1st time) 1856 - 1872 John Conner (b. 1802 - d. 1872) 1872 - 1873 James Ketchum (b. 1818 - d. 1890) 1873 - 1877 James Conner (2nd time) (s.a.) 1877 - 1894 Charles Journeycake (b. 1817 - d. 1894) Chairmen 1895 - 1921 George Bullette 1921 John Young 1922 - 1951 Joseph A. Bartles (b. 1875 - d. 1956) 1951 - 28 Dec 1970 Horace L. McCracken (d. 1970) 1971 - 1979 Bruce M. Townsend 1979 - 1982 Henry A. Secondine (b. 1905 - d. 1983) Chiefs 1982 – 1983 Henry A. Secondine (s.a.) 1983 - 1994 Lewis B. Ketchum (b. 1935 - d. 1995) 1994 - 1998 Curtis Zunigha 1998 - 2002 Dee Ketchum 2002 – Oct 2005 Larry Joe Brooks Oct 2005 – Nov 2010 Jerry L. Douglas Nov 2010 – Nov 2014 Paula Pechonick (f) Nov 2014 - 29 Aug 2021 Chester "Chet" L. Brooks (b. 1943 - d. 2021) Aug 2021 - Brad Kills Crow
1817
Shawnee
of Lewistown granted one of the tracts of the Shawnee
1 Jul 1852
Treaty
with the U.S. by the (Southern) Apache Nation. Iowa of Oklahoma Head chiefs (formerly the Summer
chiefs of Iowa) Kaw Nation ![]() 1815 Under the U.S. protection (Kansa Tribe), by then governed by council of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Left-Side /Sky (Yata) chief formally sharing with the Right-Side/Earth chief, but a single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S. 1825 Kansa Reservation established. 1851 - 1912 Kansas (from 1904, Kaw) Indian Agency established (closed 1874- 1904). 1872 Reservation in Kansas exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1873). 1883 - 1902 Kaw Nation, the tribe governed by constitution. 1902 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens), the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without formal opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 23 Jul 1959 Kaw Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted. 31 Jul 1990 Renamed Kaw Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal names from 1996). 1995 Self-governance agreement. 2001 Gaming compact. Head chiefs (Anglicized names in parentheses) (the Side affiliation unknown) bf.1821 - 1838 Nonpewaye "White Plume" (b. 1765 - d. 1838) 1838 - 1845 Gahige Wadayinga "Fool Chief I" (d. 1845) 1845 - c.1860 Gahige Wachexe "Hard Chief" (d. c.1860) c.1860 - 1865 "Speckled Eye" (Ish-tah-lesh-yeh) (d. 1865) 1865 - 1867 Gahige Wadayinga "Fool Chief II" 1867 - 1875 Alink’awaho (Allegawaho) (b. c.1820 - d. c.1897) 1875 - 1883 Wazhanga "The Bird" (Washungah) (b. c.1837 - d. 1908) Principal chiefs 1883 - Mar 1885 Kebothliku Mar 1885 - 1908 Wazhanga (s.a.) c.1916 Tribal Council [7 elected councilors] Chiefs Nov 1922 - 1934 Lucy Tayiah-Eads "Little Dear" (f) (b. 1888 - d. 1961) 1934 - 1935 Ernest E. Thompson c.1939 Joe Cross c.1950 Tribal Council [elected] Chairmen 1958 - 1975 Tom W. Dennison 1975 - af.1981 Jesse Mehojah (b. 1913 - d. 1995) 1982 - af.1984 Maurice M. Chouteau 1986 - 1990 William A. Mehojah (b. 1917 - d. 2000) 1990 - 2002 Wanda Stone (f) 2002 - 2014 Guy G. Munroe 2014 - Jul 2016 Elaine Huch (f) Jul 2016 - May 2018 Jacque Hensley (f) May 2018 - Sep 2022 Lynn Williams-Dunson (f) Sep 2022 - Kimberly Jenkins (f) Kialegee Tribal Town ![]() 1941 A constituent town of the Creek Nation (present Muscogee) recognized by U.S. as tribe by its own (Kialegee Tribal Town). 1974/78 - 1998 Kialegee Tribal Town of Creek Indians, from 1982 Kialegee Tribal Town of the Creek Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal names). Kings (title in Muskogee: Mekko; female rulers also styled King) c.1941 Albert Coachman (chairman) c.1942 Daniel Scott c.1983 (16 yrs.) James Wesley (b. 1924 - d. 1999) c.1989 - c.1992 Johnny Billy 1992 - 1995 Tony Martin (b. 1953) 1995 - 1999 June Fixico (f) 1999 – 2001 Mary Givens (f) 2001 - 2005 Lowell Wesley 2003 – 2005 Evelyn Bucktrot (f) 2005 – 2007 Gary Bucktrot 2007 – Jun 2009 Jennie Lillard (f) Jun 2009 – Jun 2013 Tiger Hobia Jun 2013 - 2019 Jeremiah Hobia 2019 - 2023 Brian Givens 2023 - Stephanie Yahola (f) Kickapoo of Oklahoma ![]() 1763 Part of Kickapoo moved from Illinois (see Kickapoo in Kansas) to Missouri, by 1775 reached Texas. 1825 – 1839 Part of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (see under Cherokee of Oklahoma). 1839 Displaced from Texas to the Creek Nation in Oklahoma or to Mexico (Mexican land grant in 1852 at El Nacimiento in state of Coahuila). 1864 Formerly Creek-allied Kickapoo (from 1862 in exile in Kansas) relocated to Mexico. 1873 Part of Kickapoo returned by the U.S. troops from Mexico to the Creek Nation. 1874 Reservation set aside in Oklahoma, tribe referred to as the Mexican Kickapoo. 1895 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens), the reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 1899 – 1901 Mexican Kickapoo Indian Agency established. 1937 Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted. 1997 Self-governance agreement. 2006 Gaming compact. Principal chiefs bf.1832 - af.1864 Pacana "Pecan" 1873 - 1884 Thahpequah (d. 1884) c.1891 Ockquanocasey c.1994 Wahnahkethahah 1901 - 1908 Wahpecatqua Chairmen bf.1929 – 19.. .... 19.. – 1937 George Kishketon 1937 - c.1938 Francis Allen (1st time) c.1939 Francis Adams c.1950 - c.1952 Francis Allen (2nd time) bf.1967 - af.1972 James Wahpepah (1st time) c.1979 - c.1982 Herbert White bf.1983 - af.1985 James Wahpepah (2nd time) c.1989 - 1991 John Kaskaske 1991 - 1993 Ricardo Salazar 1993 - 1999 Kendall Scott 1999 – 2001 Thomas Garza 2001 - 2003 Danny Kaskaske (1st time) 2003 Tony Salazar (1st time) 2003 - 2004 Patrick Suke (acting) 2004 - Jul 2006 Tony Salazar (2nd time) Jul 2006 - 2009 Marlon Frye 2009 - May 2010 Marilyn Winsea (f) 2010 - 2015 Gilbert Salazar Jun 2015 - Jun 2021 David Pacheco Jun 2021 - Darwin Kaskaske Kiowa of Oklahoma ![]() 1806 Allied with the Comanche (see there), by then included Kiowa- Apache (modern Apache of Oklahoma) as one of 6 Kiowa divisions. 1837 Friendship treaty with the U.S. 1853 Under the U.S. protection. 1864 - 1948 Kiowa Indian Agency established. 1865 - 1867 Comanche-Kiowa Reservation established in Texas and Oklahoma (in 1865 Apache recognized as separate tribe). 1867 Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation established in Oklahoma, equally shared by the three tribes. 1899 – Jan 1963 Kiowa, Comanche and Apache Tribes, remaining individual tribes, governed by joint Business Committee. 1900 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens). 1901 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 1932 Constitution of the joint Business Committee adopted. 1970 Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted. 2006 Gaming compact. Principal chiefs of Kiowa (title of Kiowa chief: K’ataik’i) 18.. - 1833 Autaute "The Island" 1833 - 1866 Tohausan "Little Bluff" (b. c.1790 - d. 1866) 1866 - 1874 Kuipagaui "Lone Wolf I" (b. c.1820 - d. 1879) 1874 - 1875 T’eneaungepte "Kicking Bird” (b. c.1835 - d. 1875) 1875 - 1883 Tribal Council [as of 1878, 33 band leaders] 1883 - 1901 Kuipagaui "Lone Wolf II" (b. c.1855 - d. 1923) 1901 - af.1915 Apitau "Wooden Lance" (b. 1856 - d. 1931) Chairmen of Kiowa, Comanche and Apache (tribal affiliation in parentheses) 1899 - 19.. .... bf.1928 - 1931 Ned E. Brace (Kiowa) 1931 - af.1934 Jasper Saunkeah (Kiowa) (1st time)(b. 1888 - d. 1962) c.1936 Delos K. Lone Wolf (Kiowa) (b. 1870 - d. 1945) c.1942 William Karty (Comanche) c.1944 Guy Quetone (Kiowa) (b. c.1885 - d. 19..) c.1948 Lee Motah (Comanche) (b. 1911 - d. 1981) c.1950 Jasper Saunkeah (Kiowa) (2nd time)(s.a.) c.1954 Robert Goombi (Kiowa) (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1963) c.1957 Philemon Berry (Apache) c.1959 Robert Goombi (Kiowa) (2nd time) (s.a.) 19.. - 1963 .... Chairmen of Kiowa 1963 - 196. .... bf.1967 - af.1968 Vincent H. Bointy (b. 1925 - d. 2003) 1969 - 1972 Gus Palmer (b. 1916 - d. 2006) 1972 - 1976 Robert "Bob" Gene Cannon 1976 - 1978 Presley Ware 1978 - 1982 Jacob Ahtone (b. 1918 - d. 2006) 1982 - 1986 Billy Evans Horse (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2014) 1986 - 1988 Glen Hamilton Jun 1988 - Oct 1988 Herschel "Ace" Sahmaunt (1st time)(b. 1933) 1988 - 1992 Joseph "J.T." Goombi (b. 1937) Jun 1992 - 1994 Herschel "Ace" Sahmaunt (2nd time)(s.a.) 1994 - 1998 Billy Evans Horse (2nd time) (s.a.) 1998 - Jun 2000 Earl Yeahquo Jun 2000 - Jun 2002 Billy Evans Horse (3rd time) (s.a.) Jun 2002 - Jun 2004 Clifford McKenzie Jun 2004 - Jun 2008 Billy Evans Horse (4th time) (s.a.) Jun 2008 - Jun 2010 Donald G. Tofpi (b. 1943) Jun 2010 - Jul 2011 Ronald "Dawes" Twohatchet Jul 2011 - Sep 2016 Amber C. Toppah (f) (acting) (from 2014 not recognized by U.S.) Sep 2016 - Jun 2022 Matthew M. Komalty (in opposition from Dec 2013) Jun 2022 – Lawrence SpottedBird
1682 -
1760
French ally. Principal chiefs (title: Kihci-Akima)
Nov 1873
Displaced from Oregon
to Oklahoma (formerly a part of Klamath). Chiefs Muscogee (Creek) Nation
c.1000
First towns founded by the
latter Muscogee (Creek). Speakers of the Lower Towns British Commissaries to the Lower Creeks Party abbreviations (to 1906):
CP = Constitutional Party
(informal, former Southerners, c.1867-1877, becomes
NP); LP = Loyal Party
(informal, former Northerners, c.1867-1883; afterwards
as traditionalist); MP =
Muskogee Party (progressive, 1876-1891, succeeded by
Union Party); NP = National
Party (conservative, former CP, to 1883 also known as
"Pin" Party, 1877 – 1906) Osage Nation ![]() 1804 Osage (Upper Louisiana to 1807, 1871-1874 Neosho) Indian Agency established (closed 1812-1821, 1834-1847). 1808 Under the U.S. protection (Great and Little Osage Nation), by then governed by council of chiefs ("Little Old Men"), including two principal chiefs, the Sky/Peace (Tsi’zhu) chief formally sharing with the Earth/Warrior (Hunka) chief, but a single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S. 1825 Reservation established in Kansas, the tribe relocated from Missouri. 31 Aug 1861 Osage Nation, the first constitution adopted. Oct 1861 – 1862 Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862-1865 the pro- Confederate minority in exile in the Creek Nation). 1870 Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1872). 31 Dec 1881 Second constitution adopted (suspended in 1900). 28 Jun 1906 Osage Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, entitled to become the U.S. citizens (completed by 1921), the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without formal opening of the reservation to non-Indian settlement, the subsurface rights ("mineral estate") retained by the entire tribe. 1994 Renamed Osage Nation. 2005 Gaming compact. 2016 Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs (all the Sky/Peace chiefs, affiliation of "Black Dog" unknown) bf.1767 - 1794 Lamo’n "Arrow Going Home" (b. c.1745 - d. 1794) (Claremore I) 1794 - 1796 Lam’on "Town Maker" (Claremore II) (d. 1828) 1796 - 1808 Pahuska "White Hair I the Older" (d. 1808) 1808 - 1809 Pahuska "White Hair II" 1809 - 1833 Pahuska "White Hair III the Great" (b. c.1765 - d. 1833) 1833 - Jan 1852 Pahuska "George White Hair IV the (b. c.1802 - d.1852) Younger" 1853 - 12 Mar 1861 Pahuska "White Hair V" (b. 1813 - d. 1861) (personal name Letamaze "Iron Hawk") 1861 - 24 Dec 1869 Pahuska "White Hair VI the LittLe" (d. 1869) (personal name Wasape "Black Bear") 1862 - 1865 Shonke Sape "Black Dog" (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1910) (pro-Confederate, in exile in the Creek Nation) Governor Dec 1869 - 1882 Joseph "Joe" Paw-nee-no-pah-she (b. 1837 - d. 1883) "Not Afraid of the Longhairs", "Star Chief" Principal Chiefs (the ones with native names known by Anglicized native names, except 2 chiefs) 1882 - Feb 1883 Joseph "Joe" Paw-nee-no-pah-she (s.a.) Feb 1883 - Aug 1884 "Strike Axe" Aug 1884 - Aug 1886 Shonke Sape "Black Dog" (2nd time) (s.a.) Aug 1886 - Aug 1888 Ne-kah-ke-pon-ah Aug 1888 - Jun 1892 Eu-tsa-tah Wah-tah-in-kah (b. c.1846 - d. 1892) Aug 1892 - Aug 1896 James Bigheart (1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1908) FP Aug 1896 - Aug 1898 Gahige Wadayinga "Saucy Chief" (b. c.1827 - d. 1901)PP Aug 1898 - May 1900 Shonke Sape "Black Dog" (3rd time) (s.a.) FP May 1900 - Aug 1902 Ne-kah-wah-she-tun-kah (1st time) (b. 1839 - d. 1923) PP Aug 1902 - Aug 1904 James Bigheart (2nd time) (s.a.) FP Aug 1904 - Jun 1906 O-lo-ho-wal-la PP 28 Jun 1906 - 1908 Ne-kah-wah-she-tun-kah (2nd time) (s.a.) Jun 1908 - 1910 Peter Cassidy Bigheart (b. 1838 - d. 1915) Jun 1910 - 1912 A.H. Brown (b. 1859 - d. 19..) Jun 1912 - 1913 Bacon Rind (Wah-tse-mon-in) (b. 1860 - d. 1932) 1913 - 1914 Fred Lookout (1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1949) Jun 1914 - 1916 Robert A. She-gah-hre (b. 1851 - d. 1930) Jun 1916 - 1918 Fred Lookout (2nd time) (s.a.) Jun 1918 - 1920 Charles W. Brown (b. 1861 - d. 1942) Jun 1920 - 1922 Arthur Bonnicastle (b. 1877 - d. 1923) Jun 1922 - 3 Aug 1923 Ne-kah-wah-she-tun-kah (3rd time) (s.a.) Aug 1923 - Jun 1924 Paul Red Eagle (b. 1880 – d. 1941) Jun 1924 - 28 Aug 1949 Fred Lookout (3rd time) (s.a.) 1949 - 1951 John Oberly (b. 1880 - d. 1951) 1951 - 1970 Paul Warren Pitts (b. 1903 - d. 1970) 1970 Edward Red Eagle (acting) (b. 1918 - d. 1999) 1970 - 1982 Sylvester J. Tinker (b. 1903 - d. 1991) 1982 - 1990 George E. Tallchief (b. 1916 - d. 2003) 1990 - 2002 Charles O. Tillman, Jr (b. 1937 - d. 2022) 2002 - Aug 2010 James Roan "Jim" Gray (b. 1961?) 4 Aug 2010 - 21 Jan 2014 John D. Red Eagle (= Tzi Zho Zi) (b. 19.. - d. 2024) 21 Jan 2014 - Jul 2014 Scott N. Bighorse (b. 1956) 2 Jul 2014 - Geoffrey M. Standing Bear (b. 1953) Party abbreviations (189.- c.1906): FP = Full-Blood Party (conservative, informal), PP = Progressive Party (progressive)
1817
Under the U.S. protection (Otoe-Missouria Tribe), by
then governed Head chiefs (Winter chiefs to
1837/54 and 1871-1874, others the Summer chiefs)
1761 – 1795 Allied with the British. 1795 Under the U.S. protection (Ottawa Bands of Detroit), interrupted by the British alliance 1812-1813. 1807 Reservation (several tracts) established in north-western Ohio. 1831 Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (moved in 1837). 1862 Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (moved in 1867), granted the U.S. citizenship (effective in 1867). 1863 – 1867 Ottawa Indian Agency established. 1891 Allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 30 Nov 1938 Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma. 3 Aug 1956 - 15 May 1978 Federal recognition terminated (effected in 1959). 2002 Self-governance agreement. 2005 Gaming compact. First chiefs c.1761 Makade-binesi "Black Bird" bf.1774 - 1796 Agwazhewaa "Flat Button" (b. c.1730 – d. 1796) 1796 – 1806 Nigig "Little Otter" (b. c.1749 – d. 1806) 1806 – 1825/28 Watusson (Anglicized spelling) (b. c.1768 – d. 1825/28) 1825/28 – 1840 Waasaanakwad "Cloud Far Off" (b. c.1779 – d. 1840) 1840 Ottawakee (Anglicized spelling) (b. c.1780 – d. 1840) 1840 – 1846 Anwaatin "The Calm" (b. c.1781 – d. 1846) Chiefs c.18.. John Holmes (b. c.1825 – d. 1861) c.1862 Pem-ach-wung (Anglicized spelling)(d. 1864) c.1864 James Wind (1st time) (b. 1818 – d. 1875) c.1865 John Tecumseh Jones (b. 1808 – d. 1873) bf.1867 - 1870 John Wilson (b. 1813 – d. 1870) 1870 – 187. John Wind (b. 1819 – d. 18..) 1872 – 1873 James Wind (2nd time) (s.a.) 1873 – af.1879 Joseph Badger King (1st time) (b. 1822 – d. 1915) 1881 – 1883 John W. Early (1st time) (b. 1824 – d. 1907) 1883 Joseph Badger King (2nd time) (s.a.) 1883 – 1885 John W. Early (2nd time) (s.a.) 1885 – 1887 Moses E. Pooler (b. 1833 – d. 1908) 1887 – af.1888 John W. Early (3rd time) (s.a.) bf.1891 - 1929 Manford B. Pooler (b. 1862 – d. 1930) 1929 – af.1961 Guy A. Jennison (b. 1886 - d. 1967) c.1965 - 8 Jan 1972 Clarence E. King (b. 1896 - d. 1972) 1972 - 199. Lewis H. Barlow (b. 1905 - d. 1996) bf.1992 - 1999 Charles Edward Dawes (b. 1923 - d. 2001) 1999 - 2008 Charles A. Todd (b. 19.. - d. 2014) 2008 - May 2011 John R. Ballard May 2011 - Oct 2023 Ethel E. Cook (f) Oct 2023 - Kalisha Dixon (f) British (to 1794, Deputy) Superintendents and Agents for Detroit Tribes 1774 - 1779 Jehu Hay (agent) (d. 1785) 1779 – 1794 Alexander McKee (b. 1735 - d. 1799) 1812 – 1813 Matthew Elliott (b. 1739 - d. 1814)
17..
Pawnee
confederacy, consisting of 4 bands, the Grand (Chawi) Head chiefs of the Grand (Chawi) Pawnee
(title: Riisaahkitawi’u’ ["Leading Chief"])
bf.1630 -
1769
Illinois confederacy, a confederacy of Kaskaskia
(leading tribe), bf.1673 - af.1680 Chassogac bf.1694 - 1725 François Xavier Rouensa (b. c.1650 – d. 1725) bf.1733 - af.1751 Louis Rouensa bf.1765 - d. 1774 Gabriel Tomera (d. 1774) Chiefs of Kaskaskia 1774 - 1811 Jean Baptiste Ducoigne (b. 1750 - d. 1811) (in exile in Missouri 1775-1778) 1811 - af.1818 Louis Jefferson Ducoigne (b. 177. - d. bf.1832) Head chiefs c.1843 - 1873 Samuel Baptiste Peoria (b. 1793 - d. 1873) 1873 - af.1879 James Charley (d. 1887) c.1886 Edward H. Black (d. 1892) Chiefs 1887 - 1901 Frank Beaver (b. 1856 – d. 19..) c.19.. George W. Finley (b. 1858 – d. 1932) c.1934 Willis McNaughton (b. 1882 – d. 1969) c.1939 - 1947 George W. Skye (d. 1947) 1947 - 1972 Guy Willis Froman (b. 1902 - d. 1994) bf.1976 - Sep 1986 Rodney P. Arnette (d. 1986) Sep 1986 - Mar 1987 Wallis O. McNaughton (b. 1922 - d. 2006) (interim) Mar 1987 - 1994 Louis E. Myers (b. 1915 - d. 1994) (acting to 1988) 1994 - 1998 Donald E. Giles (b. 1948 - d. 2015) 1998 - Jun 2000 Ronald "Ron" Froman (b. 1940 - d. 2006) Jun 2000 – Aug 2000 Joe Goforth (acting) 2 Sep 2000 – 1 Dec 2000 Robbie Hedges (f) 2001 - 2018 John P. Froman Mar 2018 - Craig Harper Ponca of Oklahoma
of chiefs, including two principal chiefs, the Sky chief formally sharing with the Earth chief, but a single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S. 1858 Ponca Reservation established in Nebraska. 1859 - 1927 Ponca Indian Agency established (closed 1882-1901, 1919-1921). 1868 Reservation annexed to the Great Sioux Reservation. 1877 Relocated from Nebraska to Oklahoma, temporarily settled on the Quapaw reservation. 1878 Reservation set aside (formally in 1881 after purchase from the Cherokee). 1879 Part of tribe (see Ponca of Nebraska) returned to Nebraska. 1904 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens), the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without formal opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 1950 Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted. 1999 Self-governance agreement. 2002 Gaming compact. Head chiefs (all likely the Sky chiefs) c.18.. Zhinga’ Gahi’ge "Little Chief" bf.1843 -1846 Watha’be Zhinga "Little Bear" (d. 1846) c.1846/47 Tenu’ga Nonba "Two Buffalo Bulls" (d. 1846/47) bf.1852 - 1865/69 We’ga Thapi "Iron Whip" (b. c.1802 - d. 1865/69) 1865/69 - 1914 Xita’ Thka "White Eagle" (b. c.1836 - d. 1914) 1914 - 1940 "Horse Chief Eagle" (b. c.1863 - d. 1940) Chairmen bf.1939 - af.1941 McKinley Eagle (1st time) c.1950 William Overland c.1953 McKinley Eagle (2nd time) bf.1954 - af.1959 Perry LeClair 19.. - 1962 McKinley Eagle (3rd time) c.1967 Thurman Rhodd c.1969 - af.1970 John Williams (b. 1915 - d. ....) c.1971 - af.1973 Leonard Biggoose (1st time) (b. 1923 - d. 2004) c.1974 - af.1975 Felix Allen (b. 1919 - d. 2002) c.1976 - Dec 1980 Leonard Biggoose (2nd time) (s.a.) 1981 - Dec 1983 Sylvester Kemble 1983 - 1985 Leland Pappan (b. 1947 - d. 2009) bf.1987 - 1989 Cynthia Stoner (f) Aug 1989 – Jan 1991 Delbert Cole 1991 - 1992 Leonard Biggoose (3rd time) (s.a.) 1992 - 1995 Genevieve W. Pollack (f) (b. 1929 - d. 2000) 1995 - 1997 Douglas G. Rhodd (1st time) 1997 - 1999 Alexander Lionel LeClair (b. 1942 – d. 2007) 1999 - 2003 Bennett Arkeketa 2003 - 2005 Dwight D. Buffalo Head Jun 2005 - Jan 2007 Daniel C. Jones 2007 - 2009 Earl S. "Trey" Howe III (1st time) 2009 - Dec 2011 Douglas G. Rhodd (2nd time) 2012 - 2018 Earl S. "Trey" Howe III (2nd time) 2018 - 2020 Douglas G. Rhodd (3rd time) 2020 - 2024 Oliver Little Cook Aug 2024 - Earl S. "Trey" Howe III (3rd time)
1763 - 1803 Spanish ally. 1818 Under the U.S. protection (Quapaw Tribe), the Quapaw reservation established in Arkansas, by then governed by council of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Sky (Tiju) chief formally sharing with the Earth chief, but a single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S. 1818 - 1824 Arkansas Indian Agency established. 1825 - 1830 Temporarily relocated to the Caddo reservation in Louisiana. 1833 Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1834). 1851 - 1947 Quapaw (to 1871, Neosho) Indian Agency established (closed 1902-1921). 1861 - 1862 Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862 - 1865 in Kansas exile). 1867 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens). 1895 Allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without formal opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 19 Aug 1956 Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma, governing resolution adopted. 2002 Gaming compact. 2007 Self-governance agreement. 18 Aug 2018 Renamed Quapaw Nation. Head chiefs (interim chiefs and J. Lane known by Europeanized native names) (all likely the Sky chiefs, affiliation of interim and acting chiefs unknown) 175. - 1773 Kahike Nanpate "Two Buffalo Chief" (b. c.1730 - d. 1773) 1773 - 1779 Guatanika (interim) 1779 - 1781 Wapatesa "Black Wrap Around" (1763-c.1810) (1st time) 1781 - 1784 Angaska (interim) (d. 1785) 1784 - 1807 Wapatesa (2nd time) (s.a.) 1807 - 1842 Xeka Tan "Dry Man" (c.1780-1842) 1842 - 1865 War-te-she (Joseph Lane) (c.1800-1865) 1865 - 1874 Kahike Tide "Lame Chief" (b. c.1800 - d. 1874) 1874 - 1918 Kahike Stete "Tall Chie" (b. c.1840 - d. 1918) (Louis Angel)(1875-1894 in self-imposed exile in Osage Nation) Acting chiefs (for absent "Tall Chief") bf.1877 - af.1878 John Hotel 1879 - 1892 Charles Quapaw (b. 1835 - d. af.1906) 1892 - 1894 John Medicine (b. c.1842 - d. 19..) 1894 Peter Clabber (b. 1854 - d. 1926) Chiefs 1918 - 1926 Peter Clabber (s.a.) 1927 - 1929 John Quapaw (b. 1872 - d. 1929) Apr 1929 - Aug 1956 William Victor Griffin (b. 1873 - d. 1958) Chairmen Aug 1956 - 1968 Robert A. Whitebird, Sr. (b. 1913 - d. 2005) 1968 - 1972 John McKibben (b. 1914 - d. 1992) 24 Jan 1972 - 1972 Jake L. Whitecrow 1972 - 1974 John D. Redeagle 1974 - 1980 Jesse C. McKibben (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 2009) 1980 - 1982 George A. Romick (b. 1930 - d. 2007) 1982 - 1986 Jesse C. McKibben (2nd time) (s.a.) 1986 - 1990 Harry F. Gilmore (b. 1916 - d. 2008) 1990 - 1992 J.R. Mathews 1992 - 1994 Lloyd Buffalo 1994 - 1996 Grace M. Goodeagle (f) 1996 - 1998 Leonard M. Smith (b. 1954 - d. 2012) 1998 - 2000 Edgar L. "Ed" Rodgers (b. 1946 - d. 2004) 2000 - 2002 Tamara R. Martin-Summerfield (f) (b. 1971) 2002 - 15 Aug 2020 John L. Berrey (b. 1959?) 15 Aug 2020 - 15 Apr 2023 Joseph Tali Byrd (b. 1985?) 2023 - Wena Supernaw (f) Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma
1735
Sac and Fox
tribes confederated. c.1805 Washekone c.1814 "The Moist" c.1820 Nanaqui bf.1821 - 1832 Pashepaho "Stabber" (b. c.1760 – d. 1845) 1832 - 1848 Keokuk "Watchful Fox" (b. c.1783 – d. 1848) 1848 - 1869 Wunagisa (Keokuk Jr.) (b. c.1822 – d. 1903) Head chiefs of Fox c.1805 Olopier bf.1812 - af.1819 Makata-Nanamaki "Black Thunder" bf.1820 - 1832 Wapello "Playing Fox" (b. c.1787 – d. 1842) 1832 - 1852 Poweshiek "Roused Bear" (b. c.1797 – d. 1852) bf.1855 - af.1859 Kershemana bf.1860 - 1861 Mamiwanige (d. 1881) 1862 - 1869 Chekuskuk (d. 1889) Principal chiefs (title: Kehchi-Okimawa) 1869 - 1886 Ukquahoko "Grey Eyes" (d. 1886) 188. - 1891 Mahkosahtoe (d. af.1909) Chiefs of Sac 1891 - 1903 Moses Keokuk Jr. (s.a.) 1903 - 1909 .... Chief of Fox 1891 - 1909 Mahkosahtoe (s.a.) Chairmen 1909 - 1934 .... 1934 - 1937 Frank O. Jones Principal Chiefs 1937 - 1951 Don Whistler (b. 1894 - d. 1951) 1951 - 1954 Amos Black (d. 1954) 1954 - 1957 Emery Foster 1957 - 1963/65 Rex Whistler (b. 1903 - d. 1971) 1963/65 - 1973 Elmer Manatowa (1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 2012) Aug 1973 - Aug 1975 Dora S. Schexnider (f)(1st time) (b. 1939) 1975 John B. McClelland 1975 - May 1977 Mary F. McCormick (1st time) (b. 1932) 1977 - 1980 Elmer H. Grant 1980 - 1984 John "Jack" R. Thorpe (1st time) (b. 1937 - d. 2011) 1984 - Sep 1985 Alvin Sanachee Falls (b. 1914) Sep 1985 - 1987 John "Jack" R. Thorpe (2nd time) (s.a.) 1987 Mary F. McCormick (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting) 1987 - 1995 Elmer Manatowa (2nd time) (s.a.) 1995 - 1997 Dora S. Young (f)(2nd time) (s.a.) (= Dora S. Schexnider) Mar 1997 - Nov 1997 Merle Boyd (acting) Nov 1997 - 2003 Don W. Abney (1st time) 2003 - 2007 Elisabeth Kay Rhoads (f)(1st time) 14 Sep 2007 - Sep 2015 George Thurman Sep 2015 – Jun 2019 Elisabeth Kay Rhoads (f)(2nd time) Jun 2019 - Jul 2022 Justin F. Wood Jul 2022 - Jul 2024 Don W. Abney (2nd time) Jul 2024 - Randle Carter Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
c.1715
Creeks (present
Muskogee) begin to establish towns in Florida Leading chiefs of Alachua Seminole
(from 1802, title: Mekko Nvpv)
Seneca-Cayuga
c.1748 Some Cayuga, Seneca and other Iroquois settled in Ohio. late 18th cent. Mainly resided among Wyandotte. 1814 Under the U.S. protection (Seneca Tribe of Sandusky). 1817 Reservation established in northern Ohio. 1831 Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (moved in 1832). 1832 – 1867 Shared the reservation with Shawnee of Lewistown (modern Eastern Shawnee), jointly known as United Seneca and Shawnee. 1861 - 1862 Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862 - 1865 in Kansas exile). 1867 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens). 1891 Allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 1900 – 1921 Seneca Indian Agency established. Oct 1934 Seneca-Cayuga Tribe (confirmed by constitution of 26 Apr 1937). 2002 Gaming compact, self-governance agreement. 15 May 2014 Renamed Seneca-Cayuga Nation. First chief bf.1825 - af.1832 "Cornstick" Chiefs bf.1858 - af.1862 "Little Town" Spicer bf.1864 - af.1865 Isaac Warrior bf.1867 - af.1868 George Spicer bf.1881 - af.1882 Joseph Spicer (1st time) c.1886 William Spicer bf.1889 - 1890 Joseph Spicer (2nd time) 1890 – 1897 Mathias Splitlog (b. c.1812 - d. 1897) bf.1913 - af.1915 Edward Mingo 19.. – 1934 John H. Logan 1934 - 1939 Thomas J. Armstrong (1st time) (b. 1884 - d. 1957) 1939 - 1941 Grover C. Splitlog (d. 1963) 1941 – Jun 1947 Thomas J. Armstrong (2nd time) (s.a.) Jun 1947 - 6 Apr 1957 David J. Charloe (b. 1899 - d. 1959) 1955 Chester Armstrong (elected, unable to take office) Apr 1957 – 1958 Peter J. Buck (b. 1888 - d. 1968) 1958 – Jun 1961 1963 Clem Hayden Spicer (b. 1896 - d. 1968) Jun 1961 – 1963 Richard Whitetree (d. 1978) 1963 – 1973 Vernon Crow (b. 1914 - d. 1991) 1973 - 1991 James H. Allen (b. 1922 - d. 2007) 1991 – 1992 Terry L. Whitetree (1st time) 1992 – 1993 Mark R. Daniels 1993 – 1997 Terry L. Whitetree (2nd time) 1997 – Jun 2001 Jerry R. Dilliner (b. 1940) Jun 2001 – Jun 2005 Leroy Howard (1st time) Jun 2005 - Jun 2008 Paul Spicer 7 Jun 2008 - Jun 2013 Leroy Howard (2nd time) Jun 2013 - Sep 2020 William L. Fisher Sep 2020 - Apr 2021 Sarah S. Channing (f) Apr 2021 - Charles Diebold Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
Iroquois (a dependent nation from 1711/12), consists of five divisions. 1743 Majority relocated from Pennsylvania to Ohio. 1761 Allied to the British. 1787 Group of Shawnee arrived to Missouri, the Shawnee leadership split between Ohio and Missouri. 1793 Spanish land grant at Cap Girardeau, Missouri, jointly to Shawnee and Delaware (ceded to the U.S. in 1825). 1795 Under the U.S. protection (Shawnee Nation). 1812 – 1832 Piqua (from 1831, Ohio) Indian Agency established. 1815 Temporary reservation established in Missouri. 1817 Reservation (several tracts) established in western Ohio. 1825 Reservation in Missouri exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1826). 1825 Majority of Missouri Shawnee absented from the reservation in Missouri and traveled southwards to Texas (latter Absentee-Shawnee). 1831 Reservation in Ohio exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1832, except the Shawnee of Lewistown, latter Eastern Shawnee). 8 Feb 1854 Laws of Shawnee Tribe adopted (contain some constitutional provisions). 1855 – 1871 Shawnee Indian Agency established. 1869 Incorporated into the Cherokee Nation (relocated to Oklahoma in 1870), reservation ceded to the U.S. (later known as Loyal Shawnee or Cherokee Shawnee), the incorporation was rejected by the Absentee-Shawnee. 3 Jan 2001 Granted separate federal recognition from Cherokee (Shawnee Tribe). Grand chiefs (leading chiefs of Chalakatha division) bf.1707 - 1758 Okawela (b. c.1674 - d. 1758) (c.1725 and c.1755 for several years resided among the Creeks in Alabama) 1758 – 1777 Hokoleskwa "Cornstalk" (b. c.1710 - d. 1777) 1777 – 1779 Mkatawikasha "Black Fish" (b. c.1725 - d. 1779) 1779 – 1786 Moluntha (b. c.1710 - d. 1786) Head chiefs of Ohio Shawnee 1786 – 1831 Peethatha "Black Hoof" (b. c.1740 - d. 1831) 1831 – 1845 John Perry (Lahtowah) (b. c.1775 - d. 1845) 1845 – 1848 John Francis (Tapatakatha) (b. c.1780 - d. 1848) 1848 – 1851 Joseph Parks (b. 1794 - d. 1859) Head chiefs of Missouri Shawnee 1787 – 1810 Kekewepelethee "Tame Hawk" (b. c.1726 - d. 1810) 1810 – 1820 Kikusgowlawa "Deer Hoof" (b. c.1722 - d. 1820) 1820 – 1826 Kishkalwa "Tiger Tail" (b. c.1736 - d. 1826) Principal chiefs (1854-1870 terms were 1 Jan – 31 Dec) 1851 – 1857 Joseph Parks (s.a.) 1858 Paschal Fish (b. 1805 - d. 1894) 1859 – 1860 Graham Rogers (1st time) (b. 1821 - d. 1871) 1861 – 1865 Charles Bluejacket (b. 1817 - d. 1897) 1863 – 1864 "Black Bob" (in opposition) (b. c.1775 - d. 1864) 1866 – 1871 Graham Rogers (2nd time) (s.a.) 1871 - af.1884 Charles Tucker bf.1887 - af.1892 Jonathan Blackfeather c.1900 – 1960 None Chairmen bf.1964 - af.1979 Jerome Shawnee 1982 – 19.. Pamela Chibitty (f) (?) (b. 1949? - d. 1991) bf.1992 - 1999 Don Greenfeather (b. 1946) Sep 1999 - Feb 2001 James Squirrel Feb 2001 - 2011 Ron Sparkman Chiefs 2011 - Sep 2019 Ron Sparkman Sep 2019 - Benjamin J. Barnes British Deputy Superintendents and Agents for Ohio tribes 1756 – 1771 George Croghan (b. 1718 - d. 1782) 1772 – 1777 Alexander McKee (b. 1735 - d. 1799) 1779 – 1794 Matthew Elliott (agent) (b. 1739 - d. 1814) Thlopthlocco Tribal Town ![]() 1938 A constituent town of the Creek Nation (present Muscogee) recognized by the U.S. as tribe by its own (Thlopthlocco Tribal Town). 1974/78 - 1998 Thlopthlocco Creek Tribal Town, from 1982 Thlopthlocco Tribal Town of the Creek Nation (on U.S. list of tribal names). Kings (female ruler also styled King) 1933 - 193. Roley E. Canard (1st time) (b. 1885 – d. 1950) c.1938 Governing Committee c.1939 Roley E. Canard (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1976 - 198. Curtis L. Canard (b. 1932 - d. 2010) c.1980 Fred Long (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 2010) 1981 - 19.. Robert Lee Canard (b. 1942 - d. 2002) c.1983 Fred Long (2nd time) (s.a.) bf.1991 - 1995 Charlie McGertt 1995 – 2002 Grace Bunner (f) 2002 – 2004 Bryan McGertt 2004 - 2005 Louis McGertt 2005 – 2007 George D. Scott (1st time) (b. 1955 - d. 2015) 2007 Nathan E. Anderson 2007 – 2009 Vernon Yarholar 2009 – 2015 George D. Scott (2nd time) (s.a.) 2015 - Ryan Morrow Tonkawa ![]() 1837 Allied with the Republic of Texas. 1854 - 1859 Settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation. 1859 Relocated to the Wichita Reservation in Oklahoma. 1861 - 1865 Allied with the Confederate States (in 1863 returned to Texas). 1884 Relocated to Oklahoma (to 1885 settled on the Sac and Fox reservation). 1885 Settled on the Oakland Reservation (former reservation of Joseph band of Nez Perce). 1893 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens), reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 1901 - 1921 Oakland Indian Agency established. 1938 Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted. 1994 Gaming compact. Principal chiefs bf.1758 - 1779 Neques (d. 1779) 1779 - 1784 El Mocho (d. 1784) 1784 - af.1785 Yaculchen bf.1821 - 1823 Carita (d. 1823) 1823 - 1862 Placido (Hashukana) (b. c.1788 – d. 1862) 1863 - af.1872 Castile Presidents 1938 - 1940 John Rush Buffalo 1940 - 1965 Walter Jefferson (b. 1911 - d. 1976) 1965 - 1967 Melvin S. Allen, Sr. (b. 1927 - d. 2004) 1967 - 1987 Henry Lemar "Corky" Allen (b. 1929 - d. 1989) 1987 - 1989 Charles F. "Erney" Norman (b. 1954 - d. 2008) Apr 1989 - Oct 1995 Virginia Combrink-Swanson (f) Oct 1995 - 1997 Richard L. Cornell, Sr. (b. 1958 - d. 2017) (in opposition to 10 Dec 1994 - 11 Jan 1995, recognized by U.S.) 1997 - 2003 Donald "Don" L. Patterson (1st time) 2003 - 2005 Carl E. Martin (b. 1939 - d. 2017) Apr 2005 - Apr 2008 Anthony E. Street 2008 - 2015 Donald "Don" L. Patterson (2nd time) 2015 - Russell Martin United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee
29 Apr
1859
Keetoowah Society in the Cherokee Nation organized by
the 1859 - 1887 Bud Gritts (secretary to 14 Feb 1876) 1887 - 1905 Rabbit Bunch Presidents 1905 - 1920 Richard Wolf 1920 - 1928 Price Cochran 1928 - 1934 Levi B. Gritts 1934 - 1939 Gabriel Terrapin Chiefs 1939 - 1946 John Hitcher (d. 1946) 1946 - 1954 Jim Pickup (1st time) (d. 1967) 1954 – 1956 Jeff Tindle (1st time) 1956 - 1957 Jim Pickup (2nd time) (s.a.) 1957 – 1960 Jeff Tindle (2nd time) 1960 - 1967 Jim Pickup (3rd time) (s.a.) 1967 - 1979 William Glory 1979 - 1983 James L. Gordon 1983 - 1991 John Hair 1991 - 1996 John Ross, Jr. 1996 – Dec 2000 Jim Henson Dec 2000 – Dec 2004 Dallas Proctor Dec 2004 - May 2016 George G. Wickliffe May 2016 - 2024 Joe Bunch 2024 - Jeffrey Wacoche Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1541 Recorded (as Tabas) for the first time by the Spanish (legendary "Quivira"). c.1740 A loose confederacy, then consisting of 9 tribes in Texas and Oklahoma, the Taovaya and Tawakoni (both in Texas) being the largest tribes. 1771 - 1821 Taovaya and Tawakoni (by 1790 other tribes as well) allied with the Spanish (after 1821 the alliance continued with Mexico). 1835 Friendship treaty with the U.S. (referred to as the Wichita and Associated Bands), by then only 4 tribes (Tawakoni, Waco, Wichita proper, Keechi) remained. 1838 Tawakoni friendship treaty (from 1843, alliance) with the Republic of Texas. 1846 Under the U.S. protection. 1854 - 1859 Tawakoni, Waco and Keechi settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation in Texas (1855 – 1859 Brazos Indian Agency established there). 1857 Wichita Indian Agency established in Oklahoma (closed in 1878) for Wichita proper, the area known as the Wichita Reservation informally (remained part of the Chickasaw reservation to 1866). 1859 Tawakoni, Waco and Keechi relocated from Texas to the Wichita Reservation. 1861 - 1862 Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1863 – 1867 in Kansas exile). 1872 Wichita Reservation officially established, equally shared by the Wichita and Affiliated Bands, a nominal entity composed of the Confederated Wichita Tribes (4 tribes), Caddo (see there) and Absentee-Delaware (modern Delaware Nation). 1895 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens). 1901 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. bf.1939 Wichita Tribe (this name was retained on the U.S. list of tribal names to 1988). 1961 Renamed Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, the governing resolution adopted. 2006 Gaming compact. 2022 Self-governance agreement. Principal chiefs of Taovaya bf.1764 - af.1767 Eyasiquiche c.1780 Quitesain bf.1804 - 1811 Awahakei (d. 1811) Principal chiefs of Tawakoni bf.1772 - 1805 Quiscat (d. 1805) 1805 - af.1807 Daguariscara c.1812 Concha c.1838 Tocarawate bf.1842 - af.1845 Kechikaroqua bf.1857 - 1865 Ocherash (d. 1865) bf.1872 af.1874 Tawakoni Dave Principal chiefs of Confederated Wichita Tribes (tribal affiliation in parentheses) 1867 - af.1875 "Buffalo Good" (Waco) 187. - af.1891 Tsodiako "Shaved Head Boy" (Wichita proper) bf.1892 - af.1904 Tawakoni Jim (Tawakoni) Chairmen c.1922 John W. Haddon (president) (b. c.1882 – d. 19..) c.1939 William "Bill" Collins bf.1950 - 1961 Frank Miller Presidents 1961 - c.1969 Lewis L. Zadoka (b. 1918 - d. 1985) 196. - 1974 Myles Stephenson (b. 1929) 1974 - 1978? Newton Lamar (1st time) (b. 1928 - d. 1989) 1978 - c.1981 Margaret "Joyce" Bell (f) (b. 1935 - d. 2013) c.1982 - 1986 Newton Lamar (2nd time) (s.a.) 1986 - c.1989 Vernon Haddon (b. 1927 - d. 2006) 198. - 1990 Stuart Owings 1990 - 2008 Gary McAdams 2008 - 11 Sep 2010 Leslie Standing (1st time) Sep 2010 - Jun 2011 Stratford Williams (acting) (b. 1950 – d. 2013) 6 Jun 2011 - Jul 2012 Leslie Standing (2nd time) Jul 2012 - Jul 2024 Terri Parton (f) Jul 2024 - Amber Silverhorn-Wolfe (f)
1649
Huron confederacy (in modern
Ontario, Canada), allied with
Oregon Burns Paiute ![]() 1937 Reservation set aside. 1953 – 1978 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 16 Nov 1967 Burns Paiute Indian Colony, recognition by the U.S. confirmed. 1988/1993 Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon. 1997 Gaming compact. Chief 1884 – 1935 "Captain Louie" (b. c.1845 – d. 1935) Chairmen 1937 – 19.. .... c.1967 - 197. Truman Teeman (b. 1940 – d. 2011) c.1972 Alma Kennedy (f) c.1976 - Mar 1981 Herbert W. Hawley (1st time) c.1983 Minerva Soucie (f) bf.1984 - af.1987 Vernon Shake Spear bf.1990 - af.1992 Larry Richards bf.1993 - 1995 Herbert W. Hawley (2nd time) 1995 – 1996 Albert Teeman (1st time) 1996 – 2001 Wanda Johnson (f) (1st time) 2001 – 2003 Albert Teeman (2nd time) 2003 – 2004 Dean Adams (1st time) 2004 – 2006 Barbara Sam (f) 2006 – 2007 Dean Adams (2nd time) 2007 – 2009 Wanda Johnson (f) (2nd time) 2009 – 2011 Diane L. Teeman (f) (1st time) 2011 – 2013 Charisse Soucie (f) 2013 - 2016 Charlotte Roderique (f) 2016 - 2017 Joe DeLaRosa 2017 - 2019 Eric Hawley 2019 - 2020 Cecil Dick 2020 - 2021 Jody Richards (f) 2021 - 2024 Diane L. Teeman (f) (2nd time) 2024 - Tracy Kennedy (f) Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Confederated
17 Oct 1984 Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians of Oregon, recognized by the U.S., remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 2003 Gaming compact. 2005 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen c.1929 George B. Wasson (b. 1880 - d. 1949) 1936 – 19.. Howard Barrett, Sr. (1st time) (d. 1957) c.1941 James Siestreem bf.1947 - 1957 Howard Barrett, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1957 – 1971 George Barton 1971 – 197. William P. Brainard (1st time) (b. 1932 – d. 2003) bf.1977 - af.1978 Russell Jordan Anderson (d. 1981) (1st time) c.1980 Richard E. Jordan, Jr. (1st time) 198. - 1981 Russell Jordan Anderson (s.a.) (2nd time) 198. – 1984 Richard E. Jordan, Jr. (2nd time) 1984 – 1985 William P. Brainard (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1987 Edgar Allen Bowen (b. 1926 – d. 2011) bf.1989 - af.1990 Richard E. Jordan, Jr. (3rd time) bf.1992 - 1994 Henry Stephen Brainard 1994 – 1998 Gregory A. Norton 1998 – 2000 Richard Clarkson 2000 – 2001 Wanda Williford (f) 2001 – 2007 Ronald Brainard 2007 – 2015 Robert Garcia 2015 - 2018 Mark D. Ingersoll 2018 - 2019 Debbie Bossley (f) (1st time) 2019 - 2020 Donald "Doc" Slyter 2020 - 2022 Debbie Bossley (f) (2nd time) 2022 - Brad Kneaper Coquille ![]() 13 Aug 1956 Terminated by the U.S. as a part of Siletz. 28 Jun 1989 Coquille Indian Tribe, recognized by the U.S., remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1995 Gaming compact. 1998 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen c.1978 Leland "Bud" Chase (b. 1926) c.1984 James I. Metcalf (1st time) c.1988/89 Wilfred Carlisle Wasson (b. 1924 - d. 1990) bf.1991 - 1992 James I. Metcalf (2nd time) 1992 – 2012 Edward L. Metcalf 2012 - Brenda Meade (f) Cow Creek Umpqua
13 Aug 1956 Terminated by the U.S as a part of Grand Ronde. 29 Dec 1982 Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians, recognized by the U.S.; remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1992 Gaming compact. 2015 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen c.1979 Ellis Buschmann c.1981 – 1983 Charles "Chuck" Jackson 1983 – 2010 Sue M. Shaffer (f) 2010 - 2022 Daniel Courtney 2022 - Carla Keen (f) Grand Ronde Confederated Tribes ![]() 1850 – 1956 Grand Ronde (to 1856, Rogue River; from 1909, Salem) agency. 1853 - 1855 Treaties with the U.S. 30 Jun 1857 Grand Ronde Reservation established. 13 May 1936 Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community (consisting of 24 tribes). 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 13 Aug 1956 – 22 Nov 1983 Tribe terminated by the U.S. 1995 Self-governance agreement, gaming compact. Chairmen bf.1934 - 193. .... c.1936 Abraham J. Hudson bf.1937 - af.1940 Edgar Simmons c.1951 Celia Smith (f) c.1954 Vernon Reibach (b. 1913 - d. 1980) 1956 – 1975 abolished 1975 – af.1978 Margaret J. Provost (f) (b. 1930 - d. 2018) bf.1979 - Feb 1982 Marvin Kimsey (1st time) Feb 1982 - 11 Nov 1982 Merle Holmes Nov 1982 - af.Mar 1983 Harold "Dean" Mercier (1st time) (b. 1930 – d. 2011) c.May 1983 Marvin Kimsey (2nd time) c.Dec 1983 - Mar 1984 Harold "Dean" Mercier (2nd time) (s.a.) Mar 1984 - Mar 1985 Kathryn Harrison (f) (1st time) (b. 1924) Mar 1985 - Oct 1985 Henry Petite Oct 1985 - 1996 Mark A. Mercier 1996 – 2001 Kathryn Harrison (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 2001 – 2006 Cheryle A. Kennedy (f)(1st time) (b. 1948) 2006 – 2007 Christopher Mercier 2007 – 2012 Cheryle A. Kennedy (f)(2nd time) (s.a.) 2012 - 2017 Reynold L. Leno (b. 1950) 2017 - Cheryle A. Kennedy (f)(3rd time) (s.a.) Klamath ![]() 1854 – 1961 Klamath (to 1856, Southeastern) agency (1856–1861 closed). 14 Oct 1864 Treaty with the U.S. (ratified 2 Jul 1866), Klamath Reservation established. 23 Dec 1929 Klamaths, Modoc, and Yahooskin Band of Snake Indians, Klamath Reservation, Oregon - first constitution adopted. 15 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 13 Aug 1961 – 27 Aug 1986 Tribe terminated by the U.S. 27 Aug 1986 Klamath Indian Tribe of Oregon 1994 Gaming compact. 2005 Klamath Tribes 2019 Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs of Klamath (largest tribe of the reservation) bf.1850 - 1869 Lileks (La Lakes) 1869 – 1874 Allen David (Boos-ki-you) (b. c1825 – d. af1904) 1874 – 1904 Henry Blow (Lol-to-bux) (b. 1824 – d. 1904) Head chief of Modoc (second largest tribe of the reservation) bf.1846 - 1892 Schonchin (b. c.1797 – d. 1892) Chairmen 18.. – 1908 General Council 1908 – 19.. .... c.1911 Eugene Isaacs c.1922 Seldon E. Kirk (1st time) c.1929 Wade Crawford bf.1946 - c.1947 Jesse Lee Kirk, Sr. (b. 1894 – d. 1962) c.1955 - c.1958 Delford Lang (leads a 'withdrawn' group 1960-1965) c.1958 Joe Hall 1958 – 1961 Seldon E. Kirk (2nd time) 1961 – 1975 abolished 1975 – 197. Elnathan Ulysses Davis (1st time) (b. 1922 – d. 1991) c.1978 Chick Ruff c.1982 Elnathan Ulysses Davis (2nd time) (s.a.) 198. - Nov 1982 Lynn Schonchin (1st time) Nov 1982 - 198. LouJean Herrera (acting) c.1984 Elwood Miller (1st time) c.1986 - c.1989 Charles E. Kimbol, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1934) c.1989 Lynn Schonchin (2nd time) c.1990 Elwood Miller (2nd time) 19.. – 1992 Charles E. Kimbol, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1992 – 1994 Tom J. Ball 1994 – 1996 Marvin Garcia 1996 – 2000 Jeff C. Mitchell 2000 – 2007 Allen Foreman 2007 – 2010 Joseph S. Kirk 2010 - 2013 Gary D. Frost, Sr. 2013 - 2022 Don Gentry 2022 - 2024 Clayton Dumont 2024 - William E. Ray Siletz Confederated Tribes
1854 – 1925 Siletz (to 1856, Port Orford) agency. 9 Nov 1855 Coast Reservation established (in 1865 divided into Siletz and Alsea Reservations). 1894 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). 1895 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 30 Jun 1933 Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation (consisting of 27 tribes), first constitution adopted. 6 Apr 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 13 Aug 1956 – 18 Nov 1977 Tribe terminated by the U.S. 18 Nov 1977 Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Indians of Oregon, federal recognition restored. 1994 Self-governance agreement. 2000 Gaming compact. Head chief of the Confederated Tribes 1870 – 1900 George Harney (Ohlatha) (b. 1837 – d. 1900) Chairmen 1921 – 19.. .... c.1940 Coquelle Thompson, Jr. bf.1950 – 1956 Elmer Logan 1956 – 1973 abolished 1973 – c.1975 Joseph Lane 1975 - 1980 Arthur S. Bensell (1st time) (b. 1909 - d. 1988) c.1983 Mary Fisher (f) (b. 1928 – d. 2006) 198. – 1985 Arthur S. Bensell (2nd time) (s.a.) 1985 - 1 Feb 1997 Delores A. Pigsley (f)(1st time) 1997 - 1 Aug 1998 Pat Duncan 1 Aug 1998 - Delores A. Pigsley (f)(2nd time) Umatilla Confederated Tribes ![]() 1851 Eastern Oregon (from 1861, Umatilla) Indian Agency established. 9 Jun 1855 Three confederated tribes under the U.S protection; the Umatilla Indian Reservation established. 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). 15 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 4 Nov 1949 Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation. 1953 – 1981 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1994 Gaming compact with the state. 2005 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Head chiefs of Cayuse (largest tribe of the confederacy) 1835 – 1843 Tawatoy "Young Chief I" (1st time) (b. c.1805 - d. 1853) 1843 – 1848 Hezekiah (Pahkatos Qohqoh "Five Crows") (b. c.1800 – d. af.1857) 1848 – 1853 Tawatoy "Young Chief I” (2nd time) (s.a.) 1853 – 1859 Weatenatenamy "Young Chief II" (d. 1859) 1859 – 1861 "Young Chief III" 1861 – 1862 Howlish Wampo (1st time) (d. 1880) 1862 – 1868 Tintinemetsa (d. 1868) 1868 – 1880 Howlish Wampo (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1890 "Young Chief IV" Head chiefs of Walla Walla (2nd largest tribe of the confederacy) bf.1834 – 1856 Pyopyo Maqsmaqs "Yellow Bird" (b. c.1790 – d. 1856) 185. – 1863 Pierre (1st time) 1863 – 18.. Xumlay (1st time) (b. c.1820 – d. 1891) c.1871 Pierre (2nd time) bf.1873 - 1891 Xumlay (2nd time) (s.a.) Chairmen c.1929 General Council 19.. - 1949 .... 1949 - 1955 Louis McFarland (b. 1901 - d. 1971) 1955 – 196. Elias J. Quaempts c.1963 Gibert E. Conner c.1966 - af.1967 David S. Hall c.1969 Roy McIntyre (b. 1897 - d. 1979) 1974 – 1980 Les Minthorn (1st time) 1980 – af.1981 Ronald T. Halfmoon bf.1982 - Dec 1984 Elwood H. Patawa (1st time) 1985 – 1987 Ken Hall 1987 – 1993 Elwood H. Patawa (2nd time) 1993 – 1997 Donald G. Sampson 1997 – 2001 Antone C. Minthorn (1st time) 2001 – 2003 Gary I. Burke (1st time) 2003 - 2009 Antone C. Minthorn (2nd time) 2009 – 2011 Elwood H. Patawa (3rd time) 2011 – 2013 Les Minthorn (2nd time) 2013 - 2019 Gary I. Burke (2nd time) 2019 - Nov 2023 Kathryn Brigham (f) Nov 2023 - Gary I. Burke (3rd time) Warm Springs Confederated Tribes
25 Jun 1855
Under the U.S. protection
(Confederated Tribes of the Middle Pennsylvania None Recognized Rhode Island
1682 Reservation set aside. 31 Mar 1880 Narragansett de-tribalized in Rhode Island by Act of the General Assembly. Dec 1934 Narragansett Tribe of Indians incorporated. 11 Apr 1983 Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island granted federal recognition, remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Grand Chiefs c.1524 Tashtasuck c.15.. Canonicus I bf.1615 - 1647 Canonicus II (b. c.1565 – d. 1647) 1647 – 1676 Canonchet (d. 1676) Chiefs 1676 – 1679 Ninigret I (d. 1679) 1679 – 1686 Weunquesh (f) (d. 1686) 1686 – 1723 Ninigret II (Anquawas) (d. 1723) 1723 – 1735 Charles Augustus Ninigret (d. 1735) 1735 – 1746 George Augustus Ninigret (d. 1746) 1746 – 1769 Thomas Ninigret (b. 1736 – d. 1769) 1746 – 175. Sarah George-Ninigret (f) -Regent 1769 – 1777 Esther Ninigret-Sachem (f) (d. 1777) 1777 – 1779 George Sachem (b. 1757 – d. 1779) 1779 – 1792 Tribal Council (elected annually) Governors 1792 – 1850 .... Presidents 1850 – 18.. .... bf.1879 – 1896 Gideon L. Ammons (b. 1811 – d. 1899) 1896 – 1901 George Ammons (b. 1856 - d. 1923) 1901 – 1934 Abolished Chief Sachems 1934 – Jun 1955 Philip H. Peckham "Night Hawk" (d. 1955) 1955 - 1964 .... 1964 – 1986 George Watson (b. 1899 – d. 1986) 1986 – 1988 David K. Mars 1988 – 1990 Walter Babcock (b. 1933 - d. 2021) 1990 – 1996 George Hopkins (b. 1915 - d. 1996) 1997 - 2018 Matthew Thomas "Seventh Hawk" 2018 - Anthony Dean Stanton South Carolina Catawba Indian Nation ![]() 1712 - 1775 Ally (later subject) of the British. Jul 1760 Reservation established. 14 Dec 1943 Recognized by the U.S. (Catawba Tribe). 2 Jul 1960 – 27 Oct 1993 Terminated by the U.S., reverts to state trusteeship (from 1993, remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement). 1997 Renamed Catawba Indian Nation. Head chiefs 17.. – 1738 Ozato (d. af.1751) 1738 – 1741 Iscountgonita "Wolf King" 1741 – Oct 1750 Yanabe Yalangway "Young Warrior" (d. 1750) 1750 – 30 Aug 1763 Hagler (Arataswa) (b. c.1700 - d. 1763) 1763 – Feb 1765 David Ayers -Regent (b. c.1720 – d. 1776) Feb 1765 – c.1778 Joe Prow (d. 1779) Generals c.1778 – 1801 "New River" (Scott) (b. c.1740 – d. 1801) 1801 – 1821 Jacob Scott (d. 1821) 1821 – 14 Jul 1837 Jacob Ayers (d. 1837) 1837 – Sep 1839 William Harris (d. 1839) 1839 – 1847 James Kegg (absent from 1844) (b. 1783/85 - d. 1852) Chiefs 1844 – Dec 1851 William Morrison (b. 1815/16 – d. af.1853) (acting for Kegg to 1847) 1852 – Jul 1860 Allen Harris (b. 1813/14 - d. 1860) 1860 – 1861 John "Jim" Harris (1st time) (b. 1830/31 – d. 1874) 1861 – 1868 John Scott (1st time) (b. 1825/26 – d. 18..) 1868 – 1872 John "Jim" Harris (2nd time) (s.a.) 1872 – 1880 John Scott (2nd time) (s.a.) 1880 – af.1881 Vacant 188. – 1884 John Scott (3rd time) (s.a.) 1884 – 1885 James "Jim" Harris (1st time) (b. 1858 – d. 1912) 1885 – 1886 Vacant 1886 – 1889 Thomas "Tom" Morrison (b. 1836/37 – d. af.1900) 1889 – 1890 James "Jim" Harris (2nd time) (s.a.) 1890 – 189. Vacant 1892 – 189. James "Jim" Harris (3rd time) (s.a.) 189. – 1894 Vacant 1894 – 1895 James "Jim" Harris (4th time) (s.a.) 1895 – 1896 Robert Lee Harris (1st time) (b. 1867 – d. 1954) 1896 – 1898 James "Jim" Harris (5th time) (s.a.) 1898 – 1903 Lewis B. Gordon (b. 1868/69 – d. af.1910) 1903 – 1904 Vacant? 1904 – 1905 William Harris (b. 1857/58 – d. 1930) 1905 – 1906 Executive Committee - Lewis B. Gordon (chairman) (s.a.) - Benjamin Perry Harris (b. 1869/70 – d. c.1929) - Samuel Taylor Blue (b. 1872 - d. 1959) 1906 - 1917 David Adam "Toad" Harris (b. 1872 - d. 1930) 1917 - 1923 Executive Committee - Samuel Taylor Blue (chairman) (s.a.) - Robert Lee Harris (s.a.) - John Idle Sanders (b. 1892 – d. 1973) 1923 - 1927 John William Brown (b. 1867 - d. 1927) 1927 - 1939 Samuel Taylor Blue (1st time) (s.a.) 1939 - 1940 Robert Lee Harris (2nd time) (s.a.) 1940 (months) Lewis Ervin Gordon (b. 1900 – d. 1954) 1940 – 1944 Robert Lee Harris (3rd time) (s.a.) 1944 Albert Henderson Sanders (b. 1904 – d. 1994) (1st time) 1944 - 1946 Douglas William Harris (b. 1905 – d. 1966) 1946 – 1951 Floyd Raymond Harris (b. 1913 - d. 1952) 1951 – 1952 Ephraim D. George (1st time) (b. 1902 – d. 1965) 1952 Fred Nelson Blue (1st time) (b. 1889 – d. 1980) 1952 - 1955 Ephraim D. George (2nd time) (s.a.) 1955 – 1956 Samuel Taylor Blue (2nd time) (s.a.) 1956 John Idle Sanders (s.a.) 1956 - 1957 Samuel Taylor Blue (3rd time) (s.a.) 1957 - 1958 Fred Nelson Blue (2nd time) (s.a.) 1958 – 1973 Albert Henderson Sanders (s.a.) (2nd time) 1973 – Mar 2007 Gilbert B. Blue (b. 1936 - d. 2016) Mar 2007 – 23 Jul 2007 Evan "Buck" George (acting) (b. 1932 – d. 2013) 23 Jul 2007 – 23 Jul 2011 Donald Rodgers 23 Jul 2011 - Jul 2023 William Harris Jul 2023 - Brian Harris South Dakota Cheyenne River Sioux
1825
Minniconjou
(Mnikowozhu) sub-tribe of Teton (Lakota) Sioux tribe 1889 – 1903 General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni) 1903 – af.1904 Edward Swan (b. 1872 – d. 1934) bf.1908 - af.1911 James Crow Feather bf.1934 - 1942 Luke Gilbert 1942 – 194. Samuel Charger bf.1944 – 1946 Grant Iron Lightning 1946 - 1950 Albert LeBeau, Sr. 1950 - 1958 Frank Ducheneaux (1st time) (d. 1976) 1958 - 1962 Anthony A. Rivers II 1962 Andrew LeBeau 1962 - 1970 Frank Ducheneaux (2nd time) (s.a.) 1970 - 1974 Theophile O. Traversie (b. 1934 - d. 2007) 1974 - 1978 Wayne L. Ducheneaux (1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 2012) 1978 – 1980 Melvin Garreau, Sr. 1980 Kenneth West 1980 Lanny LaPlant 1980 - 1982 Robert Chasing Hawk 1982 - 1986 Morgan Garreau 1986 - 1990 Wayne L. Ducheneaux (2nd time) (s.a.) 1990 - 7 Dec 2002 Gregg Bourland (b. c.1957) 7 Dec 2002 - 2006 Harold C. Frazier (1st time) (b. 1966) 2006 - 7 Dec 2010 Joseph Brings Plenty, Sr. (b. c.1970) 7 Dec 2010 - Dec 2014 Kevin C. Keckler Dec 2014 - Dec 2022 Harold C. Frazier (2nd time) (s.a.) Dec 2022 - Ryman LeBeau Crow Creek Sioux ![]() c.1750 Yanktonai tribe of Nakota Sioux a part of the Seven Fires confederacy (details under Santee Sioux). 1825 Yanktonai tribe under the US protection. 1837 Upper Missouri (from 1874, Crow Creek) Indian Agency established. 1856 Yanktonai tribe divided into the Lower Yanktonai sub-tribe (in 1865 majority moved to Standing Rock) and Upper Yanktonai sub-tribe (in 1865 moved to Fort Peck and Standing Rock). 1 Jul 1863 – 1865 Crow Creek Reservation temporarily set aside for the displaced Santee Sioux and Winnebago en route their removal from Minnesota to Nebraska. 29 Apr 1868 Crow Creek Reservation re-established for the Lower Yanktonai. 1923 First constitution adopted. 15 Dec 1934 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 26 Apr 1949 Crow Creek Sioux Tribe, the constitution adopted. 1993 Gaming compact with the state. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chief of Upper Yankton Nakota Sioux 1856 – 1865 Howa Sapa "Black Catfish" (d. af.1885) (continued at Fort Peck) Head chiefs of Lower Yanktonai Nakota Sioux 1856 – 1865 Mato Nunpa "Two Bears" (d. 1879) (continued at Standing Rock) 1865 – 1872 Hohu Na’pin "Bone Necklace" (d. 1872) 1872 - af.1902 Wanagi Ska "White Ghost" (b. c.1825 – d. 19..) Chairmen bf.1923 – 19.. .... c.1934 Russell Harrison c.1940 Joe Irving 1946 – 19.. Vernon L. Ashley (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2015) bf.1951 - af.1952 Herbert Wounded Knee (1st time) c.1953 – 1954 Vernon L. Ashley (2nd time) (s.a.) 195. - 195. Annie Thompson (f) bf.1961 - af.1963 Robert Gilbert Philbrick (1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 1992) bf.1964 - 1965 William Isburg (1st time) May 1965 – 1966 Ansel Carpenter (b. 1933) 1966 – 1967 Herbert Wounded Knee (2nd time) 1967 – af.1968 Robert Gilbert Philbrick (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1969 - c.1970 William Isburg (2nd time) bf.1971 - 1973 Robert Gilbert Philbrick (3rd time) (s.a.) 1973 - 1 Jul 1977 Elnita Rank (f) Jul 1977 - 1977 Ambrose McBride (acting) 1977 – 1978 Robert Gilbert Philbrick (4th time) (s.a.) 1978 – 1980 Duane Big Eagle (1st time) (b. 1946) 1980 - c.1984 Robert Gilbert Philbrick (5th time) (s.a.) c.1984 - c.1985 Wallace Wells (b. 1949 - d. 2008) Apr 1986 - c.1990 Donald McGhee c.1990 - c.1992 Nelson Blaine May 1992 - May 1998 Duane Big Eagle (2nd time) (s.a.) 1998 - 2000 Harold Miller 2000 - 2002 Roxanne L. Sazue (f) (1st time) (b. 1961) 2002 - 2006 Duane Big Eagle (3rd time) (s.a.) 2006 - 2008 Lester Thompson, Jr. (1st time) 2008 - 2010 Brandon J. Sazue (1st time) May 2010 - Aug 2011 Duane Big Eagle (4th time) (s.a.) Aug 2011 - 2012 Wilfred Keeble (acting) Jun 2012 – May 2014 Brandon J. Sazue (2nd time) May 2014 - May 2016 Roxanne L. Sazue (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) May 2016 - 2018 Brandon J. Sazue (3rd time) 2018 - Apr 2020 Lester Thompson, Jr. (2nd time) Apr 2020 - Peter Lengkeek Flandreau Santee Sioux
Mar 1869
Separated from the Santee Sioux, the reservation set
aside. 1929 – 1934 Owen Lovejoy 1934 – 193. George Eastman (1st time) c.1936 Jess Wakeman (1st time) bf.1937 – 1938 George Eastman (2nd time) 1938 John Allen 1938 – 19.. Jess Wakeman (2nd time) 1940 – 1941 Benjamin Jones 1941 Jess Wakeman (3rd time) 1941 – 194. Alexander Wakeman 1948 – 1949 Francis Wakeman c.1950 Jess Wakeman (4th time) 1953 – 1956 Richard K. Wakeman, Sr. (1st time) 1956 – 19.. George Allen, Sr. (1st time) c.1962 Richard K. Wakeman, Sr. (2nd time) 1963 Felix Heminger 1963 – 1964 Gordon Jones, Sr. c.1964 - c.1969 Richard K. Wakeman, Sr. (3rd time) 1972 – 1974 Agnes Ross (f) 1974 – 197. Richard P. Allen (1st time) c.1977 George Allen, Sr. (2nd time) 1978 – 1979 Andrew Weston 1979 – 1980 Kenneth Allen (1st time) 1980? – 1981 George Allen, Sr. (3rd time) 1981 - Aug 1982 Kenneth Allen (2nd time) 1982 - Aug 1983 George Allen, Sr. (4th time) 1983 – 198. Carolyn Sorensen (f) 1985 – 1987 Elmer Weston 1987 – 1990 Judith L. Peterson (f) (b. 1946 - d. 2015) 1990 – 1992 Lee Taylor 1992 – 1996 William Schumacher 1996 - 1998 Richard P. Allen (2nd time) 1998 – Jul 2003 Thomas R. Ranfranz Jul 2003 – Nov 2004 Leonard Eller 1 Dec 2004 – 17 Oct 2006 Mark Allen Oct 2006 – Aug 2010 Joshua Weston Aug 2010 - Anthony Reider Lower Brule Sioux
1851 A group of Brule (Sicangu) Lakota separates from the main (latter Rosebud Sioux) tribe (formally from 1865). 29 Apr 1868 Part of the Great Sioux Reservation. 1875 – 1924 Lower Brule (to 1876, White River) Indian agency (1882 – 1896 closed). 2 Mar 1889 Lower Brule Reservation established upon division of the Great Sioux. 5 Oct 1935 Lower Brule Sioux Tribe. 1991 Gaming compact with the state. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chief (title of chief: Itancan) bf.1865 – 1894 Maza Oyate "Iron Nation" (b. 1815 – d. 1894) (from 1887, Solomon Iron Nation) Chairmen 1889 - 192. General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni) 192. – 19.. .... c.1934 George Yellow c.1935 Daniel Quilt (1st time) 1936 - 1940 Reuben S. Estes 1940 - 1942 Daniel Quilt (2nd time) 1942 - 1944 Moses DeSmet (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1979) 1944 - 1946 Harvey Big Eagle 1946 - 1948 Thomas Eagle Thunder 1948 - 1952 Richard J. LaRoche, Sr. 1952 - 1954 Moses DeSmet (2nd time) (s.a.) 1954 - 1955 Clarence R. Thompson 1955 - 1956 Richard LaRoche, Jr. (1st time) 1956 - 1962 Joseph W. "Jiggs" Thompson (b. 1920 - d. 1995) 1962 - 1964 Richard LaRoche, Jr. (2nd time) 1964 - 1968 Richard P. Thompson (1st time) 1968 - 1972 Andrew R. Estes 1972 - 1974 Orville C. Langdeau (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2001) 1974 - 1976 Michael B. Jandreau (1st time) (b. 1943 - d. 2015) 1976 - 1978 Richard P. Thompson (2nd time) 1978 - 1980 Michael B. Jandreau (2nd time) (s.a.) 1980 - 1982 Orville C. Langdeau (2nd time) (s.a.) 1982 - 1984 Patrick Neil Spears (b. 1950 - d. 2012) 1984 - 3 Apr 2015 Michael B. Jandreau (3rd time) (s.a.) Apr 2015 - Sep 2015 Kevin Wright (acting) Sep 2015 - Oct 2016 Lewis Grass Rope Oct 2016 - Sep 2020 Boyd Gourneau (1st time) Sep 2020 - Sep 2024 Clyde J.R. Estes Sep 2024 - Boyd Gourneau (2nd time)
c.1750
Teton (Lakota)
Sioux tribe a part of the Seven Fires confederacy 1889 – 190. General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni) bf.1907 - af.1909 Charles Turning Hawk (b. 1856 – d. 19..) bf.1911 - 1918 Jack Red Cloud (b. 1858 – d. 1918) bf.1921 - Dec 1928 James Henry Red Cloud (1st time) (b. 1879 – d. 1960) 1929 - Feb 1931 Ivan Star Comes Out (b. 1897 – d. 1939) c.1933 James Henry Red Cloud (2nd time) (s.a.) 1934 - 1936 Robert Bad Wound (b. 1871 – d. 1940) Apr 1936 – 1940 Frank G. Wilson (1st time) 1940 – 1942 Henry Jumping Eagle 1942 - 1946 William Fire Thunder Dec 1942 – 1943 James Henry Red Cloud (s.a.) (acting for Fire Thunder) 1946 - 1948 James Roan Eagle 1948 - 1950 Harry Conroy 1950 - 1952 Chester Red Kettle 1952 - 1954 Charles Under Baggage 1954 - 1956 Moses Two Bulls 1956 – Aug 1956 Frank G. Wilson (2nd time) Aug 1956 – Apr 1958 James L. Iron Cloud (acting) Apr 1958 – 1960 Frank G. Wilson (3rd time) 1960 - 1962 Johnson Holy Rock, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1919 – d. 2012) 1962 - 1964 William Whirlwind Horse 1964 - 1966 Enos Poor Bear, Sr. (1st time) 1966 - 1968 Johnson Holy Rock, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1968 - 1970 Enos Poor Bear, Sr. (2nd time) 1970 - 1972 Gerald One Feather (b. 1938 – d. 2014) 1972 - 1976 Richard "Dick" Wilson (b. 1936 – d. 1990) 1976 - 1978 Albert W. Trimble (b. 1925) 1978 - 1980 Elijah Whirlwind Horse 1980 - 1982 Stanley Looking Elk 1982 - 1984 Joseph "Joe" American Horse (1st time) 1984 - 1986 Newton Cummings (b. 1937) 1986 - 1988 Joseph "Joe" American Horse (2nd time) 1988 - 1990 Paul Iron Cloud 1990 - 1992 Harold Dean Salway (1st time) 1992 - 1994 John Yellow Bird-Steele (1st time) (b. 1948) 1994 - 1996 Wilbur Between Lodges (1st time) 1996 - 1998 John Yellow Bird-Steele (2nd time) (s.a.) 1998 – Jan 2000 Harold Dean Salway (2nd time) Jan 2000 – Nov 2000 Wilbur Between Lodges (2nd time) (acting) Nov 2000 - 2 Nov 2004 John Yellow Bird-Steele (3rd time) (s.a.) 2 Nov 2004 - 29 Jun 2006 Cecilia J. Fire Thunder (f) (b. 1946) (suspended from 31 May 2006) 30 Jun 2006 – 6 Dec 2006 Alex White Plume (b. 1952) (president pro-tem) 6 Dec 2006 – 5 Dec 2008 John Yellow Bird-Steele (4th time) (s.a.) 2008 - 7 Dec 2010 Theresa B. Two Bulls (f) (b. 1956) 7 Dec 2010 - 4 Dec 2012 John Yellow Bird-Steele (5th time) (s.a.) 4 Dec 2012 - 2 Dec 2014 Bryan Brewer (b. 1947) 2 Dec 2014 - 6 Dec 2016 John Yellow Bird-Steele (6th time) (s.a.) 6 Dec 2016 - 7 Dec 2018 Troy "Scott" Weston 7 Dec 2018 - 4 Dec 2020 Julian Bear Runner (b. 1985?) 4 Dec 2020 - Dec 2022 Kevin Killer (b. 1979) Dec 2022 – Frank Star Comes Out Rosebud Sioux
protection (details under Oglala Sioux), lead by a committee of 10 chiefs (in Lakota: Wicasha Itancan, the "Chief Men"). 29 Apr 1868 Part of the Great Sioux Reservation. 1869 Whetstone (1874 - 1878 Spotted Tail; from 1878, Rosebud) Indian Agency established. 2 Mar 1889 Rosebud Indian Reservation established upon division of the Great Sioux. 1899 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, majority were citizens). 1 Mar 1916 First constitution adopted (other early constitutions 20 Dec 1920, 5 Dec 1924, 8 Apr 1933). 23 Nov 1935 Rosebud Sioux Tribe 1993 Gaming compact with the state. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs of Brule (Sicangu) Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan) Sep 1851 – Aug 1854 Mato Wayuhi "Scattering Bear" (b. c.1800 – d. 1854) 1854 – Mar 1866 Wakinyan Cikala "Little Thunder" (b. c.1820 - d. 1879) Mar 1866 – Aug 1881 Sinte Gleshka "Spotted Tail" (b. 1823 – d. 1881) 1881 – May 1884 Wakinyan Ska "White Thunder" (d. 1884) Presidents 1884 – 1911 General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni) 1911 – 191. Eugene Little (b. 1859 – d. 1939) 191. – 1920 .... Chairmen c.1924 Oliver Prue 1933 – 1935 Sam LaPointe 1935 – 1936 Eugene Little (s.a.) Presidents 1936 - 1938 Antoine Roubideaux (1st time) 1938 – 1942 Thomas F. Whiting 1942 - 1944 Dan Hollow Horn Bear 1944 - 1946 Antoine Roubideaux (2nd time) 1946 - 1948 Sam White Horse 1948 - 1950 Isaac Bear Shield 1950 - 1952 Thomas Valandra 1952 - 1954 Alfred Left Hand Bull 1954 – 1962 Robert Burnette (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 1984) 1962 - 1969 Cato W. Valandra (b. 1921 – d. 1986) 1969 - 1973 Webster Two Hawk (1st time) 1973 - 1975 Robert Burnette (2nd time) (s.a.) 1975 - 1979 Edward J. Driving Hawk (b. 1935 - d. 2021) 1979 - 1981 Norman G. Wilson (1st time) (b. 1932 - d. 2017) 1981 - 1983 Carl Waln 1983 - 1985 Webster Two Hawk (2nd time) 1985 - 1989 Alex J. Little Soldier-Lunderman, Sr. (b. 1929 – d. 2000) (1st time) 1989 - 1991 Ralph Moran 1991 - 1993 Alex J. Little Soldier-Lunderman, Sr. (s.a.) (2nd time) 1993 - 1997 William Kindle (1st time) 1997 - 1999 Norman G. Wilson (2nd time) (s.a.) 1999 - 2003 William Kindle (2nd time) 2003 - 2005 Charles Colombe 2005 - 2012 Rodney M. Bordeaux (1st time) 4 Sep 2012 - 2015 Cyril "Whitey" Scott Apr 2015 - 2018 William Kindle (3rd time) Sep 2018 - Sep 2021 Rodney M. Bordeaux (2nd time) Sep 2021 - Sep 2024 Scott O. Herman Sep 2024 - Kathleen Wooden Knife (f) Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate ![]() c.1750 Sisseton and Wahpeton tribes of Dakota Sioux a part of the Seven Fires confederacy (details under Santee Sioux). 1816 Sisseton and Wahpeton tribes (referred to as the Upper Dakota) under the U.S. protection (then in western Minnesota). 23 Jul 1851 Minnesota River Reservation established for the Dakota tribes (revoked 3 Mar 1863). Apr 1863 Displaced from Minnesota to South Dakota. 19 Feb 1867 Lake Traverse Reservation and Sisseton Indian Agency established. Jan 1884 – 1913 Sisseton-Wahpeton Nation, the tribe is governed by constitution. 1891 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 1892 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. Sep 1933 Second constitution adopted. 6 Apr 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 16 Oct 1946 Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe, South Dakota, constitution adopted. 1993 Gaming compact with the state. 19 Dec 2002 Renamed Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Speaker of Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota Sioux (title: Eyapaha) 1862 Paul Mazakutemani (b. 1806 – d. 1887) Head (from 1884, principal) chiefs (title by the constitution: Wicashta Yatapi Itancan) 1862 – 26 Aug 1892 Gabriel Renville (b. 1824 – d. 1892) 1892 – 1913 Solomon Two Star (b. 1827 – d. 1914) Chairmen 1913 – 1946 Vacant? c.1934? Albert Heminger 1946 – 19.. Hazen Preston Shepherd (b. 1878 – d. 1968) c.1949 - c.1950 Melvin Robertson (1st time) c.1952 Clifford Thompson Aug 1953 - 1958 Melvin Robertson (2nd time) 19.. - 1961 Chris Heminger 1961 – c.1962 Hiram Owen c.1966 - af.1967 Willard LaFromboise c.1971 - c.1974 Moses D. Gill c.1974 - c.1975 Harold Barse bf.1975 - af.1980 Gerald "Jerry" Flute (1st time) c.1981 - c.1983 Rollin V. Ryan 1983 – Jan 1993 Russell Hawkins (1st time) Jan 1993 – 1993 Lorraine Rousseau (f) 1993 – Jan 1995 Arnold Roy Ryan (b. 1929 - d. 2007) Jan 1995 – 1996 Russell Hawkins (2nd time) 1996 – Jan 2003 Andrew J. Grey Jan 2003 – 10 Mar 2006 James "J.C." Crawford Apr 2006 - Jan 2007 Gerald "Jerry" Flute (2nd time) Jan 2007 - 2011 Michael I. Selvage Jan 2011 - Jan 2015 Robert Shepherd Jan 2015 - Nov 2015 Duane "Bruce" Renville Nov 2015 - Jan 2016 Garryl Rousseau (interim) Jan 2016 - 2018 Dave Flute Nov 2018 - May 2019 Ella Robertson (f) May 2019 - Nov 2020 Donovan White Nov 2020 - Nov 2022 Delbert Hopkins Nov 2022 – J. Garret Renville Yankton Sioux
(details under Santee Sioux). 19 Jul 1815 Yankton tribe under the U.S. protection. 19 Apr 1858 Yankton Reservation established. 1859 – 1933 Yankton Indian Agency established. 1894 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 1895 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 1924 First constitution adopted. 22 Sep 1932 Yankton Sioux Tribe. 2001 Gaming compact with the state. 2024 Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs c.1837 – 1851 Wanbdi Okicize "War Eagle" (b. c.1785 – d. 1851) 1851 – 1888 Panani Apapi "Struck by the Ree" (b. 1804 – d. 1888) Presidents 1885 – 18.. Magaska Cika "Little White Swan" (b. 1813 – d. 1898) 1892 – af.1899 Felix T. Brunot (b. 1852 – d. 1920) c.1910? Simon Antelope (chairman) (b. c.1848 – d. af.1936) 1912 – 1924 General Council Chairmen (not recognized by the U.S. 1936-1963) 1924 – 1931 David Simmons 1931 – af.1936 Clement A. Smith 1938 – 19.. Clarence Foreman 1958 - 19.. William O'Connor 1963 - 1971? Percy R. Archambeau (1st time) (d. 1976) 1971? - Mar 1973 Cecil Provost (b. 1921) Mar 1973 - May 1973 Vacant May 1973 - 1976 Percy R. Archambeau (2nd time) (s.a.) 1976 - 1977 Leo O'Connor (acting) 1977 - 1983 Larry D. Cournoyer 1983 - 1987 Alvin R. Zephier (b. 1913 - d. 1996) 1987 - 1993 Stephen N. Cournoyer (1st time) 1993 – 1997 Darrell E. Drapeau 1997 – 1999 Stephen N. Cournoyer (2nd time) 1999 - 2005 Madonna Archambeau (f) 2005 - 2011 Robert N. Cournoyer 2011 - 2013 Thurman Cournoyer 2013 - Robert Flying Hawk Tennessee None Recognized Texas Alabama-Coushatta of Texas emigrants from the Creek Nation (present Muscogee) from Alabama. 3 Feb 1854 Tribal reservation granted by the state of Texas. 19 Aug 1938 Alabama and Coushatta Tribes of Texas, the U.S. granted federal recognition. 1 Jul 1955 Federal government ends recognition, tribe reverts to the state trusteeship. 18 Aug 1987 Federal recognition restored, remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1997 Renamed Alabama-Coushatta Tribes (from 2012, Tribe) of Texas. Alabama chief 1806 – c.1870 Antone (b. c.1780 – d. c.1870) Coushatta chiefs bf.1795 - 1815 "Red Shoes" (b. c.1730 – d. 1815) 1815?/bf.1830 - 1838 "Long King" (d. 1838) 1838 – 1852 Colita (b. c.1752 – d. 1852) 1852 - 1871 Long Tom (d. af.1882) First chiefs (from 1936, traditional leaders) 1871 - 3 Mar 1913 John Scott (b. 1805 - d. 1913) 1913 - 1928 Vacant 1928 - 8 Sep 1935 Charles Martin Thompson (b. 1860 - d. 1935) 1935 - 1936 Clement "Clem" Fain, Jr. (b. 1903 – d. 1980) (Mikko-Se Hotkas) (acting) 1 Jan 1936 - 23 Feb 1969 Bronson Cooper Sylestine (b. 1879 - d. 1969) (Tic-Ca-Che) 23 Feb 1969 - 9 Feb 1994 Robert Fulton Battise (Kina) (b. 1909 - d. 1994) (acting to 1 Jun 1970) 9 Feb 1994 – 31 Jan 2013 Clayton M. Sylestine (Oscola) (b. 1932 – d. 2013) (acting to 1 Jan 1995) 1 Feb 2013 - 21 May 2019 Colabe III Clem Fain Sylestine (b. 1927 - d. 2019) (acting to 1 Jan 2014) 21 May 2019 - Herbert Johnson, Sr. (b. 1943?) (acting to 1 Jan 2020) Chairmen 1936 - af.1939 Clenson Sylestine c.1951 Andrew J. Battise c.1954 - c.1968 Matthew Bullock c.1985 - af.1986 Morris Bullock c.1989 - af.1990 Frances Battise (f)(1st time) c.1993 Amon D. Sylestine bf.1994 - af.1995 Frances Battise (f)(2nd time) bf.1996 - af.1998 Roland Poncho bf.1999 - af.2000 Morris R. Bullock bf.2001 - 2003 Kevin P. Battise 2003 – 2004 McClamroch Battise 2004 – 2006 Ronnie Thomas (1st time) 2006 – 2009 JoAnn Battise (f) (1st time) 2009 – 2011 Carlos Bullock 2011 – Jun 2013 Kyle Williams Jun 2013 – Jun 2015 Ronnie Thomas (2nd time) Jun 2015 - Dec 2015 Nita Battise (f) Dec 2015 - 2018 JoAnn Battise (f) (2nd time) 2018 - Jan 2022 Cecilia Flores (f) (1st time) Jan 2022 - 2025 Ricky Sylestine 2025 - Cecilia Flores (f) (2nd time) 1977
Texas Band of
Kickapoo, originally Kickapoo from Mexico having Chairmen
1682
Pueblo founded
by the Tiwa emigrants from the Pueblo Utah 12 Oct 1863
Treaty with the U.S. 1855 – 1861
Provo Indian agency.
3 Mar 1891 – 1939
Shivwits (to 1910, Southern Utah; from
1927, Paiute) Indian agency.
12 Oct 1863
Treaty with the U.S.
from 1886, Uintah & Ouray) Indian Agency established. 1856 – 1864 Spanish Fork and San Pete Reservations set aside for the Western Bands of Ute. 5 May 1864 Uintah Valley (from 1905, Uintah & Ouray) Reservation set aside for the Indians of Utah (confirmed by the treaty of 2 Mar 1868). 1881 Northern bands of Ute (see under Southern Ute) moved from Colorado (1881–1886 there was additional Ouray Indian Agency for the Northern bands). 5 Jan 1882 – 7 Jun 1897 Uncompahgre Reservation (all but unsettled by the Northern bands) added next to the Uintah Valley Reservation. 1904 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 1 Sep 1905 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 7 May 1927 Confederated Bands of Ute of the Uintah & Ouray Reservation. 19 Jan 1937 Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah & Ouray Indian Reservation. Head chiefs of Western (from 1865, Uintah) Ute (title of chief: Ta’wa-vi) bf.1848 - 1865 Sowiet (d. 1865) 1865 – 1872 Tabby-to-kwana "Child of Sun" (d. 1872) 1872 – 1902 Taiwi (Anglicized: Tabby) (d. 1902) Chiefs of Uncompahgre Ute (largest of two Northern bands) 1880 – 188. Sapinero bf.1885 – 1886 Shawano (d. 1886) 1886 – af.1899 Charlie Shawano Presidents 19.. – 1927 General Council 1927 – 1933 Fred Mart 1933 - 1937 Oran F. Curry (b. 1891 – d. 1969) Chairmen 1937 – 1941 Oran F. Curry (1st time) (s.a.) 1941 - 1943 Francisco Cesspooch 1943 - 194. Oran F. Curry (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1948 Julius Murray c.1950 Reginald "Rex" Oran Curry (b. 1915 – d. 1973) (1st time) 1951 Francis McKinley (1st time) (b. 1920) 1951 - 1955 Reginald "Rex" Oran Curry (s.a.) (2nd time) 1955 - 1959 Jason Cuch (b. 1924 - d. 2004) 1959 - 1961 Francis McKinley (2nd time) (s.a.) 1961 - 1965 Harvey Natchees (b. 1920 - d. 1980) 1965 - 1972 Francis Wyasket (b. 1926 - d. 1975) 1972 - 1974 Homey J. Secakuku (1st time) (b. 1928 – d. 2006) 1974 - 1977 Lester M. Chapoose (1st time) (b. 1937 - d. 1990) 1977 - c.1981 Ruby K. Black (f) (1st time) (b. 1935 – d. 2011) c.1981 Homey J. Secakuku (2nd time) (s.a.) 1981 - 1984 Lester M. Chapoose (2nd time) (s.a.) 1984 - 1985 D. Floyd Wopsock (1st time) 1985 - 1989 Lester M. Chapoose (3rd time) (s.a.) 1989 – 1993 Luke J. Duncan (1st time) 1993 – 1995 Stewart Pike 1995 – 1997 Ruby K. Atwine (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1997 – 1999 Roland J. Wopsock 1999 – May 2001 O. Roland McCook May 2001 – 2003 D. Floyd Wopsock (2nd time) 2003 – May 2007 Maxine Natchees (f) May 2007 – Oct 2010 Curtis R. Cesspooch Oct 2010 – May 2011 Richard Jenks May 2011 – May 2013 Irene C. Cuch (f) May 2013 - May 2015 Gordon Howell May 2015 - May 2017 Shaun T. Chapoose (1st time) May 2017 - May 2021 Luke J. Duncan (2nd time) May 2021 - May 2023 Shaun T. Chapoose (2nd time) May 2023 - Julius T. Murray Vermont None Recognized Virginia Chickahominy ![]() c.1650 – 1718 Reservation established (formerly a part of the Powhatan, see under Pamunkey). 29 Jan 2018 Recognized by the U.S. (Chickahominy Tribe), no reservation. Chiefs c.1699 Drammaco 17.. – 1908 None 1908 – 1918 William H. Adkins (b. 1850 - d. 1921) 1918 – 1939 O. Westmore Adkins (b. 1881 - d. 1939) 1939 – 1940 Peter L. Adkins (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1968) 1940 – 1986 O. Oliver Adkins (b. 1911 - d. 1987) 1986 – 2001 A. Leonard Adkins (b. 1926 - d. 2001) 2001 - Stephen R. Adkins ![]() 1925 Separated from Chickahominy. 29 Jan 2018 Recognized by the U.S. (Chickahominy Indian Tribe – Eastern Division), no reservation. Chiefs 1925 – 1958 Edward P. Bradby (b. 1882 - d. 1958) 1958 – 1972 Robert W. Adkins 1972 – 2006 Marvin D. Bradby 2006 - 2018 L. Gene Adkins 2018 - 2024 Gerald A. Stewart 2024 - Joanne Howard (f) Monacan ![]() 1680 Subject to the English. 29 Jan 2018 Recognized by the U.S. (Monacan Nation), no reservation. Chiefs c.1680 Shurenough 17.. – 198. None c.198. Harry L. Branham (b. 1903 – d. 19..) bf.1987 - 1994 Ronnie L. Branham (b. 1945 - d. 2012) 1994 – 2011 Kenneth W. Branham (1st time) 2011 – 2015 Sharon R. Bryant (f) (b. 1961 - d. 2015) 2015 - 2019 Dean Branham 2019 - 2023 Kenneth W. Branham (2nd time) 2023 - Diane Shields (f) Nansemond ![]() c.1650 – 1792 Reservation established (formerly a part of the Powhatan, see under Pamunkey). 29 Jan 2018 Recognized by the U.S. (Nansemond Tribe), no reservation. 2019 Renamed Nansemond Indian Nation. Chiefs c.1711 "Great" Peter 17.. – 1923 None 1923 – 1960 Jesse L. Bass (b. 1875 - d. 1960) 1960 – 1984 Vacant 1984 – 1996 Earl L. Bass (b. 1909 - d. 1996) 1996 - 2008 Oliver L. Perry (b. 1922 - d. 2010) 2008 - 2016 Barry W. Bass (b. 1950) 2016 - 2017 Earl L. Bass, Jr. (1st time) 2017 - 2018 Ronald "Lee" Lockamy 2018 - 2021 Samuel Bass 2021 - 2022 Earl L. Bass, Jr. (2nd time) 2022 - Keith F. Anderson Pamunkey ![]() 1614 Powhatans an ally (from 1646, subject) of the English (interrupted 1622-32, 1644-46). 1649 Reservation established. 28 Jan 2016 Recognized by the U.S. (Pamunkey Tribe). Grand Chiefs of the Powhatan 15.. - 1618 Wahunsonacock (b. 1545 - d. 1618) 1618 – 1629 Opitchapam (b. c.1550 – d. 1629) 1629 - 1646 Opechancanough (b. 1554 - d. 1646) Chiefs of Pamunkey 1646 - 1649 Necotowance (b. c.1600 - d. 1649) 1649 - 1656 Totopotomoi (b. c.1625 - d. 1656) 1656 - 1686 Cockacoeske (from 1675, Anne)(f) (b. c.1630 – d. 1686) 1686 - c.1723 Betty (from 1702/06, Ann)(f) (b. c.1650 – d. c.1723) bf.1748 - af.1812 Council (various number of headmen) c.1818 Willis Langston (d. af.1836) c.18.. William Sampson c.1836 James H. Langston (b. 1796 - d. 1864) c.1842 Tazewell H. Langston c.18.. Joseph Arnold c.1858 Sterling Bradby (b. 1825 - d. 1864) c.1861 Thomas W. Cook (1st time) (d. 1882) c.18.. Thomas W. Langston (b. 1839 - d. 1885) bf.1873 - af.1877 Thomas W. Cook (2nd time) (s.a.) bf.1881 - 1893 William A. Bradby (d. 1894) 1893 – 1899 Charles S. Bradby 1899 – 1902 Theophilus T. Dennis 1902 – 16 Dec 1930 George Major Cook (b. 1860 – d. 1930) 1930 – 1933 .... 1933 – 1937 Paul Miles (b. 1887 – d. 1965) 1937 – 1942 Walter S. Bradby 1942 – 1984 Tecumseh D. Cook (b. 1900 – d. 2003) 1984 – 1990 William H. Miles (b. 1917 – d. 1990) 1990 – 2008 William P. Miles (b. 1944) 2008 – 2010 Kevin Brown (1st time) 2010 – 2011 Robert Gray (1st time)(acting) 2011 - 2015 Kevin Brown (2nd time) 2015 - 2024 Robert Gray (2nd time) 2024 - Kevin Brown (3rd time) Rappahannock ![]() 1653 – c.1700 Reservation established (formerly a part of the Powhatan, see under Pamunkey). 29 Jan 2018 Recognized by the U.S. (Rappahannock Tribe), no reservation. Chiefs 16.. – 1651 Accopatough (d. 1651) 1651 – 1654 Taweeren (d. 1654) 1654 – 16.. Wachicopa 17.. – 1921 None 1921 – 1924/25 George L. Nelson 1924/25 - 1966 Otho S. Nelson (b. 1881 - d. 1967) 1966 – 1998 Captain O. Nelson (b. 19.. - d. 2003) 1998 - G. Anne Richardson (f) (b. 1956) Upper Mattaponi ![]() 1923 Separated from Mattaponi. 29 Jan 2018 Recognized by the U.S. (Upper Mattaponi Tribe), no reservation. Chiefs 1923 – 1971 Jasper L. Adams (b. 1879 - d. 1971) 1971 – 1983 Andrew W. Adams (b. 1905 - d. 1985) 1983 – 1985 Malcolm O. Tupponce 1985 – 1988 Linwood Custalow (b. 1937 - d. 2014) 1988 – 1994 Raymond S. Adams 1994 – 1999 Edmond S. Adams 1999 – 2014 Kenneth F. Adams 2014 - W. Frank Adams Washington Chehalis Confederated Tribes ![]() 1860 Reservation set aside (no treaty). 6 Apr 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 22 Aug 1939 Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Washington. 1963 - 1989 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1999 Gaming compact. Chairmen bf.1939 - 1956 .... 1956 – 1970 Percy Youckton (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 1996) c.1973 Percy Youckton (2nd time) (s.a.) bf.1975 - af.1977 Melvin Youckton (1st time) bf.1979 - af.1980 Virginia Canales (f)(1st time) c.1981 Percy Youckton (3rd time) (s.a.) c.1983 Virginia Canales (f)(2nd time) 198. – 1992 Percy Youckton (4th time) (s.a.) 1992 – 1994 Magdelena Medina (f) 1994 - 1998 Melvin Youckton (2nd time) bf.1998 - 2002 David Youckton 2002 - 2015 David Burnett 2015 - 2017 Don Secena 2017 - 2022 Harry Pickernell 2022 - Dustin Klatush Chinook
final, no reservation. 2002 Federal recognition revoked. Chairmen 1970 – 1977 Adolph J. Sund 1977 – 1978 Carleton Rhoades 1978 – 1984 Donald E. Mechals (1st time) 1984 - 1985 Ralph Lorton 1985 – 1994 Donald E. Mechals (2nd time) 1994 – 2000 Tim Tarabochia (b. 1960) 2000 – 2006 Gary Johnson (b. 1941) 2006 - 2014 Ray Gardner (b. 1955? - d. 2015) 12 Oct 2013 - 2014 Sam Robinson (acting for Gardner) 2014 - Tony Johnson Colville Confederated Tribes ![]() 1865 Colville Indian Agency established for the southern part of Okanagan (for the northern part, see under Okanagan, in Canada) and other tribes. 9 Apr 1872 Colville Indian Reservation set aside (1879 – 1884 the Columbia Indian Reservation added next to Colville, all but unsettled by the Columbia). 1885 Settlement by the Joseph (b. 1840 – d. 1904) band of Nez Perce (see under Nez Perce). 6 Apr 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 26 Feb 1938 Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation (consisting of 12 tribes). 1967 – 1987 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 2002 Gaming compact with the state. Head chiefs of Okanogan (largest tribe of the reservation; title of chief: Ilmixwm) c.1859 – 1891 Joseph Tonasket (b. c.1822 – d. 1891) 1891 – 19.. Antoine Tonasket Head chiefs of Columbia (2nd largest tribe of the reservation; title of chief: Yalmixwam) bf.1850 – 1858 Louis Quiltenenock (d. 1858) 1859 – 1899 Moses (b. c.1829 – d. 1899) (Sulk-stalk-scosum "Split Sun") 1899 - af.1909 Joe Moses (b. 1862 – d. 19..) Chairmen bf.1929 – 1938 General Council Jun 1938 – 1939 Albert Orr 1939 – af.1940 Barney Rickard c.1943 Peter J. Gunn (1st time) (d. 1953) bf.1945 - c.1947 John B. Cleveland (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1976) c.1949 Peter J. Gunn (2nd time) (s.a.) 1949 - 1950 John B. Cleveland (2nd time) (s.a.) 1950 - 195. George Friedlander (1st time) c.1952 John B. Cleveland (3rd time) (s.a.) c.1953 George Friedlander (2nd time) 1953 - 1955 James D. White c.1955 Harvey Moses, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 1983) c.1957 Louis Wapato c.1958 Edward Gorr c.1960 - 1964 Harvey Moses, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1964 - af.1967 Narcisse Nicholson, Jr. (1st time) c.1968 Steve Cleveland bf.1969 - May 1971 Narcisse Nicholson, Jr. (2nd time) 1971 – 1974 Melvin Tonasket (1st time) (b. 1940) 1974 - 1976 Al Aubertin (1st time) 1976 – 1978 Lucy Covington (f) 1978 - 1986 Al Aubertin (2nd time) 1986 - May 1989 Melvin Tonasket (2nd time) (s.a.) 1989 – 1991 Jude C. Stensgar, Sr. (b. 1929 – d. 2006) 1991 – 1995 Eddie A. Palmanteer, Jr. (b. 1932 – d. 2007) 1995 - 1997 Matthew Dick, Jr. 1997 - 1999 Joseph A. Pakootas (1st time) 1999 - 2002 Colleen F. Cawston (f) (b. 1960) 2002 - 2004 Joseph A. Pakootas (2nd time) 2004 - 2006 Harvey Moses, Jr. 2006 - 2008 Michael E. Marchand (1st time) 2008 – 2009 Jeanne Jerred (f) 2009 – 2012 Michael O. Finley (1st time) 2012 – 2013 John E. Sirois 2013 - 2014 Michael O. Finley (2nd time) 2014 - 2016 Jim Boyd (b. 1956 – d. 2016) 2016 - 2018 Michael E. Marchand (2nd time) 2018 - 2021 Rodney Cawston Jul 2021 - Jul 2022 Andrew Joseph Jul 2022 – Jarred M. Erickson Cowlitz ![]() 1854 – 1858 Columbia River agency (no treaty). 31 Dec 2001 Cowlitz Indian Tribe of Washington; recognition by the U.S. confirmed. 2011 Self-governance agreement. 2015 Reservation set aside. Chiefs 1854 – 1875 Simon Kiskox (head chief) (d. 1875) 1875 – 1912 Atwin Stockum (acting to 1878) (b. 18.. - d. 1912) Presidents 1913 – 1917 Baptiste Kiona (b. 1842 – d. 1923) 1917 – 1922 Daniel A. Plamondon 1922 – 1930 John I. Kinswa 1930 – 1936 John B. Sareault (d. 1936) 1936 – 1950 James E. Sareault (b. 1895 – d. 1963) 1950 – 1962 Manuel L. Forrest (b. 1903 – d. 19..) 1962 – 1963 Joseph E. Cloquet (d. 1988) 1963 – 1964 J. Phillip Simmons 1964 – 1972 Clifford Wilson (d. 1972) 1972 – 1973 Roy I. Wilson Chairmen 1973 – 1982 Roy I. Wilson 1982 – 2008 John Barnett (b. 1934 – d. 2008) 2008 - 2020 William B. Iyall (1st time) 2020 - 2021 Philip Harju Jun 2021 - 2022 David Barnett 2022 - 2024 Patty Kinswa-Gaiser (f) 2024 - William B. Iyall (2nd time) Duwamish ![]() 2001 Federal recognition (Duwamish Tribe), it did not become final, no reservation. 2002 Federal recognition revoked. Chairmen 1962 – 1965 Ruth Eley-Scranton (f) 1965 – 1976 Willard E. Bill 1976 - Cecile Maxwell (f) (from c.2003, Cecile Hansen) Hoh ![]() 1 Jul 1855 Treaty with the U.S. 11 Sep 1893 Hoh Indian Reservation established. 1969 Hoh Indian Tribe Chairmen bf.1969 – 19.. .... bf.1977 – af.1980 Johnny Leitka c.1981 - c.1984 Mary K. Leitka (f) (1st time) bf.1989 - af.1992 Mary K. Leitka (f) (2nd time) bf.1993 - af.1996 Vivian Lee (f) (1st time) c.1998 - c.1999 Rick Horejsi bf.1999 - 2000 Coleen Lee (f) 2000 – 2001 Mary K. Leitka (f) (3rd time) 2001 – 2002 Alvin Penn 2002 – 2005 Mary K. Leitka (f) (4th time) 2005 – 2008 Vivian Lee (f) (2nd time) 2008 – 2009 Daki L. Fisher 2009 – 2010 Walter Ward, Sr. 2010 – 2017 Maria Lopez (f) 2017 - 2019 Bernard Afterbuffalo 2019 - 2021 Dawn Gomez (f) (1st time) 2021 - 2022 Lisa Martinez (f) 2022 - 202 Dawn Gomez (f) (2nd time) 2023 - Darlene Hollum (f) Jamestown S’Klallam ![]() 25 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S. 1934 Recognition by the U.S. confirmed, spelling "Clallam" used in tribal name. 1952 - 10 Feb 1981 Recognition by U.S. withdrawn. 10 Feb 1981 Jamestown Band of Clallam Indians 1986 Jamestown Klallam (from 1997, S'Klallam) Tribe. 1993 Gaming compact. 1994 Self-governance agreement. Head chief of S'Klallam 1854 – 1884 Cheech-ma-ham "Duke of York" (b. c.1808 – d. 1888) Chiefs of Jamestown 1874 – 1884 James Balch "Lord Jim" (d. 1884) 1884 – af.1904 Billy Newton (d. af.1928) Chairmen c.1924/26 Joe Allen c.1934 - 1946 Wilson Johnson (d. 1946) 1946 – 1948 David Prince 1948 – 1956 Jacob Hall (d. 1964) 1956 – 1966 Lyle Prince 1966 – 1970 Charles Fitzgerald 1970 – 1971 Elaine Grinnell (f) 1971 – 1975 Harris Johnson 1975 – 1977 Harriette Hall-Adams (f) 1977 - W. Ron Allen (b. 1947) Kalispel ![]() 23 Mar 1914 Reservation set aside. 1938 Kalispel Indian Community 1998 Gaming compact. 2006 Self-governance agreement. Chiefs of Lower Kalispel bf.1844 - 1854 Loyola (d. 1854) 1854 – 1884/87 Victor (Nskalta) 1884/87 - af.1894 Marcella Chairmen c.1938 Antoine Peuse c.195. (for 10 years) Clarence Campbell bf.1962 - 1965 Louis Andrews (1st time) 1965 – af.1968 Ray Pierre c.1970 Louis Andrews (2nd time) bf.1972 - af.1975 Stanley Bluff (b. 1942) c.1976 Louis Andrews (3rd time) 1978 - Glen Nenema Lower Elwha
1936 Lower Elwha Reservation established. 1968 Lower Elwha Tribal Community 1993 Gaming compact. 2002 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen c.1967 - c.1971 Gilbert Charles 1972 - 197. Floyd Jones ? 1974 - Jun 1976 Gerald W. Charles (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 2016) Jun 1976 – c.1977 Patti Elofson c.1979 - c.1980 Frank Bennett bf.1983 – May 1984 Gerald W. Charles (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1984 Allen Charles c.1989 Carla J. Elofson (f) (1st time) c.1989 - c.1990 Gerald W. Charles (3rd time) (s.a.) 199. - 1993 Carla J. Elofson (f) (2nd time) 1993 – 1994 Beverly J. Bennett (f) 1994 – 1996 Frances G. Charles (f)(1st time) 1996 – 2002 Russell N. Hepfer 2002 – 2004 Dennis R. Sullivan 2004 - Frances G. Charles (f)(2nd time) Lummi ![]() 22 Jan 1855 Under the U.S. protection (Lummi Tribe); the Lummi Indian Reservation established. 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). 30 Mar 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1994 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. 1995 Gaming compact with the state. Head chief of Lummi and Nooksack 1854 - c.1860 Chowitsuit "Strong Man" (d. c.1860) Chiefs of Lummi c.1871 David Crockett c.1929 Council (headmen) Chairmen bf.1935 - 1943 .... 1943 – 1944 George A. James c.1961 Forrest Kinley c.1967 - 1972? Vernon Lane c.1972 John McKay 1972 - 1974? Samuel M. Cagey (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 1993) c.1974 - 1976? Larry G. Kinley (1st time) 1976? - c.1978 Samuel M. Cagey (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1980 William E. Jones, Sr. (1st time) c.1982 - c.1989 Larry G. Kinley (2nd time) bf.1989 – af.1990 Samuel M. Cagey (3rd time) (s.a.) 1991 – 1999 Henry M. Cagey (1st time) 1999 – 2000 Timothy Ballew, Sr. 2000 – 2002 William E. Jones, Sr. (2nd time) 2000 – 2007 Darrell Hillaire (b. 1953) 2007 – 2008 Evelyn Jefferson (f) 2008 – 2010 Henry M. Cagey (2nd time) 2010 – 2012 Clifford A. Cultee 2012 - 2017 Timothy Ballew, Jr. (b. 1980) 2017 - 2019 Jeremiah Johnson 2019 - 2021 Lawrence Solomon 2021 - 2022 William Jones, Jr. 2022 - Anthony Hillaire Makah
1861 – 1933 Neah Bay agency. 1910 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 1936 Makah Indian Tribe 1994 Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs 1854 – af.1855 Sekowt'hl c.1863 Council (3 village chiefs) 1870 – 1878 Peter Brown (b. c.1835 – d. 1908) 1879 – af.1883 John Claplanhoo c.1894 Council (3 village chiefs) Chairmen c.1931 Mack Colby (b. 1888 - d. 1964) c.1936 Jerry McCarty c.1937 Frank Smith 1937 - 195. Maquinna Jongie Claplanhoo (b. 1876 - d. 1957) bf.1954 - af.1956 Kenneth Ward 1959 - Mar 1968 Quentin Markishtum (d. 1968) 1968 Luke Markishtum (acting) bf.1969 - 197. Edward Eugene Claplanhoo (b. 1928 - d. 2010) c.1973 Eugene O. Parker (1st time) c.1974 Joseph Lawrence, Jr. (b. 1937 - d. 2008) c.1976 Eugene O. Parker (2nd time) c.1977 - 1981 Dale Johnson c.1983 Donald Johnson (1st time) c.1984 - 1988 George C. Bowechop (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2006) 1988 - 198. Greig W. Arnold (1st time) c.1989 Dan Green 19.. – 1990 Vivian C. Lawrence (f) 1990 - 1992 Donald Johnson (2nd time) 1992 – 1993 George C. Bowechop (2nd time) (s.a.) 1993 – 1996 Hubert Markishtum 1996 – 2000 Ben Johnson, Jr. (1st time) 2000 – 2001 Greg W. Arnold (2nd time) 2001 – 2002 Gordon M. Smith 2002 – 2003 Nathan Tyler (1st time) 2003 – 2008 Ben Johnson, Jr. (2nd time) 2008 – 2009 Micah McCarty, Jr. (1st time) 2009 – 2010 Michael J. Lawrence 2010 – 2013 Micah McCarty, Jr. (2nd time) 2013 - 2016 Timothy J. Greene, Sr. (1st time) 2016 - 2017 Marla Tolliver (f) 2017 - 2018 Nathan Tyler (2nd time) 2018 - 2019 John Ides 2019 - Timothy J. Greene, Sr. (2nd time) Muckleshoot
20 Jan 1857 Muckleshoot Indian Reservation established. 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 1936 Muckleshoot Indian Tribe 1957 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1993 Gaming compact. 2003 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen c.1936 Morris Lobehan c.1967 Bertha McJoe (f) c.1970 - af.1973 Florence Harnden (f) c.1979 Cliff Keline c.1980 Marie Starr (f) c.1981 - 1984? Gilbert D. King George c.1984 - c.1989 Sony Bargala bf.1989 - 1996 Virginia Cross (f) (1st time) 1996 – 2007 John Daniels, Jr. 2007 – 2010 Charlotte Williams (f) 2010 - 2019 Virginia Cross (f) (2nd time) 2019 - Jaison Elkins Nisqually ![]() 26 Dec 1854 Treaty with the U.S., Nisqually Indian Reservation created. 9 Apr 1946 Nisqually Indian Community. 1957 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1995 Nisqually Indian Tribe 1997 Self-governance agreement. 1998 Gaming compact. Chairmen bf.1934 - 19.. .... c.1967 - c.1969 Mildred Ikebe (f) (b. 1922 - d. 2001) c.1971 Zelma McCloud (f) (1st time) c.1972 Harold Ikebe c.1976 Zelma McCloud (f) (2nd time) bf.1977 – 1978 Georgiana Kautz (f) 1978 – af.1980 Dorian S. Sanchez (1st time) bf.1983 - c.1984 Richard Wells bf.1989 - 1995 Dorian S. Sanchez (1st time) 1995 – 1998 Michael L. Stepetin 1998 – 2000 Stephanie J. Scott (f) 2000 – 2003 John Simmons 2003 – 2006 Dorian S. Sanchez (2nd time) 2006 - 2015 Cynthia Iyall (f) 2015 - 2018 Farron McCould 2018 - 2021 Ellory "Ken" Choke (1st time) 2021 - 2024 William Frank 2024 - Ellory "Ken" Choke (2nd time) Nooksack
22 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S. 1934 Nooksack Indian Tribe, recognition by the U.S. confirmed. 1952 - 17 Sep 1971 Federal recognition withdrawn. 1971 Nooksack Reservation established. 1994 Gaming compact. Chairmen 1920 - 1926 George Swanaset 1926 - c.1934 Sam George c.1943 Thomas H. Williams (1st time) c.1951/52 Thomas H. Williams (2nd time) c.1958 Joseph Louis (1st time) c.1961 Daniel Swanset c.1967 Joseph Louis (2nd time) c.1967 - af.1970 Roy S. George 197. - Oct 1981 Roy Alec Roberts (b. 1930) 1981? - Nov 1983 James P. Kelly c.1984/85 Harry E. Cooper (b. 1953 - d. 2010) c.1986/89 Joseph Johnson (1st time) bf.1990 - af.1993 Hubert Williams 199. – 1994 Joseph Johnson (2nd time) 1994 – 1996 Roswell "Ross" Cline (1st time) 1996 – 1998 Sherri L. Johnny (f) 1998 – 2004 Art George 2004 – 2010 Narciso Cunanan 2010 - 2018 Robert J. Kelly, Jr. 2018 - 2022 Roswell "Ross" Cline (2nd time) 2022 - RoseMary LaClair (f) Port Gamble S’Klallam ![]() 26 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S. 16 Jun 1938 Port Gamble Indians Reservation established. 1939 Port Gamble Indian Community 1994 Self-governance agreement. 1995 Gaming compact. 2013 Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe Chairmen c.1941 Lester Jackson c.1947 James Webster c.197. Ronald G. Charles (1st time) c.1973 - c.1975 Betty Roberts (f) 197. - 1987 Ronald G. Charles (2nd time) 1987 - 1989 Gerald "Jake" Jones (1st time) 1989 - 1990 .... 1990 - 1999 Gerald "Jake" Jones (2nd time) Jul 1999 – 2009 Ronald G. Charles (3rd time) 2009 - 30 Jun 2023 Jeromy C. Sullivan (b. 1973 - d. 2023) Oct 2023 - Amber Caldera (f)
1851 –
1920
Puget Sound (1856 – 1910 Puyallup; from 1910, Cushman)
Indian Quileute
19 Feb 1889 Quileute Indian Reservation established. 1936 Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation. 1963 - 1988 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. Head chief c.1855 Howiyat'l Chairmen c.1937 - c.1950 Morton Penn (b. 1882 - d. 19..) 1959 - 1967 Frederick Richard Woodruff, Sr. (b. 1904 - d. 1977) c.1968 - c.1971 Kenneth Payne c.1973 - c.1974 Pearl Penn Conlow c.1977 Christian Penn c.1978 - Dec 1983 Russell Woodruff, Sr. (1st time) c.1984 - c.1986 Walter Jackson bf.Mar 1988 - 1993 James R. Jaime 1993 – 1998 Douglas "Oly" Woodruff, Sr. (b. 1945 - d. 1998) 1998 – 1999 Christian Penn, Jr. (acting) 1999 – 2008 Russell Woodruff, Sr. (2nd time) 2008 – 2010 Carol Hatch (f) 2010 – 2011 Anna R. Counsell-Geyer (f) 2011 – 2012 Bonita Cleveland (f) 2012 - 2014 Tony Foster 2014 - 2015 Charles Woodruff (1st time) 2015 - 2016 Naomi Jacobson (f) 2016 - 2018 Charles Woodruff (2nd time) 2018 - Douglas Woodruff, Jr. Quinault ![]() 1 Jul 1855 Treaty with the U.S.; Quinault Indian Reservation established. 1884 – 1950 Taholah (to 1888, Quinault) agency (1888 – 1914 closed). 24 Aug 1922 Quinault Tribe, first by-laws adopted. 1958 – 1969 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1995 Self-governance agreement. 1996 Gaming compact. 2012 Quinault Indian Nation Head chiefs c.1855 Taxola (= Taholah) c.1903 Mason (San-le-tum) Presidents 1921 - c.1936 Harry Shale, Sr. c.1941 – Nov 1960 Cleveland Jackson (d. 1960) 1960 – 1963 Horton Capoeman Apr 1963 - 1971 James Jackson 1971 – 1993 Joseph B. DeLaCruz (b. 1937 - d. 2000) 1993 – 2005 Pearl Capoeman-Baller (f) 2005 - 2021 Fawn R. Sharp (f) (b. 1970) 2021 - Guy Capoeman Samish ![]() 22 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S. 26 Apr 1996 Samish Indian Tribe; recognition by the U.S. confirmed, no reservation as of 2024. 2012 Samish Indian Nation 2018 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1951 – 1964 Alfred "Buddy" Edwards 1964 – 1966 Harold C. Hatch 1966 – 1971 Thomas McDowell 1971 – 1974 Margaret Greene (f) (1st time) 1974 – 1979 Robert Wooten, Sr. 1979 – 1987 Kenneth C. Hansen (1st time) (b. 1952 – d. 2006) 1987 – 1997 Margaret Greene (f) (2nd time) 1997 – 2006 Kenneth C. Hansen (2nd time) (s.a.) 2006 - Thomas Wooten Sauk-Suiattle ![]() 1946 Separated from Upper Skagit; Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe a separate tribal entity. 1952 – 9 Jun 1972 Recognition by the U.S. withdrawn. Chairmen 1946 - 196. .... c.1967 – af.1973 Paul Harvey, Sr. c.1979 James Lawrence Joseph (1st time) (b. 1940 – d. 2010) 1979 - 1983 Jean Fish (f) 1983 - Nov 1984 James Lawrence Joseph (2nd time) (s.a.) bf.1989 – Mar 1993 James Lawrence Joseph (3rd time) (s.a.) Mar 1993 - 1994 James D. Roberts (1st time) 1994 – 1996 James Lawrence Joseph (4th time) (s.a.) 1996 - af.1997 James D. Roberts (2nd time) c.1998 Jason L. Joseph (1st time) c.1999 James Lawrence Joseph (5th time) (s.a.) .... - 2001 Jason L. Joseph (2nd time) 2001 – 2002 Norma A. Joseph (f) (1st time) 2002 – 2005 Jason L. Joseph (3rd time) 2005 – 2006 Gloria Y. Green (f) 2006 – 2007 Janice W. Mabee (f) (1st time) (b. 1946) 2007 – 2008 James D. Roberts (3rd time) 2008 – 2009 Cynthia M. Harris (f) 2009 – 2011 Janice W. Mabee (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 2011 – 2012 Michael Hoffman 2012 - 2018 Norma A. Joseph (f) (2nd time) 2018 - 2019 Benjamin Joseph 2019 - 2021 Norma A. Joseph (f) (3rd time) 2021 - Nino Maltos Shoalwater Bay ![]() 22 Sep 1866 Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation set aside (no treaty). 13 Apr 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 1971 Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Reservation 1999 Self-governance agreement. 2002 Gaming compact. Chiefs 1876 – 1889 Charley Matote (d. 1889) 1889 – 1935 George A. Charley (b. 1864 – d. 1935) Chairmen 1935 – 1971 General Council 1971 – 1975 Earl G. Davis (b. 1928 - d. 1975) 1975 - 1978? Rachel Whitish (f) (1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 1998) 1978? - 1980? Douglas "Doug" M. Davis (1st time) 1980 - Jan 1982 Rachel Whitish (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) Jan 1982 - Jan 1984 Gordon Shipman c.1984 Rachel Whitish (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) 1985 - 1986 Elizabeth "Libby" Fanning (f) (b. 1940) (1st time)(= Elizabeth Shipman) c.1987/88 Douglas "Doug" M. Davis (2nd time) c.1989 Elizabeth "Libby" Fanning (f) (s.a.) (2nd time) bf.Aug 1990 – 1992 Douglas "Doug" M. Davis (3rd time) 1992 – 2002 Herbert "Ike" M. Whitish (b. 1955 - d. 2005) 2002 – 2004 Carl S. Johnson, Sr. 2004 – 2014 Charlene Nelson (f) (1st time) 2014 - 2016 Douglas "Doug" M. Davis (4th time) 2016 - 2024 Charlene Nelson (f) (2nd time) 2024 - Quintin Swanson Skokomish ![]() 26 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S., Skokomish Reservation established (by the Treaty of Point-No-Point). 3 May 1938 Skokomish Indian Tribe (of the Skokomish Reservation, Washington) 1957 - 2024 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 25 May 1995 Gaming compact. 2002 Self-governance agreement. Head chief c.1855 Dah-whil-luk Chairmen c.1930 George N. Adams (1st time) c.1938 Ben John c.1939 Leonard Hawk c.1954 George N. Adams (2nd time) c.1972 Edward Miller c.1974 - c.1977 William L. Smith c.1978 Charles B. Curtis 197. Anna Pavel (f) c.1980 Steve Johns c.1980 James Byrd (1st time) c.1981 Diane Gouley (f) c.1982 - 1983 James Byrd (2nd time) 1983 - 198. Lucy Schaefer (f) 198. - c.1986 Gary Peterson bf.1989 - 1993 Denny S. Hurtado (1st time) (b. 1947) 1993 – 1994 Joseph Pavel (1st time) 199. – 1995 Patrick J. LaClair 1995 – 1996 Francis Twiddy 1996 – 2000 Gordon James (1st time) 2000 – 2002 Denny S. Hurtado (2nd time) (s.a.) 2002 – 2006 Gordon James (2nd time) 2006 – 2008 Denese LaClair (f) 2008 – 2009 Joseph Pavel (2nd time) 2009 - Charles G. Miller Snoqualmie ![]() 22 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S., majority of the tribe moved to Tulalip. 6 Oct 1999 Snoqualmie Tribe, recognition by the U.S. confirmed. 2002 Gaming compact. Presidents 1916 - 1939 Jerry Kanim (b. 1869 – d. 1956) (also chief and chairman of Snoqualmie at Tulalip) 1939 - 1955 William Martin (d. 1967) 1955 - 1967 Emil Williams (b. c.1886 – d. 1968) Chairmen 1967 – 1980 Robert Comenout 1981 – 1984 Karen Boney (f) 1984 – 1990 Andy de Los Angeles (1st time) 1990 – 1994 Ronald Lauzon (in opposition to 1995) 1994 – 1999 Andy de Los Angeles (2nd time) 1999 – 2007 Joseph O. Mullen (1st time) 2007 – 2008 Bill T. Sweet 2008 Katherine Barker (f) (acting) 2008 – 2010 Joseph O. Mullen (2nd time) 2010 – 2013 Shelley Burch (f) 2013 - 2017 Carolyn Lubenau (f) 2017 - 2018 Sunny Clean (f) 2018 Jolene Williams (f) 2018 - Robert De Los Angeles Spokane Tribe
18 Jan 1881 Spokane Indian Reservation set aside. 1912 – 1925 Spokane Indian Agency established. 6 Apr 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. May 1951 Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation 2007 Gaming compact. Head chiefs bf.1830 – 1855 "Big Head" (from 1838, Cornelius) (d. 1855) 1855 – af.1881 Hustl-pusimn "Big Star" ("Elder Lot") bf.1888 – 1902 "Younger Lot" (d. 1902) 1902 – 1909 Oliver Lot (b. 1864 - d. 1909) 1909 – 1925 Jim Sam (d. 1925) 1925 - af.1938 Sam Boyd Chairmen 1940 – 1947 .... 1947 – 1973 Alex Sherwood (b. 1901 - d. 1974) c.1976 Alfred E. McCoy (1st time) c.1978 John W. Samuels (1st time) 1979? – Aug 1981 Alfred E. McCoy (2nd time) Aug 1981 – 1983? John W. Samuels (2nd time) c.1984 James W. Hill (d. 2000) bf.1987 - 1990 Joe Vernon Flett (b. 1948 - d. 2012) 1990 – 1994 Bruce Wynne (1st time) (b. 1945 – d. 2003) 1994 – 1997 Warren J. Seyler (1st time) 1997 – 2000 Bruce Wynne (2nd time) (s.a.) 2000 – 2003 Alfred Peone 2003 – 2004 Warren J. Seyler (2nd time) 2004 – 2006 Gregory J. Abrahamson (1st time) 2006 – 2008 Richard L. Sherwood 2008 – 2012 Gregory J. Abrahamson (2nd time) 2012 - 2015 Rudy Peone 2015 - 2023 Carol Evans (f) Jun 2023 - Gregory J. Abrahamson (3rd time) Squaxin Island
1957 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1965 Squaxin Island Tribe of the Squaxin Island Reservation 1993 Gaming compact. 1995 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1952 - 1955 Ralph Krise 1955 - 1959 Bennett Cooper 1959 - 1961 Wes Whitener 1961 - Jun 1976 Florence Sigo (f) 1976 - 1980 Calvin J. Peters (1st time) 1980 - 1981 Bryan Johnson 1981 - 1982 Calvin J. Peters (2nd time) 1982 - 1987 David W. Whitener, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1934 - d. 2012) 1987 - 1996 David Lopeman (1st time) 1996 - 1999 David W. Whitener, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1999 - 2005 David Lopeman (2nd time) 2005 - 2008 James L. Peters 2008 - 2017 David Lopeman (3rd time) 2017 - Aug 2020 Arnold Cooper Aug 2020 - Kristopher Peters Stillaguamish ![]() 22 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S. (spelled "Stoluckwamish"). 1934 Stillaguamish Tribe, recognition by the U.S. confirmed. 1952 – 27 Oct 1976 Recognition withdrawn by U.S. 2001 Gaming compact. Chairmen 1926 – 1945 Jimmy Dorsey (b. c.1850 - d. 1945) 1946 – 1950 Llewellyn Goodridge 1950 – 1970 John Silva 1970 – 1980 Esther Ross (f) (b. 1904 – d. 1988) 1980 – af.1984 Marie A. MacCurdy (f) bf.1988 - af.1995 Gail Greger (f) c.1996 Donna Soholt (f) bf.1997 - 2000 Priscilla A. Shipley (f) (b. 1963 - d. 2015) 2000 – 2004 Edward L. Goodridge, Sr. 2004 – 2009 Shawn E. Yanity (1st time) 2009 – 2010 Sandra Klineburger (f) (b. 1982) 2010 - 2021 Shawn E. Yanity (2nd time) 2021 - Eric White Suquamish of Port Madison 22 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S., Port Madison Reservation established. 1864 Existing reservation was two times enlarged. 1877 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 1963 - 1972 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1965 Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation 1995 Gaming compact. 1998 Self-governance compact. Head chief of Duwamish and Suquamish 1854 – 1866 Si'ahl (= Seattle) (b. c.1780 – d. 1866) Chairmen 1929 – 1942 Martha C. George (1st time) (b. 1892 – d. 1987) 1942 – 19.. .... 19.. – 1962 Charles Lawrence (d. 1962) c.1968 Martha C. George (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1972 - c.1978 Richard Belmont, Jr. 1979 - 1985 Lawrence Webster (b. 1899 - d. 1991) bf.1989 - 1994 Georgia C. George (f) 1994 – 1998 Lyle E. George (1st time) 1998 – 1999 Bennie J. Armstrong (1st time) (b. 1951) 1999 – 2000 Lyle E. George (2nd time) 2000 – 2009 Bennie J. Armstrong (2nd time) (s.a.) 2009 - Leonard Forsman Swinomish ![]() 22 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S.; Swinomish Reservation established. 1877 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 1936 Swinomish Indian Tribal Community 1963 - 1989 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1982 - 2013 Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation (on the U.S. list of tribal names). 1993 Gaming compact. 1997 Self-governance compact. Head chief of Skagit and Swinomish 1854 – 1857 sGolaia (= Goliah) (d. 1857) Chairmen bf.1929 - 193. .... c.1935 George Alexander c.1936 Sam Kadim 1938 - 1940 Martin J. Sampson (1st time) (b. 1888 - d. 1980) c.1941 - c.1944 Tandy Wilbur (d. 1975) c.1950 Joseph Joe c.1954 - af.1955 Martin J. Sampson (2nd time) (s.a.) 1962 - 1971 Dewey Mitchell (b. 1898 - d. 1981) c.1972 Tandy Wilbur, Jr. c.1972 Martin J. Sampson (3rd time) (s.a.) c.1980 Robert S. Joe, Sr. (1st time) 1982 – 1997 Robert S. Joe, Sr. (2nd time) 1997 - 2020 M. Brian Cladoosby (b. 1958?) Mar 2020 - Steve Edwards Tulalip ![]() 22 Jan 1855 Under the U.S. protection; the Tulalip Indian Reservation established. 1861 Tulalip (from 1950, Western Washington) Indian Agency established. 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement. 24 Jan 1936 Tulalip Tribes. 1958 – 2000 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1991 Gaming compact with the state. 6 Oct 1999 Off-reservation Snoqualmie recognized by the U.S. as separate tribe (see Snoqulamie). 2002 Self-governance agreement with the U.S. Head chief of Snoqualmie and Snohomish (title of chief: Si'ab) 1854 – 1858 Patkedib (=Pat Kanim) (b. 1818 - d. 1858) Chiefs of Snohomish (largest tribe on the reservation) c.1862 Shelton (Whea-kadim) 186. – 1874 Napoleon Bonaparte (Snah-tulc) (b. 180. – d. 1874) 1874 – 1905 .... 1905 – 1935 Charles Jules (b. 1846 – d. 1935) (1923-30 also chairman of Snohomish Committee) Chiefs of Snoqualmie (second largest tribe on the reservation) 1858 – 1875 Sanawa (d. 1875) 1875 – 1914 .... 1914 – 1956 Jerry Kanim (b. 1869 – d. 1956) (1928-30 also chairman of Snoqualmie Committee) Chairmen 1930 – Mar 1940 Wilfred Steve (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1956) Mar 1940 - c.1941 Lawrence Williams c.1943 - af.1944 Sebastian Williams (1st time) 1945 - 1946 Harriet Shelton-Dover (f) bf.1948 - af.1954 Wilfred Steve (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1955 Sebastian Williams (2nd time) c.1956 - 1963 George S. Williams (1st time) 1963 - 1965 Charles Sheldon 1965 – 196. George S. Williams (2nd time) c.1967 Herman Williams, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1929) c.1968 - c.1970 Bernie Gobin (b. 1930 – d. 2009) c.1971/72 Herman Williams, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1972/78 George S. Williams (3rd time) bf.1980 – af.1984 Stanley G. Jones, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1927) 1985 - 1987? Donald Hatch 1987? – 1999 Stanley G. Jones, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 1999 – 2000 Herman A. Williams, Jr. (1st time) 2000 – 2001 Stanley G. Jones, Sr. (3rd time) (s.a.) 2001 – 2004 Herman A. Williams, Jr. (2nd time) 2004 – 2007 Stanley G. Jones, Sr. (4th time) (s.a.) 2007 – 2014 Melvin R. Sheldon, Jr. (1st time) (b. 1952) 2014 - 2015 Herman Williams, Sr. (3rd time) (s.a.) 2015 - 2017 Melvin R. Sheldon, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.) 2017 - 2019 Marie Zackuse (f) 2019 - Teri Gobin (f) Upper Skagit ![]() 22 Jan 1855 Treaty with the U.S. 1934 Upper Skagit Indian Tribe, recognition by the U.S confirmed. 1952 – 1972 Recognition withdrawn by the U.S 1993 Gaming compact. Chairmen c.1948 - c.1968 Charlie Boome c.197. Floyd Williams (1st time) (b. 1923 – d. 2007) c.1980 Lawrence Boome 198. – 1981 Floyd Williams (2nd time) (s.a.) 1981 – af.1983 Andreas "Andy" Fernando (b. 1952/53) bf.1984 - 2000 Floyd Williams (3rd time) (s.a.) 2000 – 2007 Marilyn M. Scott (f) (1st time) 2007 – 2008 Jennifer Washington (f) (1st time) 2008 – 2010 Marilyn M. Scott (f) (2nd time) 2010 - 2022 Jennifer Washington (f) (2nd time) 2022 - 2024 Marilyn M. Scott (f) (3rd time) 2024 - Jennifer Washington (f) (3rd time) Yakama Nation Confederated Bands and
Tribes
9 Jun
1855
By Treaty of Camp Stevens the Yakima cede all lands to
U.S. in 1854 – 1858 Kamayaqin (= Kamiakin) (b. c.1800 – d. 1877) 1859 – 1868 Spencer (Tah-pa-shah) (acting) 1868 – 1910 Joe Stwire "White Swan" (d. 1910) 1910 – 1923 George Waters (Stwire) 1923 – 1933 General Council 1933 – 194. Tribal Council (14 band chiefs or headmen) Chairmen c.1943 Wilson Shuster (b. 1913 - d. ....) bf.1948 Eagle Seelatsee (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1976) c.1948 Alex Saluskin (1st time) c.1949 Martin Hannigan c.1952 - af.1953 Alex Saluskin (2nd time) c.1955 - af.1959 Eagle Seelatsee (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1961 - af.1962 Alex Saluskin (3rd time) c.1964 - af.1966 Eagle Seelatsee (3rd time) (s.a.) c.1968 Robert B. Jim (1st time) (d. 1973) 1970 – Oct 1973 Robert B. Jim (2nd time) (s.a.) 1973 – 1979 Watson Totus (b. 1906 - d. 1988) 1979 – 1984 Johnson Meninick 1984 – 1985 Roger R. Jim, Sr. (b. 1931 - d. 1988) 1985 – 1989 Melvin R. Sampson 1989 – 1991 Levi George (b. 1929 - d. 1991) 1991 Ray Olney (acting) 1991 – 1994 Wilferd Yallup (b. 1931 - d. 2004) 1994 - 1996 Jerry Meninick (1st time) 1996 - 1998 Ross K. Sockzehigh (1st time) 1998 - 2000 William F. Yallup, Sr. (b. 1926 – d. 2006) 2000 - 2002 Lonnie Selam, Sr. 2002 Robert N. Wahpat 2002 - 2004 Ross K. Sockzehigh (2nd time) 2004 - 2005 Jerry Meninick (2nd time) 2005 - 2006 Louis Cloud (b. 1920 – d. 2007) 2006 - 2008 Lavina Washines (f) (b. 1940 - d. 2011) 2008 - 2010 Ralph Sampson, Jr. 2010 - 2014 Harry J. Smiskin (b. 1952) 2014 - 2020 JoDe L. Goudy 2020 - Oct 2022 Delano Saluskin Oct 2022 - Gerald Lewis West Virginia None Recognized Wisconsin Bad River Band of Chippewa ![]() 1854 La Pointe (from the 1920's, Bad River) Reservation established, for the majority of the La Pointe Band (minority becomes Red Cliff). 1858 – 1927 La Pointe (to 1865, Lake Superior) Indian Agency established. 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). 1936 Bad River Band of Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1992 Gaming compact. First chiefs 1854 – 1870 Makade-bineshii "Black Bird" (d. 1870) 1870 – 1920 James Blackbird (b. c.1837 – d. 1920) c.1929 General Council Chairmen c.1934 William Denomie 1934 - 1942 George P. Parker 1942 - 194. John Condecon (b. 1862 - d. 1952) c.1944 Carl Maday c.1947 - c.1948 Gus Whitebird bf.1950 - af.1952 Al Arbuckle c.1962 Donald Ames (1st time) 1967 - 1968 Albert L. Whitebird (b. 1929 - d. 1975) c.1969 Sam Livingston (1st time) c.1973 Donald Ames (2nd time) bf.1976 - af.1978 Raymond F. Maday c.1980 Sam Livingston (2nd time) bf.1982 - af.1983 Vernon Stone bf.1984 - af.1986 Josephine "Joe" Corbine (f) c.1987 - 1993 Donald W. Moore (1st time) 1993 - Aug 1995 Elizabeth "Betty" Drake (f) Aug 1995 - Oct 1995 Donald W. Moore (2nd time) Oct 1995 - 1997 John A. Wilmer 1997 – af.1999 Donald W. Moore (3rd time) bf.2000 – 2003 Eugene Bigboy (1st time) 2003 – 2005 Donald W. Moore (4th time) 2005 – Nov 2007 Eugene Bigboy (2nd time) Nov 2007 – Mar 2008 Loretta Livingston (f) Mar 2008 – Nov 2009 Eugene Bigboy (3rd time) Nov 2009 – Nov 2015 Michael "Mike" Wiggins (1st time) Nov 2015 - Nov 2017 Robert Blanchard (1st time) Nov 2017 - Nov 2023 Michael "Mike" Wiggins (2nd time) Nov 2023 - Robert Blanchard (2nd time) Forest County Potawatomi ![]() 176. - 1779 Allied with the British. 1816 Under the U.S. protection (Wisconsin Bands of Potawatomi). 1833 Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Missouri (in 1834 some bands joined the Prairie Bands [see Prairie Potawatomi]), some bands avoided the removal. 1911 - 1927 Carter (from 1916, Laona) Indian Agency established. 23 Jun 1913 Wisconsin Potawatomi Reservation established by land purchases (23 Jun 1913 and 30 Jun 1913). 1937 Forest County Potawatomi Community. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1982 - 2000 Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin Potawatomi (on the U.S. list of tribal names). 1992 Gaming compact. 2005 Self-governance agreement. First chief bf.1778 - af.1781 Siggenauk "Blackbird" Chiefs 183. - 1844 Waumegesako (b. c.1789 - d. 1844) 1844 - 1869 Ketoose (d. 1869) bf.1894 - 1914 Charles Keshick (b. c.1843 - d. 1914) Presidents c.1913 Charles Keshick (s.a.) 19.. - 1937 .... Chairmen Apr 1937 - Nov 1937 Henry Shawano Nov 1937 - 1942 Ben Ellick 1942 - 1945 William Keshick c.1951 Max Keshick c.1967 Arthur Crawford c.1974 Harvey L. Tucker 1975 - 197. Lois Crowe (f) bf.1979 - af.1983 James "Jim" Thunder bf.1984 - af.1985 Kenneth "Ken" George, Sr. May 1987 - Nov 1990 Hartford Shegonee (1st time) 1990 - 17 Oct 1992 James "Jim" Crawford Oct 1992 - Nov 1992 Al Milham (1st time)(acting) Nov 1992 - 1993 Hartford Shegonee (2nd time) 1993 - 1995 Al Milham (2nd time) c.1996 - Jul 2000 Philip Shopodock (1st time) Jul 2000 - 2007 Harold "Gus" Frank (1st time) Nov 2007 - 2009 Philip Shopodock (2nd time) Nov 2009 - Feb 2018 Harold "Gus" Frank (2nd time) Feb 2018 - Feb 2023 Ned Daniels Feb 2023 – James A. Crawford Ho-Chunk Nation ![]() 1840 Part of Winnebago tribe (see Winnebago of Nebraska) avoided relocation from Wisconsin to Iowa. 1864 - 1870 Winnebago Indian Agency established. 1881 Recognized by the U.S. as separate tribe (Winnebago in Wisconsin), the U.S. citizenship granted, no formal reservation created then. 1905 - 1949 Tomah (to 1911 Wittenberg, 1916-1927 Grand Rapids) Indian Agency established. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 19 Mar 1963 Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe, constitution adopted. 1992 Gaming compact. 25 Nov 1994 Renamed Ho-Chunk Nation (Ho-Chunk-Gra). 2017 Self-governance agreement. Chairmen 1949 - 19.. Nathaniel Decorah (b. 1914 - d. 1985) c.1951 James Smoke (b. 1900 – d. 1970) 1963 - 1964 Helen Miner Miller (f) (b. 1925 - d. 2022) 1964 - 1967 Mitchell Whiterabbit (1st time) (b. 1914 - d. 1986) 1967 - 1968 Wilbur Blackdeer (b. 1913 - d. 1993) 1968 Chauncey Hopinkah (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 2002) 1968 - 1971 C. Myron Lowe 1971 Chauncey Hopinkah (2nd time) (s.a.) 1971 - 1975 Arnold Garvin 1975 - 1978 Mitchell Whiterabbit (2nd time) (s.a.) 1978 - 1979 Calvin Whiteagle (b. 1926 - d. 1982) 1979 - 1981 Conroy Greendeer (b. 1951 - d. 2014) 1981 - 1982 Chloris A. Lowe, Jr. 1982 - 1982 Gilman Lincoln (b. 1927 - d. 2008) 1983 - 1984 Kenneth Funmaker, Sr. (b. 1932 - d. 2008) 1984 - 1985 George Whitewing, Sr. (b. 1919 - d. 2003) 1985 - 1986 Merlin Redcloud, Jr. (b. 1948 - d. 2003) 1986 - 1987 Charles Kingswan (b. 1944 - d. 1997) 1987 - 1991 Gordon Thunder 1991 - 1994 JoAnn Jones (f) Presidents 1994 - 1995 JoAnn Jones (f) 1995 - 1997 Chloris A. Lowe, Jr. 1997 Byron Thundercloud (b. 1963) 1997 - 2000 Jacob H. Lonetree 2000 - 2001 Clarence P. Pettibone (b. 1959?) 2001 - 2003 Troy Swallow (b. 1964 - d. 2013) 2003 - 11 Nov 2006 George Lewis (1st time) 11 Nov 2006 - Dec 2006 Wade Blackdeer (1st time) Dec 2006 - 2007 George Lewis (2nd time) 2007 Wade Blackdeer (2nd time) 2007 - 2011 Wilfred Cleveland (1st time) 2011 - 2015 Jon Greendeer (1st time) (b. 1972) 2015 - 2019 Wilfred Cleveland (2nd time) 2019 - 2023 Marlon E. White Eagle (b. 1973) 2023 - Jon Greendeer (2nd time) (s.a.) Lac du Flambeau Chippewa ![]() 1826 Under the U.S. protection (Lac du Flambeau Band of Chippewa). 1842 – 1854 Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota. 30 Sep 1854 Lac du Flambeau Reservation established. 1907 Lac du Flambeau (from 1936, Great Lakes) Indian Agency established. 1936 Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1992 Gaming compact with the state. First chiefs bf.1804 - 1827 Giishkimon "Sharpened Stone" (b. bf.1758 – d. 1827) c.1831 Mozobodo (d. 1832) 1832 – 1847 Waabishkaagaagi "White Crow" (b. c.1765 – d. 1847) 1847 – af.1864 Aamoons "Little Bee" bf.1910 - 1929 George Amose (b. c.1850 – d. 1929) 1929 – 1936 General Council Presidents c.1937 George W. Brown c.1941 Charles Sunn c.1943 Ben Chosa (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 19..) c.1951 George Thompson c.1954 Ben Chosa (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1957 Alex M. Bobidosh (1st time) (b. 1890 - d. 1981) bf.1959 - af.1961 Peter Christiansen c.1967 Alex M. Bobidosh (2nd time) (s.a.) 1971 - 1984 William Wildcat, Sr. (b. 1926 - d. 1994) 1984 - 1992 Michael W. "Mike" Allen 1992 - 2000 Thomas "Tom" Maulson (1st time) (b. 1941) 2000 - 2004 Henry "Butch" St. Germaine (1st time) 2004 – Oct 2008 Victoria A. Doud (f) Oct 2008 – Nov 2009 Carl W. Edwards Nov 2009 – Feb 2010 Dee A. Mayo (f) (acting) Feb 2010 – Oct 2010 Jerome B. Big John Oct 2010 - Oct 2014 Thomas "Tom" Maulson (2nd time) (s.a.) 13 Oct 2014 – Oct 2016 Henry "Butch" St.Germaine (2nd time) Oct 2016 - Oct 2020 Joseph Wildcat Oct 2020 - John D. Johnson Lac Courte Oreilles Chippewa ![]() 1826 Under the U.S. protection (Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Chippewa). 1837 – 1854 Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota. 1854 Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation established. 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 1911 - 1933 Hayward Indian Agency established. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1966 Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. 1992 Gaming compact with the state. First chiefs bf.1826 - 1837 Moozojiid "Moose Tail" (d. 1839) 1837 – af.1884 Akiwenzii "Old Man" (b. c.1807 – d. 1891) 18.. – 1907 George Sheff (b. 1852 – d. 1907) bf.1910 – af.1920 Stephen A. Grover (d. 192.) Chairmen c.1923 Ira O. Isham (b. 1855 – d. 1928) c.1929 General Council bf.1935 – 19.. .... c.1951 Norman Guibord (1st time) c.1967 Joseph Trepania 196. – 1971 Norman Guibord (2nd time) 1971 – May 1978 Odric "Rick" Baker (1st time) (b. 1931 – d. 2001) 1 Sep 1978 – 1980 Richard "Rick" St.Germaine (1st time) 1980 – 1984 Gordon C. Thayer (1st time) 1984 – 1985 Richard "Rick" St.Germaine (2nd time) 1985 – 1987 Odric "Rick" Baker (2nd time) (s.a.) 1987 – af.1988 Gaiashkibos "Gosh" (1st time) (b. c.1951) c.1989 Bruce Taylor bf.1990 – 1995 Gaiashkibos "Gosh" (2nd time) (s.a.) 1995 – 1996 Alfred L. Trepania (1st time) 1996 – 1997 Margaret Diamond (f) 1997 – 2001 Gaiashkibos "Gosh" (3rd time) (s.a.) 2001 – 2002 Alfred L. Trepania (2nd time) 2002 – Jul 2011 Louis D. Taylor (1st time) Jul 2011 – Jul 2013 Gordon C. Thayer (2nd time) Jul 2013 - Jul 2017 Michael J. "Mic" Isham Jul 2017 - Louis D. Tayor (2nd time) Menominee
1761 – 1815 Allied with the British. 1815 Green Bay (1909-1943 Keshena, from 1943 Menominee) Indian Agency established (1836-1855 closed). 1817 Under the U.S. protection (Menominee Tribe). 1848 – 1854 Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota. 1854 Menominee Reservation established. 21 Nov 1904 First constitution adopted (followed by constitutions of 25 Feb 1924 and 11 Feb 1928) - Menominee Tribe of Indians of the State of Wisconsin. 11 Feb 1928 Menominee Indians of the Menominee Agency, Wisconsin. 30 Apr 1961 Recognition terminated (by act of 17 Jun 1954), tribal assets transferred to Menominee Enterprises Inc. 22 Dec 1973 Federal recognition restored (effective 23 Apr 1975), to 1976 remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement (Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin). 1992 Gaming compact. Grand Head chiefs (title Kaeqc-Oke’maw) bf.1761 - 1821 Sekatsokemau "Southerner" (b. c.1725 – d. 1821) (often represented by speakers) 1780 - 1804 Glode (= Claude Carron) –Speaker (b. c.1739 - d. 1804) 1804 - 1818 Tomau (or Tomah) -Speaker (b. 1752 - d. 1818) (= Thomas Carron) 1818 – 1827 Kaushkannaniew "Grizzly (b. 1782 – d. 1834) Bear" -Speaker 1827 - 1858 Oshkosh (b. 1795 - d. 1858) 1858 – 1871 A’kwine'mi (b. 1822 - d. 1875) 1871 - 1890 Ni’opit (b. 1831 - d. 1913) Chairmen 1890 – 1904 General Council c.1907 Moses Tucker 1908 – 1913 General Council c.1925 J.H. Tourtillot (president) c.1929 Mitchell Oshkenaniew c.1932 Ralph Fredenburg c.1935 Aloysius Dodge 19.. – 1941 Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 1995) 1941 – 1946 .... 1946 – af.1950 Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1951 Rollean Gauthier c.1952 Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (3rd time) (s.a.) bf.1953 - 1954 Antoine Waupochick 1954 – af.1959 James G. Frechette bf.1960 - 1961 Jerome A. Grignon 1961 James Dickey 1961 – 1974 Abolished 1974 – 1976 Ada E. Deer (f) (b. 1935) 1976 – 1977 Sylvia Walker (f) (acting) 1977 - 1979 Shirley Daly (f) 1979 - 1980 Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (4th time) (s.a.) 1980 - 1981 Lucille B. Chapman (f)(1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 1999) 1981 - 1982 Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (5th time) (s.a.) 1982 - 1983 Lucille B. Chapman (f)(2nd time) (s.a.) 1983 - 1984 Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (6th time) (s.a.) 1984 - 1985 Apesanahkwat (1st time) 1985 - 1986 Lynn Skenadore (f) 1986 - 1987 Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (7th time) (s.a.) 1987 - 1988 Lucille B. Chapman (f)(4th time) (s.a.) 1988 – 1990 Apesanahkwat (2nd time) 1990 - 1991 Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (8th time) (s.a.) 1991 – 1995 Glen T. Miller (b. 1951 - d. 1995) 1995 – 1997 John H. Teller 1997 – 2002 Apesanahkwat (3rd time) 2002 - 2003 Lisa S. Waukau (f) (1st time) (b. 1944 - d. 2016) 2003 – 2005 Joan R. Delabreau (f)(1st time) 2005 - 2006 Michael Chapman (b. 1959 - d. 2016) 2006 - 2007 Karen Washinawatok (f) 2007 - 2010 Lisa S. Waukau (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 2010 - 2011 Laurie Boivin (f)(1st time) 2011 - 2012 Randal Chevalier 2012 - Feb 2014 Craig Corn Feb 2014 – Feb 2015 Laurie Boivin (f)(2nd time) Feb 2015 – Feb 2016 Gary Besaw (1st time) Feb 2016 – Feb 2017 Joan R. Delabreau (f) (2nd time) Feb 2017 - Feb 2018 Gary Besaw (2nd time) Feb 2018 - Feb 2020 Douglas Cox Feb 2020 - Feb 2021 Joan R. Delabreau (f) (3rd time) Feb 2021 - Nov 2021 Gunnar Peters Nov 2021 - Feb 2023 Ronald J. Corn Feb 2023 - Gena Kakkak (f)
1822
Majority of Oneida
(see Oneida of New York) moved from Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ![]() c.1660 – 1759 Allied with the French. c.1765 – 1812 Allied with the British. 1826 Under the U.S. protection (La Pointe Band of Chippewa). 1842 – 1854 Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota. 1854 Red Cliff Reservation established, majority of the La Pointe Band moves to Bad River Reservation. 1887 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority were citizens). 1912 – 1922 Red Cliff Indian Agency established. 1 Jun 1936 Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa in Wisconsin 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1992 Gaming compact. First chiefs (to 1854 also head chiefs of Lake Superior Chippewa, title: Gichi-Ogimaa) c.17.. Aandegwiiyaas "Crow’s Meat" bf.1812 - 1854 Gichi-Weshkiin "Great Renewer" (b. c.1759 – d. 1855) (also commonly known as Bizhiki "Buffalo") 1854 – 1860 Joseph Buffalo (Jechiikwiio) (b. c.1788 - d. 1860) 1860 – 1865 Antoine Buffalo (b. 1839 – d. 1865) bf.1871 - af.1876 John Buffalo bf.1880 - af.1910 Antoine John Buffalo (b. 1852 – d. 1932) c.1929 General Council Chairmen 1936 - 193. Martin Buffalo (b. 1887 – d. 1957) bf.1938 – Aug 1939 Alex F. Roye (1st time) Aug 1939 - Jul 1942 Mike J. Gordon Jul 1942 - 194. Stephen "Steve" Butterfield (1st time) bf.1944 – Feb 1946 Alex F. Roye (2nd time) Feb 1946 – Dec 1948 Stephen "Steve" Butterfield (2nd time) Dec 1948 – Apr 1952 Alex F. Roye (3rd time) Apr 1952 – 195. George Gurnoe 7 Jul 1953 - 8 Aug 1958 Alex F. Roye (4th time) 8 Aug 1958 - 6 Jul 1960 Michael Bresette 6 Jul 1960 - 6 Jul 1965 Alex F. Roye (5th time) 6 Jul 1965 - 5 Jul 1966 Henry Daley 5 Jul 1966 - 2 Jul 1967 Ken Andrews (1st time) 5 Jul 1967 - 2 Jul 1968 Alex F. Roye (6th time) 2 Jul 1968 - 7 Jul 1970 Philip Gordon 7 Jul 1970 - 4 Jul 1972 Victoria Gokee (f) 4 Jul 1972 - 6 Jul 1976 Ken Andrews (2nd time) 6 Jul 1976 - 3 Jul 1979 Richard Gurnoe (1st time) 3 Jul 1979 - 6 Jul 1982 Tom Gordon 6 Jul 1982 - 5 Jul 1983 Richard Gurnoe (2nd time) 5 Jul 1983 - 3 Jul 1984 Joe Bresette 3 Jul 1984 - 5 Jul 1988 Richard Gurnoe (3rd time) 5 Jul 1988 - 4 Jul 1989 Patricia "Patsy" Ruth DePerry (f) (1st time) 4 Jul 1989 - 3 Jul 1990 Richard Gurnoe (4th time) 3 Jul 1990 - 2 Jul 1991 Patricia "Patsy" Ruth DePerry (f) (2nd time) 2 Jul 1991 - Jul 1993 Richard Gurnoe (5th time) Jul 1993 – Jul 1997 Rose M. Gurnoe (f)(1st time) Jul 1997 – Jul 1999 George P. Newago Jul 1999 – Jul 2001 Jean Buffalo-Reyes (f) Jul 2001 – Jul 2005 Raymond M. "Ray" DePerry Jul 2005 - Jul 2007 Patricia "Patsy" Ruth DePerry (f) (3rd time) Jul 2007 – Jul 2015 Rose M. Gurnoe-Soulier (f) (2nd time) Jul 2015 - Jul 2017 Bryan Bainbridge Jul 2017 - Jul 2021 Richard Peterson Jul 2021 - Jul 2023 Christopher Boyd Jul 2023 - Nicole L. Boyd (f) St. Croix Chippewa ![]() 1826 Under the U.S. protection (St. Croix Band of Chippewa). 1837 – 1854 Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota. 1854 Expected to move to Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation, no own reservation. 28 Nov 1938 St. Croix Reservation established. 29 Aug 1942 St. Croix Chippewa Indians. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1992 Gaming compact. First chiefs bf.1826 - af.1842 Bizhiki "Buffalo" bf.1844 - af.1847 Gaa-bimabi "Side Sitter" bf.1852 - 1854 Oshoge (d. 1854) 1854 – af.1859 Ayaabens "Little Buck" c.1910 John Medweosh Chairman c.1937 John Lonestar Presidents 1942 – 19.. .... c.1950/53 Lee Taylor c.1967 - af.1983 Eugene W. Taylor (1st time) c.198. Ruth Holmes (f) c.1984 William H. Arbuckle bf.1985 - af.1987 Eugene W. Taylor (2nd time) c.1988 - c.1989 Lewis Taylor (1st time) bf.1990 - 1991 Eugene W. Taylor (3rd time) 1991 - c.1993 Donald "Don" Saros c.1994 – af.1999 Lewis Taylor (2nd time) bf.2000 – 2001 David Merrill (1st time) 2001 - 2002 Elmer "Jay" Emery Aug 2002 – Jun 2007 David Merrill (2nd time) Jun 2007 – Jun 2009 Hazel Hindsley (f) Jun 2009 – Jun 2011 Lewis Taylor (3rd time) Jun 2011 - Jun 2013 Stuart Bearheart Jun 2013 - 2019 Lewis Taylor (4th time) 2019 - 2021 Susan Lowe (f) 2021 - 2023 William Reynolds 2023 - Thomas Fowler Sokaogon Chippewa ![]() 1826 Under the U.S. protection (Pelican Lake Band of Chippewa). 1842 – 1854 Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota. 1854 Expected to move to Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation, no own reservation (from the 1890's, known as Rice Lake Band). 1938 Sokaogon Chippewa Community. 1939 Mole Lake Reservation established. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1979 – 2000 Sokaogon Chippewa Community of Mole Lake Band (on the U.S. list of tribal names). 1992 Gaming compact. First chiefs bf. 1826 - 1854 Gichi-Waabizheshi "Big Martin" (d. 185.) 1854 – 1857 Migizi "Eagle" (d. 1857) 1857 - 1898 Wabishi-binesi "White Eagle" 1899 – 1920 John Seymour 1920 - 1927 Edward Ackley (d. 1927) 1927 - 1929 DeWitt Charles Ackley (b. 1857 – d. 1936) 1929 - 1937 Willard Leroy Ackley (b. 1890 - d. 1969) Chairmen 1937 – 1960 Willard Leroy Ackley (s.a.) c.1967 Peter McGeshick c.1976 Charles P. McGeshick c.1972 Charles Fox, Sr. c.1979 Raymond A. McGeshick (1st time) bf.1980 - 1981 Daniel J. Poler 1981 – 198. Raymond A. McGeshick (2nd time) 1983 - 1989 Arlyn David Ackley (1st time) (b. 1951 - d. 2014) 1989 Emanual Poler (1st time) (acting) 1989 - 1993 Raymond A. McGeshick (3rd time) 1993 Emanual Poler (2nd time) (acting) 1993 - Feb 1998 Arlyn David Ackley (2nd time) (s.a.) 1998 - Jan 1999 Charles Fox (acting) Jan 1999 - 2001 Roger McGeshick 2001 – Jan 2007 Sandra L. Rachal (f) Jan 2007 - 26 Mar 2010 Arlyn David Ackley (3rd time) (s.a.) 2010 – Jan 2013 Garland T. McGeshick (1st time) Jan 2013 - 2019 Chris McGeshick 2019 - Jan 2021 Garland T. McGeshick (2nd time) Jan 2021 - Robert Van Zile Stockbridge Munsee ![]() 1614 Mohicans allied with the Dutch. 1664 Allied (later subject) to the English, moved from New York to Massachusetts. 1677 - 1755 Also under "Covenant Chain" with the Five (latter Six) Nations. 1737 - 1765 Reservation (Indian Town) at Stockbridge set aside by Massachusetts. 1739 - 1763 Mohicans guaranteed 3 positions of 5 at the Board of Selectmen of Town of Stockbridge. 1785 Returned to New York to land granted in 1784 by the Oneida, "Stockbridge" kept as name of community. 1788 Reservation established by the state (in 1794, recognized by the U.S.). 1822 Moved to Wisconsin to land granted (purchased in 1832) from Menominee (in 1833 joined by small group of Munsee Delaware). 7 Feb 1837 First constitution adopted (Stockbridge Nation). 1843 Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were citizens). 6 Jan 1857 Second constitution (Articles of Union) adopted (Stockbridge and Munsee Tribe). 1871 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. Nov 1937 Stockbridge Munsee Community. 1953 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement. 1979 – 2000 Stockbridge-Munsee Community of Mahican (on the U.S. list of tribal names). 1992 Gaming compact. 2011 Self-governance agreement. Chief Sachems of Mohicans c.1734 Mtohksin bf.1756 - 1771 Benjamin Kokhkewaunaunt (b. c.1677 – d. 1781) 1771 – 1777 Solomon Unhaunauwaunut (b. c.1727 – d. 1777) 1777 Joseph Quanaukaunt Quinney (d. af.1794) 1777 – af.1797 Joseph Shauquethqueat Pye bf.1817 - af.1822 Solomon Hendricks bf.1823 - 1837 John Metoxen (b. 1770 – d. 1858) Sachems (years given when names identified; acting Sachems not included) 1838 - 1840 Austin E. Quinney (1st time) (b. 1791 - d. 1865) 1843 John N. Chicks 1846 John W. Quinney (1st time) (b. 1797 - d. 1855) 1848 Austin E. Quinney (2nd time) (s.a.) 1849 John W. Quinney (2nd time) (s.a.) 1850 Austin E. Quinney (3rd time) (s.a.) 1851 - 1855 John W. Quinney (3rd time) (s.a.) 1856 Ziba T. Peters 1857 Thomas T. Hendricks 1858 - 1860 John P. Hendricks (1st time) 1864 Darius Charles (1st time) (b. 1830 - d. 1876) 1866 John P. Hendricks (2nd time) 1867 – 1870 Darius Charles (2nd time) (s.a.) 1871 - 1872 John P. Hendricks (3rd time) 1876 - 1877 Timothy Charles (1st time) 1878 Dennis T. Turkey (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1904) 1879 Jeremiah Slingerland 1882 Albert Miller 1884 Cornelius Aaron 1886 Edwin Miller 1891 Zachariah Miller (1st time) 1893 Dennis T. Turkey (2nd time) (s.a.) 1894 Zachariah Miller (2nd time) 1896 Timothy Charles (2nd time) Chairmen 1896 – af.1898 John P. Hendricks 190. – 1931 General Council Oct 1931 – Jan 1938 Carl L. Miller (b. 1882 - d. 1959) Presidents Jan 1938 - 1939 Harry A. Chicks 1939 - 1959 Arvid E. Miller (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1969) 1959 - 1961 Bernard Tousey 1961 - 1966 Arvid E. Miller (2nd time) (s.a.) 1966 - 1967 Lewis Burr (acting) 1967 Edwin Martin 1967 Willard Putnam (acting) 1967 - 1969 Leon Miller (1st time) 1969 - 1971 Aught Coyhis 1971 - 1972 Robert Miller, Sr. 1972 Floyd Tousey 1972 - 1973 Leon Miller (2nd time) 1973 - 1977 Leonard E. "Jack" Miller (1st time) 1977 - 1979 Robert Miller, Jr. 1979 - 1980 Leonard E. "Jack" Miller (2nd time) 1980 - 1981 Dave Besaw (1st time)(acting) 1981 - 1987 Leon Miller (3rd time) 1987 - 1991 Reginald C. "Reggie" Miller 1991 - 1992 Dave Besaw (2nd time)(acting) 1992 - 1994 Leah Miller Heath (f) 1994 Laura M. Coyhis (f) 1994 - 1997 Virgil Murphy 1997 - 2010 Robert Chicks (1st time) 2010 – Oct 2011 Kimberly Vele (f) Oct 2011- 27 Apr 2013 Robert Chicks (2nd time) 27 Apr 2013 - Oct 2015 Wallace A. "Wally" Miller (acting to Oct 2013) Oct 2015 - Shannon Holsey (f)
Wyoming Northern Arapaho Tribe of the Wind
River (Arapaho of Wind River)
Arapaho). 10 May 1868 Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho ceded their land to the U.S. and are moved to the Great Sioux Reservation in South Dakota. 1878 Northern Arapaho moved to the Wind River Reservation (details under Shoshone of Wind River). 1930 Shoshone and Arapahoe Indians of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming Joint Business Council established. 15 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 2005 Gaming compact with the state. 2012 Spelling "Arapahoe" in the tribal name officially changed to "Arapaho" Apr 2021 Northern Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (name changed on the U.S. list of tribal names). 2023 Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs of (from c.1855, Northern) Arapaho (title of chief: Neecee) 1851 – 1859 Beetheihokecii "Little Owl" 1859 – 1872 Beteeth "Holy Man" (d. 1872) 1872 – 1893 Wodoseinee "Black Coal" (d. 1893) 1893 – 1901 Heenibeet "Sharp Nose" (b. c.1830 – d. 1901) 1901 – 1920 Woxniisehit "Lone Bear" (b. 1854 – d. 1920) Chairmen 1920 - 192. George Caldwell (b. 1860 – d. 1938) bf.1922 – 1935 Henry L. Tyler (b. 1871 – d. 1936) 1935 – 1938 Robert Friday (b. 1881 – d. 1947) 1938 – af.1940 Nellie Scott (f) (1st time) (b. 1888 – d. 1978) 1941 - 1943 Thomas Joe Duran (1st time) 1943 - 1945 Ben Friday (1st time) 1945 – 1952 Nellie Scott (f) (2nd time) (s.a.) 1952 – 1954 Ben Friday (2nd time) 1954 – 1958 Nellie Scott (f) (3rd time) (s.a.) c.1959 Thomas Joe Duran (2nd time) 1960 - 1963/64 Martin Underwood (b. 1917) c.1967 Jess Miller (1st time) c.1967 - c.1969 Arnold Headley (1st time) c.1969 - 1976 Jess Miller (2nd time) 1976 – 1979 Arnold Headley (2nd time) 1979 – 1981 Joseph Oldman (1st time) 1981 – 1983 Burton Hutchinson (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 2013) c.1983 Wayne Felter c.1984 Joseph Oldman (2nd time) 1984 - 1985 Chester Armajo (d. 1985) 1985 - 1986 Burnett L. Whiteplume 1986 - 1990 Gary E. Collins 1990 – 1992 Burton Hutchinson (2nd time) (s.a.) 1992 – 1995 Harvey Spoonhunter (1st time) (b. 1968) 1995 – 1998 Richard Brannan (1st time) 1998 – 2002 Anthony "Al" Addison (1st time) 2002 – 2004 Burton Hutchinson (3rd time) (s.a.) 2004 – 2008 Richard Brannan (2nd time) 2008 Anthony "Al" Addison (2nd time) 2008 – 2010 Harvey Spoonhunter (2nd time) (s.a.) 2010 – 2011 Kim Harjo (f) 2011 – 2012 Jim L. Shakespeare 2012 - 2014 Darrell O'Neal 2014 - 2016 Dean Goggles 2016 - 2018 Roy B. Brown 2018 - Dec 2020 Lee Spoonhunter Dec 2020 - Dec 2022 Jordan Dresser Dec 2022 – Dec 2024 Lloyd Goggles Dec 2024 - Keenen Groesbeck Eastern Shoshone ![]() 1861 Shoshone (to 1879, Fort Bridger; from 1937, Wind River) Indian Agency established. 2 Jul 1863 Under the U.S. protection (Eastern Band of the Shoshone). 3 Jul 1868 Wind River Reservation established. 1878 Northern Arapaho moved to the Wind River Reservation (from 1896, the reservation is equally shared by both tribes). 2 Jun 1906 Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement. 1930 Joint Business Council of the Shoshone and Arapahoe Tribes of the Wind River Reservation established. 15 Jun 1935 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum. 2006 Gaming compact with the state. 2016 Eastern Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (name changed on the U.S. list of tribal names). 2024 Self-governance agreement. Head chiefs of Eastern Shoshone (title of chief: Dai’gwahni) bf.1819 - 1825/29 Ohamagwaya "Yellow Hand" (b. c.1765 – d. 1825/29) bf.1831 - 1843 Pahdahewakunda "Iron Wristband"(d. 1843) + Mohwoomha "Little Chief" (d. 1843) (likely a deputy of the above) 1843 – 184. "Cut Nose" bf.1849 - 1851 Gahnacumah "Red Wolf" (d. 1852) 1851 – 1900 Whoshakik (b. c.1804 – d. 1900) (Anglicized: Washakie) Chairmen 1900 – 1907 George Terry (b. 1853 – d. 1907) c.1908 John Lajeunesse 1930 – 1936 Charles Driskell (1st time) bf.1937 - af.1938 Gilbert Day c.1941 Charles Driskell (2nd time) 1944/46 – 195. Robert N. Harris (1st time) (d. 1995) c.1959 Maud L. Clairmont (f) 196. - 1972? Robert N. Harris (2nd time) (s.a.) c.1974 Alfred McAdams 1974? – 1986 Robert N. Harris (3rd time) (s.a.) 1986 – 1990 John R. Washakie (1st time) 1990 – 1992 Alfred Ward (1st time) 1992 John R. Washakie (2nd time) 1992 – 1994 Darwin St. Clair, Sr. 1994 – 1996 Alfred Ward (2nd time) 1996 – 2000 John R. Washakie (3rd time) 2000 – 2002 Ivan D. Posey (1st time) (b. 1960) 2002 – 2004 Vernon Hill (1st time) 2004 – 2011 Ivan D. Posey (2nd time) (s.a.) 2011 – 2012 Mike Lajeunesse 2012 - 2016 Darwin St. Clair, Jr. 2016 - 2018 Clint Wagon 2018 - Nov 2020 Vernon Hill (2nd time) Nov 2020 - Nov 2024 John R. St.Clair Nov 2024 - Wayland Large Puerto
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