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U.S. Native American Nations
 
Nations: Absentee-Shawnee - Acoma Pueblo - Agua Caliente - Ak-Chin - Alabama-Coushatta of Texas - Alabama-Quassarte - Apache of Oklahoma - Augustine Band - Bad River Chippewa - Barrow - Bay Mills - Big Pine - Big Valley - Bishop Paiute - Blackfeet of Montana - Bois Forte Chippewa - Bridgeport - Burns Paiute - Cabazon - Caddo Nation - Cahuilla - Cahto of Laytonville - Campo Band - Capitan Grande Diegueno Mission (Barona and Viejas) - Catawba - Cayuga - Chehalis - Chemehuevi - Cheyenne River Sioux - Cherokee Nation - Cheyenne & Arapaho - Chickahominy - Chickasaw Nation - Chinook - Chippewa Cree of Rocky's Boy - Chitimacha - Choctaw of Mississippi - Choctaw of Oklahoma - Citizen Potawatomi - Cocopah - Coeur d'Alene - Cold Springs - Colorado River Indian Tribes - Colville - Comanche Nation - Cochiti Pueblo - Coos, Lower Umpqua & Siuslaw - Coquille - Coushatta of Louisiana - Cow Creek Umpqua - Cowlitz - Crow Creek Sioux - Crow Tribe Montana - Curyung - Delaware of Nation - Delaware Tribe -  Duck Valley Shoshone-Paiute - Duckwater Shoshone - Duwamish - Eastern Band of Cherokee - Eastern Chickahominy - Eastern Pequot - Eastern Shawnee of Oklahoma - Eastern Shoshone - Ely Shoshone - Ewiiaapaayp - Fallon Paiute-Shoshone - Flandreau Santee Sioux - Fond du Lac Chippewa - Forest County Potawatomi - Fort Belknap - Fort Bidwell - Fort Independence - Fort McDermitt Paiute & Shsoshone - Fort McDowell Yavapai - Fort Mojave - Fort Peck Tribes - Fort Sill Apache - Fort Yuma Quechan - Gila River - Goshute Confederated - Grand Portage Chippewa - Grand Ronde - Grand Traverse Ottawa and Chippewa - Grindstone - Hannahville - Havasupai - Hoh - Ho-Chunk - Hoopa Valley - Hopi - Houlton Maliseet - Hualapai - Iipay of Santa Ysabel - Inaja Diegueno - Inupiat - Iowa of Kansas & Nebraska - Iowa of Oklahoma - Isleta Pueblo - Jamestown S'Klallam - Jamul Indian Village - Jemez Pueblo - Jena Choctaw - Jicarilla Apache - Kaibab Band of Paiute - Kalispel - Karuk - Kaw - Ketchikan - Keweenaw Bay - Kialegee - Kickapoo in Kansas - Kickapoo of Oklahoma - Kickapoo of Texas - Kiowa of Oklahoma - Klamath - Kootenai of Idaho - Kotzebue - La Jolla Band - La Posta - Lac du Falambeau - Lac Courte Oreilles Chippewa - Lac Vieux Desert Chippewa - Laguna Pueblo - Las Vegas Paiute - Leech Lake Chippewa - Little River Ottawa - Little Shell Chippewa - Little Traverse Bay Odawa - Lone Pine Paiute - Los Coyotes - Lovelock Paiute - Lower Brule Sioux - Lower Elwha - Lower Sioux - Lummi  Makah - Manchester Rancheria - Manzanita - Mashantucket Pequot - Mashpee Wampanoag‏ - Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Pottawatomi - Menominee - Mesa Grande - Mescalero Apache - Metlakatla - Miami Tribe of Oklahoma - Miccosukee - Mik'maq Nation - Mille Lacs Chippewa - Minnesota Chippewa‏ - Moapa Paiute - Modoc Nation - Mohegan - MonacanMorongo Band - Muckleshoot - Muscogee (Creek) Nation - Nambe Pueblo - Nansemond - NarragansettNavajo - Nez Perce - Nisqually - Nooksack - Nome Eskimo - Northern Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River - Northern Cheyenne - Northwestern Shoshone - Nottawaseppi Huron Potawatomi - Oglala Sioux - Ohkay Owingeh - Omaha - Oneida of New York - Oneida Nation (WI) - Onondaga - Osage - Ottawa of Oklahoma - Orutsararmiut - Otoe-Missouria - Paiute of Utah - Pala Band - Pamunkey - Pascua Yaqui - Passamaquoddy - Pauma Band - Pawnee Nation of OklahomaPechanga Band - Penobscot - Peoria of Oklahoma - Picuris Pueblo - Poarch Band - Pojoaque Pubelo - Pokagon Band - Ponca of Nebraska - Ponca of  Oklahoma - Port Gamble S'Klallam - Prairie Band Potawatomi - Prairie Island Indian Community - Puyallup - Pyramid Lake Pauite - Quapaw Nation - Quartz Valley - Quileute - Quinault - Ramona Cahuilla - Rappahannock - Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa - Red Lake Band of Chippewa - Reno-Sparks - Rincon Band - Robinson Rancheria - Rosebud Sioux - Round Valley - Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa - Sac & Fox of Missouri - Sac & Fox of Oklahoma - Saginaw Chippewa - Saint Croix Chippewa - Saint Regis Mohawk - Salish & Kootenai - Salt River Pima-Maricopa - Samish - San Carlos Apache - San Felipe Pueblo - San Ildefonso Pueblo - San Juan Southern Paiute - San Pasqual - Sandia Pueblo - Santa Ana Pueblo Santa Clara - Santa Rosa Cahullia - Santa Rosa Rancheria - Santa Ynez Band - Santee Sioux - Santo Domingo Pueblo - Saulk-Suiattle - Sault Ste. Marie Chippewa - Schaghticoke - Seminole of Florida - Seminole of Oklahoma - Seneca Nation - Seneca-Cayuga - Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux - Shawnee of Oklahoma - Sherwood Valley - Shoalwater Bay - Shinnecock - Shoshone-Bannock - Siletz - Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate - Sitka - Skokomish - Skull Valley Goshute - Snoqualmie - Sokaogon Chippewa - Soboba Band - Southern Ute - Spirit Lake - Spokane Tribe - Squaxin Island - Standing Rock Sioux - Stillaguamish - Stockbridge Munsee - Summit Lake Paiute - Sun'aq of Kodiak - Suquamish of Port Madison - Susanville - Swinomish - Sycuan Kumeyaay - Taos Pueblo - Tejon - Te-Moak Western Shoshone - Tesuque Pueblo - Thlopthlocco Tribal Town - Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold - Timbisha Shoshone - Tlingit and Haida - Tohono O'odham - Tonawanda Seneca - Tonkawa - Tonto Apache - Torres-Martinez Desert Cahullia - Tuolumne - Tulalip - Tule River - Tunica-Biloxi - Turtle Mountain Chippewa - Tuscarora - Twenty-Nine Palms Band - Umatilla - United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee - Upper Mattaponi - Upper Sioux - Upper Skagit - Ute of Uintah & Ouray - Ute Mountain Ute - Utu Utu Gwaitu - Walker River Paiute - Wampanoag of Gay Head - Warm Springs - Washoe - White Earth Chippewa - White Mountain Apache - Wichita & Affiliated Tribes - Winnebago of Nebraska - Winnemucca - Wyandotte Nation - Yakama - Yankton Sioux - Yavapai-Apache - Yavapai-Prescott - Yerington Paiute - Yomba Shoshone - Ysleta del Sur Pueblo - Yurok - Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation - Zia - Zuni -

By State:  Alabama - Alaska - Arizona - Arkansas - California - Colorado - Connecticut - Delaware - Florida - Georgia - Hawaii - Idaho - Illinois - Indiana - Iowa - Kansas - Kentucky - Louisiana - Maine - Maryland - Massachusetts - Michigan - Minnesota - Mississippi - Missouri - Montana - Nebraska - Nevada - New Hampshire - New Jersey - New Mexico - New York - North Carolina - North Dakota - Ohio - Oklahoma - Oregon - Pennsylvania - Rhode Island - South Carolina - South Dakota - Tennessee - Texas - Utah - Vermont - Virginia - Washington - West Virginia - Wisconsin - Wyoming -

Note: As of 29 Jan 2021, there were 574 Native American tribal nations (variously called tribes, nations, bands, confederations, communities, rancheria, pueblo, and villages) recognized by the United States federal government, under the Constitution, by treaties, statutes, or by court decisions as "sovereign domestic dependent nations under the U.S. protection" (231 of these are located in Alaska). They have formal government-to-government relations with the United States federal government, enjoy internal self-government and administer the territories they reserved for themselves. During 1887-1906, the majority of natives were granted U.S. citizenship, the remaining natives were declared to be the citizens in 1924. Currently this page lists a little more than half of the total recognized Native American Nations (not listed are a majority of the Alaska native villages and of California rancherias). Additionally, four nations whose recognition in the 2000's did not become final are listed. More data will be added as information becomes available. Nations are listed alphabetically according to the State in which their lands are currently located.

  Due to the vast number of tribal entities on this page any assistance adding or updating information is greatly appreciated. 

Map of  Indian Reservations in the Continental United States  and  Map of Early Native American Languages


National Congress of American Indians 

[National
                      Congress of American Indians (NACI) Logo (U.S.)]

NCAI website
Headquarters: Washington,
 D.C.

17 Nov 1944                National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), an American Indian
                             and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization, founded to
                             represent the tribes and resist U.S. federal government pressure
                             for termination of tribal rights and assimilation (the
                             organization continues to be an association of federally
                             recognized and state-recognized Indian tribes).

Presidents of the National Congress of American Indians

1944 - 1952                Napoleon B. Johnson (Cherokee)(b. 1891 - d. 1974)
1953 - 1959                Joseph R. Garry               (b. 1910 - d. 1975)
                             (Coeur d'Alene)
1960 - 1964                Walter "Blackie" Wetzel       (b. 1915 - d. 2003)
                             (Blackfeet)
1965 - 1966                Clarence Wesley               (b. 1914 - d. 1988)
                             (San Carlos Apache)
1967 - 1968                Wendell Chino                 (b. 1923 - d. 1998)
                             (Mescalero Apache)
1969 - 1970                Earl Old Person (Blackfeet)   (b. 1929 - d. 2021)
1971 - 1972                Leon F. Cook                  (b. 1939 - d. 2021)
                             (Red Lake Chippewa)
1973 - 1976                Mel Tonasket (Colville)       (b. 1939)
1977 - 1978                Veronica Homer Murdock (f)    (b. 1944 - d. 2024)
                             (Colorado River Tribes-Mohave)
1979 - 1980                Edward J. Driving Hawk        (b. 1935 - d. 2021)
                             (Rosebud Sioux)
1981 - 1984                Joseph DeLaCruz (Quinault)    (b. 1937 - d. 2000)
1985 - 1987                Reuben A. Snake, Jr.          (b. 1937 - d. 1993)
                             (Winnebago of Nebraska)
1988 - 1989                John Gonzales                 (b. 1955)
                             (San Ildefonso Pueblo)
1990 - 1991                Wayne L. Ducheneaux           (b. 1936 - d. 2012)
                             (Cheyenne River Sioux)
1992 - 1995                Gaiashkibos "Gosh"            (b. c.1951)
                             (Lac Courte Oreilles Chippewa)
1996 - 1999                W. Ron Allen                  (b. 1947)
                             (Jamestown S'Klallam)
2000 - 2001                Susan Masten (f)(Yurok)       (b. 1952)
2002 - 2005                Tex G. Hall                   (b. 1956)
                             (Three Affiliated Tribes-Mandan/Hidatsa/Arikara)
2006 - 2009                Joseph "Joe" A. Garcia        (b. 1953)
                             (Ohkay Owingeh)
2010 - 17 Oct 2013         Jefferson E. Keel (1st time)  (b. 1947)
                             (Chickasaw Nation)
17 Oct 2013 - 19 Oct 2017 
Brian Cladoosby (Swinomish)   (b. 1959)
19 Oct 2017 - 24 Oct 2019  Jefferson E. Keel (2nd time)
  (s.a.)
                             (Chickasaw Nation)
24 Oct 2019 - 17 Nov 2023  Fawn R. Sharp (f)             (b. 1970)
                             (Quinault Indian Nation)
17 Nov 2023 -              Mark A. Macarro (Pechanga)    (b. 1965)



Alabama

Poarch Band of Creek Indians

[Poarch Band of Creek
              Indians (Alabama, U.S.)]

1836                       Some Creeks in Alabama avoid removal of the Creek Nation from the
                             east to Oklahoma.
11 Aug 1984                Recognized by the U.S. (Poarch Band of Creek Indians).
12 Apr 1985                Poarch Creek Reservation established.
1999                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs of Creeks East of the Mississippi
1951 – 1970                Calvin W. McGhee                 (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
1970 – 1977                Houston L. McGhee                (b. 1937 - d. 2012)
Chairmen
1976 – 2000                Eddie L. Tullis (1st time)       (b. 1938)
2000 – 2001                Fred L. McGhee (1st time)        (b. 1950 – d. 2006)
2001 – 2005                Eddie L. Tullis (2nd time)       (s.a.)
2005 – 2006                Fred L. McGhee (2nd time)        (s.a.)
12 Jun 2006 - 19 Jun 2014  Buford L. Rolin                  (b. 1940)
19 Jun 2014 -              Stephanie A. Bryan (f)



Alaska

Note: Currently listed are the nine largest Native Villages by tribal enrollment in 2005 (the ones whose tribal enrollment exceeded 1370) and both regional tribes out of total of 229 Alaska tribal entities. In 1972, the state was divided into 12 regions of Alaska Native Regional Corporations holding the title to most of the native lands and conducting most of the native affairs. At the same time the existing 23 Indian Reserves were abolished, except Annette Island (Metlakatla), and for the first time complete, but informal list of Alaska tribal entities was created. The tribal entities were listed on the Federal Register from 1982 in a "preliminary list," but since 1993 they are listed along with the tribes of the contiguous 48 states. Except Metlakatla from 1970, all tribal entities from 1959 on are under the jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.


Barrow


23 May 1939                Formal recognition by the U.S. (Native Village of Barrow).

26 Aug 1971                Part of the Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, a regional
                             Indian tribe.
22 Jun 1972                Within the region of Arctic Slope Regional Corp. (respective
                             regional non-profit organization: Arctic Slope Regional
                             Association).
23 Oct 1997                Renamed Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government.
1998                       Covered by the Arctic Slope Self-governance agreement with U.S.
 4 Oct 2016                Referendum passes (381-375) to rename city of Barrow as Utqiagvik.

Presidents
1940 – 19..                ....
c.1946                     Fred K. Ipalook                  (b. 1910 - d. 1971)
c.1953                     Eben Hopson                      (b. 1922 – d. 1980)
c.1992                     Rex A. Okakok (1st time)
bf.1993 - 1994             Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (1st time)
1994 – 1995                Rex A. Okakok (2nd time)
1995 – 1997                Kathy Itta (f)
1997 – 1998                Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (2nd time)
1998 – 2000                Elsie Itta (f)                   (b. 1952)
2000 – 2001                Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (3rd time)
2001 – 2003                Patsy Aamodt (f)                 (b. 1949)
2003 – 2005                Percy Nusunginya                 (b. 1941)
2005 - 2016                Thomas P. Olemaun
2016 - 2018                Charles Brower
2018 - 2021                Muriel K. Brower (f)
2021 - 2024                Forrest D. Olemaun               (b. 1961)
2024 -                     Esther Evikana (f)


Curyung


[Bristol Bay
                          Native Association (Alaska, U.S.)
Flag of Bristol Bay Native Association

1972                       Native Village of Dillingham listed for the first time, within
                             the region of Bristol Bay Native Corp.
(respective regional non-
                             profit organization: Bristol Bay Native Association).
1995                       Covered by the Bristol Bay Area Self-governance agreement
                             with the U.S.

23 Oct 1997                Renamed Curyung Tribal Council.

Presidents
bf.1992 - af.1993          Sally H. Smith (f)
bf.1994 - 2001             Ida Roehl (f)
2001 – 2002                DuWayne Johnson
First chiefs
2002 – 2003                Rose Heyano (f)                  (b. 1923 - d. 2019)
2003 – 2004                Ida Roehl (f)
2004 - 2021                Thomas Tilden                    (b. 1953)
2021 - 2023                Jonathan J. Larson
2023 -                     Gayla Hoseth (f)


Inupiat of Arctic Slope
   

[Inupiat
                          Community of the Arctic Slope (Alaska, U.S.)]
Adopted 2018

26 Aug 1971                Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope, recognized by the U.S. as
                             the regional Indian tribe, federating 8 (originally 5) Native
                             Villages recognized by the U.S. as native tribal entities on
                             their own: Anaktuvuk Pass, Atqasuk, Barrow, Kaktovik (Barter
                             Island), Nuiqsut, Point Hope, Point Lay, and Wainwright.
22 Jun 1972                Within the region of Arctic Slope Regional Corp. (respective
                             regional non-profit organization: Arctic Slope Regional
                             Association).
1998                       Covered by the Arctic Slope Self-governance agreement with U.S.

Presidents
1971 – 197.                ....
c.1979                     Joseph Upicksoun                 (b. 1932 – d. 2005)
c.1983                     Arnold Brower, Sr.               (b. 1922 - d. 2008)
bf.1992 - 1998             George Edwardson, Jr. (1st time) (b. 1947?)
1998 – 2000                Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (1st time)
2000 – 2001                Don Long
2001 – 2007                Arnold J. Brower, Jr. (2nd time)
2007 – 2010                George Edwardson, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.)
2010 – 2011                Doreen Lampe (f)
2011 – 2012                George Edwardson, Jr. (3rd time) (s.a.)
2012 - 2016                George Olemaun
2016 - 2024                George Edwardson, Jr. (4th time)
(s.a.)
2024 -                     Nicole Wojciechowski (f)


Ketchikan

[Ketchikan
                        Indian Corporation (Alaksa, U.S.)]
Adopted 2002

27 Jan 1940                Formal recognition by the U.S. (Ketchikan Indian Corporation).
19 Aug 1965                Under authority of the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida,
                             a regional Indian tribe.
22 Jun 1972                Within the region of Sealaska Corp. (respective regional non-profit
                             organization: Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida).

1995                       Covered by the South East Alaska Self-governance agreement

                             with the U.S.
2021                       Ketchikan Indian Community (on the U.S. list of tribal names).

Presidents
1940 – 19..                ....
bf.1989 - af.1993          Ronald W. Leighton
c.1995                     Christine Collison (f)
c.1996                     Gerald E. Hope
1998 – 2001                Stephanie D. Rainwater (f)       (b. 1948)
                             (1st time)
2001 – 2002                Marly F. Edenso (f)              (b. 1953)
2002 – 2003                Charles W. White
2003 – 2005                Stephanie D. Rainwater–Sande (f) (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
2005 – 2006                Samuel E. Bergeron               (b. 1958)
2006 – 2007                Stephanie D. Rainwater–Sande (f) (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
2007 – 2008                Richard Jackson
2008 – 2012                Norman A. Arriola                (b. 1947?)
2012 - 2018                Irene Dundas (f)
2018 - 2019                Gianna "Saanu Ga" Willard
                             Flanery (f)
2019 - 2020                Norman Skan (1st time)
2020 - Jan 2022            Gloria Burns (f)
Jan 2022 - 29 Jan 2023     Trixie Bennett (f)
29 Jan 2023 -              Norman Skan (2nd time)


Kotzebue

[NANA Regional
                          Corp. (Alaska, U.S.)]
Flag of NANA Regional Corp.

23 May 1939                Formal recognition by the U.S. (Native Village of Kotzebue).
 7 Jun 1972                Within the region of NANA (Northwest Alaska Native Association)
                             Regional Corp.
, Inc. (respective regional non-profit organization:
                             Northwest Alaska Native Association [in 1973, renamed Maniilaq
                             Association]).
1995                       Covered by the Maniilaq Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Chairmen
1939 – 19..                ....
bf.1992 - af.1996          Peter Schaeffer (1st time)
bf.1999 - 2002             Marie N. Greene (f)
2002 – 2003                Eugene Smith
2003 – 2004                Ian Erlich
2004 – 2007                Peter Schaeffer (2nd time)
2007 – 2008                Guy Adams (1st time)
2008 – 2011                Margaret Hansen (f)
2011 – 2013                Guy Adams (2nd time)
2013 - 2016                Chester Ballot
2016 - 2017                Martin Shroyer
2017 - 2018                Robert J. Schaeffer
2018 - 2019                Dominic Ivanoff
2019 - 2023                Gia Hanna (f)
2023 -                     Toni R. Bergan (f)


Metlakatla

[Metlakatla
                Indian Community of the Annette Island Reserve (Alaska,
                U.S.)]

1887                       Settlement (Metlakatla) by the Tsimshian emigrants from the
                             British Columbia, Canada, governed by Declaration of Residents
                             (1887), Rules and Regulations (1915) and Constitution (1944).
 3 Mar 1891                Annette Island Indian Reserve set aside.
19 Dec 1944                Metlakatla Indian Community of the Annette Island Reserve.
1997                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Mayors
1887 – 1915                Village Council (elected annually)
1915 – 19..                Edmund Verney                    (b. 1861 - d. 1928)
c.19..                     Alfred Atkinson
bf.1937 - af.1938          David Leask                      (b. 1884 - d. 1972)
1945 – 1957                John W. Smith                    (b. 1906 – d. 1990)
1957 - 1969                Henry S. Littlefield             (b. 1914 - d. 1988)
1969 - 1971                Solomon Guthrie (1st time)       (b. 1908 - d. 1997)
1971 – 1973                John R. Benson                   (b. 1932 – d. 1983)
1973 - 1975                Solomon Guthrie (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1975 – 1977                Wallace D. Leask                 (b. 1921 – d. 2004)
1977 – 1979                Solomon D. Atkinson, Jr.
                             (1st time)

1979 - 1981                Stanley Patterson
1981 – 1983                Casey Nelson, Sr.
1983 – 1985                Harris L. Atkinson, Jr.          (b. 1928 – d. 1999)
                             (1st time)
1985 - 1987                Casey D. Nelson, Jr. (1st time)
1987 - 1989                Harris L. Atkinson, Jr.          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1989 - 1991                Theodore "Ted" A. Littlefield    (b. 1944 - d. 2003)
1991 – 1993                Casey D. Nelson, Jr. (2nd time)
1993 – 1995                Jim Scudero
1995 – 1997                Jack Booth, Sr.
1997 – 1999                Timothy E. Gilmartin
1999 – 2001                Solomon D. Atkinson
2001 – 2007                Victor C. Wellington, Sr.
                             (1st time)
2007 – 2008                John A. Scudero, Jr.
2008 – 2009                Karl S. Cook, Jr. (1st time)
2009 – 2011                Arthur G. Fawcett, Jr.
2011 – 2013                Victor C. Wellington, Sr.
                             (2nd time)
2013 - 2017                Audrey Hudson (f)

2017 - 2019                Karl S. Cook, Jr. (2nd time)
2019 - 2021                Reginald Atkinson
2021 -                     Albert Smith


Nome Eskimo


23 Nov 1939                Formal recognition by the U.S. (Nome Eskimo Community).
23 Jun 1972                Within the region of Bering Straits Native Corp. (respective
                             regional non-profit organization: Bering Straits Native
                             Association [in 1973, renamed Kawerak, Inc.]).
1995                       Covered by the Kawerak (Norton Sound) Self-governance agreement
                             with the U.S.

Presidents
1939 – 19..                ....
c.1991 - af.1993           Danny Karmun                      (b. 1927 - d. 2018)
bf.1994 - af.1995          Andrew Miller, Jr. (1st time)
c.1996                     Sandra T. Tahbone (f) (1st time)  (b. 1964)
bf.1999 - 2000             Andrew Miller, Jr. (2nd time)
2000                       Sandra T. Tahbone (f) (2nd time)  (s.a.)
2000 – 2003                Andrew Miller, Jr. (3rd time)
2003 – 2005                Laban Iyatunguk, Jr.
2005 – 2006                Dawn Salesky (f) (1st time)
2006 – 2007                Clifford Johnson
2007 – 2008                Alfred Sahlin (1st time)
2008                       Dawn Salesky (f) (2nd time)
2008 – 2009                Karlin Itchoak
2009                       Alfred Sahlin (2nd time)
2009 – 2010                Lester Keller
2010                       Bantu Nichols
2010 – 2013                Cynthia Ahwinona (f)              (b. 1952 - d. 2021)
2013 - 2017                Janice Doherty (f)
2017 - 2020                Shane Smithhisler
2020 - 2023                Gloria Ann Karmun (f)             (b. 1961)
2023 – 2024                Allison Johnson (f)
2024 - 2025                Loretta Bullard (f)
2025 -                     Edna "Becka" Baker (f)



Orutsararmiut

1972                       Native Village of Bethel listed for the first time, within the
                             region of Calista Corp.
(respective regional non-profit
                             organization: Association of Village Council Presidents).

1988/1992                  Renamed Orutsararmiut Native Village.

1995                       Covered by Yukon-Kuskokwim Self-governance agreement with U.S.

Presidents
c.1982                     John Angiak
bf.1992 - c.1996           Thaddeus Tikiun, Jr.
Chairmen
c.1996 - 2004              Henry J. Hunter, Sr. (1st time)
2004 – 2012                Raymond Watson
2012 - 2015                Gloria Simeon (f)
2015 - 2019                Walter Jim (1st time)
2019 - 2021                Henry J. Hunter, Sr. (2nd time)
2021 -                     Walter Jim (2nd time)


Sitka

[Sitka Tribe of Alaska
                (Alaska, U.S.)]

11 Oct 1938                Formal recognition by the U.S. (Sitka Community Association).

1965                       Under authority of the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida,
                             a regional Indian tribe.

22 Jun 1972                Within the region of Sealaska Corp. (respective regional non-profit
                             organization: Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida).

1992                       Renamed Sitka Tribe of Alaska.

1995                       Covered by the South East Alaska Self-governance agreement
                             with the U.S.


Head chiefs of Sitka Tlingits (in Russian: Glavny Koloshensky Toen)
1842 – 1868                Kooxx'aan (Mikhail)              (d. 1868)
1868 – 1874                Vacant
1874 – 1889                Annaxoots (from 1886, Aleksey)   (d. 1889)
1889 – 1908                Laanteech (Ivan)                 (b. c.1843 – d. 1908)
Presidents
1938 – 19..                ....

c.1982                     Andy Hope
1987 – 1990                William M. Brady                 (b. 1922 – d. 1995)
1990 – 1991                Rav Perkins
1991 – 1992                Pete Esquiro       
Chairmen
1992 – 2012                Lawrence A. "Woody" Widmark, Jr.
                             (1st time)
2012 - 2016                Michael Baines
2016 - 2020                Kathy H. Erickson (f)
2020 - 2024                Lawrence A. "Woody" Widmark, Jr.
                             (2nd time)
2024 -                     Dionne Brady-Howard (f)


Sun'aq of Kodiak

1972                       Kodiak Native Village listed for the first time, within
                             the region of Koniag Inc. (respective regional non-profit
                             organization: Kodiak Area Native Association).

1988                       Renamed Shoonaq' Tribe of Kodiak.
1995                       Covered by the Kodiak Area Self-governance agreement
                             with the U.S.
2000                       Added to the (formal) list of federally recognized tribes.
2004                       Renamed Sun'aq Tribe of Kodiak.

Chairmen
197.? - 1987               No elections
1987 – 1992                Margaret Roberts (f)
1992 – 1994                Julie Knagin (f)                 (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
1994 – 1995                Hank Eaton
1995 – 1997                Gloria Bishop (f)
1997 – 1999                Mark Olsen
1999 – 2000                Leonard "Pat" Heitman
2000 – 2002                Kenneth Parker
2002 – 2003                Teri Schneider (f)
2003 – 2008                Chris Helms
2008 – 2012                Brenda Schwantes (f)
2012 – 2013                Patricia Pruitt (f)
2013 – 2014                Jeannine "J.J." Marsh (f)
2014 – 2015                Sophie Frets (f)
2015 - 2016                Thomas Johnson (1st time)
2016 - 2017                Frank Petersen
2017 - 2020                Thomas Johnson (2nd time)
2020 - 2024                Nina Gronn (f)
2024 -                     Emily J. Capjohn (f)



Tlingit and Haida Central Council

[Tlingit and Haida
                Indian Tribes Central Council flag (Alaska,U.S.)]

 5 Nov 1912                Alaska Native Brotherhood established by the Tlingit and
                             Haida tribes.
11 Nov 1935                Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida first meets (regularly
                             from 1939), this is the origin of tribal government.
19 Aug 1965                Recognized by the U.S. as governing authority of the regional
                             Indian tribe, consisting of a number of Native communities, 17
                             (originally 15) of them recognized by the U.S. as native tribal
                             entities on their own: Angoon, Chilkat (Klukwan), Chilkoot                                    (Haines), Craig, Douglas, Hoonah, Hydaburg, Kake, Kasaan,
                             Ketchikan, Klawock, Petersburg, Saxman, Sitka, Skagway, Wrangell,
                             and Yakutat.
22 Jun 1972                Within the region of Sealaska Corp. (respective regional non-profit
                             organization: Central Council of Tlingit and Haida itself).
1972                       Self-governance contract with the U.S. (one of the first of three).
bf.1982                    Renamed Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes

                             (on the U.S. list of tribal names in 1995).
21 Oct 1993                Interior Dep
artment omits council from federal recognition list.
 2 Nov 1994                Congress reconfirms federal recognition.
1995                       Covered by the South East Alaska Self-governance agreement with
                             the U.S.

Presidents
11 Nov 1935 - 1940         David Morgan
1940 - 1966                Andrew Percy Hope, Sr.           (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
1966 - 1967                Ted Denny
1967 - 1972                John Borbridge, Jr.              (b. 1927 - d. 2016)
1972 - 1976                Clarence Jackson, Sr.
1976 - 1980                Raymond E. Paddock, Jr.          (b. 1936 - d. 1987)
1980 - 1984                Andrew John Hope, Jr.            (b. 1923 – d. 1999)
1984 - 2007                Edward K. Thomas (1st time)
2007 - Apr 2010            William E. "Bill" Martin
2010 - 2014                Edward K. Thomas (2nd time)
2014 -                     Richard J. Peterson



Arizona

Ak Chin Indian Community

[Ak Chin Indian
                        Community of Papago Indians (Arizona, U.S.)]
Adopted 1987

28 May 1912                Maricopa Indian Reservation established.
20 Dec 1961                Ak-Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian
                             Reservation.
1982 - 1997                Ak Chin Indian Community of Papago Indians of the Maricopa
                             (Ak Chin) Reservation (on the U.S. list of tribal names).
1993                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Self-governance agreement.
2016                       Reference to reservation dropped from tribal name.


Chairmen
c.1929                     General Council
1961 - 1963                Ross Lopez
1963 - 1965                Richard Carlyle                     (d. 1965)
c.1970 - 19 Jan 1972       Francis Antone
1972? - af.1979            Wilbert "Buddy" J. Carlyle
1979?                      Jonas Paul Miguel
1980 - Jan 1984            Leona M. Carlyle-Kakar (f)(1st time)
c.1984                     Leroy Narcia
198. – 1988?               Leona M. Carlyle-Kakar (f)(2nd time)
1989? - 1993?              Delia M. Antone (f)(1st time)
                             (from c.1991, Delia M. Carlyle)
1993? - 1996               Martin J. Antone
1996 – 1997                Terry O. Enos (1st time)
1997 - 1998                William W. Antone
1998 – 2000                Leona M. Kakar (f) (3rd time)
2000 – 2002                Delia M. Carlyle (f)(2nd time)
2002 – 2006                Terry O. Enos (2nd time)
2006 – 2010                Delia M. Carlyle (f)(3rd time)
2010 - 2016                Louis J. Manuel, Jr
.
Feb 2016 -                 Robert Miguel


Cocopah


[Cocopah Indian Tribe
              (Arizona, U.S.)]

27 Sep 1917                 Cocopah Indian Reservation established. 
16 Nov 1964                 Cocopah Indian Tribe of Arizona
1992                        Gaming compact.

Chiefs
1917 - af.1927              Frank Tehanna
c.1950                      Joe San Diego
Chairmen
c.1950 - Feb 1963           Pedro Jim
Feb 1963 - 1964             Louis S. San Diego
1964 - 1968                 Clara Barley Brown (f)             (b. 1909)
1968 - 1970                 Lena San Diego (f)
1970 - 1978                 Robert Sam Barley
1978 - 1990                 Fred Miller
1990 - Jul 1994             Dale Phillips                      (b. 1946 - d. 2016)
15 Jul 1994 - 1995          Peter Soto                         (d. 1995) 
1995 -                      Sherry Cordova (f)
                              (acting to 1996)
 

C
olorado River Indian Tribes

[Colorado River
                        Indian Tribes (CRIT) (Arizona, California,
                        U.S.)]
Adopted 4 Jan 1979

1864                       Colorado River Indian Agency established.
 3 Mar 1865                Colorado River Reservation, Arizona/California established (no
                             treaty).
1909                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
13 Aug 1937                Colorado River Indian Tribes (CRIT)
2003                       Gaming compact with the state.


Chiefs of Mojave
1861 – 1874                Yara-tav (= Iretaba)                (b. c.1808 – d. 1874)
                             (in 1867, came from Fort Mojave)
1874 – c.1898              Hook-a-row                          (d. c.1898)
c.1898 - af.1914           Manataba
Chief of Chemehuevi
bf.1863 - 187.             Pan Coyer (Espanqua)
Chairmen
c.1929                     General Council
18 Sep 1937 - 193.         Jay Gould (1st time)
c.1939                     George G. Fisher
c.1940                     Wendell Goodman
c.1942                     Henry Welsh
c.1945 - af.1948           Kearney Miller
c.1949 - af.1950           Jay Gould (2nd time)
bf.1951 - 1953             George Fisher
1953 - af.1954             Jay Gould (3rd time) 
195. - 1955                Herman Laffoon, Sr. (1st time)
1955 - 1965                Peter Homer                         (b. 1903 - d. 1988)
1965 - 1967                Herman Laffoon, Sr. (2nd time)
1967 – 1969                Dempsey Scott
1969 - 1971                Adrian Fisher
1971 – Dec 1974            Antone Gonzalez
Jan 1975 - Jan 1977        Anthony Drennan (1st time)
Jan 1977 – Jan 1981        Franklin McCabe
Jan 1981 – Jan 1989        Anthony Drennan (2nd time)
Jan 1989 - Jan 2009        Daniel Eddy, Jr.
Jan 2009 - 2013            Eldred Enas
2013 - Jan 2014            Wayne Patch
Jan 2014 - Jan 2021        Dennis Patch
Jan 2021 -                 Amelia Flores (f)


Fort McDowell Yavapai

[Fort
              McDowell Yavapai Nation (Arizona, U.S.)]

15 Sep 1903                Fort McDowell Reservation established.
1903 – 1913                Camp McDowell Indian Agency.
1933                       First constitution adopted.
24 Nov 1936                Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Indian Community of the Fort
                             McDowell Reservation
1992                       Gaming compact.
12 Nov 1999                Renamed Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation (on the U.S. list
                             of tribal names in 2002).


Chiefs
c.1900 - 1914              Yuma Frank (Kapalwa)                (d. 1914)
1914 – 19..                Thomas Surrama
bf.1929 - 1933             General Council
Presidents
1933 – 193.                ....
c.1938                     Sam Wilson
c.1940                     John Smith
c.1947                     Harry Austin
c.1948                     Ben Kill (1st time)
c.1955 - c.1956            Ben Kill (2nd time)
c.1965                     Phillip Dorchester                  (b. 1933 - d. 1997)
c.1968 - Feb 1970          Vincent Smith
c.1971                     Harry Jones
c.1972                     Bob Brussel
197. - 197.                Esau Patrick                        (b. 1934 - d. 1999)
c.1972 - 1973              Robert Lloyd Doka                   (b. 1935 – d. 1977)
c.1973                     Gilbert S. Jones (1st time)      
c.1974 - 1975              Ben Kill (3rd time)
1975 - 1976                Robert Russell
1976 - Jan 1977            Clinton M. Pattea (1st time)        (b. 1930 - d. 2013)
Feb 1977                   Ethel Doka (f)                      (d. 1981)
1977 - 19..                Hiawatha Hood

c.1980 - 1981              Clinton M. Pattea (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1981 - May 1982            Norman Austin (1st time)
198. - 1983                Joan Enos (f)                       (b. 1928 - d. 1999)
c.1983 - Feb 1985          Ben Kill (4th time)

1985 - 198.                Norman Austin (2nd time)
198. - Feb 1990            Clinton M Pattea (3rd time)         (s.a.)
c.1990 – Feb 1991          Gilbert S. Jones (2nd time)
bf.1992 - 1997             Clinton M. Pattea (4th time)        (s.a.)
1997 - 1999                Gilbert S. Jones (3rd time)      
1999 - 2000                Bernadine Boyd (f)(1st time)
2000 - 2004                Clinton M. Pattea (5th time)        (s.a.)
2004 - 2008                Raphael R. Bear
2008 -  5 Jul 2013         Clinton M. Pattea (6th time)        (s.a.)

Aug 2013 - Jan 2016        Ruben Balderas
Jan 2016 - Jan 2024        Bernadine Burnette (f) (2nd time)
                             (=
Bernadine Boyd)
Jan 2024 -                 Sandra Pattea (f)


Fort Mojave Indian Tribe of Arizona, California & Nevada

[Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
              (Arizona, California, Nevada, U.S.)]

30 Mar 1870                Fort Mohave Indian Reservation established (formally from
                             2 Feb 1911).
1890 – 1930                Fort Mohave Indian Agency.   
 6 May 1957                Fort Mojave Indian Tribe
1990                       Gaming compact with the state.


Chiefs of Mojave (title: Aha Macav Pina Ta'ahon)
bf.1859 - 1861             Homoseh-quahot (1st time)           (d. 1875)
1861 – 1867                Yara-tav (= Iretaba)                (b. c.1808 – d. 1874)
                             (moved to Colorado River)
1867 – 1875                Homoseh-quahot (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1875 – 1877                Empote-quatachech (= Potachecha)    (d. 1877)
1877 – 1947                Sukulai-homar (Peter Lambert)       (b. 1869 – d. 1947)
1877 – c.1890              John Asukit (guardian)
1947 – 1951                Homer O. Davidson                   (b. 1892 – d. 1959)
                             (head of interim government)
Chairmen

1951 - 1957                Robert Jenkins                      (b. 1897 – d. 1964)
1957 - 1965                Frances Malika Stillmann (f)        (b. 1910 – d. 1994)
1965 - c.1970              Llewellyn Barrackman (1st time)     (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
c.1970 - 1973?             Minerva Jenkins (f) (1st time)
c.1974 - Dec 1982          Llewellyn Barrackman (2nd time)     (s.a.)
c.1983                     Norvin McCord (acting)
c.1983 - c.1984            Minerva Jenkins (f) (2nd time)
1985 - Jun 1993            Nora Garcia (f)(1st time)

Jun 1993 - 1997            Patricia Madueño (f)
1997 - 13 Jul 2002
         Nora Garcia Helton (f)(2nd time)
13 Jul 2002 - Aug 2002     Llewellyn Barrackman (3rd time)     (s.a.)
                             (acting)
Aug 2002 - 2007            Nora McDowell (f)(3rd time)
                             (= Nora Garcia Helton)
2007 -                     Timothy Williams

Fort Yuma Quechan: see under California


Gila River Indian Community


[Gila River Indian
              Community (GRIC) (Arizona, U.S.)]

17..                       Pima and Maricopa tribes confederate.
1825 - 1856                Treaty of alliance with Mexico.
1856                       Pima (1864 - 1875 occasionally named Gila River) Indian Agency
                             established.
28 Feb 1859                Gila River Indian Reservation established (no treaty).
14 May 1936                Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, Arizona.
20 Jan 1960                Gila River Indian Community (GRIC).
1982 - 1997                Gila River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (on the U.S. list of
                             tribal names).
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
2003                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Head chiefs of Pima (largest tribe of the confederacy; title of chief: Uhgchu)
bf.1825 - 1855             Juan Antonio Llunas "Culo Azul"     (d. 1855)
                             (also titled as governor)
1855 - 1910                Antonio Azul                        (b. c.1825 - d. 1910)
1910 - 1923                Antonito Azul                       (b. 1851 – d. 1923)
Governors
1923 – 1926                General Council
1926 – 1934/36             Advisory Committee
Oct 1936 – 1937            Xavier Cawker
1937 – 1938                Johnson McAfee
1939 - 1942                Alexander Cannon
1942 – 1944                Alfred Jackson, Sr. (1st time)
1944 - 1945                Gee Gage
1945 - 1950                David A. Johnson, Sr.
1951 - 1952                Alfred Jackson, Sr. (2nd time)
1952 - 1954                Loyde A. Allison (1st time)         (b. 1904 - d. 1985)
1954 – 31 Dec 1960         Jay R. Morago, Jr.                  (b. 1917 - d. 2008)
 1 Jan 1961 – 31 Dec 1963  Nelson José
 1 Jan 1964 – 31 Dec 1969  Loyde A. Allison (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1970 – 31 Dec 1981  Alexander Lewis, Sr.
 1 Jan 1982 – 31 Dec 1984  Dana R. Norris     
 1 Jan 1985 – 31 Dec 1987  Donald R. Antone, Sr. (1st time)    (b. 1937)
 1 Jan 1988 – 31 Dec 1993  Thomas P. White
 1 Jan 1994 – 31 Dec 1999  Mary Vivian Thomas (f)
 1 Jan 2000 – 31 Dec 2002  Donald R. Antone, Sr. (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2003 – 31 Dec 2005  Richard P. Narcia                   (b. 1953)
 1 Jan 2006 – 31 Dec 2011  William P. Rhodes                   (b. 1933)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2014  Gregory Mendoza                     (b. 1965)
 1 Jan 2015 -              Stephen Roe Lewis



Havasupai


[Havasupai Tribe of the Havasupai Reservation
                (Arizona, U.S.)]

 8 Jun 1880                Havasupai Reservation set aside.
1904 – 1933                Havasupai Indian Agency.
27 Mar 1939                Havasupai Tribe of the Havasupai Reservation, Arizona.

Chiefs
bf.1869- 1872              Wa Sgwiivma                         (d. 1872)
1872 – 1898                'Navahu (= Navajo)                  (d. 1898)
1900 – 1942                Hmaan Gjaah (= Manakaja)            (b. c.1848 – d. 1942)
Chairmen
Mar 1939 - 1940            Arthur Kaska
1940 - 194.                Dean Sinyella
c.1943                     Jim Crook
c.1946                     West Sinyella
c.1947                     Lemuel Paya (1st time)
c.1951                     Clark Jack, Sr.
c.1952                     Lemuel Paya (2nd time)
c.1957                     Juan Sinyella
c.1959                     Lemuel Paya (3rd time)
c.1962 - Apr 1963          Earl Paya (1st time)                 (b. 1919)
May 1963 - 1965            Lee Marshall (1st time)              (b. 1896 - d. 1973)
c.1965 - Dec 1966          Earl Paya (2nd time)                 (s.a.)  
c.1967                     Lee Marshall (2nd time)              (s.a.)
c.1968 - c.1969            Daniel Kaska                         (b. 1928)
c.1971 - Jan 1972          Lee Marshall (3rd time)              (s.a.)
1973 - Dec 1974            Oscar Paya
1975 – 197.                Leon Rogers
1976 - 197.                Clark C. Jack, Jr. (1st time)
197. – 1978                Wayne Sinyella (1st time)            (b. 1949 - d. 1999)
1978 - 1980                Reed Watahomigie
1980 - 1982                Wayne Sinyella (2nd time
)            (s.a.)
1982 - 1984                Clark C. Jack, Jr. (2nd time)
1984 - 1986                James Uqualla
1986 – af.1987             Wayne Sinyella (3rd time
)            (s.a.) 
198. - 1988                Delmer Uqualla
1988? - 1990               Clark C. Jack, Jr. (3rd time)
1990 – Dec 1990            Wayne Sinyella (4th time
)            (s.a.)
bf.1991 - af.1992          Don Watahomigie
1990 - 1993                Wayne Sinyella (5th time
)            (s.a.)
1993 – 1994                Rex Tilousi (1st time)
1994 - Dec 1996            Wayne Sinyella (6th time)            (s.a.)

1996 - c.1997              Lester Crooke
c.1997 - 1998              Lincoln Manakaja                     (b. 1947)
1998 – 1999                Thomas Siyuja (1st time)
1999 – 2001                Augustine Hanna
2001 – 2002                Agnes Chamberlain (f)
2002 – 2004                Donald E. Watahomigie (1st time)
2004 – 2005                Rex Tilousi (2nd time)
2005 – 2007                Thomas Siyuja (2nd time)
2007 – 2009                Donald E. Watahomigie (2nd time)
2009 - 2011                Bernadine Jones (f) (1st time)
2011 - 2014                Donald E. Watahomigie (3rd time)
2014 - 2015                Rex Tilousi (3rd time)
2015 - 2017
               Donald E. Watahomigie (4th time)
2017 - Jan 2020            Muriel Uqualla-Coochytewa (f)

Jan 2020 - 2022            Eva Kissoon (f)
2022 -
Jan 2024            Thomas Siyuja (3rd time)
Jan 2024 -                 Bernadine Jones (f) (2nd time)


Hopi

[Hopi Tribe (Arizona,
                        U.S.)]
Adopted 2002

c.1100                     Pueblo of Oraibi founded (one of the oldest continuously inhabited
                             settlements in the U.S.); by c.1750 there were 7 Hopi pueblos.
1629 – 1680                Subject to the Spanish (1699 – 1700 again briefly).
1869                       Moqui Pueblo (from 1923, Hopi) Indian Agency established
                             (1883-1899 closed).
16 Dec 1882                Hopi (to 1907, Moqui) Indian Reservation created.
1906                       "Oraibi Split", majority of Oraibi population leaves to establish
                             5 new villages, including Hotevila, which becomes leading
                             traditional village.
19 Dec 1936                Hopi Tribe, a "union" of 12 self-governing Villages: Bacavi,
                             Hotevila, Kykotsmovi, Lower Moenkopi, Mishongnovi, Oraibi,
                             Sichumovi, Sipaulovi, Shungopavi, Tewa, Upper Moenkopi, Walpi
                            (Sichumovi, Tewa and Walpi administered jointly as the First Mesa
                             Consolidated Villages); some of traditional villages refuse to
                             participate in the central government (as of 1936, Bacavi,
                             Hotevila,
Lower Moenkopi, Oraibi; as of 2014, Hotevila, Lower
                             Moenkopi, Oraibi,
Shungopavi, and First Mesa).
1936 – 1974                Most of the original Hopi Reservation (except the District 6)
                             shared between Hopi and Navajo (in 1962, the shared area
                             formally organized as the Navajo-Hopi Joint Use Area; in 22 Dec
                             1974, that Area partitioned between Hopi and Navajo by the
                             Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act).


Chiefs of Oraibi Pueblo (oldest pueblo, originally with precedence over others)
(title: Kikmongwi)
c.1825 - c.1850            Talayawma                      (d. c.1850)
c.1850 - c.1865            Nakwaiyamtewa                  (d. c.1865)
c.1865 – 1880              Kuyingwu (acting)
1880 – 1904                Lololma                        (b. 18.. - d. 1904)
1904 – 1960                Wilson Tewaquaptewa            (b. 1873 – d. 1960)
                             (forced to reside in California 1906-1909)
1906 – 1909                Sakwaitewa (acting)            (d. 196.)
                             (not recognized by the U.S.)
1960 – 1978                Mina Lansa (f)(de facto acting)(b. 1904 – d. 1978)
1978 – 2005?               Stanley Bahnimptewa (acting)   (b. 1911 – d. 2005?)
                             (last Kikmongwi)

Chiefs of Hotevila (assumes traditional leadership from Oraibi; title: Kikmongwi)
1906 – 1929                Yukiwma                         (b. c.1835 – d. 1929)
1929                       Poliwuhiwma                     (d. 1929)
1930 – 1943                Dan Qötshongva (1st time)       (b. 1875 – d. 1972)
                             (acting)
1943 – 1989                James Pongyayawma               (d. 1989)
                             (absent 1950-1967, did not resume until 1972)
1950 – 1972                Dan Qötshongva (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting)
1972                       Ralph Tawangyawma (acting)      (b. 1894 - d. 1972)
1989 – 1990                Martin Kyarwisiwma (acting)
                             (last Kikmongwi)

Chiefs of Shungopavi (assumes traditional leadership from Hotevila; title: Kikmongwi)
bf.1936 - af.1951          Clark Talahaftewa (Talahevtewa)
bf.1970 - af.1977          Claude Kewanyawma
bf.2010 -                  Lee Wayne Lomayestewa

Chairmen
1936 - 1937                Peter Nuvamsa (1st time)
1937                       Wesley Poneoma
1937 – 1938                Otto Lomavitu
1938 – 1939                Peter Nuvamsa (2nd time)
1939 – 1940                ....
1940 – 1941                Samuel P. Shing
1941 - 1943                Byron P. Adams
1943                       Roger Honahni (acting)          (b. 1890 - d. 19..)
1943 – 1944                Ray Seumptewa
1944 – 1945                Emory Sekaquaptewa              (b. 1895 – d. 1969)
1945 – 1950                No elections?
1950 – 1951                Karl T. Johnson (1st time)
1951 - 1953                Logan Koopee (1st time)         (b. 1903 - d. 1980)
1953 – 1955                Hale Secakuku                   (b. 1907 - d. 1969)
1955 - 1958                Karl T. Johnson (2nd time)
1958                       Willard Sekiestewa (1st time)   (b. 1904 - d. 1992)
1958 - 1959                Dewey Healing (1st time)        (b. 1905 - d. 1992)
1959 – 1960                Willard Sekiestewa (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1960 – 1961                Harry T. Chaca                  (b. 1903 - d. 19..)
1961 – 1963                Abbott Sekaquaptewa (1st time)  (b. 1929 - d. 1992)
1963 – 1964                Dewey Healing (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1964 - 1965                Lee Thomas
Dec 1965 - 30 Nov 1966     Dewey Healing (3rd time)        (s.a.)
Dec 1966 - 1967            Logan Koopee (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1967 – Dec 1969            Jean Fredericks                 (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
Dec 1969 – Dec 1975        Clarence C. Hamilton
Dec 1975 – Dec 1981        Abbott Sekaquaptewa (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Dec 1981 - Dec 1989        Ivan L. Sidney (1st time)       (b. 1947)
Dec 1989 - Dec 1993        Vernon Masayesva
Dec 1993 - Dec 1997        Ferrell Secakuku                (b. 1937 - d. 2007)
Dec 1997 - Dec 2005        Wayne Taylor Jr.
Dec 2005 – Sep 2006        Ivan L. Sidney (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Sep 2006 – Mar 2007        Todd Honyaoma (acting)
Mar 2007 - 31 Dec 2008     Benjamin H. Nuvamsa
 1 Jan 2009 – Dec 2009     Mary A. Felter (f) (acting)
Dec 2009 - Dec 2013        LeRoy N. Shingoitewa            (b. 1945?)
Dec 2013 - Dec 2017        Herman G. Honanie               (b. 1953?)
Dec 2017 -                 Timothy L. Nuvangyaoma

Superintendents, Hopi Agency (in Keams Canyon, Arizona)
1924 - 1933                Edgar K. Miller
1934 - 1935                Ernest H. Hammond (acting)
1935 - 1938                Alexander G. Hutton 
                             (acting to 1936)
1939 - 1942                Seth Wilson
May 1942 - Sep 1947        Burton A. Ladd
1948 - 1951                James D. Crawford                (b. 1908 - d. 1975)
1951 - 1953                Dow Carnal
May 1954 - Jan 1956        Clyde W. Pensoneau (1st time)    (b. 1914 - d. 1989)
Feb 1956 - 1965            Herman E. O'Harra
1965 - 1967                Clyde W. Pensoneau (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1697 - 1968                Joseph Nucero (acting)
1968 - 1972                Homer M. Gilliland
1972 - 1974                Francis J. Boger (acting)
1974                       Guy McIntosh                     (b. 1926? - d. 2004)


Hualapai

[Hualapai Indian Tribe of
              the Hualapai Reservation (Arizona, U.S.)]

 4 Jan 1883                Hualapai (to 1929, also spelled Walapai) Indian Reservation
                             established.
1901                       Truxton Canyon Indian Agency established.
17 Dec 1938                Hualapai Indian Tribe of the Hualapai Reservation, Arizona.

Chiefs of Middle Mountain People (largest of 3 tribal divisions; title: Pa-kawha't)
1863 – 1910                Cherum (Tokumhet "Big Chief")     (b. c.1840 – d. 1910)
1910 – 1919                Leve Leve                         (b. 184. - d. 1919)
First chiefs (honorary leaders of the council)
c.1921                     Steve Leve-Leve                   (b. 1875 – d. 19..)
bf.1927 - af.1931          Bob Schrum                        (d. af.1944)
Chairman
1934 – Nov 1938            Charles McGee                     (b. 1903 – d. 1979)
Presidents
Nov 1938 - 1939            Philip Quasula                    (b. 1890 – d. 19..)
1939 - 1940                Charles McGee                     (s.a.)

1940 - 1941                Leo Bill Andrews (1st time)
1941 - 1944                Grant Tapija (1st time)
1944 - 1945                Leo Bill Andrews (2nd time)
1945 - 1946                Grant Tapija (2nd time)
1946 - 1948                Leo Bill Andrews (3rd time)
1948 - 1950                Wilson Honga (1st time)
1950 - Oct 1952            Sterling Mahone                   (b. 1915 - d. 1977)
 4 Oct 1952 - 1953         Wilson Honga (2nd time)
1953 - Dec 1953            Leo Bill Andrews (4th time)
1954 - Oct 1955            Rupert Parker
Chairmen
Oct 1955 - 1958            Rupert Parker
(1st time)
1958 - 1960                Jacob Honga
1960 - 1962                Rupert Parker (2nd time)
1962 - 1963                Willie Walker
1963 - 1964                Sterling Mahone (1st time)        (s.a.)
1964 - 1966                George Rocha
1966 - Oct 1966            Sterling Mahone (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Oct 1966 - Feb 1970        Rupert Parker (3rd time)
Feb 1970 - Jun 1971        Sterling Mahone (3rd time)        (s.a.)
Jun 1971 - 1973            Benedict Beecher
1973 - 1975                Sterling Mahone (4th time)        (s.a.)
1975 - 1976                Wilfred Whatoname (1st time)
1976 - 1979                Earl Havatone (1st time)          (b. 1931 - d. 2000)
c.1980                     Wilfred Whatoname (2nd time)
198. - 1983                Delbert Havatone (1st time)
       (b. 1930 - d. 2001)
 1 Jul 1983 - 20 Sep 1983  Justin Powskey                    (b. 1943 - d. 2016)
Sep 1983 - Jun 1984        Delbert Havatone (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jun 1984 - Jun 1988        Edgar B. Walema
Jun 1988 - 1990            Carrie Bender Imus (f)
1990 - 1992                Earl Havatone (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1992 - 1996                Delbert Havatone (3rd time)
1996 - 2000                Earl Havatone (3rd time)          (s.a.)
2000 - 2004                Louise Benson (f) (1st time)
2004 - 2009                Charlie Vaughn
2009 - 2011                Wilfred Whatoname (2nd time)
2011 - 2012                Louise Benson (f) (2nd time)
2012 - 2016                Sherry J. Counts (f) (1st time)
2016 - Jan 2023            Damon R. Clarke
Jan 2023 - 2024            Sherry J. Parker (f) (2nd time)
Aug 2024 -                 Duane Clarke


Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians


[Kaibab Band of Paiute
              Indians (Arizona, U.S.)]

1910 – 1927                Kaibab Indian agency.
11 Jun 1913                Kaibab Reservation set aside.
1951                       Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians


Chairmen
bf.1942 – 195.             ....
c.1959                     Theodore Drye
bf.1963 - 10 Jan 1969      Vernon E. Jake                    (d. 1969)
1969 – Oct 1975            Bill Tom (1st time)
1975 - 1977                Vivian C. Jake (f)
1977 - 1982                Bill Tom (2nd time)
1982 – 1983                Dolores Savala (f) (1st time)
1983 – 1984                Gloria Bulletts (f) (1st time)
1984 – 1989                Dolores Savala (f) (2nd time)
1989 – 1990                Alberta Fuller (f)
1990 – 1996                Gloria Bulletts-Benson (f)
                             (2nd time)

1996 – 2006                Carmen M. Bradley (f)
2006 – 2009                Ona M. Segundo (f) (1st time)
2009 – 2010                Timothy L. Rogers
2010 – 2011                Ona M. Segundo (f) (2nd time)
2011 - 2015                Manuel M. Savala
2015 - 2017                Roland Maldonado (1st time)
2017 - 2023                Ona M. Segundo (f) (3rd time)
2023 -                     Roland Maldonado (2nd time)

Navajo

[Navajo Nation
                          (Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, U.S.)]Adopted 21 May 1968

1786 - 1793                Subject to the Spanish.
1849                       Navajos under protection of the U.S. (Navajo Tribe; official
                             spelling Navaho), the original boundaries of the Navajo country
                             fixed.
1852                       Navaho Indian Agency established (1901-1935 divided into several
                             agencies).
1864 - 1868                Settled at Bosque Redondo Reservation in New Mexico.
25 Jul 1868                Navajo country formally ceded to the U.S. in exchange for a 
                             reservation by Treaty of 1 Jun 1868 (Navaho Indian Reservation).
1922                       Tribal government established, tribe governed by Regulations
                            (24 Apr 1923), Rules (26 Jul 1938) and Resolution (15 Dec 1989).
15 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
26 Jul 1938                Navajo Tribe of Indians of the Navajo Reservation, Arizona and
                             New Mexico.
15 Apr 1969                Navajo Nation (also spelling "Navajo" is officially specified)
                             (on the U.S. list of tribal names from 1996).

2004                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head Chiefs (title of chief: Naat'aanii)
c.1822 - 1849              Narbona (Hastiin Naat'aa)      (b. 1766 - d. 1849)
1849 - 1853                Mariano Martinez
1853 - 1855                Zarcillos Largos (1st time)    (d. 1858)
1855 - 1858                Manuelito (Hastiin Ch'ilhajini)(b. 1818 - d. 1893)
                             (1st time)
1858                       Zarcillos Largos (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1858 - 1861                Herrero Delgado (A'tsidii Sani)(b. 1830 - d. 1870)
1861 - 1866                Herrero Grande
1866 - 1871                Barboncito (Hastiin Da'ghaaii) (b. 1820 - d. 1871)
1871 - 1885                Ganado Mucho                   (b. 1809 - d. 1890)
                             (To'tso'nii Hastiin)
                             (for Western Navajos)
1871 - 1885                Manuelito (2nd time)           (s.a.)
                             (for Eastern Navajos)
1885 - 1923                Henry Chee Dodge               (b. 1857 - d. 1947)
                             (Hastiin Adiits'a'ii, Kiiłchíí')
Chairmen 
1922 – 1923                Business Council
                           - Henry Chee Dodge             (s.a.)
                           - Dugal Chee Bekiss
                             
(Daghaa' Lichii' Bik'is)
                           - Charley Mitchell             (d. 1932)
                           (acting)
 7 Jul 1923 - 1928         Henry Chee Dodge (1st time)    (s.a.)

1928 – Jul 1932            Deshna Clah Chischilze         (d. 1945)
                             (Dashne Cheschillige)
Jul 1932 – Mar 1936        Thomas Dodge                   (b. 1899 - d. 1987)
Mar 1936 - Mar 1937        Marcus Kanuho (interim)        (b. 1889 - d. 1985)
Mar 1937 – Nov 1938        Henry Taliman, Sr.             (b. 1896 - d. 1967)
Nov 1938 – Nov 1942        Jacob C. Morgan                (b. 1879 – d. 1950)
Nov 1942 - Nov 1946        Henry Chee Dodge (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Nov 1946 - Apr 1955        Sam Ahkeah                     (b. 1896 - d. 1967)
Apr 1955 – Apr 1963        Paul Jones                     (b. 1895 - d. 1971)
Apr 1963 - Apr 1971        Raymond Nakai                  (b. 1918 - d. 2005)
Apr 1971 - Apr 1983        Peter MacDonald (1st time)     (b. 1928)
Apr 1983 – Apr 1987        Peterson Zah                   (b. 1937 - d. 2023)
Apr 1987 – 17 Feb 1989     Peter MacDonald (2nd time)     (s.a.)
17 Feb 1989 – 10 Mar 1989  Marshall P. Plummer (interim)  (b. 1948 – d. 2010)
10 Mar 1989 – 15 Jan 1991  Leonard Haskie (interim)       (b. 1944 - d. 2015)
Presidents
15 Jan 1991 – 10 Jan 1995  Peterson Zah                   (s.a.)
10 Jan 1995 – 19 Feb 1998  Albert A. Hale                 (b. 1950 - d. 2021)
19 Feb 1998 – 24 Jul 1998  Thomas E. Atcitty              (b. 1933 - d. 2020)
24 Jul 1998 – 12 Jan 1999  Milton Bluehouse, Sr. (interim)(b. 1935 - d. 2019)
12 Jan 1999 - 20 Jan 2003  Kelsey A. Begaye               (b. 1951 - d. 2021)

20 Jan 2003 - 11 Jan 2011  Joe Shirley, Jr.               (b. 1947)
11 Jan 2011 - 12 May 2015  Ben Shelly                     (b. 1947 - d. 2023)
12 May 2015 - 
8 Jan 2019  Russell Begaye                 (b. 1958)
15 Jan 2019 - 10 Jan 2023  Jonathan Nez                   (b. 1975)
10 Jan 2023 -              Buu Nygren                     (b. 1986)


U.S. Navajo Agents (at Fort Defiance, Arizona)
12 Mar 1851 – 1852         Richard Hanson Weightman       (b. 1816 - d. 1861)
22 Jan 1852 – 1853         Spencer M. Baird
11 Apr 1853 – 19 Nov 1856  Henry Linn Dodge               (b. 1810 - d. 1856)
1856 – 1857                Vacant
25 Jun 1857 – 1858         William R. Harley              (b. 1809 - d. ....)
1858 - 1859                Samuel M. Yost
Feb 1859 – 1859            Robert J. Cowart

1859                       Alexander Baker
22 Aug
1859 – 1861         Silas Franklin Kendrick        (b. 1822 - d. 1902)
30 Apr 1861 – 1865         John Ward
24 May 1865 – 1868         Theodore Hale Dodd             (b. 1830 - d. 1869)          
16 Jul 1868 – 1869         James C. French
 
1 Jul 1869 – 1870         Frank Tracy Bennett (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1894)
22 Nov 1870 – 1872         James H. Miller
 
4 Jun 1872 – 1873         Thomas Varker Keam             (b. 1842 - d. 1904)
18 Jun 1873 – 1875         William Frederick Milton Arny  (b. 1813 - d. 1881)
23 Sep 1875 – 1878         Alexander G. Irvine            (b. 1843 - d. ....)
 
1 Apr 1878 – 26 Apr 1879  John E. Pyle
27 Apr 1879 – 30 Jun 1880  Galen Eastman (1st time)
 
1 Jul 1880 – 30 Jun 1881  Frank Tracy Bennett (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting
)
 
1 Jul 1881 – 31 Dec 1882  Galen Eastman (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1883 – 30 Jun 1884  Dennis Matthew Riordan
 
1 Jul 1884 – 31 Mar 1886  John H. Bowman
 
1 Apr 1886 – 16 Jan 1889  S.S. Patterson
17 Jan 1889 – 18 Dec 1890  Charles E. Vandever             (b. 1848 - d. 1912)
19 Dec 1890 – 31 Mar 1893  David L. Shipley
 
1 Apr 1893 – 14 Nov 1894  Edward H. Plummer (acting)
15 Nov 1894 – 14 Oct 1898  Constant Williams               (b. 1843 - d. 1922)
15 Oct 1898 – 30 Sep 1903  George W. Hayzlett              (b. 1837 - d. 1908)
Superintendents, Indian Training School, Navajo Agency
(1923 - 31 Dec 1926, Navajo Agency; from 1 Jan 1927, Southern Navajo Agency)

(at Fort Defiance, Arizona)
 
1 Oct 1903 – 16 Oct 1906  Reuben Perry                    (b. 1845 - d. 1922)
17 Oct 1906 -  8 Nov 1906  Sam B. Daire (supervisor in charge)
 
9 Nov 1906 – 30 Sep 1908  William H. Harrison
 
1 Oct 1908 – 24 Jan 1919  Peter Paquette (1st time)       (b. 1866 - d. 1939)
25 Jan 1919 - 16 Jul 1919  S.A.M. Young (acting)
17 Sep 1919 – 15 Nov 1924  Peter Paquette (2nd time)       (s.a.)
16 Nov 1924 - 31 Dec 1924  Chester L. Walker (acting agent)
 
1 Jan 1925 – 31 Dec 1928  August F. Duclos
 
1 Jan 1929 – 30 Sep 1934  John G. Hunter
 
1 Oct 1934 – 30 Jun 1935  William H. Zeh
                             (acting administrator)

Superintendents, Western Navajo School and Agency (from 1923, Western Navajo Agency) 
(in Tuba City, Arizona)

27 Aug 1901 – 30 Nov 1904  Milton J. Needham
 
1 Dec 1904 – 22 Nov 1907  Matthew M. Murphy
23 Nov 1907 –  1 May 1910  Stephen Janus
17 May 1910 –  8 Aug 1912  Clarence R. Jeffries
 
9 Aug 1912 - 16 Oct 1912  Claude C. Early (special agent)
17 Oct 1912 –  4 Jul 1914  William T. Sullivan
 
7 Jul 1914 – 30 Apr 1920  Walter Runke
 
1 May 1920 – 31 Jan 1921  Robert E. Burris
 
1 Feb 1921 - 22 Feb 1921  Charles E. Coe
                             (special supervisor)

23 Feb 1921 –  8 Apr 1921  Charles L. Ellis (special agent)
 
9 Apr 1921 – 18 Apr 1923  Byron A. Sharp
19 Apr 1923 - 31 May 1923  Adelbert W. Leech
                             (special supervisor)
 
1 Jun 1923 – 31 Mar 1926  Harvey K. Meyer

 
1 Apr 1926 – 15 Feb 1933  Chester L. Walker
16 Feb 1933 – 30 Sep 1934  John E. Balmer
 
1 Oct 1934 – 30 Jun 1935  Francis J. Scott
Superintendents, San Juan School Agency (from 1 Jan 1927, Northern Navajo Agency)
(in Shiprock, New Mexico)
1903 – 1906                .... [No Data]
1907 - 1916                William Taylor Shelton
         (b. 1869 - d. 1944)
1916 - 1917                Harold F. Coggeshall
1917 - 31 Dec 1926         Evan W. Estep
                   (b. 1864 - d. 1950)
 
1 Jan 1927 – 31 Dec 1928  Albert H. Kneale                (b. 1880 - d. 1943)
 
1 Jan 1929 – 31 Jan 1931  Billie P. Six
 
1 Feb 1931 - 30 Jun 1931  Ernest H. Hammond
                            
(district superintendent)
 
1 Jul 1931 – 1934         Ernest R. McCray
1934 – 30 Jun 1935         William H. Zeh
                             (acting administrator)
Additional Farmers, Navajo Extension
(in Leupp, Arizona)
14 Nov 1901 - 1902         .... [No Data]
1903                       William R. Johnston
Additional Farmers and Special Disbursing Agents, Navajo Extension (in Leupp, Arizona)
1904                       Fred Allen
1904 - 1908                Joseph E. Maxwell
Superintendents, Leupp School and Agency (from 1923, Leupp Agency)(in Leupp, Arizona)
14 Aug 1908 – 28 Feb 1911  Joseph E. Maxwell

 
1 Mar 1911 – 11 Oct 1914  Charles H. Dickson
                             (
supervisor to 31 Mar 1911)
12 Oct 1914 – 31 Mar 1915  Thomas K. Adreon (special agent)
 
1 Mar 1915 – 31 Mar 1924  Stephen Janus
 
1 Apr 1924 – 30 Apr 1926  Harmond P. Marble
 
1 May 1926 – 30 Jun 1927  William O. Roberts
 
1 Jul 1927 – 31 Dec 1928  John G. Hunter
)
1 Jan 1929 – 15 Feb 1933  John E. Balmer
16 Feb 1933 - 31 Oct 1933  Ernest H. Hammond
                             (district superintendent)
 1 Nov 1933 – 31 Aug 1934  Theodore B. Hall

 
1 Sep 1934 - 30 Sep 1934  Francis J. Scott
 1 Oct 1934 - 30 Jun 1935  Gordon J. Barber (senior clerk)
 1 Oct 1934 - 30 Jun 1935  William H. Zeh
                             (acting administrator)

Superintendents
, Pueblo Bonito
School and Agency (1923 - 31 Dec 1926, Pueblo
Bonito Agency; from 1 Jan 1927, Eastern Navajo Agency)
(in Crownpoint, New Mexico)
1907 - 1909                .... [No Data]
1909 – 30 Jun 1935         Samuel F. Stacher

Navajo Special Commissioner
(charged with general Navajo issues)
1923 – 1935                Herbert J. Hagerman            (b. 1871 – d. 1935)
General Superintendents, Navajo Agency (in Window Rock, Arizona)
 
1 Jul 1935 – 15 Apr 1936  Chester E. Faris               (b. 1877 - d. 1957)
                            
(superintendent)
16 Apr 1936 – 31 May 1942  E. Reeseman Fryer
              (b. 1901 - d. 1991)
 
1 Jun 1942 – 30 Jun 1949  James M. Stewart
 
1 Jul 1949 - 30 Nov 1949  Allan G. Harper
Area Director, Window Rock Area (in Window Rock, Arizona)
30 Nov 1949 - 21 Mar 1954  Allan G. Harper
General Superintendents, Navajo Agency (in Window Rock, Arizona)
21 Mar 1954 - 31 Aug 1958  G. Warren Spaulding
27 Sep 1959 - 1966         Glenn R. Landbloom             (b. 1909 - d. ....)


Pascua Yaqui


[Pascua Yaqui Tribe of
              Arizona (Arizona, U.S.)]

Aug 1964                   Pascua Yaqui Village formed (special federal involvement).
18 Sep 1978                Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona federally recognized; until 1985
                             remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
2018                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1978 - Dec 1987            David G. Ramirez
Jun 1988 - Jun 1992        Arcadio Gastelum (1st time)    (b. 1940)
1992 - 15 Feb 1994         Albert V. Garcia               (d. 1994)
1994  (2 months)           Octaviana V. Trujillo (f)(acting)
1994 - 1996                Arcadio Gastelum (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1996 - 2000                Benito Felix Valencia
2000 - 2004                Robert Valencia (1st time)     (b. 1951)
2004 -  1 Aug 2007         Herminia Frias (f)             (b. 1973)
 1 Aug 2007 - 2016         Peter S. Yucupicio (1st time)  (b. 1957)
                             (acting to 2008)
2016 - Jun 2020            Robert Valencia (2nd time)     (s.a.)
Jun 2020 - 2024            Peter S. Yucupicio (2nd time)  (s.a.)
2024 -                     Julian Hernandez


Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community

[Salt River
              Pima–Maricopa Indian Community (Arizona, U.S.)]

14 Jun 1879                Salt River Indian Reservation set aside.
1913 – 1934                Salt River (from 1927, Phoenix) Indian Agency established.
11 Jun 1940                Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, Arizona.
1993                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
1998                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chiefs of Pima (title of chief: Uhgchu)
bf.1911 - 1933             Juan Andreas Chappo          (b. c.1853 – d. 1933)
1933 - 19..                Jose King
Chairman
19.. – 1940                Vavages Buck

Presidents
1940 - 1946                Joseph Thomas

1946 - 1951                Billman Hayes, Sr. (1st time)
1951 - 1956                Hollis Chough
1956 - 1957                Billman Hayes, Sr. (2nd time)
1957 - 1958                Edmund Manuel (1st time)
1958 - 1959                Charles Chough
1959 - May 1960            Lemuel King
May 1960 - Sep 1960        Raymond Enos, Sr. (acting)
Sep 1960 - 1962            Burgess Burke
1962 - 1964                Vernon Smith
1964 - Jun 1967            Filmore Carlos (1st time)
Jun 1967 - Aug 1967        Johnson Enos (acting)
Aug 1967 - 1969            Filmore Carlos (2nd time)
1969 - 1970                Harold R. Schurz
1970 - 1971                Edmund Manuel (2nd time)
1971 - Dec 1974            Paul J. Smith
1974 - 1979                Gerald Anton (1st time)
1979 - 1982                Herschel Andrews
1982 - Feb  1990           Gerald Anton (2nd time)
Feb 1990 - Jul 1990        Alfretta M. Anton (f)(acting)  (b. 1929 - d. 2012)
Jul 1990 - 2002            Ivan Makil
2002 - 2006                Joni M. Ramos (f)
2006 - Dec 2014            Diane Enos (f)                 (b. 1950)
Dec 2014 -
2018            Delbert W. Ray
Dec 2018 -                 Martin Harvier



San Carlos Apache

[San Carlos Apache
              Tribe (Arizona, U.S.)]

1871                       Camp Grant (from 1872, San Carlos) Indian Agency established.
14 Dec 1872                San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation established.
17 Jan 1936                San Carlos Apache Tribe
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.

Chiefs of Aravaipa and Pinal Apache (largest band on the reservation; title: Nant'an)
c.186.                     Santos
(chief of Aravaipa)         (d. af.1872)
bf.1871 – 1891             Haske-bahnzin (= Eskiminzin)       (b. c.1828 – d. 1895)
18.. – c.1915              General Council
c.1915 - 1923              Tribal Council
1923 – 1933                General Council
Chairmen
1933 – 193.                ....
bf.1935 - af.1937          Victor Kindelay                    (b. 1882 - d. 19..)
c.1940 - 1942?             Ernest Victor                      (b. 1911 - d. 1991)
c.1945 - 1948              Clarence Bullis                    (b. 1905 - d. ....)
1948 - 1954                Clarence Wesley (1st time)         (b. 1914 - d. 1988)
1954 - 1958                Jesse J. Stevens
1958 - 1962                Clarence Wesley (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1962 - 1974                Marvin Mull
1974 - 1978                Buck Kitcheyan, Sr. (1st time)     (b. 1936 - d. 2010)
1978 - 1986                Ned Anderson
1986 - 1991                Buck Kitcheyan, Sr. (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1991                       Raleigh Thompson (acting)
1991 - 1994                Harrison Talgo
1994 - 2002                Raymond Stanley
2002 - 2006                Kathleen "Kathy" Wesley-Kitcheyan (f)
2006 - 2010                Wendsler A. Nosie, Sr.
2010 -                     Terry Rambler


San Juan Southern Paiute


[San Juan
                            Southern Paiute Tribe (Arizona, U.S.)]
Official Flag
[San Juan
                          Southern Paiute Tribe Variant flag (Arizona,
                          U.S.)]
Variant
1907 – 1922                Paiute Strip Indian Reservation set aside (from 1933, part of the
                             Navajo reservation).
28 Mar 1990                Recognition by the U.S. confirmed (San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe)

Chiefs
186. – 1877                Patnish                            (d. 1877)
c.1880 – c.1930            Pakai (from c.1900, David Lehi)    (b. c.1845 – d. c.1930)
c.1930 – 1969              Alfred Lehi                        (b. 1898 – d. 1969)
1970 – 1980                Anna Whiskers (f)
Presidents
1980 – 1999                Evelyn James (f) (1st time)
                             (to 1984, spokesperson)
1999 – 2003                Johnny M. Lehi, Sr.
2003 – 2004                James Lehi (acting)
2004 – 2007                Evelyn James (f) (2nd time)
2007                       Lee Choe (acting)
2007 – 2012                Mary L. Boone (f)
                             (not recognized by the U.S.)
2012 - 2015                May Preston (f)
2015 - 2016                Tiffany Williams (f)
2016 - 2021                Carlene Yellowhair (f)             (b. 1974)
2021 - 2022                Michael King
2022 - 2023                Johnny Lehi, Jr. (1st time)
2023 - 2024                Robbin Preston
2024 -                     Johnny Lehi, Jr. (2nd time)(acting)

Tohono O'odham

[Tohono
                          O'odham flag to 2000 (Arizona, U.S.)]
to 2000
[Tohono
                          O'odham (Arizona, U.S.)]
2000 - 2012, Re-adopted 2015
[Tohono O'odham
                          2012-2015, 12 feathers flag (Arizona, U.S.)]
2012 - 2015

1699                       Subject to the Spanish (from 1821, Mexico).
 8 Jun 1854                Gadsden Purchase leads to the current U.S.-Mexico border                              traversing Papago Indian lands (by 1860, the Papago in the U.S.
                             were organized in at least 12 villages, each having a chief or
                             governor).
1857 – 1939                Papago (to 1864, Tucson; from 1919, Sells) Indian Agency
                             established (1869-1902 closed).
 1 Jul 1874                San Xavier reservation established.
12 Dec 1882                Gila Bend reservation established.
14 Jan 1916                Papago Indian Reservation established.
 
1 Feb 1917                Sells reservation established.
18 Jun 1937                Papago Tribe

10 Sep 1978                Florence Village is established as part of the Nation.
18 Jan 1986                Renamed Tohono O'odham Nation.
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
2016                       Self-governance agreement.

Governors of San Xavier Papago (most important village in the later U.S. territory)
c.1751                     Cristobal
c.1830                     Juan Ignacio Zapata
c.1851                     Jose Golosa
c.1857                     Jose Victoriano Lucas
18.. – 193.                .... 
Chairmen
Jul 1936 - 1940            José Ignacio (1st time)
1940 - 1942                Peter Blaine                      (b. 1902 – d. 19..)
1942 - 1945                Henry A. Throssell (1st time)   
1945 - 1946                José Ignacio (2nd time)
1946 - 1947                Henry A. Throssell (2nd time)  
1947 - 1953                Thomas A. Segundo (1st time)      (b. 1922 - d. 1971)
1953 - Jan 1955            Enos J. Francisco, Sr. (1st time) (b. 1909? - d. 1978)
Jan 1955 - 1959            Mark Manuel
1959 - 1963                Enos J. Francisco, Sr. (2nd time) (s.a.)
1963 - 1965                Eugene J. Johnson
1965 - 1968                Robert C. Mackett                 (b. 1922)
1968 -  6 May 1971         Thomas A. Segundo (2nd time)      (s.a.)
May 1971 - Mar 1974        Augustine B. Lopez, Sr.           (b. 1935 - d. 2013)
Mar 1974 – May 1975        Jacob A. Escalante                (b. 1927 - d. 2013)
May 1975 - 1979            Cecil Williams
1979 - 1983                Max H. Norris
1983 - 1987                Josiah Moore (1st time)           (b. 1934 - d. 1993)
1987 - 31 Mar 1989         Enos J. Francisco, Jr.  
1989 - 1991                Angelo Joaquin, Sr.               (b. 1929 - d. 1995)
1991 - 19 Apr 1993         Josiah Moore (2nd time)           (s.a.)
Apr 1993 - 1995            Sylvester Listo
1995 -  3 Jun 2003         Edward D. Manuel (1st time)       (b. 1947)
 3 Jun 2003 -  3 Aug 2007  Vivian Juan-Saunders (f)          (b. 1960)
 3 Aug 2007 - Jun 2015     Ned Norris, Jr. (1st time)        (b. 1955)

Jun 2015 - Jun 2019        Edward D. Manuel (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jun 2019 - Sep 2023        Ned Norris, Jr. (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Sep 2023 -                 Verlon M. Jose


Tonto Apache

[Tonto Apache Tribe
                (Arizona, U.S.)]

 6 Oct 1972                Recognized by the U.S. (Payson Community of Yavapai-Apache).
31 May 1974                Payson Tonto Apache Reservation established.
Feb 1979                   Payson Tonto Apache Tribe (on the U.S. list of tribal names).
22 Dec 1979           
    Renamed Tonto Apache Tribe.
1993                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1972 – Jun 1985            Melton Campbell                  (b. 1941 – d. 1993)
1985? - 1989?              Ivan Smith (1st time)
1989 -  7 Apr 1993         Louise C. Lopez (f) (1st time)
1993                       Howard Burdette, Sr. (acting)
1993 – 1996                Jeri Johnson (f) (1st time)
1996 – 2004                Vivian L. Burdette (f) (1st time)
2004 – 21 Jun 2008         Ivan Smith (2nd time)
21 Jun 2008 - 30 Sep 2008  Jeri DeCola (f) (2nd time)
                             (= Jeri Johnson)
30 Sep 2008 – 2012         Ivan Smith (3rd time)
2012 - 2014                Louise C. Lopez (f) (2nd time)
2014 - 2016                Vivian L. Burdette (f) (2nd time)
2016 - 2020                Jeri DeCola (f) (3rd time)
2020 - 2021                Wally Davis
2021 -                     Calvin Johnson


White Mountain Apache 

[White
              Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Indian
              Reservation (Arizona, U.S.)]

 9 Nov 1871                White Mountain Reservation established.
1872                       Fort Apache (to 1876, Camp Apache) Indian Agency (1876-97 closed)
.
 
7 Jun 1897                Fort Apache Reservation.
26 Aug 1938                White Mountain Apache Tribe of the
Fort Apache Indian Reservation.
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.

Chiefs of White Mountain Apache
(largest band on the reservation; title Nant'an)
bf.1864 – 1872             Esh-kel-dah-silah (= Eskiltesela)(b. c.1830 – d. 1875)
1872 – 1875                Palone                           (b. c.1852 - d. 1880)
1875 – 1885                Pedro (Hacke-yanil-tli-din)      (b. c.1835 – d. 1885)
Chiefs of Cibecue Apache
(other band on the reservation, in the west; title: Nant'an)
bf.1860 - 1874             Miguel (Esh-ke-iba)              (d. 1874)
1874 – 1880                Diablo (Es-ki-in-la)             (b. c.1846 – d. 1880)
1881 – 1885                Sanchez (Becbiyo'an)             (d. af.1888)
Head Chiefs

1885 -  6 Aug 1928         Alchise (
William H. Alchesay)    (b. 1853? - d. 1928)
1928 - 11 Oct 1952         William Baha
Alchesay            (b. 1885? - d. 1952)

Chairmen
c.1938                     Roy Clark
c.1940 - c.1942            Purcell Kane
c.194.                     Lawrence Johnson
c.1945                     Fred Larzelere
1948 - 1950                Lester Oliver (1st time)         (b. 1910 – d. 1997)

1950 - 1952                Nelson Lupe (1st time)           (b. 1909 – d. 1993)
1952 - 1954                Lester Oliver (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1954 - 1956                Nelson Lupe
(2nd time)           (s.a.)
1956 - 1958                Clinton Kessay
1958 - 1966                Lester Oliver (3rd time)         (s.a.)
1966 - 1970                Ronnie Lupe
(1st time)           (b. 1930 - d. 2019)
1970 - 1974                Fred Benashley
1974 - 1986                Ronnie Lupe
(2nd time)           (s.a.)
1986 - 1990                Reno Johnson
1990 - 1998                Ronnie Lupe
(3rd time)           (s.a.)
1998 - Apr 2006            Dallas Massey, Sr.
Apr 2006 - 2018            Ronnie Lupe
(4th time)           (s.a.)
May 2018 - May 2022        Gwendena Lee-Gatewood (f)
10 May 2022 -              Kasey Velasquez



Yavapai-Apache Nation

[Yavapai-Apache
              Nation of the Camp Verde Reservation (Arizona, U.S.)]

1900 – 1930                Camp Verde Indian agency.
1910                       Camp Verde Reservation set aside.
12 Feb 1937                Yavapai-Apache Indian Community of the Camp Verde Reservation.
1992                       Renamed Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Reservation
                             (on the U.S. list of tribal names in 1995).
1993                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1937 – 19..                ....
1939 - c.1947              Harrington Turner (1st time)
c.1948                     Callaway Bornah
19.. - 1966?               Harrington Turner (2nd time)
1966 - 1968?               Vincent Everett Randall (1st time)
1968 - 1970                Harrington Turner (3rd time)
197. - 1971                Vincent Everett Randall (2nd time)
c.1972 - 1974?             Aaron H. Russell (1st time)      (b. 1929 - d. 2006)
1974? - 1975               Theodore "Ted" Smith, Sr.        (b. 1922 – d. 2008)
                             (1st time)
1975 - 1976                Vera Brown Starr (f)             (b. 1924 - d. 1985)
197. – 1978                Theodore "Ted" Smith, Sr.        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1978 - Jul 1983            David Kwail (1st time)
Jul 1983 – Dec 1983        .... (acting)
Dec 1983 - Dec 1985        Ned Russell                      (b. 1924 - d. 2009)
1985 - 1987                Theodore "Ted" Smith, Sr.        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1987? - af.1990            David Kwail (2nd time)
199. - 1995                Theodore "Ted" Smith, Sr.        (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
1995 - Sep 1998            David Kwail (3rd time)
1998 - Oct 2001            Vincent Everett Randall (3rd time)
Oct 2001 - 2003            Aaron H. Russell (2nd time)      (s.a.)
2003 - Oct 2007            Jamie L. Fullmer
 4 Oct 2007 - Oct 2010     Thomas Beauty (1st time)
 
7 Oct 2010 - 2013         David Kwail (4th time)
2013 - Oct 2016            Thomas Beauty (2nd time)
Oct 2016 - Oct 2019        Jane Russell-Winiecki (f)
Oct 2019 - 2022            Jon Huey
2022 -                     Tanya Lewis (f)


Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe

[Yavapai-Prescott Tribe of the Yavapai
                        Reservation (Arizona, U.S.)]
Adopted 2002

 7 Jun 1935                Yavapai-Prescott Indian Reservation established.
 5 Dec 1962                Yavapai-Prescott Community.
21 Dec 1974                Renamed Yavapai-Prescott Tribe of the Yavapai Reservation.
2003                       Gaming compact.
2012                       Reference to reservation dropped from tribal name.

Chief
1935 - 21 May 1940         Sam "Red Ants" Jimulla           (b. 1877 - d. 1940)
Chieftess
1940 -  7 Dec 1966         Viola Jimulla (f)                (b. 1878 - d. 1966)
Aug 1967 -  5 Mar 1976     Grace Jimulla Mitchell (f)       (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
Jul 1976 - 11 Sep 1984     Lucy Jimulla Miller (f)          (b. 1906 - d. 1984)

Ch
airmen
1938 - 1946                Don S. Mitchell                  (b. 1906 - d. 2002)
1946 - 1948                ....
Presidents
1948 - 1972                Don S. Mitchell                  (s.a.)
1972 - 1988                Patricia McGee (f) (1st time)    (b. 1926 - d. 1994)
1988 - 1990                Stanhope "Stan" Rice, Jr. 
                            
(1st time)
1990 - 1994                Patricia McGee (f) (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1994 - 13 Nov 2001         Stanhope "Stan" Rice, Jr.
                            
(2nd time)
13 Nov 2001 - 17 Sep 2018  Ernest Jones, Sr.                (b. 1943 - d. 2018)
                             (acting to Jul 2002)
2018 -                     Robert Ogo (acting to 2019/20)

Arkansas

None Recognized


California

Note: There are 105 native tribal entities in California. Currently recorded are: (1) all the 31 Mission tribes of Southern California (including Quechan); (2) the nine Paiute-Shoshone tribes along the Nevada boundary (including Chemehuevi); (3) the four major native nations of northern and central California (Hoopa Valley, Round Valley, Tule River, Yurok) that are the original reservations that were intended for all the natives of northern and central part of the state; (4) the ten largest of the 58 "rancherias" (tiny tracts set aside in the early 20th century for natives who avoided removal to the four principal original reservations) by native population in 2000 (the ones whose native population exceeded 120); (5) three tribes located among rancherias with latter federal recognition (Karuk, Quartz Valley, Tejon). In contrast to other parts of the U.S., there are no ratified treaties between the U.S. and native nations of California. By 1920, all or a majority of rancheria and Paiute-Shoshone Indians had became the U.S. citizens. All the California tribes from 1953 on (Agua Caliente from 1949) are under the jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
  Rancherias currently not recorded (recent name changes noted if original rancheria name was removed): Alturas, Bear River Band of Rohnerville, Berry Creek Maidu, Big Lagoon, Big Sandy Western Mono, Blue Lake, Buena Vista Me-Wuk, Cachil DeHe Wintun of Colusa, California Valley Miwok, Cedarville, Cher-Ae Heights Community of Trinidad, Chicken Ranch Me-Wuk, Cloverdale Pomo, Coyote Valley Pomo, Dry Creek Pomo, Elem Pomo of Sulphur Bank, Elk Valley, Enterprise Maidu, Federated Graton, Greenville, Guidiville, Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake, Hopland Pomo, Ione Miwok, Jackson Miwuk, Kashia Pomo of Stewarts Point, Kletsel Dehe Wintun (to 2018, Cortina), Koi of Northern California (to 2013, Lower Lake), Lytton, Mechoopda of Chico, Middletown Pomo, Mooretown Maidu, Northfork Mono, Paskenta Nomlaki, Picayune Chukchansi, Pinoleville Pomo, Pit River, Potter Valley, Redding, Redwood Valley Pomo, Pulikla Yurok (to 2024, Resighini), Scotts Valley Pomo, Shingle Springs Miwok, Table Mountain, Tolowa Dee-Ni’ (to 2016, Smith River), United Auburn, Wilton, Wiyot (to 2005, Table Bluff), and Yoche Dehe Wintun (to 2010, Rumsey).

  There were the following Indian agencies not recorded below under individual rancherias: Nome Lackee (1856-1860), Smith River (1865-1869), Greenville (1897-1923), Digger (1899-1921), and Upper Lake (1909-1911).


Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla

[Agua Caliente Band of
                Cahuilla Indians (California, U.S.)]

  5 Jan 1852                Treaty of Temecula signed by Cahuillas (not ratified by Congress).
15 May 1876                Agua Caliente (from c.1905 also called Palm Springs) Indian

                             Reservation established (confirmed 14 May 1896).
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
 
1 Jan 1937 - 1938         Federal government assumes direct control over the reservation.
 2 Jun 1939                Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians, first constitution adopted.

1959                       Long-term lease of part of the reservation to the city of Palm
                             Springs; leases lead to Indians becoming a minority on the
                             reservation.
1972                       Renamed Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente
                             Indian Reservation.
1999                       Self-governance agreement.
2000                       Gaming compact.

Captains
c.1830                     Cabazon (Cabezón)                   (d. 1883/84)
c.1840                     Juan Antonio
c.1850                     Andreas
c.1863                     Manuel Largo                        (d. 1889)
c.188.                     Pedro Chino                         (b. 1816 - d. 1939)

c.1884                     Gervasio Cabezón
c.1892                     José Rafael

c.1905                     Marcus Belardo                      (b. c.1860 - d. 1928)
c.1918                     Juan Andreas

c.1923                     Pedro Chino                         (b. 1816 - d. 1939)
c.1925                     Lee Arenas                          (b. 1876 – d. 1966)
c.1928                     Ramon Manuel                        (b. 1884 – d. 1942)
Ceremonial Leaders
(Nét)
c.1890 - 1925              Alejo Patencio
1925 - 1947                Francisco Patencio                  (b. 1857 – d. 1947)

1947 -  8 Nov 1951         Albert Santos Patencio              (b. 1879 - d. 1951)
Spokesmen

bf.1934 - 1935             Marcus J. Pete
1935 – 22 Jun 1939         Willie Marcus Belardo               (b. 1882 - d. 19..)
Captains of the Tribal Committee
1934 - 1935                Albert Santos Patencio              (s.a.)
1935 - 1938                Willie Marcus Belardo               (s.a.)
1938 - 1939                Marcus J. Pete

Chairmen
of the Tribal Committee
22 Jun 1939 - 1940         Willie Marcus Belardo (1st time)    (s.a.)
1940                       Lee Arenas (1st time)               (s.a.)
1940 - 1941                Willie Marcus Belardo (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Oct 1941 - Dec 1941        Lee Arenas (2nd time)               (s.a.)
Dec 1941 - 1945            Willie Marcus Belardo (3rd time)    (s.a.)
1945 - 1948                Romalda Lugo Taylor (f) (1st time)  (b. 1881 - d. 1949)
1948 - 1949                Lorene "Lena" Lugo Welmas (f)       (b. 1906 - d. ....)
1949 - Nov 1949            Romalda Lugo Taylor (f) (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Chairmen of Tribal Council
Nov 1949 - Jan 1952        Francisco Segundo                   (b. 1919 - d. ....)
1952 – 1954                Lorene McGlamary (f)                (b. 1908 – d. 2002)

1954 -  6 Jan 1959         Vyola J. Ortner (f)                 (s.a.)
                            
(from 15 Mar 1964, Vyola J. Olinger)
1959 - 1966                Eileen Miguel (f)
                  (b. 1928 - d. 1996)
22 Mar 1966 -  2 Aug 1966  Edmund Peter Siva (1st time)        (b. 1937 - d. 2003)
1966 - 1968                Dora Joyce Prieto (f)               (b. 1936 - d. 2000)
1968 - 1970                Joseph Patrick Patencio             (b. 1938 - d. 2008)

1970 - 1972                Larry N. Olinger                    (b. 1938 - d. 2019)
1972 - 1981                Ray Leonard Patencio                (b. 1946 - d. 2007)
1981 – 1982                Edmund Peter Siva?  (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1982 – 1984                Barbara M. Gonzalez-Lyons (f)       (b. 1954)
1984 - 11 Mar 2012         Richard M. Milanovich               (b. 1942 - d. 2012)
11 Mar 2012 -  5 Apr 2022  Jeff L. Grubbe
                             (acting to 19 Jun 2012)
 5 Apr 2022 -              Reid D. Milanovich                  (b. 1982?)

Augustine Band of Cahuilla

[Augustine Band
                          of Cahuilla Indians old flag
                          (California,U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Augustine Band
                          of Cahuilla Indians (California, U.S.)]
Current Flag

Feb 1893                   Augustine Indian Reservation set aside.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
bf.1972                    Augustine Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Augustine Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians.   
2000                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.
2007                       Renamed Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians.

Spokeswoman
c.1954                     Margaret Andreas (f)
Chairmen
1988 - 2016                Mary Ann Martin (f)                 (b. 1964 - d. 2017)
                             (from 2006, Mary Ann Green)
2016 -                     Amanda Vance (f)                    (b. 1986) 
                             (from 2023, Amanda Augustine)


Big Pine Paiute

[Big Pine Paiute Tribe of
                the Owens Valley (California, U.S.)]

1912                       Big Pine Indian Reservation established.
11 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
10 Apr 1939                Part of the Owens Valley Paiute-Shoshone Bands (see Bishop).
bf.1972                    Big Pine Band of Owens Valley Paiute Shoshone Indians of the
                             Big Pine Reservation, recognized as separate tribe.
2011                       Renamed Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley.

Chairmen
bf.1962 - 19..             Art Richars
19.. - 19..                Anona Harvier (f)                   (b. 1904 - d. 1995)
19.. - 19..                Harvey Stewart
19.. - 19..                Dolores Miller (f)
19.. - 19..                James Duckey                        (b. 1938 - d. 2014)
bf.1980 - af.1983          Cheryl Coleman (f)
bf.1984 - af.1987          Velma Jones (f) (1st time)
c.1989                     Tom Lone Eagle                      (b. 1932 - d. 2008)
bf.1991 - af.1993          Velma Jones (f) (2nd time)
c.1994                     Cheryl Andreas (f)
c.1996                     Donna Duckey (f)
bf.1997 - 2000             Roseanne Moose (f)
2000 - 2002                Cheryl Levine (f)
2002 – 2008                Jessica Bacoch (f)
2008 - 2013                Virgil "Dave" Moose
2013 - 2015                Genevieve "Gina" Jones (f)(1st time)
2015 - 2017                Shannon Romero (f)
2017 - 2019                Genevieve "Gina" Jones (f)(2nd time)
2019 - 2021                James Rambeau
2021 - 2023                L'eaux Stewart (f)
2023 -                     Cheyenne Stone (f)


Big Valley Rancheria


[Big
                            Valley Rancheria former flag (California,
                            U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Big Valley Band
                          of Pomo Indians (California, U.S.)]Current Flag
19 Jun 1911                Rancheria set aside.
15 Jan 1936                Big Valley Band of Pomo Indians of the Big Valley Rancheria.
11 Nov 1965 – 22 Dec 1983  Terminated by the U.S.
1985 - 1998                Renamed Big Valley Rancheria of Pomo & Pit River Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1936 – 19..                ....
c.1940 - c.1956            Roger A. Posh
1965 – 19..                Abolished
bf.1984 - af.1993          Manuel Gomez
bf.1994 - 1999             Valentino Jack (1st time)
1999 – 2007                Anthony Jack (1st time)
2007                       Valentino Jack (2nd time)
2007 – 2009                Anthony Jack (2nd time)
2009 – 2012                Valentino Jack (3rd time)
2012 - 2020                Anthony Jack (3rd time)
2020 -
2024                Phillip Gomez
2024 -                     Flaman McCloud


Bishop Paiute

[Bishop Paiute Tribe
                (California, U.S.)]

1912                       Bishop Indian Colony set aside.
1916 – 1926                Bishop Indian agency.
11 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
10 Apr 1939                Owens Valley Paiute-Shoshone Bands (includes also Big Pine and
                             Lone Pine).
bf.1972                    Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community, recognized as
                             separate tribe.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2010                       Renamed Bishop Paiute Tribe.
2011                       Self-governance agreement.

Chief
bf.1860 - 1863             "Captain George"
Chairman of Bishop
c.1935                     Harrison Diaz                       (b. 1881 – d. 1943)
Chairmen of Owens Valley

1939 – 19..                ....
c.1943 - c.1955            Sampson Dewey
bf.1967 - c.1973           Gerald Kane

Chairmen of Bishop
bf.1972 – 19..             ....
c.1978                     Earl Lent
bf.1980 – af.1981          Paul Chavez

c.1983                     Jack Williams                       (b. 1947 - d. 2016)
c.1984                     Earl Frank
bf.1986 - af.1987          Joann Poncho (f)
bf.1989 - af.1993          Jess R. Paco
bf.1994 - af.1996          Allen Summers (1st time)
bf.1997 - 2000             Mervin Hess
2000 – 2002                Monty J. Bengochia (1st time)
2002 – 2004                Douglas T. Vega
2004 – 2005                Michael Rogers
2005 – 2009                Gerald Howard (1st time)
2009 – 2010                Monty J. Bengochia (2nd time)
2010 – 2011                William Vega (1st time)
2011 - 2014                Dale Delgado, Jr.
2014 - 2016                Gerald Howard (2nd time)
2016 - 2017                Deston Rogers
2017 - 2018                William Vega (2nd time)
2018 - 2020                Allen Summers (2nd time)
2020 - 2022                Tilford Denver
2022 - 2024                Meryl Picard (f)
2024 -                     Steven Orihuela


Bridgeport

[Bridgeport Indian
                  Colony (California, U.S.)]

17 Oct 1974                Bridgeport Indian Colony set aside.
21 Jul 1976                Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony
2010                       Renamed Bridgeport Indian Colony.

Chairmen
1976 – 19..                ....
bf.1979 - af.1984          Maurice C. Crawford
bf.1990 - af.1991          Joseph Art Sam (1st time)
bf.1993 - af.1996          Herb Glazier (1st time)
bf.1999 - 2000             Vineca Hess (f)
2000 – 2002                Herb Glazier (2nd time)
2002 – 2003                Gerald Sam (1st time)
2003 – 2004                Herb Glazier (3rd time)
2004 – 2005                Gerald Sam (2nd time)
2005 – 2009                Charlotte Baker (f)
2009 – 2011                Joseph Art Sam (2nd time)
2011 - 25 Jun 2019         John L. Glazier                     (b. 1925 - d. 2019)
26 Jun 2019 - 2020         Thomas Crawford (acting)
2020 - 2023                Herb Glazier (4th time)
2023 -                     Joseph Art Sam (3rd time)


Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Indians

[Cabazon Band of Mission
                Indians (California, U.S.)]

15 May 1876                Cabazon Indian Reservation established.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1965                       Cabazon Band of Mission Indians
1979 – 2003                Renamed Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians.
1997                       Self-governance agreement.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2023                       Renamed Cabazon Band of Cahuilla Indians.

Captains

c.1823                     Chihachia
c.1855                     Cabezon                             (b. c.1783 – d. 1883)
c.1891                     Genazio Cabezon (1st time)          (b. c.1810 – d. 1906)
c.1893                     Indio Jim
c.1896                     Genazio Cabezon (2nd time)          (s.a.)

Spokesmen
19.. – 1963                Remeijo Callaway
1963 – 1965                Joseph R. "Joe" Benitez             (b. 1935)
Chairmen
1965 - 1978                Joseph R. "Joe" Benitez             (s.a.)
1978 - 1989                Arthur J. Welmas                    (b. 1929 - d. 2006)
1989 - 2009                John A. James                       (b. 1930)
2009 - 2013                David Roosevelt
2013 -                     Douglas Welmas



Cahto of Laytonville Rancheria


[Cahto Tribe of
                          the Laytonville Rancheria (California, U.S.)]
Adopted 2013

1908                       Rancheria set aside.
10 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
21 Jul 1967                Cahto Tribe of the Laytonville Rancheria.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2006                       Covered by the Consolidated Tribal Self-governance agreement
.

Chairmen
1967 – 19..                Christine Smith (f)
bf.1978 - af.1983          Bert Sloan (1st time)
c.1984                     Gertrude Brown (f)
bf.1989 - af.1993          Bert Sloan (2nd time)
bf.1994 - af.1996          Carmen Ochoa (f)
bf.1997 – 2001             Genevieve Campbell (f)
2001 – 2003                Vernon Wilson
2003 – 2005                Brandon Mitchell
2005 – 2012                Cristy Taylor (f)
                             (from 2011, Cristy Nelson)
2012 - 2016                Richard J. Smith
2016 - 2018                Aimie Lucas (f)
2018 -                     Mary Norris (f)

Cahuilla

[Cahuilla Band of
                  Indians (California, U.S.)]

27 Dec 1875                Cahuilla Indian Reservation set aside.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1960                       Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians
2000                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.
2015                       Renamed Cahuilla Band of Indians.


Captains (1855 - 1877, also Captains-general of the Cahuilla tribe)
bf.1842 - 1863             Juan Antonio                        (b. 1783 - d. 1863)
1863 - 1877                Manuel Largo                        (b. c.1820 – d. 1889)
1877 - 1887                Fernando Lugo                       (b. 1820 – d. 1905)
1887 - 1890                Pablo Cassaro                       (d. 1890)
1890 – 1907                ....
1907 – 1912                Leonicio Lugo                       (b. c.1860 – d. 1937)
Spokesmen
c.1934                     Gabriel Costo
bf.1954 – af.1955          Billy P. Salgado
c.1962                     Rupert Costo                        (b. 1906 – d. 1989)
c.1963                     Sylvester Costo
1965 - 1970                Rupert Costo
c.1978                     Leroy Salgado
bf.1980 - May 1984         Gilbert Sloan "Skip" Costo          (b. 1929 – d. 2001)
c.1984                     Eugene Madrigal

bf.1990 – 1993             Louis Candelaria
1993 – 1994                Rose Anne Hamilton (f)
1994 – 1999                Michelle Salgado (f)
1999 – 2001                Antonio Heredia, Jr.
Chairmen
2001 – 2002                Leanne Salgado (f) (1st time)
2002 – 2004                Eugenia Nogalez (f)
2004 – 2006                Jerome Salgado, Sr.
2006                       Leanne Salgado (f) (2nd time)
2006 – 2009                Anthony Madrigal, Jr.
                             (interim to 2007)
2009 - 2016                Luther Salgado, Sr.
2016 - 2024                Daniel Salgado
2024 -                     Erica Schenk (f)


Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians

[Campo
                Band of Diegueno Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]

10 Feb 1893                Campo Indian Reservation established.
1910 – 1920                Campo Indian agency.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
bf.1972                    Campo Community of Mission Indians
13 Jul 1975                Renamed Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2015                       Covered by the Southern Indian Self-governance agreement.

Captain of Jacum
c.1852                     Santiago
Spokesmen
c.1934                     John Williams
c.1972                     Mabel Meza (f)
c.1972 - af.1973           Christobal Pinto
Chairmen
bf.1976 - 1985             Valacia M. Thacker (f)
1985 - 2004                Ralph L. Goff (1st time)
2004 - 2009                Harry Paul Cuero (1st time)
2009 - 2012                Monique LaChappa (f)
2012 - 2020                Ralph L. Goff (2nd time)
2020 - Jan 2021            Harry Paul Cuero (2nd time)
Jan 2021 -                 Marcus Cuero

Capitan Grande Diegueno Mission (Barona and Viejas)

[Barona Band
                          of Mission Indians old flag (California,
                          U.S.)]
Old Barona Flag
[Barona Band of
                          Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]
Barona Flag
[Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians
                                (California, U.S.)]
Viejas Flag
27 Dec 1875                Capitan Grande Reservation established for the Captain
                             Grande Band of Mission Indians.
1932                       Capitan Grande Band divided into two groups: the Barona Group
                             (reservation established in 1932) and the Viejas (to 1934, Los
                             Conejos) Group (reservation  established in 1934), but remains
                             single tribe.
1974/79                    Renamed Capitan Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians.
1990                       Gaming compact by Viejas.
1992                       Gaming compact by Barona.
2015                       Covered by the Southern Indian Self-governance agreement.

Captains of Capitan Grande
c.1853                     Ignacio Curo
bf.1870 - af.1875          Pio Pena
c.1932                     Juan Diego LaChappa

Spokesmen of Barona

1932 – af.1934             Ramon Curo Ames (1st time)          (d. 1957)
1946 – 19..                Bob Quitac
c.1950                     Ramon Curo Ames (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1953 – 195.                Catherine Banegas-Welch (f)
c.1954                     Ramon Curo Ames (3rd time)          (s.a.)
1970 – 197.                Josephine Romero (f) (1st time)
c.1972 - af.1973           Edward Joseph Welch (1st time)      (b. 1937)
c.1978 - c.1981            Josephine Romero (f) (2nd time)
c.1983 – 31 Dec 1988       Edward Joseph Welch (2nd time)      (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1989 – 31 Dec 2004  Clifford M. La Chappa
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2008  Rhonda "Lisa" Welch-Scalco (f)
Chairmen of Barona
 
1 Jan 2009 – 31 Dec 2012  Edwin "Thorpe" Romero (1st time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2016  Clifford M. La Chappa
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2020  Edwin "Thorpe" Romero (2nd time)
Jan 2021 -                 Raymond Welch


Spokesmen of Viejas

1932 – af.1936             Ventura Paipa                       (b. 1879 – d. 19..)
c.1954                     Sam Brown
1973 – 1983                Carmen "Daisy" Welch (f)            (b. 1940 – d. 2004)
1983 – 1989/93             Anthony R. Pico                     (b. 1945)
Chairmen of Viejas
1989/93 – 2001             Anthony R. Pico (1st time)          (s.a.)
2001 - 2002                Steven TeSam                        (b. 1960)
2002 - 2006                Anthony R. Pico (2nd time)          (s.a.)
2007 - 2010                Bobby L. Barrett                    (b. 1964)
2011 - 2015                Anthony R. Pico (3rd time)          (s.a.)
2015 - 2018                Robert J. Welch
2018 -                     John Christman


Chemehuevi

[Chemehuevi Indian Tribe
                (California, U.S.)] 

  2 Feb 1907                Chemehuevi Valley Reservation established.
1971                       Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation.
2000                       Gaming compact

Chairmen
1951 – af.1964             Dan Eddy, Sr.
19.. - 1972                Ralph Esquerra
1972 - 1978                Herbert Pencille
1978 - 1980                Ronald L. "Ron" Esquerra
1980 - 1982?               Betty McDonald (f)
1982? - 1984               Martha Wetmore (f)
1984 - 1988                Richard Alvarez
1988 - Apr 1992            Christine Walker (f)
Apr 1992 - 1996            Matthew Leivas
                             (acting to Apr 1993)
1996 - Dec 1997            Levi Esquerra
Dec 1997 – 1999            Gjrjle Dunlap (f)
1999 – 2000                David Chavez           
c.2000 - 2005              Edward D. "Tito" Smith (1st time)
2005 - 2012                Charles F. Wood (1st time)
2012 - 2015                Edward D. "Tito" Smith (2nd time)
2015 - 2020                Charles F. Wood (2nd time)
2020 - 2022                Sierra Pencille (f)
2022 -                     Glenn H. Lodge


Cold Springs Rancheria


[Cold Springs
                Rancheria of Mono Indians (California, U.S.)]

10 Nov 1914                Rancheria set aside
 8 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
Oct 1961                   Sycamore Valley Association of the Cold Springs Rancheria.
29 Nov 1979                Renamed Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians.

Presidents
1961 - c.1972              ....
c.1972                     Howard E. Hunter (1st time)
c.1974                     Hazel Hunter (f)
c.1976                     Howard E. Hunter (2nd time)
c.1978                     Morris Lee
Chairmen
c.1979 – May 1982          Charlotte Osborne (f)
bf.1983 - c.1984           Dorothy Bill (f)
198. – 1994                Frank J. Lee
1994 – af.1996             Jennifer Fred (f)
bf.1999 - 2001             Jennifer Philley (f)(1st time)
2001 – 2003                Lonnie Bill (f)
2003 – 2005                Jennifer Philley (f)(2nd time)
2005 – 2009                Travis Coleman
2009 – 2014                Robert Marquez
2014 - 2015                Jeffery Lee
2015 - 2019                Carol Bill (f) (1st time)
2019 - 2021                Helene Alarcon (f)
2021 - 2022                Blossom Hunter (f)
2022 - 2023                Carol Bill (f) (2nd time)
2023 - 2024                Shane Ratchford
2024 -                     Curtis Lee


Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone: see Timbisha Shoshone


Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians (Cuyapaipe Band)

[Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay
                Indians (Cuyapaipe Band) (California, U.S.)]

10 Feb 1891                Cuyapaipe Reservation established.
bf.1972                    Cuyapaipe Band of Mission Indians
28 Sep 1973                Renamed Cuyapaipe Community of Diegueno Mission Indians of
                             the Cuyapaipe Reservation.
2002                       Self-governance agreement
20 May 2003                Renamed Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians, California.

Chairmen
1967 - 2001                Anthony "Tony" J. Pinto             (b. 1914 - d. 2003)

                             (spokesman to 1973)
2001 - 2007                Harlan Pinto
2007 -                     Robert Pinto, Sr.                   (b. 1973)

Fort Bidwell

[Fort Bidwell Indian
                  Community of Paiute Indians (California, U.S.)]

30 Jan 1897                Fort Bidwell Reservation set aside.
1898 – 1930                Fort Bidwell Indian agency.
1936                       Fort Bidwell Indian Community
1979 - 1997                Fort Bidwell Indian Community of Paiute Indians (on the U.S.
                             list of tribal names).

Chiefs
bf.1878 - 19..             Ocheho
c.1929                     General Council
bf.1932 - af.1936          Charlie Washo
Chairmen
1936 – 19..                ....
c.1940                     Connan Dick
c.1941                     Herman Townsend (1st time)          (b. 1915 - d. 2011)
c.1953                     Willie Sam Townsend (1st time)
bf.1954 - af.1955          Ralph DeGarmo
c.1956                     Willie Sam Townsend (2nd time)
c.1967                     Herman Townsend (2nd time)          (s.a.)
c.1972                     Beatrice Pollard (f)                (b. 1926 - d. 2001)
bf.1979 - af.1984          Lucinda Lame Bull (f)
bf.1990 - af.1996          Ralph DeGarmo
bf.1999 - 2002             Denise G. Pollard (f)

2002 – 2005                Frances Benally (f)
2005                       Jana Townsend (f)
2005 – 2007                Lawrence Harlan
2007 – 2009                Todd DeGarmo
2009 – 2010                Aaron R. Townsend
2010 - 2017                Bernold Pollard

2017 - 2022                Kevin Townsend
 
2022 -                     Germain Ruvalcaba


Fort Independence Paiute

28 Oct 1915                Fort Independence Reservation set aside.
24 May 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1965                       Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute

Chairmen
1965 – af.1972             Vernon J. Miller (1st time)         (b. 1927 – d. 2002)
c.1978                     Wanda McTevia (f)
bf.1980 – 1993             Vernon J. Miller (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1994 - af.1997             Richard Wilder, Sr. (1st time)
bf.1999 - 2000             Wendy Stine (f) (1st time)
2000 – 2002                Vernon J. Miller (2nd time)         (s.a.)
2002 – 2004                Richard Wilder, Sr. (2nd time)
2004 – 2010                Carl A. Dahlberg (1st time)
2010 – 2011                Israel Naylor (1st time)
2011 – 2012                Carl A. Dahlberg (2nd time)
2012 – 2013                Richard Wilder, Sr. (3rd time)
2013 - 2014                Israel Naylor (2nd time)
2014 - Jan 2016            Wendy Stine (f) (2nd time)

Jan 2016 - 2019            Norm Wilder
2019 -                     Carl A. Dahlberg (3rd time)


Fort Mojave: see under Arizona


Fort Yuma Quechan

[Quechan Tribe of the
                Fort Yuma Indian Reservation (Arizona and California,
                U.S.)]

1777 – 1781                Subject to the Spanish.
1825 – 1849                Treaty of alliance with Mexico.
22 Jul 1884                Fort Yuma (to 1910, Yuma) Indian Reservation established.
1900 – 1935                Fort Yuma Indian Agency established.
11 Dec 1936                Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, Arizona
                             and California.
1994                       Gaming compact with the state.
  
Head chiefs (title: Kwaxot)
bf.1774 - af.1796          Salvador Palma
bf.1848 – 1849             Pablo Coclum (Mexican captain)      (b. c.1800 – d. 18..)
1849 – 1852                Santiago
1852 – 1886                Pasqual                             (b. c.1800 - d. 1886)
Chiefs
1886 – 1893                Miguel de Xuksil
1893 – 1894                Joe Palma
1894 – 1897                Vacant
1897 – 19..                Pancho LaCherro
19.. – 1924                Chappo Jackson                      (d. 1924)
1924 - af.1929             General Council
Chairman

193. – 1936                Edward Roosevelt
Presidents
1936 - 193.                Edward Roosevelt
c.1939?                    Benjamin F. DeCorse
1939 - c.1947              Edmond Jackson, Sr.

1953 – 1955                George Cachora
1955 – 1957                Henry F. DeCorse
1957 – 1959                Henry Chaipos
c.1959 - Jan 1961          Lee Emerson (1st time)
Jan 1961 – 196.            Leroy Ward
196. - Jan 1963            Lee Emerson (2nd time)
Jan 1963 - Jan 1965        Edmond Jackson, Jr.                 (b. 1915 – d. 1965) 
Jan 1965 - 1967            Fritz E. Brown (1st time)           (b. 1925 - d. 1995)
1967 - 1971                Henry A. Montague                   (b. 1919 - d. 1982)
1971 - 1973                Fritz E. Brown (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1973 – 1976                Elmer M. Savilla
1976 - 1980?               Fritz E. Brown (3rd time)           (s.a.)
1980 - Jan 1986            Vincent B. Harvier                  (b. 1935 - d. 2009)
1986? - Dec 1990           Lorraine E. White (f)
Jan 1991 - Jan 1995        Fritz E. Brown (4th time)           (s.a.)
Jan 1995 - Jan 2011        Michael "Mike" Jackson, Sr.
                             (1st time)
Jan 2011 - Jun 2015        Keeny Escalanti, Sr. (1st time)
Jun 2015 - Mar 2017        Michael "Mike" Jackson, Sr.
                             (2nd time)
Mar 2017 - Jan 2019        Keeny Escalanti, Sr. (2nd time)
Jan 2019 -                 Jordan D. Joaquin


Grindstone Rancheria

[Grindstone
                          Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians flag
                          c.1968 Reconstruction (California, U.S.)]
From c.1968

 7 Jan 1909                Rancheria set aside.
1971                       Grindstone Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians.
2004                       Covered by the North Valley Indian Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
c.1972                     James Burrows (1st time)
c.1978                     Ray Bill
bf.1980 - c.1984           James Burrows (2nd time)
bf.1990 - af.1993          Frank Burrows
bf.1994 - af.1996          Daryl E. Burrows
bf.1999 - 2000             Eliza Swearinger (f)
2000 – 2003                Dudley H. Burrows
2003 – 2006                Kenneth Swearinger
2006 -                     Ronald Kirk


Hoopa Valley

[Hoopa Valley
                          Tribe first flag 1994 ( (California, U.S.)]
1994 - ... .
[Hoopa Valley
                          Tribe (California, U.S.)]
Current Flag

 8 Apr 1864                Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation established (no treaty).
1865 – 1948                Hoopa Valley Indian Agency established.
1891 - 1988                Klamath River reservation (see Yurok) made a part of the Hoopa
                             Valley reservation, known as the Hoopa Extension.
20 Nov 1933                Hoopa Tribe, the first constitution adopted.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
 4 Sep 1952                Renamed Hoopa Valley Tribe.
1993                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
2000                       Gaming compact with the state.


Head chief of Hoopa
(title of chief: Ningxa’t’e:n)
c.1851                     Ahrookoos
Chairmen

Jun 1933 - 1935            Edward Marshall, Sr. (1st time)
1935 - 1937                Gilbert R. Marshall
1937                       Anderson Mesket
1937? – 1938?              Julius Marshall
1938? – 1939?              David Masten (1st time)

1939 - 1943                Mahlon Marshall                     (d. 1943)
Sep 1943 - 1948?           David Masten (2nd time)
1948? - 1951?              Peter Masten, Sr.
1951? - 1954               Ernest Marshall, Jr. (1st time)
1954 - 1955                Elsie Ricklefs (f)
1956 - 1957                Edward Marshall, Sr.
1957 - 1958                Jack Norton
1958 – 1960?               Vernon Davis, Sr.
1960? – 1961?              Ernest Marshall, Jr. (2nd time)
1961 – 1963?               Edward Marshall, Jr.

1963? – 1964?              Lawrence Hostler  
1964? – 1965?              Gifford Logan
1965? – 1969?              Charles J. Moon
1969? – 1971?              Peter Jackson
1971? - 1979               Peter Masten, Jr.

1979 - 1981                Dale Risling, Sr. (1st time)
1981 - 1985                Elsie G. Ricklefs  (f)
1985 - 1989                Wilfred K. Colegrove
1989 - 1997                Dale Risling, Sr. (2nd time)
1997 -  12 Dec 1997        Duane J. Sherman, Sr. (1st time)
1997 - 1999                Merv George, Jr.
                             (acting to 1998)

1999 - 2001                Duane J. Sherman, Sr. (2nd time)
2001 - 2009                Clifford L. Marshall
2009 - 28 Jun 2013         Leonard E. Masten, Jr.
28 Jun 2013 - Jun 2015     Danielle Vigil-Masten (f)

Jun 2015 - Jul 2019        Ryan P. Jackson (1st time)
Jul 2019 -
Jun 2021        Byron Nelson
Jun 2021 - 2024            Joe Davis
2024 -                     Ryan P. Jackson (2nd time)


Iipay of Santa Ysabel 

[Iipay
                          Nation of Santa Ysabel former flag
                          (California, U.S.)]
Former Flag

[Iipay Nation
                          of Santa Ysabel (California, U.S.)]
Current Flag

27 Dec 1875                Santa Ysabel (c.1905 – c.1925 also called Volcan) Reservation
                             set aside.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.

bf.1972                    Santa Ysabel Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueno Mission Indians.
2003                       Gaming compact.
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.
2007                       Renamed Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel.

Captains (years given when names identified)
1852                       Lazaro
1853 - 1854                Tomas                               (d. af.1860)
                            (also captain-general of Diegueno tribe)
1860                       A. Manuel
1865                       Ambrosio
1875                       Anodeh
1880                       Gasparo
1883 - 1886                Jose Pablo (1st time)
1890                       Manuel
1903 - 1904                Jose Pablo (2nd time)
1910 – 1912                John Linton
1914                       Baptisto LaChappa
1917                       Jose Pablo Guachene
1918                       Joe Pablo
1932                       Incencio LaChappa
Spokesmen
1933 – 1936                Winslow J. Couro (1st time)
1937                       Abraham Paipa (1st time)
1938 – 1939                Winslow J. Couro (2nd time)
1940 – 1941                Abraham Paipa (2nd time)
1942                       Winslow J. Couro (3rd time)          
1943 – 1945                Julia Osuna (f) (1st time)
1946 – 1948                Nazario J. Guachena
1949                       Stephen LaChappa
1950 – 1951                Stephen Ponchetti (1st time)
1952                       Incencio LaChappa
1953 – 1960                Stephen Ponchetti (2nd time)
1961 – 1963                Erwin Osuna
1964 – 1965                Julia Osuna (f) (2nd time)
1966                       John LaChappa
1967 – 1970                Stephen Ponchetti (3rd time)
1971                       Anthony Taylor
c.1974                     James Ponchetti (1st time)
bf.1978 - af.1983          Ignacio Scerato
c.1984                     Joan King (f)
bf.1990 - af.1991          James Ponchetti (2nd time)
c.1993                     Virgil Osuna
bf.1994 - Dec 2002         Ben Scerato
Dec 2002 – 2007            Johnny Hernandez, Jr.
Chairmen
2007 – Dec 2010            Johnny Hernandez, Jr.
Dec 2010 - 2019            Virgil Perez                        (b. 1971)
2019 - 2020                Brandie Taylor (f)
2020 - 2022                Bernice Paipa (f)
2022 -                     Kevin Asuna


Inaja Diegueno

[Inaja Band of Diegueno
                Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]

27 Dec 1875                Inaja and Cosmit Indian Reservation set aside.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1982                       Inaja Band of Diegueno Mission Indians
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.

Spokesmen
c.1934                     Clayton Sloan (representative)
c.1978                     Josephine Leo (f)
bf.1980 - c.1984           Rebecca Contreras (f)   

Chairmen
c.1991                     Rebecca Maxcy (f) (1st time)

bf.1993 – 1994             Josephine Leo (f)
1994 -                     Rebecca Maxcy (f) (2nd time)
                             (from 2002, Rebecca Osuna)


Jamul Indian Village

[Jamul Indian Village
                (California, U.S.)]

 7 Jul 1981                Recognized by the U.S. (Jamul Indian Village), a Diegueno Mission
                             people.
2015                       Covered by the Southern Indian Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1981 - af.1984             Kenneth A. Meza (1st time)          (b. 1945)
1992 - 1997                Raymond R. Hunter (1st time)
 3 Sep 1994 -  5 Dec 1994  Jane Dumas (f)(in opposition)
1997 - 2003                Kenneth A. Meza (2nd time)          (s.a.)

2003 - 2007                Leon Acevedo
2007 - Jul 2008            William "Bill" C. Mesa              (b. 1951 - d. 2008)
2008 - 2011                Kenneth A. Meza (3rd time)          (s.a.)
2011 - 2015                Raymond R. Hunter (2nd time)
2015 -                     Erica Pinto (f)


Karuk

[Karuk Tribe (California,
                U.S.)]

1971                       Orleans Karok Council formed.
15 Jan 1979                Recognized by the U.S. (Karok Tribe).
1985                       Renamed Karuk Tribe.
1998                       Self-governance agreement.

Presidents
1971 – 197.                ....
c.1977                     Lottie Beck (f)
Chairmen
1979 - af.1980             Gladys Guy (f)   
1982 – af.1986             Paul Gary Beck                      (b. 1947 – d. 2006)
bf.1988 - 2003             Alvis "Bud" Johnson  
2003 - 2011                Arch Super
2011 -                     Russell "Buster" Attebery


La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians

[La Jolla Band
                          of Luiseno Indians old flag (California,
                          U.S.)]
to 2007/2008

[La Jolla Band
                          of Luiseno Indians (California, U.S.)]
Adopted 2007/08


 3 May 1877                La Jolla Indian Reservation established.
1909 – 1911                La Jolla Indian agency.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1962                       La Jolla Band of Mission Indians                   
bf.1979                    Renamed La Jolla Band of Luiseño Mission Indians.
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.
2010                       Renamed La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians.

Captains
c.1852                     Santiago
c.1882                     Jose Albanez
Chairmen
1962 – 19..                ...
bf.1972 - af.1978          Lester Leonard Nelson
19.. - 19..                Henry Rodriguez                     (b. 1919 - d. 2002)
bf.1980 - af.1983          Fred Nelson (1st time)     
bf.1984 - 1994             Doris J. Magante (f)

1994 – 199.                Geneva FitzSimmons (f)
c.1996                     Janet Weeks (f)                     (b. 1941 – d. 2010)
bf.1999 - 2002             Jack Musick                         (b. 1961)
2002 – 2004                Wendy Schlater (f) (1st time)
2004 - 2008                Tracy Lee Nelson
2008 – 2010                Lariann Musick (f)
2010 - 2014                LaVonne Peck (f)
2014 - 2018                Thomas Rodriguez
2018 - 2020                Fred Nelson (2nd time)
2020 - 2022                Norma Contreras (f)
2022 -                     Wendy Schlater (f) (2nd time)

La Posta Diegueno

10 Feb 1893                La Posta Reservation set aside.
bf.1972                    La Posta Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed La Posta Band of Diegueno Mission Indians.
2015                       Covered by the Southern Indian Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1973 – 1983                Marie LaChappa (f)                  (b. 1920 – d. 2005)
1983 -                     Gwendolyn Parada (f)                (b. 1959)


Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone

1912                       Lone Pine Reservation set aside.
10 Apr 1939                Part of the Owens Valley Paiute-Shoshone Bands (see Bishop).
bf.1972                    Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine Community, recognized as
                             separate tribe.
2010                       Renamed Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe.

Chairmen
bf.1962 – 19..             ....
c.1972                     Gerald H. Goodwin
c.1980                     Terry Goodwin
1980 - af.1989             Naddeen Naylor (f)
bf.1990 - 1999             Sandra Jefferson-Yonge (f)
1999 – 2000                Dale Newell
2000 – 2005                Rachel A. Joseph (f)
2005 – 2009                Marjianne Yonge (f)
2009 – 2010                Richard Button (1st time)
2010 – 2012                Melvin R. Joseph
2012 - 2019                Mary Wuester (f) (1st time)
2019 - 2022                Richard Button (2nd time)
2022 - 2023                Janet Hansen (f)
2023 - 2024                Mary Wuester (f) (2nd time)
2024 -                     Thomas Swab


Los Coyotes Cahuilla and Cupeno

[Los Coyotes Band of
                Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians (California, U.S.)]

 5 May 1889                Los Coyotes Reservation set aside.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
bf.1972                    Los Coyotes Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians.
2003                       Renamed Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians.
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.

Captains
bf.1847 - af.1852          Juan Bautista (captain of Pauki)
c.1883                     Pablo Pena
Spokesmen
c.1934                     Robert Chutnicut
c.1945 – 1996              Banning Taylor, Sr.                 (b. 1906 – d. 1998)
1996 – 1998                Frank Taylor                        (b. 1938)
1998 – 2007                Catherine S. Saubel (f)             (b. 1919)
2007 – 2010                Francine Kupsch (f)
2010 - 2019                Shane Chapparosa
2019 -                     Ray Chapparosa


Manchester Rancheria

23 Jun 1909                Rancheria set aside.
27 Feb 1937                Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester Rancheria.
bf.1974 - 2012             Renamed Manchester Band of Pomo Indians of the Manchester-Point
                             Arena Rancheria.
2000                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1937 – af.1956             Stephen "Steve" Parrish
c.1972                     Ernest Pinola
c.1973                     Charles Ball
c.1978 - Nov 1980          Mabel Ball (f)

1980? - Nov 1983           Kenneth Norman Laiwa                (b. 1932 - d. 2014)
bf.1990 - af.1993          Harry Nelson Pinola (1st time)
c.1994                     Darnell White
c.1996                     Arthur Lopez
bf.1999 - 2003             Jose Oropeza
2003 – 2005                Rick D. Poe (1st time)
2005 - 2014                Harry Nelson Pinola (2nd time)
2014 - 2015                Eloise Oropeza (f)
2015                       Rick D. Poe (2nd time)
2015 - 2022                Jaime Cobarrubia
2022 -                     Tisha Jones (f)


Manzanita Diegueno 

[Manzanita Band of
                Diegueno Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]

10 Feb 1893                Manzanita Reservation set aside.
bf.1972                    Manzanita Band of Mission Indians
1976                       Renamed Manzanita Band of Diegueno Mission Indians.
1999                       Self-governance agreement.

Spokesmen
c.1934                     Jinks Elliott
c.1972                     Brucie M. Blackwood
Chairmen

1976 - 197.                ....
c.1978                     David Z. Elliott
1980 – 1998                Frances Shaw (f)                    (b. 1928 - d. 2002)
1998 - 2015                Leroy J. Elliott                    (b. 1943)
2015 -                     Angela Santos (f)


Mesa Grande Diegueno

[Mesa Grande Band of
                Diegueno Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]

27 Dec 1875                Mesa Grande Indian Reservation set aside.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1971                       Mesa Grande Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.

Captains (years given when names identified)

1852                       Jose Apan
1860                       Jose Pedro Panto                    (b. c.1804 – d. 1874)
                             (also captain of San Pasqual)
1875 – 1880                Senon Duro                          (b. 18.. - d. 1906)
1887                       Narcisso LaChappa (1st time)
1889 – 1890                Jose Cleto Duro
1890 - 1892                Jose Antonio LaChappa (1st time)
1897                       Francisco Nejo
1903 - 1904                Narcisso LaChappa (2nd time)
1904                       Rafael Charley
1908                       Adolph Beresford
1908 - 1909                Jose Antonio LaChappa (2nd time)
1911                       Arturo Charlie
1912                       Richard Nejo
1914 – 1915                Jose Antonio LaChappa (3rd time)
1923 – 1924                Roscindo Curo (1st time)
1925                       Ramone Charlie
1926                       Roscindo Curo (2nd time)
1931                       Roscindo Curo (3rd time)
1932                       Valentine LaChusa
Spokesmen
1933 - 1950                Valentine LaChusa
1950                       Gilbert Clelland
1951 – 1957                Delmar Nejo
1957 – 1967                Charles Ponchetti
1968 – 1969                Virgil Oyos
1970 – 1971                Claude Devers
Chairmen
1971 – af.1972             Jessie Beresford (f)
c.1978 - af.1983           Jack Hamilton
c.1984                     Brian Beresford
bf.1990 - af.1991          Delmar Nejo
bf.1992 - af.1996          Carlos Guassac
bf.1997 - 2002             Howard K. Maxcy
2002 – 2005                Charlene G. Siford (f)
2005 – 2006                Michael Linton (1st time)(acting)
2006 - 2016                Mark Romero
2016 - 2018                Virgil Oyos
2018 - 2022                Michael Linton (2nd time)
2022 - 2024                Theresa Hernandez (f)
2024 -                     Curtis LaChusa


Morongo Band

[Morongo Band of Cahuilla
                Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]

15 May 1876                Morongo Reservation established.
1908 – 1920                Malki Indian agency.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1962                       Morongo Band of Mission Indians                     
bf.1979 - 2009             Renamed Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Morongo
                             Reservation.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.
2015                       Individual self-governance agreement.

Captains
c.1852                     Emeterio
c.1876                     Gabriel Ygindio
18.. – 1891                William G. Pablo (1st time)          (b. c.1850 – d. 1935)
1891                       John Morongo                         (b. c.1850 – d. 1898)
1892                       William G. Pablo (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1893 - af.1896             Joseph Demate
.... - 1910                Mauricio Laws
Spokesmen
c.1934                     John Morongo, Jr.
c.1965                     Emmett St. Marie (1st time)
c.1971                     James Martin
c.1977
                    Emmett St. Marie (2nd time)
c.1978 - af.1980           Tom Lyons

Chairmen

c.1983                     Tom Lyons
bf.1984 - 1987             Robert Martin (1st time)            (b. 1951)

1987 - 1991                Dennis Miller (1st time)
1991 - 1992                Adelaide L. Presley (f)             (b. 1940 - d. 2013)
Dec 1992 - Jul 1993        Mary Ann Martin-Andreas (f)
                             (1st time)
1993 - 1995                Dennis Miller (2nd time)
1995 - 2001                Mary Ann Martin-Andreas (f)         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
2001 - 2006                Maurice B. Lyons                    (b. 1950 - d. 2013)
2006 - 2021                Robert Martin (2nd time)            (s.a.)
2021 -                     Charles Martin



Pala Band

[Pala Band of
                          Band of Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]
Pala Band of Mission Indians
[Cupeno of the
                          Pala Reservation (California, U.S.)]
Cupeno of the Pala Reservation

27 Dec 1875                Pala Indian Reservation established.
1903                       Agua Caliente band of Cupeno moved to Pala, eventually becoming
                             a majority of the reservation population.
1903 – 1920                Pala Indian agency.
18 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1961                       Pala Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979 - 2015             Pala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Pala Reservation.
1998                       Gaming compact.
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.
2015                       Renamed Pala Band of Mission Indians.
2018                       Individual self-governance agreement.

Captains of Pala Luiseno (1853 – 1878, also captains-general of the Luiseno tribe)
1835 – 18..                ....
bf.1851 - 1853             Pablo Apis, Jr.                     (b. 1810 – d. 1853)
1853 – 1862                Manuel Cota (1st time)
1862 – 1865                Francisco
1865 – 1871                Manuel Cota (2nd time)
1871                       Manuel Olegario                     (b. c.1830 - d. 1877)
1871 - af.1885             Jose Antonio Sal
Captains of Agua Caliente Cupeno
bf.1847 - 1852             Antonio Garra                       (b. c.1815 - d. 1852)
1852 – 185.                Jose Noca
185. – 1885                Jose Maria Moro                     (b. 1820 - d. 1885)
1885 – 188.                Adolfo Moro
c.1892                     Jose Cecilio Blacktooth (1st time)  (b. c.1840 – d. 1918)
c.1896                     Alejandro Barker                    (b. c.1854 – d. 1900)
c.1900                     Salvador Nolasquez                  (b. 1861 – d. 1933)
c.1902                     Jose Cecilio Blacktooth (2nd time)  (s.a.)
c.1903                     Juan Maria Cibimoat
Captains of Pala
c.1906                     Ambrosio Ortega                     (b. 1869 – d. 1922)
c.1921                     Domingo Moro                        (b. 1866 – d. 1931)
Spokesmen
c.1934                     Remeijo Robles
bf.1954 - af.1956          Robert Lavato (1st time)
c.1957                     Catherine Trujillo (f)
bf.1960 - 1961             Robert Lavato (2nd time)
Chairmen
1961 – 196.                Robert Lavato
196. - 196.                Gerard Boisclair
196. - 196.                Robert Mel Lavato
c.1968                     Josephine "Josie" Jackson (f)
c.1972                     King Freeman (1st time)
c.1973                     Donald Magee
1977 – 1978                Lawrence "Larry" Blacktooth
1978 - 1987                King Freeman (2nd time)
1987 - 1988                Robert H. Smith (1st time)
1988 - 1989                Richard D. Stephens                 (b. 1952)
1989 – 1990                Patricia R. Nelson (f)
1990 -                     Robert H. Smith (2nd time)

Pauma Band of Luiseño Indians

[Pauma Band of Luiseño
                Mission Indians of the Pauma and Yuima Reservation
                (California, U.S.)]

18 Aug 1892                Pauma and Yuima Reservation established.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
28 Jun 1966                Pauma Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Pauma Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Pauma
                             and Yuima Reservation.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.

Captains
c.1852                     Francisco
c.1885                     Pedro Pablo
Spokesmen
c.1934                     Roscencio Ardilla
c.1958                     Maurice Magante
Chairmen
1966 – 19..                ....
c.1972                     Edward Calac
1970's                     Lorena L. Dixon (f)                (b. 1922 - d. 2012)
c.1975                     Samuel J. Powvall (1st time)
c.1978                     Florence Lofton (f) (1st time)
c.1979 - af.1980           Samuel J. Powvall (2nd time)
c.1982                     Florence Lofton (f) (2nd time)
bf.1983 - c.1988           Patricia A. Dixon (f)

Dec 1988 - af.1991         Benjamin Magante (1st time)
bf.1992 – af.1993          Florence Lofton (f) (3rd time)
c.1993                     Lee E. Dixon ??
c.1994                     Maurice J. Magante                 (b. 1931? - d. 2006)
c.1994                     Christobal C. Devers (1st time)
bf.1996 – 199.             Samuel J. Powvall (3rd time)
bf.1998 - Jan 2001         Benjamin Magante (2nd time)
Jan 2001 - Jan 2011        Christobal C. Devers (2nd time)
Jan 2011 - Dec 2015        Randall G. Majel
Dec 2015 -                 Temet A. Aguilar
                             (from 2023, Temet A. Majel)


Pechanga Band of Indians

[Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians,
              Pechanga Reservation (California, U.S.)]

27 Jun 1882                Pechanga (to c.1890 also called Temecula) Reservation established.
1909 – 1913                Pechanga Indian agency.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
bf.1972                    Pechanga Band of Mission Indians
1978                       Renamed Pechanga Band of Luiseño Mission Indians,
                             Pechanga Reservation.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.
2022                       Renamed Pechanga Band of Indians.
 
Captains of Temecula (later Pechanga)
1835 – 1851                Pablo Apis                          (b. 1792 - d. 1851)
                             (alcalde)
1851 - af.1869             Lauriano
1900? - 1910?              Juan Macarro                        (b. 1851 – d. 1920)
Spokesmen
c.1934                     Louis Flores
bf.1978 - af.1980          Vincent Ibanez
c.1984                     Gabriel H. Pico
bf.1990 - 1995             Jennie Miranda (f)
1995 – 2003                Marc A. Macarro                     (b. 1965)
Chairman
2003 -                     Marc A. Macarro                     (s.a.)

Quartz Valley

1938                       Reservation set aside.
1939                       Quartz Valley Indian Community.
1967 – 1984                Terminated by the U.S.
1985 – 1995                Renamed Quartz Valley Rancheria of Karok, Shasta and Upper Klamath.

Chairmen
c.1940                     Clara Wicks (f)
1967 – 198.                Abolished
bf.1984 - af.1991          Betty L. Hall (f)
bf.1993 - 1996             Fred A. Case
1996 – af.1997             Edward L. Sanderson
bf.1999 - 2003             Roy Lincoln
2003 – 2005                Aaron Peters (1st time)
2005 – 2009                Ronald Lincoln
2009 – 2011                Harold Bennett (1st time)
2011 – 2013                Aaron Peters (2nd time)
2013 - 2017                Harold Bennett (2nd time)
2017 - 2019                Frieda Bennett (f)
2019 - 2021                Kyla Super (f)
2021 -                     Harold Bennett (3rd time)


Ramona Cahuilla

[Ramona Band of Cahuilla
                (California, U.S.)]

10 Feb 1893                Ramona Indian Reservation set aside.
1982                       Ramona Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.
2010                       Renamed Ramona Band of Cahuilla

Representatives
bf.1984 - 1993             Anne Hamilton (f)
1993 - 2002                Manuel W. Hamilton
Chairmen
2002 – 2007                Manuel W. Hamilton
2007 - 30 Jan 2021         Joseph D. Hamilton                  (b. 1956 - d. 2021)
2021 -                     Danae Hamilton-Vega (f)



Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians


[Rincon Band of
                          Luiseño Mission Indians old flag (California,
                          U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Rincon Band
                          of Luiseño Mission Indians (California,
                          U.S.)]
Current Flag

27 Dec 1875                Rincon Indian Reservation established.
1909 – 1911                Rincon Indian agency.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1960                       Rincon Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Rincon Band of Luiseño Mission Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.
2023                       Renamed Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians.

Captain of Potrero
c.1852                     Jose Calac
Spokesmen
c.1934                     Tomas Arviso
1940's                     Marcus Golsh                        (b. 1890 - d. 1987)
1947 – 1955                Max C. Mazzetti (1st time)          (b. 1921 - d. 2010)
1955 – af.1957             Therman E. McCormick                (b. 1912 – d. 1958)
195. - 1960                Max C. Mazzetti (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1960 - bf.1967             Leo Donald Calac                    (b. 1920 - d. 2013)
Chairmen
1960 – 196.                ....
c.1965                     DeLisle Calac
c.1966/88                  Patricia A. Duro (f)
c.1970                     Frank Mazzetti
c.1972                     Donald Calac
c.1975                     Max C. Mazzetti                     (s.a.)
c.1976/78                  Matthew L. Calac
bf.1978 - c.1980/81        Edward T. Arviso (1st time)
c.1980/81 - bf.1983        ....
bf.1983 - 1994             Edward T. Arviso (2nd time)
1994 - 1996                Robert G. Calac
1996 – 1998                Edward T. Arviso (3rd time)
1998 - Feb 2006            John D. Currier
Feb 2006 - 10 Apr 2008     Vernon H. Wright                    (b. 1955 - d. 2008)
Apr 2008 -                 Frederick "Bo" Mazzetti



Robinson Rancheria

[Robinson
              Rancheria of Pomo Indians (California, U.S.)]

 8 Sep 1909                Rancheria set aside.
 3 Sep 1965 – 29 Jun 1977  Terminated by the U.S.
1978                       Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2012                       Renamed Robinson Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians.

Jan 2015                   Renamed Robinson Rancheria.

Chairmen
1978 - c.1986              Bernadine Tripp (f)
c.1990                     Curtis F. Anderson, Jr. (1st time) (b. 1946)
c.1990 – af.1993           Marcus N. Anderson                 (b. 1939 - d. 2000)
bf.1994 - af.1996          Douglas Duncan
1997 - 1999                Curtis F. Anderson, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.)
1999 - 2006                Clara Wilson (f)
Oct 2006 -  4 Dec 2013     Tracey Avila (f)                   (b. 1961 - d. 2013)
Dec 2013 - 2014            Curtis F. Anderson, Jr. (3rd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
2014 - 2016                Nicholas Medina
2016 - 2020                Eddie Crandall
2020 -                     Beniakem Cromwell


Round Valley


[Round Valley Indian
                Tribes (California. U.S.)]

14 Jun 1856                Round Valley Reservation set aside (no treaty).
1860 – 1950                Round Valley (to 1865, Northern District; 1923 - 1948 Sacramento;
                             from 1948, California) agency.
 8 Apr 1864                Round Valley R
eservation confirmed by Congress.
1894                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
 
7 Nov 1936                Covelo Indian Community of the Round Valley Reservation.
14 Sep 1994                Renamed Round Valley Indian Tribes.
2020                       Self-governance agreement.
 
Presidents
1936 – af.1937             Arthur Anderson
c.1969                     Warren Lincoln
1969 - af.1977             Norman Wayne Whipple (1st time)    (b. 1933 - d. 2013)
bf.1979 – 1980             Douglas Whipple
1980 – af.1981             Thomas Hanover
c.1983                     Ronald James   
c.1984                     Daran Lincoln
bf.1991 - af.1993          Gaylan G. Azbill                   (b. 1948 - d. 2000)
bf.1994 - af.1996          Joseph A. Russ, Sr.
c.1999                     N
orman Wayne Whipple (2nd time)    (s.a.)
bf.2000 - 2004             John Azbill, Sr.
2004 – 2005                Deborah Oliver (f)
2005 – 2006                Shannon M. Barney (f)
2006 – 2010                Eugene Jamison, Jr.

2010 – 2011                Carlino Bettega
2011 - 2015                Kenneth Wright
2015 - 2023                James Russ

2023                       Randall Britton
2023 - 2024                Lewis Whipple
2024 -                     Joseph Parker


Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation (San Manuel Band of Mission Indians)


[San Manuel Band of Serrano
              Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]

1865 – 1948                Mission Indian agency.
1891                       San Manuel Indian Reservation established.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1966                       San Manuel Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979 - 2009             Renamed San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.
Jan 2022                   Renamed Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation.

Captains
c.1866                     Antonio Sever
c.1870                     Manuel Santos                       (b. 1814 – d. 1919)
c.1893                     Crispin
c.1903                     Manuel
Spokesman
c.1934                     Alfred Marcus
Chairmen
1966 – c.1980              ....
c.1972                     Geraldine Campos (f)
c.1980 - c.1991            Henry Duro (1st time)               (b. 1949)
c.1993                     Harvey Duro
1994 - 1996                Lynn R. LeRoy (f) (1st time)
1996 - 1999                Henry Duro (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1999 - 2006                Deron Marquez                       (b. 1970)
2006 - 2008                Henry Duro (3rd time)               (s.a.)
2008 - 2012                James C. Ramos                      (b. 1967)
2012 - 2014                Carla Rodriguez (f)                 (b. 1953)
2014 - 2020                Lynn R. Valbuena (f) (2nd time)
                             (= Lynn R. LeRoy)
Apr 2020 - 2022            Ken Ramirez
2022 -                     Lynn R. Valbuena (f) (3rd time)


San Pasqual Diegueno


[San
                          Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians
                          former flag (California,U.S.)]
Former Flag
[San
                          Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians
                          (California, U.S.)]
Current Flag
 1 Jul 1910                San Pasqual Reservation set aside.
1971                       San Pasqual Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians
2000                       Gaming compact.
2006                       Covered by the Indian Health Self-governance agreement.

Captains
1835 – 183.                Juan Cuerpo (alcalde)
bf.1837 - 1874             Jose Pedro Panto                     (b. c.1804 – d. 1874)
                            (from 1854, also captain-general of the Diegueno tribe)
Spokesmen
c.1954                     Florence Trask-Wolf (f)
bf.1978 - af.1984          Ronald Peralta                      (b. 1931 – d. 2010)
bf.1991 - af.1993          Diane Martinez (f)
c.1994                     Ray Natividad                       (b. 1940 – d. 2007)
bf.1996 - 1997             Dorothy Tavui (f)
1997 - 2019                Allen E. Lawson, Jr.
2019 -                     Stephen W. Cope



Santa Rosa Cahuilla


[Santa Rosa
              Band of Cahuilla Indians (California, U.S.)]

 2 Feb 1907                Santa Rosa Reservation set aside.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
bf.1972                    Santa Rosa Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.
2007                       Renamed Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians.

Captain
c.1911                     Manuel Tortes
Spokesmen
c.1934                     Jack Meyers
1976 – 2000                Anthony Largo
2000 – 2001                Vivian Scribner (f)
2001 – 2003                Christina Arzate (f)
2003 – 2004                Erlinda A. Jones (f)
Chairmen
2004 – 2008                John Marcus (acting to 2006) (1st time)
2008 – 2009                Mayme Estrada (f) (1st time)
2009 – 2010                John Marcus (2nd time)
2010 – 2012                Mayme Estrada (f) (2nd time)
2012 - 2016                John Marcus (3rd time)
2016 - Jan 2020            Steven Estrada (1st time)
Jan 2020 - 2023            Lovina Saul Redner (f)
2023 -                     Steven Estrada (2nd time)


Santa Rosa Rancheria

[Santa Rosa
                Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria
                (California, U.S.)]

Feb 1921                   Rancheria set aside.
 8 May 1963                Santa Rosa Indian Community of the Santa Rosa Rancheria.
2000                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1963 – 197.                ....
197. – 2001                Clarence Atwell (1st time)          (b. 1945 – d. 2013)
2001 – 2003                Michael Sisco
2003 – 2009                Clarence Atwell (2nd time)          (s.a.)
2009 - 2019                Ruben Barrios
2019 -                     Leo Sisco



Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians

[Santa Ynez Band
              of Chumash Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]

27 Dec 1901                Santa Ynez Indian Reservation established.
1964                       Santa Ynez Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians
2000                       Gaming compact.
2015                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
bf.1967 - c.1983           Edward Olivas
c.1984                     James P. Pace
c.1985                     Edward A. Valencia
198. - 199.                Richard Gomez
bf.1990 - 1999             David Dominguez
1999 - 2016                Vincent Armenta
2016 -                     Kenneth Kahn


Sherwood Valley Rancheria

[Sherwood Valley Rancheria of
                Pomo Indians (California, U.S.)]

10 May 1909                Rancheria set aside.
10 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
25 Jul 1974                Sherwood Valley Rancheria of Pomo Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2006                       Covered by the Consolidated Tribal self-governance agreement.
2018                       Individual self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1974 – 197.                ....
197. – 1979                Thomas E. Campbell                  (d. 1979)
c.1980                     Patrick Renick                      (b. 1942 - d. 2015)
bf.1982 - af.1984          Patricia Augustine (f)
bf.1985 - af.1997          Michael Knight (1st time)
bf.1999 - 2001             Robin Phillips
2001 – 2005                Allen Wright
2005 - 2015                Michael Fitzgerral

2015 - 2019                Michael Knight (2nd time)

2019 - 2023                Melanie Rafanan (f)
2023 -                     Hazel Ramirez (f)


Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians

[Soboba Band of
              Luiseno Indians (California, U.S.)]

19 Jun 1883                Soboba (to c.1890 also called San Jacinto) Reservation established.
1910 – 1920                Soboba Indian agency
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
bf.1972                    Soboba Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Soboba Band of Luiseño Mission Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2002                       Renamed Soboba Band of Luise
ño Indians.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.

Captains
bf.1852 - af.1860          Victoriano                          (d. 1888)
c.1882                     Jose Jesus Castillo
Spokesmen
bf.1934 - af.1948          Anthony Mojado
19.. - 1953                Adam Castillo                       (b. 1885 - d. 1953)
c.1962                     Elor Soza
c.1964 - c.1969            William P. Soza
19.. - 1972                Eleanor Gomez (f)
1972 – 197.                Benny Helms (1st time)
1976 – af.1980             Robert J. Salgado (1st time)        (b. 1942 - d. 2016)
c.1983                     Paul Boniface
c.1984                     Benny Helms (2nd time)
198. – 1986                Robert J. Salgado (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1986 - 1988                Scott Cozart (1st time)
1988 – 1994                Robert J. Salgado (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1994 – 1996                Ernest Salgado, Jr.
1996 – 1998                Charles Lopez
1998 – 2007                Robert J. Salgado (4th time)        (s.a.)
2007 – Apr 2008            Rosemary Morillo (f) (1st time)     (b. 1953)
                             (acting)
Apr 2008 - Nov 2009        Robert J. Salgado (5th time)        (s.a.)
Nov 2009 – Apr 2010        Rosemary Morillo (f) (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                             (acting)   
Apr 2010 – Apr 2012        Scott Cozart (2nd time)
Chairmen
Apr 2012 - Jun 2016        Rosemary Morillo (f)                (s.a.)
Jun 2016 - Apr 2020        Scott Cozart
Apr 2020 -                 Isaiah Vivanco


Susanville Rancheria

[Susanville Rancheria
                of Paiute, Maidu, Pit River and Washoe Indians
                (California, U.S.)]

15 Aug 1923                Rancheria set aside.
1972/74 - 1997             Renamed Susanville Rancheria of Paiute, Maidu, Pit River &
                             Washoe Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact
2007                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1969 – 19..                Freda C. Owens (f)
c.1976                     Harold Dixon
c.1978                     Leo Gutierez   
c.1980                     Dwight "Ike" Lowry (1st time)
bf.1984 - af.1993          Aaron Dixon
bf.1994 - af.1996          Nicholas J. Padilla (1st time)

bf.1998 - 1999             Victor Preston
1999 – 2000                Nicholas J. Padilla (2nd time)
2000 – 2002                Dwight "Ike" Lowry (2nd time)
2002 – 2003                Valerie Edwards (f)
2003 - 2015                Stacy Dixon
2015 - 2018                Brandon Gutierez
2018 - 2021                Deana Bovee (f)
2021 -                     Arian Hart


Sycuan Kumeyaay


[Sycuan Band of Kumeyaay
              Nation (California, U.S.)]

27 Dec 1875                Sycuan Reservation set aside.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
bf.1972                    Sycuan Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Sycuan Band of Diegueno Mission Indians.
1998                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Renamed Sycuan Band of Kumeyaay Nation.

Captains
c.1852                     Surdo
c.1870                     Manuel
Spokesmen
c.1934                     John Helmiup
1972 – 1992                Anna Prieto-Sandoval (f)            (b. 1934 – d. 2010)
1992 – 1994                Daniel J. Tucker (1st time)
1994 – 2002                Georgia Tucker (f)
2002 - 2015                Daniel J. Tucker (2nd time
)
2015 -                     Cody Martinez



Tejon


[Tejon Indian Tribe
                (California, U.S.)]

1853 – 1856                Temporary reservation set aside (no treaty).

1855 – 1860                Tejon (Sebastian) Indian agency.
2012                       Recognition by the U.S. confirmed (Tejon Indian Tribe),
2023                       Reservation set aside.

Chiefs
bf.1851 - af.1864          Vicente Kawana                      (d. af.1873)
bf.1915 - 1944             Juan Lozada (informal)              (b. 1859 – d. 1944)
Chairmen
2000 - 2016                Kathryn Montes-Morgan (f)           (b. 1957?)
2016 -                     Octavio Escobedo


Timbisha Shoshone

[Timbisha
                          Shoshone Tribe former flag (California,
                          U.S.)]
Timbisha Shoshone Former Flag
[Western
                      Shoshone (California, Nevada, U.S.)]
Western Shoshone Flag
1983                       Recognized by the U.S. (Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band).
2010                       Named Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Tribe.
2019                       Renamed Timbisha Shoshone Tribe.

Chairmen
1966 - af.1986             Pauline Esteves (f) (1st time)      (b. 1924)

                             (spokesperson to 1978)
c.1987                     Dollie Jones (f) (acting)
c.1988 - af.1989           Alice Eben (f)       
bf.1991 – 1993             Angela Boland (f) (1st time)
1993 – 1995                Roy Kennedy
1995 – 1996                Pauline Esteves (f) (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1996 – 1997                Angela Boland (f) (2nd time)(acting)
1997 – 2001                Pauline Esteves (f) (3rd time)       (s.a.)
2001 – 2002                Leroy Jackson
2002                       Georgia E. Kennedy (f)(1st time)
                             (acting)
2002 – 2003                Richard Boland
2002 – 2003                Georgia E. Kennedy (f) (2nd time)
                             (in opposition in Bishop; from 2003, recognized by U.S.)
2003 – 2004                Shirley Summers (f)
                             (from 2004, in Bishop)

2004                       Dan Shoshone
                             (in opposition to Summers; not recognized by U.S.)

2004 - 2019                Joseph Kennedy
                             (not recognized by U.S. from 2010)

2007 - 2019                George Gholson                      (b. 1963)
                             (in opposition to 2016, in Bishop; from 2011 recognized by U.S.)
2019 - Dec 2020            White Dove Kennedy (f
)              (b. 1971)
Dec 2020 - 2023            Jimmy J. Thompson 
2023 -                     Margaret Cortez (f)


Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla


[Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians (California,
              U.S.)]

15 May 1876                Torres-Martinez Indian Reservation established.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
bf.1972                    Torres-Martinez Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979                    Renamed Torres-Martinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2004                       Renamed Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.

Captains of Torres
c.1862                     Jose Ignacio
c.1894                     Joaquin Torres
c.1902                     Francisco Torres (1st time)
c.1903                     Louis Torres
c.1910                     Francisco Torres (2nd time)

Spokesmen

c.1934                     Basquet Chihuahua
bf.1950 - af.1957          Virgil R. Lawson                    (b. 1918 – d. 1997)

c.1971                     Theodore P. Torro
Chairmen

1974 - bf.1976.            ....
bf.1976 - af.1978          Theodore P. Torro
bf.1980 - af.1987          Harvey J. Duro
198. – 1990                Helen Jose (f) (1st time)
1990 – 199.                Mary E. Belardo (f) (1st time)      (b. 1949)
bf.1991 - 1994             Helen Jose (f) (2nd time)
1994 - 1997                Mary E. Belardo (f) (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1997 - 1998                Arthur R. "Art" Lopez
1998 - Nov 2002            Mary E. Belardo (f) (3rd time)      (s.a.)
2002 - 2009                Raymond Torres
2009 - 2017                Mary L. Resvaloso (f)
2017 -                     Thomas Tortez


Tule River

[Tule River
                Indian Tribe (California, U.S.)]

1860 – 1923                Tule River (to 1865, Southern District) agency.
 9 Jan 1873                Tule River Reservation set aside.
 7 Jan 1936                Tule River Indian Tribe
2000                       Gaming compact.


Chairmen
bf.1936 - 19..             ....
c.1940                     Ross Ellis
c.1969                     Robert Santos
c.1979 - af.1980           Alec Garfield
c.1984                     Crispina Sierra (f)
bf.1990 - af.1993          Nicola Larsen (f)
c.1994                     Irma Hunter (f)
c.1996                     Duane M. Garfield, Sr. (1st time)
bf.1999 - 2001             Phillip D. Hunter
2001 – 2004                Duane M. Garfield, Sr. (2nd time)
2004 – 2010                Neil Peyron (1st time)
2010 – 2012                Ryan Garfield
2012 - Jan 2021            Neil Peyron (2nd time)
Jan 2021 -
Jan 2022        William J. Garfield
Jan 2022 - Feb 2024        Neil Peyron (3rd time)
Feb 2024 -                 Charmaine McDarment (f)



Tuolumne Rancheria

[Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk
                Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria (California, U.S.)]

25 Oct 1910               Rancheria set aside
15 Jan 1936               Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians of the Tuolumne Rancheria.
2000                      Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1936 – af.1937            John Kibby
c.1940                    William Fuller                       (b. 1873 – d. 1958)
bf.1969 - 1970            George Wessell
1970 – 1974               Luna Wessell (f)
1974 – 19..               Vernon Bailey
c.1980                    Dorothy A. Stanley (f)               (b. 1924 - d. 1990)
c.1984                    Stanley Robert Cox
bf.1990 - af.1996         Sonny Hendricks
bf.1999 - 2020            Kevin A. Day (1st time)
2020 - 2023               Andrea Reich (f) 
2023 -                    Kevin A. Day (2nd time)



Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians


[Twenty-Nine Palms Band of
              Luiseno Mission Indians (California, U.S.)]

11 Nov 1895                Twenty-Nine Palms Reservation established.
1972                       Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians
bf.1979 - 2002             Renamed Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Luiseño Mission Indians.
2000                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Covered by the Riverside-San Bernardino Self-governance agreement.

Captains
187. – af.1895             William Mike (Mike Boniface)        (b. 18.. - d. 1909)
bf.1908 - 1911             Jim Pine                            (b. c.1840 – d. 19..)
Spokesmen
1972 – 19..                ....
bf.1980 - af.1983          Dean Mike (1st time)
c.1984                     Jennifer Andrade (f)
bf.1990 - 1996             June Mike (f)
1996 - 2006                Dean Mike (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2007 -              Darrell Mike


Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute of Benton

22 Jul 1915                Benton Reservation set aside.
20 Jan 1976                Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation

Chairmen
bf.1970 - af.1983          Joseph C. Saulque (1st time)
c.1984                     Gladys Beauregard (f)
c.1989                     Joseph C. Saulgue (2nd time)
bf.1990 - 2003             Rose M. Saulque-Bahe (f)
2003 – 2007                Joseph C. Saulque (3rd time)
2007 – 2010                Mike Keller
2010 - 2016                Billie G. Saulque
2016 - 2020                Tina Braithwaite (f)
2020 -                     Shane Saulque


Yurok


[Yurok Tribe (California,
              U.S.)]

16 Nov 1855                Klamath River Reservation set aside (no treaty).
1856 – 1860                Klamath River Indian agency.
1891 - 1988                Reservation a part of the Hoopa Valley reservation, known as the
                             Hoopa Extension (in 1892 the Extension is opened to non-Indian
                             settlement).

15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1940                       Yurok Tribe (until 1993 listed by the U.S. with addition "of the
                             Hoopa Valley Reservation").
1996                       Self-governance agreement.
2007                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1988 – 1991                Transition Team (5 members)
1991 – 1997                Susie L. Long (f)
1997 – 2003                Susan M. Masten (f)
2003 – 2006                Howard McConnell
2006 – 2009                Maria Tripp (f)
2009 - 2015                Thomas P. O'Rourke, Sr. (1st time)
2015 - 2016                James Dunlap
2016 - 2018               
Thomas P. O'Rourke, Sr. (2nd time)
2018 -                     Joseph L. James



Colorado

Southern Ute

[Southern Ute
                          Tribe (Colorado, U.S.)]
Adopted 1970/71

30 Dec 1849                Under the U.S. protection (Confederated Bands of the Ute), divided
                             into 6 bands. 
1860                       Conejos (1869 – 1877 Los Pinos; 1877 – 1922 Southern Ute; from
                             1922, Consolidated Ute) Indian Agency established (1869 – 1881
                             there was additional White River Indian Agency for the northern
                             bands).
 2 Mar 1868                Confederated Ute Reservation established.
15 Jun 1880                Reservation diminished to the Southern Ute (from 1918, Consolidated
                             Ute) Reservation.
1881                       Northern bands of Ute removed to the Uintah Reservation in Utah.
1896                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens); non-citizens separated to become the latter Ute
                             Mountain Ute and retained the western sector of the reservation.
 4 May 1899                Eastern sector of the reservation (from 1938, alone formally known
                             as the Southern Ute Reservation) opened to the non-Indian
                             settlement.
 7 Nov 1936                Southern Ute Tribe
1984                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chiefs for the Capote, Muache, Weminuche bands (in the south)
c.1849                     Quixiachigiate
bf.1855 - 1868             Coneache (Kaniache)               (d. 1881)
Head chief for the Tabeguache, Grand River, Yampa bands
(in the north)
bf.1849 - 1868             Nevava                            (d. 1868)
Head chief of the Confederated Ute (title of chief: Ta'wa-vi)
1868 - 24 Aug 1880         Ouray                             (b. 1833 - d. 1880)
Chiefs of Southern Ute
1880 – 1896                Ignacio (head chief)              (b. 1844 – d. 1913)
1896 -   8 May 1936        Charles Buck "Buckskin Charlie"   (b. 1840 - d. 1936)
1936                       Antonio Buck, Sr.                 (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
Chairmen 

1935 – Dec 1936            John Burch
Dec 1936 - 1939            Antonio Buck, Sr.                 (s.a.) 
1940 - 1944                Julius N. Cloud (1st time) 
1945 - 1948                Samuel Burch (1st time)
1949                       Julius N. Cloud (2nd time)
1950                       Samuel Burch (2nd time)
1951 - 1952                Julius N. Cloud (3rd time)
1953 - 1956                Samuel Burch (3rd time)
1957 - 1960                John E. Baker, Sr. (1st time)
1961                       Anthony C. Burch 
1962 - 1963                John E. Baker, Sr. (2nd time)
1963 - 1965                John S. Williams 
1966                       John E. Baker, Sr. (3rd time)
1967 - Dec 1984            Leonard C. Burch (1st time)        (b. 1933 - d. 2003)
Dec 1984 – Dec 1987        Christopher A. Baker, Sr.
Dec 1987 – Dec 1996        Leonard C. Burch (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Dec 1996 – Dec 1999        Clement J. Frost (1st time)
Dec 1999 – Dec 2000        John E. Baker, Jr.                 (b. 1947)
Dec 2000 – Feb 2001        Vida B. Peabody (f) (acting)
Feb 2001 – Dec 2002        Leonard C. Burch (3rd time)        (s.a.)
Dec 2002 – Nov 2004        Howard D. Richards, Sr.
Nov 2004 – Jan 2005        Anthony C. Burch (acting)
Jan 2005 - 21 Dec 2008     Clement J. Frost (2nd time)
21 Dec 2008 – Feb 2011     Matthew J. Box                     (b. 1970)
Feb 2011 – 13 Apr 2011     Jimmy R. Newton, Jr. (1st time)    (b. 1976 - d. 2014)
                             (acting) 
13 Apr 2011 - 15 Dec 2011  Pearl E. Casias (f)
15 Dec 2011 - 31 Mar 2014  Jimmy R. Newton, Jr. (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 1 Apr 2014 - 29 May 2014  James M. "Mike" Olguin (acting)
29 May 2014 - Dec 2017     Clement J. Frost (3rd time)
Dec 2017 - Dec 2020        Christine Sage (f)
Dec 2020 -                 Melvin J. Baker


Ute Mountain Ute Tribe


[Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
              (Colorado, U.S.)]

1896                       Non-citizens (from 1915, known as the Ute Mountain Ute) separated
                             from the rest of Southern Ute and retained the western sector of
                             the reservation (from 1938 the Ute Mountain Reservation).
1900 – 1922                Navajo Springs (from 1915, Ute Mountain) Indian Agency established.
1938                       Ute Mountain Reservation established.
 6 Jun 1940                Ute Mountain Tribe
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.
2015                       Renamed Ute Mountain Ute Tribe.
  
Chiefs
1896 – 1913                Ignacio (head chief)               (b. 1844 – d. 1913)
1913 – 1936                John Miller                        (d. 1936)
1936 - 1971                Jack House                         (b. 188. - d. 1971)
                             [last traditional leader]
Chairmen

1938 – May 1940            Jack House                         (s.a.)
May 1940 - 1955            George Mills
1955 - 1958?               Scott Jacket (1st time)
1958? – af.1962            Albert Wing (1st time)             (b. 1923)
c.1965 - c.1967            Scott Jacket (2nd time)
c.1970 - c.1973            Albert Wing (2nd time)             (s.a.)
c.1975 - c.1976            Marshall Whyte
c.1977 - 1979              Scott Jacket (3rd time)
1979 - 1981                Judy Pinnecoose (f) (1st time)     (b. 1943)
1981 - 1982                Terry Knight
1982 - 1985?               Ernest House (1st time)            (b. 1945 - d. 2011)
1985? - 1986               ....
1986 - 1989                Ernest House (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1989 - 1998                Judy Knight-Frank (f) (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             (= Judy Pinnecoose)
1998 - Oct 2001            Ernest House (3rd time)            (s.a.)
Oct 2001 – Jul 2002        Judy Knight-Frank (f) (3rd time)   (s.a.)
Jul 2002 – Oct 2004        Harold D. Cuthair (1st time)
Oct 2004 – Aug 2005        Selwyn Whiteskunk
Aug 2005 – Oct 2007        Manuel Heart (1st time)
Oct 2007 – Oct 2010        Ernest House (4th time)            (s.a.)
Oct 2010 – Oct 2013        Gary Hayes
Oct 2013 - Oct 2016        Manuel Heart (2nd time)
Oct 2016 -
Oct 2019        Harold D. Cuthair (2nd time)
Oct 2019 -                 Manuel Heart (3rd time)


Connecticut

Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation

[Eastern Pequot Tribal
              Nation (Connecticut, U.S.)]


1683                       Reservation set aside for the Eastern Pequots.
1976 – Aug 2002            Tribe divided into two groups.
24 Jun 2002                Federal recognition is granted as "Historical" Eastern Pequot
                             Tribe, it did not become final.
Jan 2003                   Formal merger of the two groups (Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation).
12 Oct 2005                Federal recognition withdrawn.

Chiefs (first two also titled as governors)

1655 – 1677                Harmon Garrett (Cashawasset)     (b. c.1610 – d. 1677)
1677 – 1695                Momoho                           (d. 1695)
c.1678                     Catapesset (in opposition)       (b. c.1650 – d. af.1680)
bf.1713                    Cushamequin                      (d. bf.1713)
bf.1713 - af.1723          "Sunk Squaw" (f)
                             [recorded only by titular designation]
bf.1749 - 1752             Mary Momoho (f)                  (b. c.1665 – d. 1752)
Chairmen of the Eastern Pequot

1976 - 1997                Roy Sebastian (Chief Hockeo)     (b. 1926 - d. 2022)
                             (from 1997, Sachem for Life)
1997 - 2001                Mary E. Sebastian (f)
2001 - Jan 2003            Marcia Jones Flowers (f)         (b. 1946 - d. 2016)
Chairmen of the Authentic (from Aug 1979, Paucatuck) Eastern Pequot
1976 – 1977                Linda Strange (f)                (b. 1948 - d. 2019)
1977 – 1981                Richard E. Williams
1981 - Feb 1987            Raymond A. Geer
1987 - 2002                Agnes E. Cunha (f)               (b. 1943 - d. 2023)
                             (acting to 1988)
2002 – Jan 2003            James A. "Jim" Cunha, Jr.
Chairmen
Jan 2003 - Jul 2006        Marcia Jones Flowers (f)         (s.a.)
2006 - 2009                Lewis Randall
25 Jul 2009 - Jul 2012     James A. "Jim" Cunha, Jr.
Jul 2012 - Jun 2013        Brian Geer
2013 - 2015                Dennis Jenkins
                             (acting to Nov 2013)
Jul 2015 - Sep 2021        Katherine Sebastian-Dring (f)
Sep 2021 - JUl 2024        Mitchel Ray                      (b. 1980?)
Jul 2024 -                 Lawrence E. Wilson III


Mashantucket Pequot 

[Mashantucket Pequot flag (Connecticut, U.S.)]

1622 – 1631                Pequots allied with the Dutch.
1637                       Subject to the English.
1651                       Reservation set aside for the Western Pequots.
18 Oct 1983                Mashantucket Pequot Tribe gains federal recognition, remains
                             under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1991                       Gaming compact.

15 Feb 1992                Mashantucket Pequots opened Foxwoods Casino.
2023                       Self-governance agreement.
 
Grand Chiefs of Pequot
c.1500                     Tamaquashed (Pekoath)
c.15..                     Muckquntdowas
c.15..                     Woipequand
bf.1590 - 1631             Wopigwooit (Tatobem)             (d. 1631)
1631 – 1637                Sassacus                         (b. c.1560 – d. 1637)
1637 – 1651                Abolished
Chiefs (first three also titled as governors)
1651 – 1692                Robin Cassacinamon I             (d. 1692)
1692 – 1694                David Cassacinamon               (d. 1694)
1694 – 1740                Scattup (Scadoab)                (d. 1740)
bf.1712 – 1722             Robin Cassacinamon II            (d. 1722)
                             (in opposition)
c.1741 – c.1760            Charles Scordaub
bf.1747 – c.1760           Joseph Wyoke (Wyock, Wyouke)
                             (in opposition)
1760 – af.1785             Joseph Charles Scordaub (Scadoab)
c.1760 - af.1773           Daniel Quocheets (Quotcheath)
                             (in opposition)
c.1793                    
Councillors
                           -
Joseph Charles
                           - Manuel Simonds
c.1804
                     Councillors
                           - Benjamin George
                           - Peter George
                           - Benjamin Charles                   
1800's
                     Councillors
                           - Betsy Wheeler (f)
                           - Hannal Fagin Miller (f)
                           - Anna Wait (f)
                           - Wzra Niles
                           - Rhoda Cottrell (f)
                           - Esther Dick (f)
                           - Susan Simmons
                           - Amasa Lawrencemen
c.1920 - c.193.            Atwood I. Williams (spokesman)   (b. 1881 - d. 1955)
                             (= Chief Silverstar)
c.1933                     John George
19.. - 1973                Elisabeth George Plouffe (f)     (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
                             ("Iron Woman") 
                           + Martha Langevin Ellal (f)      (b. 1901 - d. 1978)
                             (to 197.)
1973 - 1975                Amos George                      (b. 1882 – d. 1978)
Chairmen
1975 - 22 Jan 1999         Richard A. "Skip" Hayward        (b. 1947)  
22 Jan 1999 - Jan 2003     Kenneth M. Reels                 (b. 1960)
Jan 2003 -  1 Jan 2010     Michael J. Thomas                (b. 1968)
 1 Jan 2010 -              Rodney A. Butler                 (b. 1977)



Mohegan 

[Mohegan Tribe flag
                  (Connecticut, U.S.)]

1635                       Separated from the Pequot, an ally (later subject) of the English.
1671                       Reservation established.
1872 – 1973                Dissolved and not recognized by the state.
 7 Mar 1994                Federal recognition granted to the Mohegan Tribe of Indians of the
                             State of Connecticut, remains under jurisdiction of state courts
                             and law enforcement.
1994                       Gaming compact.
2001                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs
1635 – 1683                Uncas                              (b. c.1588 – d. 1683)
1683 – 1715                Oweneco                            (b. c.1620 – d. 1715)
1715 – 1723                Caesar Uncas                       (b. c.1640 – d. 1723)
1723 – 1725                Ben Uncas I                        (d. 1725)
1726 – 1746                Ben Uncas II                       (b. c.1695 – d. 1746)
1735 – 1736                Mahomet                            (b. c.1705 – d. 1736)
                             (did not take office; in opposition)
1736                       Anne Uncas (f) (interim)
                             (in opposition)
1736 – 1769                John Uncas I (in opposition)
1746 – 1769                Benjamin Uncas III                 (d. 1769)
1769 – 1770                Isaiah Uncas                       (d. 1770)
                             (did not take office)
1769 – 1787                Zachary Johnson Regent            (d. 1787)
1769 – af.1783             John Uncas II (in opposition)      (d. 1842)
Headmen (after 1823 title not specified)
bf.1789 - c.1806           Henry Quaquaquid
                           + Robert Ashpo (Ashbow)
c.1807                     John Cooper
                           + Andrew Ashpo (Ashbow)
c.1823                     Benoni Occom (chief headman)       (b. 1763 – d. 1829)
c.1838                     Jacob Cooper
c.1853                     Martha Uncas (f)                   (b. 1769 – d. 1859)
c.1860                     Henry Matthews                     (b. 1819 – d. 1903)
1872 – 1902                Abolished
Chiefs (not recognized by the state to 1973; traditional leaders from 1992)
1902 - 1903                Henry Matthews (Wegun)             (s.a.)
1903 - 1928                Lemuel M. Fielding (Occum)         (b. 1859 - d. 1928)
                             (acting to 1920)
1929 - 1935                Everett M. Fielding                (b. 1887 - d. 1935) 
1935 - 1937                Julian L. Harris (Peegee Uncas)    (b. 1872 - d. 1941) 
1937 - 1952                Burrill H. Fielding (Matahga)      (b. 1862 - d. 1952)
1952 - 1970                Harold A. Tantaquidgeon            (b. 1904 - d. 1989) 
1970 - 1991                Courtland E. Fowler                (b. 1905 - d. 1991)
                             ("Little Hatchet")
1992 -  1 Oct 2007         Ralph W. Sturges (G'tinemong)      (b. 1918 - d. 2007)
15 Aug 2010 -              Marilynn "Lynn" Roberge Malerba (f)(b. 1953)
                             (Mutawi Mutahash)

Chairmen
1980 – 1991                Courtland E. Fowler                (s.a.)
1991 – 1995                Ralph W. Sturges                   (s.a.)
1995 – 2000                Roland J. Harris
2000 – 2005                Mark F. Brown                      (b. 1957)
2005 – 2009                Bruce S. Bozsum (1st time)
                            
("Two Dogs")
2009 – 2010                Marilynn "Lynn" Roberge Malerba (f)(s.a.)
2010 –  7 Oct 2013         Bruce S. Bozsum (2nd time)
 7 Oct 2013 - Feb 2019     Kevin P. Brown
2019 -                     R. James Gessner 

Schaghticoke

1736                       Reservation set aside.
1985                       Tribe divided into two groups (in Oct 1991, the group under Velky
                             changes name to Schaghticoke Tribal Nation, while the group
                             under Russell remains Schaghticoke Indian Tribe).
24 Jan 2004                Schaghticoke Tribal Nation federally recognized, the recognition
                             did not become final.

11 Oct 2005                Federal recognition withdrawn.

Chiefs
bf.1742 - 1760             Gideon Mauwee                      (b. c.1687 – d. 1760)
1760 – af.1775             Joshua Job Mauwee
bf.1786 - af.1792          Joseph Mauwee
Chairmen
1973 – 1979                Irving A. Harris (Mikigu)(1st time)(b. 1931 - d. 2005)
1979 – 1982                Maurice "Butch" Lydem
1982 – 1983                Trudie Ray Lamb-Richmond (f)       (b. 1931 - d. 2021)
1983 – 1985                Alan Russell                       (b. 1946)
                             (from 1985, continues in opposition)
1985 – 1987                Irving A. Harris (Mikigu)(2nd time)(s.a.)
1987 -                     Richard L. Velky                   (b. 1950?)

Delaware

None Recognized


District of Columbia

None Recognized



Florida

Miccosukee
[Miccosukee
                          Tribe of Indians (Florida, U.S.)]Adopted 1962

11 Jan 1962                Recognition by the U.S. to then off-reservation Seminole
                             (Miccosukee Tribe of Indians), under jurisdiction of state courts
                             and law enforcement.
1971                       Self-governance contract with the U.S. (one of the first of three).

Chairmen
1953 – 1961                William Buffalo Tiger (1st time)  (b. 1920 - d. 2015)
                             (to 1957, spokesman)
1961                       Howard Osceola
1961 - 1985                William Buffalo Tiger (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1985 – 1986                Sonny Billie
1986 - 2010                Billy Cypress (1st time)          (b. 1952 - d. 2025)
 5 Jan 2010 - Nov 2015     Colley Billie
Nov 2015 - Mar 2016        Roy Cypress (interim)
Mar 2016 - 2021            Billy Cypress (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Nov 2021 -                 Talbert Cypress

Seminole Tribe of Florida

[Seminole Tribe
                          of Florida flag 1966-bf.1993 (Florida, U.S.)]
1966 - bf.1993
[Seminole
                          Tribe of Florida (Florida, U.S.)]
Adopted bf.1993

1839                       Some Seminole avoid removal to Oklahoma.
Aug 1842 – May 1858        Informal reservation set aside by the U.S.
28 Jun 1911                Big Cypress Indian Reservation established.
1913                       Recognized formally by the U.S. (Seminoles of Florida), the
                             Seminole Indian Agency established.
30 Jun 1926                Dania (in 1966, renamed Hollywood) Indian Reservation added.
13 Jun 1935                Brighton Indian Reservation added.
1953                       U.S. House proposes termination of Seminole Tribe.
21 Aug 1957                Seminole Tribe of Florida, the constitution adopted.
1961                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
2001                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
2010                       Gaming compact with the state.

Chief
1842 – May 1858            Holahtv Mekko "Billy Bowlegs"     (b. 1810 - d. 1859)
                             (Anglicized: Holata Micco)  
Chairmen
1945 – 1953                Board of Tribal Trustees
                           (3 trustees, composition as of 1949 below)
                           - Josie Billie                    (b. 1887 – d. 1980)
                           - John Cypress
                           - "Little" Charlie Micco
1953 - 1967                Bill "Billy" Osceola              (b. 1919 - d. 1995)
1967 - 1971                Betty Mae Tiger-Jumper (f)        (b. 1923 - d. 2011)
1971 - 1979                Howard E. Tommie                  (b. 1938)
1979 - 2003                James E. "Jim" Billie (1st time)  (b. 1944)
                             (suspended from 2001)
2001 - 2011                Mitchell Cypress                  (b. 1947)
                             (acting for Billie to 2003)
2011 - Nov 2016            James E. "Jim" Billie (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Nov 2016 -                 Marcellus W. Osceola              (b. 1972)


Georgia

None Recognized

Hawaii

None Recognized

Idaho

Coeur d'Alene

[Coeur d'Alene Tribe
                  (Idaho, U.S.)]

14 Jun 1867                Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation set aside (no treaty).
 8 Nov 1873                Reservation enlarged.
 3 Mar 1891                Reservation reduced.
1905                       Coeur d'Alene (from 1937, Northern Idaho) Indian Agency
                             established.
1910                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
17 Nov 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
 2 Sep 1947                Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
1995                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Head chiefs (title of chief: Yelmixwum)
c.1660 - c.1760            "Circling Raven"
c.1760 – 1844              Stelam "Thunder"                    (d. 1844)
1844 – 1865                Vincent Bassah (Selepsto)           (d. af.1889)
1865 – 1902                Andrew Seltice                      (b. 182. - d. 1902)
1902 – 1907                Peter Louis Wildshoe                (d. 1907)
1907 – 1932                Peter Bartholomew Moctelme          (d. 1934)
1932 – 1949                Joseph Seltice                      (d. 1949)
1949 - 1965                Ignace Garry                        (d. 1965)

Chairmen
1934 – af.1936             Basil Peone
19.. – 1947                Pascal J. George (1st time)
1947 – 1949                Joseph Seltice                      (s.a.)
1949 – 1950                Ignace Garry                        (s.a.)
1950 – 1954                Pascal J. George (2nd time)
1954 – 1955                Felix Aripa
1955 – 1956                Lawrence Nicodemus
1956 – 1968                Joseph R. Garry                     (b. 1910 - d. 1975)
1968 – 1970                Oswald George
1970 – 1972                Bernard LaSarte (1st time)
1972 – 1974                Hillary Skanen
1974 – 1982                Bernard LaSarte (2nd time)
1982 – 1985                Dave Matheson
1985 – May 1986            Bernard LaSarte (3rd time)
May 1986 – May 2005        Ernest "Ernie" L. Stensgar (1st time)
May 2005 - 2018            Chief James Allan (1st time)        (b. 1972)
2018 - Jun 2020           
Ernest "Ernie" L. Stensgar (2nd time)
Jun 2020 -                 Chief James Allan (2nd time)        (s.a.)



Kootenai Tribe of Idaho


[Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
              (Idaho, U.S.)]

1896                       Kootenai Reservation established, but gradually lost.
1947                       Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
18 Oct 1974               
Kootenai Reservation re-established.
1993                       Gaming compact.

2001                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs
c.1775 – 1840              "Three Moons"                       (b. c.1740 – d. 1840)
1840 – 1864                "Big Hunter"(from 1844 Thomas Blind)(d. 1864)
1864 – 1887                Abraham Blind                       (d. 1887)
1887 – 1900                Morisse Chiqui                      (d. 1900)
1900 – 1916                Isadore Chiqui                      (d. 1916)
1916 – 1935                Narcisse Isadore                    (d. 1935)
1935 – 1950                Pierre Andrew                       (d. 1950)
                             [not the last chief]

Chairmen

1947 – 19..                ....
c.1966                     Baptiste Cutsack
c.1974                     Amelia "Amy"  C. Trice (f)
          (b. 1936 - d. 2011)
                             (1st time)
c.1978                     Dixie Cooper
c.1980                     Mathias David                       (b. 1923 - d. 2014)
bf.1983 - c.1984           Amelia "Amy" C. Trice (f)           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
c.1990
                    Velma A. Bahe (f)(1st time)
c.1992                     Amelia "Amy"  C. Trice (f)          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)

199. - 1993                Larry Aitken

1993 – 2001                Velma A. Bahe (f)(2nd time)
2001 – 2005                Gary Aitken, Sr.
2005 - 2013                Jennifer Porter (f)(1st time)
2013 - 2021                Gary Aitken, Jr.
2021 -                     Jennifer Porter (f)(2nd time)


Nez Perce


[Nez Perce
                          Tribe (Idaho, U.S.)]
Adopted 1991

12 Jun 1855                Under the U.S. protection (Nez Perce Tribe).
1857 – 1933                Washington East of the Cascades (1861 – 1902 Nez Perce; from 1902,
                             Fort Lapwai) Indian Agency established.

 9 Jun 1863                Nez Perce (1873-1929 Lapwai) Indian Reservation established.
Jul 1878 – May 1885        Joseph band of Nez Perce displaced to the Nez Perce Indian
                             Reservation in Oklahoma (1879-1885 Oakland Indian Agency
                             established); in 1885 moved to the Colville Indian Reservation
                             (see Colville).

1893                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                             were citizens).

18 Nov 1895                Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1927                       Nez Perce advisory committee established under a constitution.
17 Nov 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
13 Apr 1948                New constitution adopted
1995                       Gaming compact with the state.

2001                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Head chiefs (title: Wiya-taqis Miyo-xat ["Older Chief"])
1842 – 1848                Twvish Sisimnen "Sparkling Horn"    (b. c.1810 – d. 1848)
                            
(Ellis)
1848 – 1849                Richard Tackensuatis                (d. af.1858)
1849 – 1876                Hallalhot-soot (‘Alu-ya "Lawyer")   (b. 1796 – d. 1876)
1876 – 1877                Reuben                              (d. 1877)
1877 – 1879                James Lawyer                        (b. 18.. - d. 1905)
1879 – 1880                ....
1880 – 1927                General Council
Presidents
1927 – 1929                James Stuart                        (b. 1862 – d. 1929)
c.1932                     Harry Wheeler                       (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
1936 - 19..                James M. Parsons

Chairmen
1948 – 19..                Sam Slickpoo                        (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
c.1952                     Harrison Lott                       (b. 1891 - d. 1971)
1955 - 1961                Richard A. Halfmoon (1st time)      (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
1961 - May/Aug 1965        Angus A. Wilson (1st time)          (b. 1913)
May/Aug 1965 – 1966        Richard A. Halfmoon (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1966 – Feb/May 1967        Angus A. Wilson (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Feb/May 1967 – 1976        Richard A. Halfmooon (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1976 – 1977                ....
1977 - 1983                Wilfred A. Scott
1983 - c.1985              Allen V. Pinkham, Sr. (1st time)    (b. 1938)
c.1985 - 1987              Herman J. Reuben
1987 – May 1990            Allen V. Pinkham, Sr. (2nd time)    (s.a.)
May 1990 – 1992            Charles H. Hayes (1st time)         (d. 1996)
1992 – 1994                Samuel N. Penney (1st time)
1994 – 1995                Charles H. Hayes (2nd time)         (s.a.)                
1995 – 2003                Samuel N. Penney (2nd time)

2003 – 2005                Anthony D. Johnson (1st time)
2005 – 2007                Rebecca A. Miles (f)                (b. 1978)
2007 – 2010                Samuel N. Penney (3rd time)
2010 – 2011                McCoy Oatman                        (b. 1978)
2011 – 2012                Brooklyn D. Baptiste
2012 - 2015                Silas C. Whitman                    (b. 1942)
2015 - 2016                Anthony D. Johnson (2nd time) 
2016 - 2018                Mary J. Miles (f)
2018 - 2021                Shannon Wheeler (1st time)
May 2021 - May 2023        Samuel N. Penney (4th time)
May 2023 -                 Shannon Wheeler (2nd time)

Shoshone-Bannock Tribes

[Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of
                Fort Hall Reservation (Idaho, U.S.)]

17..                       Bannock and Northern Shoshone confederate.
14 Jun 1867                Fort Hall Indian Agency set aside.
 3 Jul 1868                Fort Hall Indian Reservation established by Treaty.
30 Apr 1936                Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation.
2000                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chiefs (all Bannock; title of chief: Kapitaa)
bf.1814 - 1832             Po'have "The Horse" ("Horn Chief")  (d. 1832)
bf.1843 - 1863             Toso-Kwauberaht "Le Grand Coquin"
1863 – 1871                Tagi (= Taghee)                     (b. c.1825 - d. 1871)
1871 – 1878                Council (5 band headmen)
1878 – 1891                Tyghee                              (d. 1891)
1892 - af.1901             James Ballard (Sheme)               (b. 1843 – d. 1918)
bf.1909 - af.1917          Pat L. Tyhee                        (b. 1853 – d. 1924)
c.1929                     Council (6 band headmen)
Chairmen
1930 – 1936/37             Charles Peterson                    (b. 1867 – d. 194.)
c.1937                     Peter Jim (1st time)
c.1938                     Willie George
c.1940                     Peter Jim (2nd time)
c.1947                     LaSalle Pocatello

c.1955                     Wilford Broncho
195. – 1957                Lasalle Pocatello
c.1957 - af.1958           Frank W. Parker
c.1962                     Edward Boyer
c.1964                     Layton L. Littlejohn
1966 – 1967                Kesley Edmo, Sr. (1st time)         (b. 1919 – d. 1998)
c.1967                     Herbert LeClair

c.1968                     Joseph Thorpe, Jr.
c.1969                     Arthur Hayball
bf.1971 - 1972             Kesley Edmo, Sr. (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1972 – 1973                Zelma Edmo (f)
12 Jun 1973 – Jun 1974     Kesley Edmo, Sr. (3rd time)         (s.a.)
 1 Jul 1974 – 197.         Jimmie Dann
1975 - 1977                Gilbert Teton (1st time)
c.1978                     Lionel Q. Boyer (1st time)
bf.1979 - c.1980           Gilbert Teton (2nd time)
c.1982 - 1983              R. Willis Dixey
c.1983                     Lionel Q. Boyer (2nd time)
c.1984                     Kesley Edmo, Sr. (4th time)         (s.a.)
c.1989 - af.1990           Gilbert Teton (3rd time)
bf.1992 - 1993             Kesley Edmo, Sr. (5th time)         (s.a.)

1993 – 1994                Keith Tinno (1st time)
1994 - 1995                Marvin Osborne
1995 - 1997                Delbert Farmer
1997 - 1998                Arnold Appenay
1998 - 1999                Keith Tinno (2nd time)
1999 - 2000                Duane Thompson
2000 - 2001                Lionel Q. Boyer (3rd time)
2001 - 2003                Blaine J. Edmo (1st time)
2003 - 2004                Nancy Eschief-Murillo (f)
2004 - 2005                Frederick Auck
2005 - 2006                Blaine J. Edmo (2nd time)
2006 –  8 Jun 2010         Alonzo A. Coby                      (b. 1969)
 
8 Jun 2010 - Jun 2015     Nathan Small (1st time)
Jun 2015 - Jun 2017        Blaine J. Edmo (3rd time)
Jun 2017 - Jun 2019        Nathan Small (2nd time)

Jun 2019 -
Apr 2020        Ladd Edmo
Apr 2020 - Sep 2020        Tino Batt
Sep 2020 -
Jun 2022        Devon Boyer
Jun 2022 - Jun 2023        Nathan Small (3rd time)
Jun 2023 -                 Lee J. Tyler
                             (from 2024, Lee J. Tendoy)


Illinois

None Recognized


Indiana

Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians: see under Michigan

Iowa

Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa

[Sac and Fox Tribe of the
              Mississippi in Iowa (Meskwaki Nation)(Iowa, U.S.)]

1857                       Separated from Sac and Fox of Mississippi (modern Sac and Fox of
                             Oklahoma), returned from Kansas to Iowa, purchased a tract of
                             land, placed into state trust.
1866 – 1935                Sac and Fox Indian Agency established.
1867                       Recognized by the U.S. as separate tribe.
1886                       State reservation became federal reservation.
1937                       Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa, constitution adopted.
1948                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1992                       Gaming compact.

2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.


Head chiefs
1861 - 1881                Mamiwanige                          (d. 1881)
1882 - 1919                Pushetonequa                        (d. 1919)
1919 - 1929                Tribal Council (5 members)
Chief
1929 - 1938                "Young Bear"                        (b. c.1867 – d. 19..)
Chairmen
Jan 1938 - af.1939         Horace Poweshiek
19.. - 1946                Jack Old Bear (1st time)
1946 - 1948                Frank Mitchell                      (b. 1881 - d. 1967)
1948 - 1950                Jack Old Bear (2nd time)
1950 - 1958                Edward Davenport                    (b. 1900 - d. 1979)
1958 - c.1966              George Youngbear
bf.1968 - af.1971          Columbus Keahna (1st time)
c.1973                     Louis Mitchell (1st time)
bf.1976 - 1980             Columbus Keahna (2nd time)
1980 - af.1981             Homer Bear
bf.1983 - af.1984          Louis Mitchell (2nd time)
c.1989                     Donald Wanatee (1st time)
c.1992                     Keith C. Davenport
bf.1993 - af.1995          Gailey Wanatee
199. - 1999                Dean Whitebreast
1999 - 19..                David Old Bear
bf.2000 - 2001             Talbert Davenport
Nov 2001 - Nov 2003        Alexander Walker
26 Mar 2003 - 2008         Homer Bear, Jr. (in opposition)
Nov 2003 - Apr 2006        Donald Wanatee (2nd time)
bf.2007 - Nov 2011         Adrian Pushetonequa 
Nov 2011 - 2013            Frank Blackcloud
2013 - 2015                Judith Youngbear-Bender (f)(1st time)
2015 - 2017                Troy Wanatee
Feb 2017 - Jul 2017        Milo Buffalo                        (b. 19.. - d. 2017)
Jul 2017 - Oct 2017        Alwin Wild Cat (acting)
Oct 2017 -
Feb 2020        Anthony Waseskuk
Feb 2020 -
Oct 2021        Judith Bender (f) (2nd time)
Oct 2021 -                 Vern Jefferson


Kansas

Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska

[Iowa Tribe of
                          Kansas and Nebraska (Kansas and Nebraska,
                          U.S.)]
Adopted 1993

1805                       Under the U.S. protection (Iowa Tribe), by then governed by council
                             of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Summer (Sky) chief
                             formally alternating with the Winter (Earth) chief, but a single
                             head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S.
1825                       Formally shared their country in Iowa with Sac and Fox (modern Sac
                             and Fox of Oklahoma).
1836                       Iowa Reservation established by treaty in Kansas (relocated in
                             1838).
1851 – 1882                Great Nemaha Indian Agency established.
1878                       Part of the tribe relocated to Oklahoma (modern Iowa of Oklahoma).
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
26 Feb 1937                Iowa Tribe in (from 1978, "of") Kansas and Nebraska, constitution
                             adopted.
1940                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1995                       Gaming compact.
2019                       Self-governance agreement.
 

Head chiefs (all likely the Earth chiefs, affiliation of interim chief unknown)
1809 - 1820                Wayin Wexa "Hard Heart"            (d. 1824)
1820 - 1834                Maxu Thka "White Cloud"            (b. 1784 - d. 1834)
1834 - 1850                Francis White Cloud                (b. c.1811 - d. 1850)
1850 - 1862                Na’hje Ning’e "No Heart"           (b. 1797 - d. 1862)
1862 - 1865                Ragrashe "The British" (interim)   (d. af.1869)
1865 - 1940                James White Cloud                  (b. 1840 - d. 1940)
Chairmen
c.1937 - af.1938           John DeRoin                        (b. c.1882 - d. 19..)
bf.1940 - c.1954           Leonard Fee
19.. - Jul 1965            Marvin L. Franklin                 (b. 1916 - d. 19..)
Jul 1965 - c.1967          Cecil R. Green
c.1967                     James A. Rhodd (acting)
c.1970 - c.1977            Forrest Fee
bf.1978 - 1983             Howard Simmonds
1983 - 1998                Leon C. Campbell (1st time)        (b. 1945 - d. 2014)
1998 - 2005                Louis Deroin                       (b. 1920 - d. 2011)
2005 - 2011                Leon C. Campbell (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Mar 2011 -                 Timothy Rhodd


Kickapoo in Kansas

[Kickapoo in
                  Kansas (Kansas, U.S.)]

c.1720 - 1760              French ally.
1761 - 1792                Allied with the British.
1763                       Part of Kickapoo moved from Illinois to Missouri, later to Texas
                             (see Kickapoo of Oklahoma).
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (interrupted by the British alliance
                             1812-1814).
1802 - 1821                Vincennes Indian Agency established.
1809                       Ceded all land to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to the
                             west.
1819                       Reservation established in Missouri (relocated in 1825).
1832                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1833).
1855 - 1921                Kickapoo Indian Agency established (closed 1874–1903).
1865                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens); the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without
                             opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
1937                       Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, constitution adopted.
1940                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1995                       Gaming compact.



Principal chiefs

bf.1719 - af.1728          Wapasaiya "White Robe"
bf.1778 - af.1788          Pacanne "Pecan"
bf.1804 - af.1825          Pemwatome "Swan That Cries"
Spokesmen

1837 - 1853                Kennekuk "Kickapoo Prophet"        (b. c.1794 - d. 1853)
1854 - af.1862             John Kennekuk (Pahkahkah)          (d. c.1868)
Head chief   

c.1905                     "Little" Simon Nenasek             (b. 1864 - d. 1936)
Chairmen
bf.1929 - 1935             ....
1935 - 19..                Louis Shuckahosee

19.. - 19..                Frank Cadue                        (b. 1908 - d. 1983)
Apr 1953 - 1961            Vestana Cadue (f)                  (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
1961 - c.1966              Kenneth R. Cadue                   (b. 1932 - d. 1995)
c.1966 - c.1967            Thomas R. Goslin 
c.1967 - c.1974            Ralph E. Simon                     (b. 1926 - d. 2006)
1974 - af.1975             Amos Goslin
bf.1976 - af.1978          Clifford "Steve" Cadue (1st time)
c.1979 - c.1981            Keith Keo  
198. - 1982                John Thomas (1st time)
1982 - 1983                Emory L. Negonsott (1st time)
1983 - af.1984             John Thomas (2nd time)
bf.1991 - 1992             Clifford "Steve" Cadue (2nd time)
1992 – 1993                Carol Anske (f)
1993 - 1994                Emory L. Negonsott (2nd time)
1994 - 199.                Clifford "Steve" Cadue (3rd time)
bf.1996 – 1998             Nancy Bear (f) (1st time)
1998 - 1999                Fred Thomas
Oct 1999 - 21 Mar 2000     Clifford "Steve" Cadue (4th time)
2000                       Bobbi Darnell (f)
Oct 2000 - 2001            Nancy Bear (f) (2nd time)
2001 - 2005                Clifford "Steve" Cadue (5th time)
Oct 2005 - 2006            Russell Bradley (1st time)
2006 - 2008                Clifford "Steve" Cadue (6th time)
2008 - 2010                Arlan Whitebird
2010 - 2011                Russell Bradley (2nd time)
Oct 2011 - Oct 2014        Clifford "Steve" Cadue (7th time)
2014 - 2023                Lester Randall

Sep 2023 -                 Gail Cheatham (f)


Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation


[Prairie Band
              Potawatomi Nation (Kansas, U.S)]

176. - 1779                Allied with the British.
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Prairie Bands of Potawatomi).
1805 - 1834                Chicago Indian Agency established.
1832                       Reservation (several tracts) established in north-eastern
                             Illinois.
1833                       Exchanged for reservation in Missouri (relocated in 1834).
1836                       Exchanged for reservation in Iowa (relocated in 1837).
1846                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1846).
1846 - 1861                Prairie Band nominally merged with Mission Bands (see Citizen
                             Potawatomi) into Potawatomi Nation.
1851                       Potawatomi (Haskell 1927-1935) Indian Agency established.
1867                       Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, separation from Citizen Band
                             formally completed.
1899                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship, the allotment leads to
                             Indians becoming minority without opening of the reservation to
                             the non-Indian settlement.
1932                       First constitution adopted (not confirmed by the U.S. to Jan 1961).
1940                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1995                       Gaming compact.
May 2000                   Renamed Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation.
2004                       Self-governance agreement.
Dec 2007                   Renamed Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation (on the U.S. list of
                             tribal names from 2012).

First chiefs (native spellings, if known, in parentheses)
1792 - 1815                Gomo                               (b. c.1750 - d. 1815)
1815 - 1829                Senachewine "Swift Water"          (b. c.1744 - d. 1831)
                             (Znajjewan)
1829 - 1841                Thomas "Billy" Caldwell (Zhaganash)(b. 1782 - d. 1841)
1841 - c.1848              Wah-bon-seh "Little Dawn" (Wabanzi)(b. c.1760 - d. c.1848)
c. 1856                    Pah-eh-go-shuk
bf.1860 - af.1867          Wab-say
Chairmen
1867 - 18..                ....
c.1874                     Anthony F. Navarre ?               (b. 1825 – d. 1893)
                            (described as leader of the Business Committee)
c.1929/32                  William Wishkeno
c.1938                     Ernest Seymour
c.1939                     James P. Wahbnosah (1st time)
bf.1942 - af.1943          James Kegg
c.1946                     James P. Wahbnosah (2nd time)       
16 Sep 1947 - 19..         Minnie Evans (f) (1st time)        (b. 1888 - d. 1971)
c.1950                     Curtis Pequano
c.1954                     Minnie Evans (f) (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1957 - 1961                Mage N. Puckkee                    (b. 1931 - d. 1989)
1961 - af.1963             Philip D. Burns                    (b. 1925 - d. 2001)
1969? - Jun 1971           Lester L. Jessepe (1st time)       (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
Jun 1971 - 1971            Frank Battese
1971 - af.1974             Lester L. Jessepe (2nd time)       (s.a.)
c.197.                     Tom Tuckwin
May 1976 - 197.            Camilla Wishkeno (f)
197. - 1979                Milton L. LaClair                  (b. 1924 – d. 2016)
Jul 1979 - af. 1980        Vestina Durham (f)
19.. - 1982                George Wahquahboshkuk (1st time)
1982 - 1983                Leslie Hale
1983 - 198.                Elwin I. Shopteese
Jul 1984 - 1985            Delores A. Miller (f)
1985 - Apr 1993            George Wahquahboshkuk (2nd time)
Aug 1993 - 1994            Gary E. Mitchell (1st time)        (b. 1952? - d. 2015)
Jul 1994 - Oct 2000        Mamie Rupnicki (f)
Oct 2000 -  5 Dec 2000     Gary E. Mitchell (2nd time)(acting)(s.a.)
 5 Dec 2000 - 2002         Badger Wahwassuck
2002 - Jan 2006            Zachariah "Zach" Pahmahmie
Jan 2006 - Jul 2007        Tracy Stanhoff (f)
                             (interim to Jul 2006)
Jul 2007 - Oct 2007        Rey Kitchkumme (acting)
Oct 2007 - 2014            Steve Ortiz
2014 - Aug 2018            Liana Onnen (f)
Aug 2018 -                 Joseph P. Rupnick


Sac and Fox of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska

[Sac and Fox of Missouri
                  in Kansas and Nebraska (Kansas and Nebraska, U.S.)]

1804                       Separated from the main part of Sac and Meskwaki (Fox)
                             (see Sac and Fox of Oklahoma), moved from Illinois to Missouri.
 6 Sep 1815                Under the U.S. protection (Sac and Fox of Missouri), recognized as
                             separate tribe.
 4 Aug 1824                Reservation established in Missouri. Sac and Fox sign a treaty
                             ceding their claims in northern Missouri from the Mississippi
                             River to a line beginning at the mouth of the Kansas River and
                             running north one hundred miles to the state boundary. The
                             Missouri Band settled west of this line in a tract known as the
                             Platte Country.
17 Sep 1836                Northwest corner of Missouri reservation exchanged for reservation
                             in northeast Kansas (relocated in 1837).
1899                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                            
citizens); the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without
                            
opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
 2 Mar 1937                Sac and Fox Tribe of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, constitution
                             adopted.
1940                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
29 Aug 1995                Gaming compact.
1995                       Renamed Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska.


Head chiefs

bf.1815 - 1819             Shamaga "The Lance"                 (d. 1819)
c.1837                     Pokomah "The Plume"
bf.1854 - af.1863          Petiokima "Hard Fish"
c.1868 - af.1889           Quashpahma                          (b. c.1824 – d. ....)

Chairmen

1920 - 1973                Charles W. Robidoux                 (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
bf.1976 - af.1983          Curtis D. Gilfillan                 (b. 1933 - d. 2003)
bf.1992 - 1993             Sandra Keo (f) (1st time)
1993 - af.1995             Joan Rebar (f)
c.1997 - 31 Jul 1998       Corbin Shuckahosee                  (b. 1929 - d. 1998)
1998 - 1999                Gary Bahr
1999 - 2001                Donald "Bucky" Pilcher
2001 - 2007                Sandra Keo (f) (2nd time)
2007 - 2009                Fredia Perkins (f)
2009 - 2011                Twen Barton (f)
2011 - 2013                Michael Daugherty
2013 - 2015                Brigette Robidoux (f)
2015 - 2017                Edmore Green
2017 -                     Tiauna Carnes (f)



Kentucky

None Recognized

Louisiana

Chitimacha 

[Chitimacha
                  Tribe of Louisiana (Louisiana, U.S.)]

1718                       Allied with the French.
1767                       Spanish land grant.
1917                       Chitimacha granted federal recognition.
1971                       Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana.
1993                       Gaming compact.
1998                       Self-governance agreement.

Grand Chiefs

bf.1695 - af.1727          Framboise
c.1738                     Totica
bf.1767 - af.1775          Champagne
c.1780                     Soulier Rouge
c.1799                     Jean-Baptiste Soulier Rouge
Chiefs 
c.1810                     Adele Champagne (f)
c.1814                     Celestain Groffe
c.1845                     Alexandre Bertin
c.1853                     Eugenie Soulier Rouge (f)       (b. 1798 – d. 1868)
c.1869                     Alexander Darden                (b. 1842 – d. 1878)
c.1890                     Paul Nelson
bf.1897 - 1903             John Paul                       (b. 1835 – d. 1903)
1903 - 1934                Benjamin Paul                   (b. 1867 – d. 1934)
1934 - 1947                Ernest "Papa Jack" Darden       (b. 1881 – d. 1967)
1947                       Alexander P. Darden             (b. 1899 – d. 1947)
1948 - 1950                Leroy M. Burgess (chairman)     (b. 1922 – d. 2014)
1950 - 1969                Emile "Bizz" Stouff             (b. 1903 – d. 1978)
1969 - 1971                Leonard "Nick" Stouff           (b. 1925)
Chairmen 
1971 - 1981                Leroy M. Burgess                (s.a.)
1981 - 1983                Daniel Darden (1st time)
1983 - 1987                Larry Burgess 
1987 - 1989                Daniel Darden (2nd time)
1989 - 1998                Ralph C. Darden 
1998 - 2007                Alton D. LeBlanc, Jr.           (b. 1955)
2007 - 2009                Lonnie L. Martin
2009 - 2015                John Paul Darden
2015 - 2017                O'Neil J. Darden

2017 -                     Melissa Darden (f)

Coushatta

[Coushatta Tribe
                of Louisiana (Louisiana, U.S.)]

c.1880                     Some Coushatta families arrived from Texas.

1973                       Recognized by the U.S. (Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana).
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.

Chiefs (informal)
c.1890 – 1910              John Abbey                      (b. 18.. - d. 1910)
1910 – 1918                None
1918 – 1930                Jackson Langley
1930 – 1951                Jefferson Abbey                 (b. 1854 - d. 1951)
1952 – 1973                Martin L. Abbey                 (b. 1887 – d. 19..)
Chairmen
1973 – 1985                Ernest Sickey
1985                       Edwin Poncho
1985 – 1987                Leroy Sylestine
1987 – 1988                Beverly Poncho (f)
1988 - 2005                Lovelin Poncho (1st time)
2005 – 2013                Kevin Sickey
2013 - 2017                Lovelin Poncho (2nd time)
2017 - 2021                David Sickey
2021 - 2024                Jonathan Cernek
2024 -                     Crystal Williams (f) (acting)


Jena Band of Choctaw Indians


[Jena Band of
                Choctaw Indians (Louisiana, U.S.)]

c.1870                     Some Choctaw families arrived from Mississippi.
31 May 1995                Jena Band of Choctaw Indians federally recognized.

Chiefs (informal)
c.1870 – 1910              John Allen                        (b. c.1825 – d. 1910)
1910 – 1916                Sam Gibson                        (b. c.1850 – d. 19..)
1917 – 1933                Bill Lewis                        (b. c.1860 – d. 1933)
1933 - Dec 1950            Will Jackson                      (b. c.1880 - d. 1950)
1950 - 1958                Chris Jackson                     (b. c.1895 – d. 1958)
1958 - 1968                William Lewis                     (d. 1968)
1968 – 1974                None
Chairmen
1974 - 1975                Jerry D. Jackson (1st time)       (b. 1950)
1975 - 1985                Clyde Jackson                     (b. 1947)
1985 - 1986                George Allen
1986 – 1991                Jerry D. Jackson (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Chiefs
1991 – 1998                Jerry D. Jackson                  (s.a.)
1998 - 2002                Beverly Cheryl Jackson-Smith (f)  (b. 1954)
                             (1st time)
2002 - 2010                Christine M. Jackson-Norris (f)   (b. 1955)
2010 - 2022                Beverly Cheryl Jackson-Smith (f)  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
2022 -                     Libby Rogers (f)


Tunica-Biloxi

[Tunica
                          Biloxi Indians of Louisiana (Louisiana,
                          U.S.)]
Adopted 1992

1708                       Allied with the French.
1768 - 1778                Allied with the British.
1779                       Spanish land grant.
1921                       Tunica are joined by Biloxi.

23 Jul 1981                Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe federally recognized.
1992                       Gaming compact.

Grand Chiefs of Tunica
c.1541                     Pacaha
bf.1721 - 1731             Cahura Joligo                     (d. 1731)
c.1779                     Mingo Falaya
Chiefs of Tunica (from 1921, Tunica-Biloxi)
c.1812                     Valentine

18.. - 1841                Melancon                          (d. 1841)
1841 - 187.                Zenon La Joie
187. - 1911                Valsin (Volsin) Chiqui
Jun 1911 - 1921            Sesostris Youchican               (d. 194.)
                             (Sesostrie Youchicant)
1921 - 1936                Ernest Pierite                    (d. 1936)
1936 - 1948                Eli Barbry                        (b. 1877 - d. 1956)
1948 - 1955                Horace Pierite, Jr.               (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
1955 - 16 Mar 1976         Joseph A. Pierite, Sr.            (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
Chairmen
1973 - 1978                Joseph "Joe" Pierite, Jr.
1978 - 31 Jul 2013         Earl J. Barbry                    (b. 1950 - d. 2013)
24 Aug 2013 - 2014         Marshall Pierite (1st time)
2014 - 2018                Joey P. Barbry                    (b. 1978)

2018 -                     Marshall Pierite (2nd time)


British commissaries to the Small Tribes on the Lower Mississippi
(also deputy superintendents for Choctaw, Chickasaw and Small Tribes 1766-1779)
1764 - 1770                Charles Stuart (1st time)         (d. 1780)
1770 - 1772                John Thomas                       (d. 1776)
1772 - 1780                Charles Stuart (2nd time)         (s.a.)


Maine

Mik’maq Nation (Aroostook Band of Micmacs)

[Mik'maq Nation
                  (fromer Aroostook Band of Micmacs) (Maine, U.S.)]

1984                       Aroostook Micmac Council
26 Nov 1991                Federal Recognition granted (Aroostook Band of Micmacs), remains
                             under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
Jan 2022                   Renamed Mik’maq Nation.

Presidents    
1984 - 1985                Donald Sanipass (1st time)
1985 - 1986                Paul Phillips
1986 - 1987                Donald Sanipass (2nd time)
1987 - 1988                David Sanipass
1988 - 1989                Wesley Miller
1989 - 1991                Mary Philbrook (f)
Chiefs
1992 - 1994                Mary Philbrook (f)(1st time)
1994 - 1995                Roger Pictou
1995 - 1997                Mary Philbrook (f)(2nd time)
1997 - 1999                Richard Getchell (1st time)
1999 - 2007                William W. Phillips
2007 - 2011                Victoria Higgins (f)
2011 - 2013                Richard Getchell (2nd time)
2013 -                     Edward Peter-Paul



Houlton Maliseet

[Houlton
                            Band of Maliseet Indians (Maine, U.S.)] Adopted 12 Sep 1999

 9 Sep 1980                Recognized by the U.S. (Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians), remains
                             under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

Chairmen    
1977 - 1982                Terry C. Polchies
1982 - 1984                Jim Thomas
1984 - 1997                Clair Sabattis
1997 – 2002                Brenda Commander (f)
Chiefs
2002 - 2017                Brenda Commander (f)
2017 -                     Clarissa Sabattis (f)



Passamaquoddy

[Passamaquoddy Indian Township flag
                          (Maine, U.S.)]
Indian Township Flag
[Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point flag
                          (Maine, U.S.)]
Pleasant Point Flag Adopted 1995
1650 – 1713                In alliance with the French.
1713 – 1775                Ally (later subject) of the British.

1794                       Reservations established by the state.
1852                       Divided into two governments (Indian Township and Pleasant Point),
                             but remains single tribe.
1972                       Recognized by the U.S. (Passamaquoddy Tribe).

Chiefs (title: Sakom)  
c.1604                     Esauqueet
c.16..                     Agoumett
c.1689                     Michel Neptune I
bf.1725 - af.1749          Pierre-Paul Neptune
c.1760                     Michel Neptune II
17.. – 1778                Jean-Baptiste Neptune             (b. c.1718 – d. 1778)
Governors
1778 – 1834                Francis Joseph Neptune            (b. c.1735 – d. 1834)
1834 – 1852                John Francis Neptune              (d. 1875)
                             (from 183., governor of the Old Party)
183. – 1852                ....
                             (in opposition; governors of the New Party)
Governors of Indian Township
1852 - 1875                John Francis Neptune              (s.a.)
c.1882                     Tomah Joseph                      (b. 1837 – d. 1914)
1953 - af.1971             John Stevens (1st time)           (b. 1933)
1972 - 1976                Allen J. Sockabasin               (b. 1944 – d. 2018)
1976 - 1978                John Stevens (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1978 - 1980                Harold J. Lewey                   (b. 1933 – d. 2015)
1980 - 1986                John Stevens (3rd time)           (s.a.)
1986 - Mar 1993            Robert L. Newell (1st time)       (b. 1943)
Mar 1993 - 1998            John Stevens (4th time)           (s.a.)
 1 Oct 1998 - 2002         Richard Stevens
2002 -  1 Oct 2006         Robert L. Newell (2nd time)       (s.a.)
 
1 Oct 2006 - 2010         William J. Nicholas
 
3 Dec 2010 - 2013         Joseph Socobasin
Chiefs of Indian Township
2013 –  1 Oct 2014         Joseph Socobasin
 1 Oct 2014 -              William J. Nicholas



Governors of Pleasant Point
1852 - 18..                Selmore Francis
18.. - 1916                ....

1916 - af.1920             William Neptune
c.1965                     George Francis
bf.1967 - af.1969          Joseph Mitchell
bf.1971 - af.1973          Eugene Francis
1974 - 1978                Francis J. Nicholas              (b. 1928 – d. 2008)
1978 - 1980                Robert L. Newell                 (s.a.)
1980 - 1982                J. Hartley Nicholas
1982 – 1984                Ralph F. Dana
1984 - 1986                Cliv Dore (1st time)
1986 - Nov 1991            Melvin J. Francis (1st time)     (b. 1945 – d. 2006)
Nov 1991 - Apr 1997        Cliv Dore (2nd time)
Apr 1997 - 2002            Richard M. Doyle (1st time)
2002 - Jan 2006            Melvin J. Francis (2nd time)     (s.a.)
Jan 2006 - Oct 2006        Mark Altvater (acting)

2006 – 2010                Richard M. Doyle (2nd time)
2010 - 2013                Reuben "Clayton" Cleaves
Chiefs of Pleasant Point
2013 –  1 Oct 2014         Reuben "Clayton" Cleaves
 1 Oct 2014 - Oct 2015     Frederick Moore
Oct 2015 - Oct 2016        Vera J. Francis (f) (acting)
Oct 2016 -
Oct 2018        Ralph E. Dana
Oct 2018 -
Dec 2020        Marla Dana (f)
Dec 2020 -
Oct 2022        Elizabeth "Maggie" Dana (f)
Oct 2022 - Oct 2023        Rena D. Newell (f)
Oct 2023 -                 Pos Bassett (f)


Penobscot Nation


[Penobscot Nation (Maine,
              U.S.)]

1650 – 1713                In alliance with the French.
1713 – 1775                Ally (later subject) of the British.
1796                       Reservation established by the state.
1972                       Recognized by the U.S. (Penobscot Tribe).
1995                       Self-governance agreement.
2012                       Renamed Penobscot Nation.

Chiefs
bf.1568 – 1616             Bashaba                           (d. 1616)

1616 – 16..                Asticou
16.. – 16..                Assaminasqua
bf.1667 – 1698             Madockawando                      (b. c.1630 - d. 1698)
1698 – 1724                Wenonganet                        (d. 1724)
1725 – 1730                Wenemouet                         (d. 1730)
bf.1751 - 1757             Lolon Saguarrab                   (d. 1757)
c.1759                     Tomer (Tomasus)
bf.1771 – c.1774           Osson                             (d. c.1774)
Governors
1775 – 1801                Joseph Orono                      (d. 1801)
1801 – 1806                Vacant
1806 – 1809                Michael Attean                    (d. 1809)
1810 – 1815                Joseph Lorain                     (d. 1815)
1816 – 1858                John Attean                       (b. 1778 – d. 1858)
                             (from 1838, governor of the Old Party)

1838 – 1866                Tomer Sockalexis (1st time)       (b. 1802 – d. 1870)
                             (in opposition; governor of the New Party)
1858 – 1867                Joseph Attean (1st time)          (b. 1829 - d. 1870)
1868                       Tomer Sockalexis (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1869                       Joseph Attean (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1870                       Tomer Sockalexis (3rd time)       (s.a.)
1870                       Attean Orson (acting)             (d. 1874)
1871                       Saul Neptune (1st time)
1872                       Joseph Sockalexis (1st time)
1873                       Saul Neptune (2nd time)
1874                       .... [name not recorded]
1875                       Sabattis J. Mitchell
1876                       Joseph Sockalexis (2nd time)
1877                       Saul Neptune (acting) (3rd time)
1877                       Stephen Stanislaus (1st time)
1878                       Joseph Sockalexis (3rd time)
1879                       Stephen Stanislaus (2nd time)
1880                       Sockabesin Swassian (1st time)
1881 – 1882                Stephen Stanislaus (3rd time)
1883 – 1884                Sockabesin Swassian (2nd time)
1885 – 1886                Stephen Stanislaus (4th time)
1887 – 1888                Joseph Francis (1st time)
1889 – 1890                Saul Neptune (4th time)
1891 – 1892                Joseph Francis (2nd time)
1893 – 1894                Sabattis M. Francis (1st time)
1895 – 1896                Francis P. Sockalexis
1897 – 1898                Sabattis M. Francis (2nd time)
1899 – 1900                Joseph Francis (3rd time)
1901 – 1902                Mitchell Attean
1903                       Sabattis Glossian                 (d. 1903)
1903 – 1904                Lola Coley (acting)

1904                       Newell Lyon (1st time)
1905 – 1906                Newell Francis (1st time)
1907 – 1908                Joseph Francis (4th time)
1909 – 1910                Sabattis M. Francis (3rd time)
1911 – 1912                Peter M. Nicola (1st time)
1913 – 1914                Horace Nicola
1915 – 1916                Newell Lyon (2nd time)
1917 – 1918                Newell Francis (2nd time)
1919 – 1920                Peter M. Nicola (2nd time)
1921 – 1922                Nicholas Solomon
1923 – 1924                .... (name not recorded)
1925 – 1926                John Nelson
1927 – 1928                Newell Tomer                      (d. 1928)

1928                       Lester Bassett (acting)
1928                       Louis Nicholas (1st time)
1929 – 1930                George C. Dana
1931 – 1932                Louis Nicholas (2nd time)
1933                       John T. Ranco
1933 – 1936                Howard M. Ranco
1937 – 1938                James Lewis (1st time)
1939 – 1940                Horace Nelson
1941 – 1942                James Lewis (2nd time)
1943 – 1944                Theodore B. Mitchell
1945 – 1946                James Lewis (3rd time)
1947 – 1956                Albert J. Nicola (1st time)
1957 – 1960                Francis J. Ranco (1st time)
1961 – 1962                Albert J. Nicola (2nd time)
1963 – 1964                Ernest Goslin
1965 – 1966                Francis J. Ranco (2nd time)
1967 – 1970                John M. Mitchell, Sr.
1970 – 1972                Francis J. Ranco (3rd time)
1972 – 1974                Matthew P. Sappier
1974 – 1978                Nicholas Sapiel
1978 – 1980                Wilfred Pehrson
1980 – 1986                Timothy R. Love
1986 – 1988                James G. Sappier (1st time)
1988 – 1989                Francis D. Mitchell
1989                       Phillip Guimond, Jr. (acting)
1989 – 1992                James G. Sappier (2nd time)
1992 – 1994                Geraldo R. Pardilla               (b. 1958)
1994 – 1996                Richard H. Hamilton (1st time)
1996 – 1998                Francis D. Mitchell               (b. 1941 – d. 2005)
1998 – 2000                Richard H. Hamilton (2nd time)
2000 – 2003                Barry L. Dana
Chiefs
2003 - 2004                Barry L. Dana
2004 - 2006                James G. Sappier
2006 -                     Kirk E. Francis                   (b. c.1969)


Maryland

None Recognized

Massachusetts

Mashpee Wampanoag

[Mashpee
                          Wampanoag Tribe former flag to 2017
                          (Massachusetts, U.S.)]
to 2017
[Mashpee
                          Wampanoag Tribe (Massachusetts, U.S.)]
Adopted 2017
1665                       Reservation (to 1834 Indian Plantation, from 1834 Indian District)
                             set aside.
1870                       Dissolved by the state.
1974                       Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council established.
23 May 2007                Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Massachusetts federally recognized, no
                             reservation as of 2014.
18 Sep 2015                170 acres in Mashpee and 150 acres in Taunton, are into trust
                             on their behalf by the U.S. Department of Interior, establishing
                             these parcels as reservation land.
27 Mar 2020                Bureau of Indian Affairs rules that reservation designation was
                             rescinded and reservation disestablished. U.S. District Court
                             ruling reverses this decision on 6 Jun 2020.

Chiefs
1665 – 1720                Council of Chiefs
1720 – 1763                General Council of Proprietors
Presidents (not recognized by the state 1833-1834)
1763 – 1788                Board of Overseers
                           (elected annually; composition as of 1786 below)
                           - Simon Ketour
                           - Moses Pocknett
                           - ...(name unknown)
1788 – 1833                General Council of Proprietors
1833                       Ebenezer Attaquin, Sr.            (b. 1786 - d. 1850)
1833 – 1834                Daniel B. Amos                    (b. 1804 – d. 1858)
1834 – 1870                Board of Selectmen
                           (elected annually; composition as of 1834 below)
                           - Isaac Coombs                    (b. 1774 – d. 1848)
                           - Israel Amos                     (b. 1786 – d. 1862)
                           - Ezra Attaquin                   (b. 1794 – d. 1876)
1870 – 1974                Abolished
1974 – Mar 1980            Russell M. Peters (1st time)      (b. 1928 – d. 2002)
Mar 1980 – 1984            Hannah M. Averette (f)            (b. 1918 - d. 1987)
1984 – 1986                Vernon Pocknett, Sr. "Sly Fox"    (b. 1934 – d. 1999)
1986 – 1992                Joan Tavares-Avant (f)            (b. 1940)
1992 – Oct 1992            Earl "Guy" Cash
Oct 1992 - 2000            Russell M. Peters (2nd time)      (s.a.)
2000 - 27 Aug 2007         Glenn A. Marshall                 (b. 1949)
Chairmen
Aug 2007 - 2009            Shawn W. Hendricks
2009 - 2021                Cedric Cromwell                   (b. 1965)
2021 -                     Brian M. Weeden

Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)

[Wampanoag Tribe of Gay
                Head (Aquinnah) (Massachusetts, U.S.)]

1621                       Wampanoags an ally (later subject) of the English.
1711                       Reservation (to 1862 Indian Plantation, from 1862 Indian District)
                             set aside.

1870                       Dissolved by the state.
Nov 1972                   Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc. formed.
10 Apr 1987                Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) federally recognized,
                             remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

2001                       Self-governance agreement.

Grand Chiefs of Wampanoag
bf.1620 – 1661             Massasoit                        (b. c.1580 – d. 1661)
1661 – 1662                Alexander (Wamsutta)             (b. c.1621 – d. 1662)
1662 – 1676                Philip (Metacomet)               (b. c.1638 – d. 1676)
Chiefs of Gay Head
1675 – 1683                Mittark                          (d. 1683)
1683 – 1687                Joseph Mittark                   (d. bf.1705)
1687 – 1727                None
1727 – 1855                General Council of Proprietors
Presidents
1855 – 1862                Board of Overseers
                           (elected annually; composition as of 1855 below)

                           - Zacheus Howwaswee              (b. 1792 – d. 1873)
                           - Samuel Peters                  (b. 1809 – d. 1880)
                           - Aaron Cooper                   (b. 1822 – d. 1900)
1862 – 1870                Board of Selectmen
                           (elected annually; composition as of 1869 below)

                           - Isaac D. Rose                  (b. 1812 – d. 1880)
                           - Aaron Cooper                   (s.a.)
                           - Thomas Jeffers                 (b. 1829 – d. 1916)
1870 – 1972                Abolished
1972 – 1976                Beatrice Vanderhoop Gentry (f)   (b. 1910 - d. 2013)
1976 – 1979                Wenonah Madison Silva (f)        (d. 1992)
1979 – 1987                Gladys A. Widdiss (f)            (b. 1914 - d. 2012)
Chairmen
1987 - 1991                Donald A. Widdiss (1st time)
1992 - 2005                Beverly M. Wright (f)
2005 - 2008                Donald A. Widdiss (2nd time)
2008 - 2014                Cheryl Andrews-Maltais (f)
                             (1st time)
2014 - 2016                Tobias Vanderhoop
2016 -                     Cheryl Andrews-Maltais (f)
                             (2nd time)

Michigan

Bay Mills Indian Community

[Bay Mills Indian Community
                (Michigan, U.S.)]

1860                       One of several tracts of Sault Ste. Marie Bands of Chippewa.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1935                       Recognized as reservation.
 4 Nov 1936                Bay Mills Indian Community.
1953                       Separation by off-reservation Indians (later Sault Ste. Marie
                             Chippewa).
1982 – 2000                Bay Mills Indian Community of Sault Ste. Marie Band of Chippewa
                             (on the U.S. list of tribal names).
1993                       Gaming compact.

Chiefs of Bay Mills (to the 1860's, Waishkey Bay)
c.1822 - af.1838           Wayeshkad "The Beginning"        (b. c.1778 – d. 1855)
c.1855                     .... "The Son"
bf.1857 - af.1870          John W. Waishkey                 (b. c.1816 – d. 1879)
bf.1886 - af.1900          William "Big Bill" Waishkey
bf.1910 - af.1920          Andrew Waishkey
Chairmen
bf.1915 - af.1920          John M. Lufkins?
                             (described as leader of the Business Committee)
19.. – 1937                ....
Presidents
 6 Mar 1937 -  1 Jun 1937  Herman E. Cameron (1st time)
 1 Jun 1937 - 1939         Lucy M. LeBlanc (f)
1939 - 1941                John H. Cameron
1941                       D. Henry Teeple
30 Jun 1941 - 1945         George W. Teeple
1945 - 1953                William L. LeBlanc
1953 - 1961                Arthur L. LeBlanc (1st time)
1961 - 1963                Irma G. Parrish (f)
1963 - 1967                Herman E. Cameron (2nd time)
1967                       Albert B. LeBlanc (1st time)
1967 – 1969                Maurice LeBlanc
1969 – 1971                Albert B. LeBlanc (2nd time)
1971 - 1973                Donald W. Parish
1973 - 1975                Michael C. Parish
1975 - 1979                Arthur L. LeBlanc (2nd time)
1979 - 1987                Wade I. Teeple
1987 - 1989                Clinton J. Parish
1989 - 2001                Jeffrey D. Parker (1st time)
2001 - 2003                L. John Lufkins
2003 - 2012                Jeffrey D. Parker (2nd time)
2012 - 2013                Kurt Perron
2013 - 2017                Levi Carrick
2017 - 19 Feb 2021         Bryan Todd Newland                 (b. c.1980)
19 Feb 2021 - 19 Mar 2021  Brenda Bjork (f) (acting)
19 Mar 2021 -              Whitney B. Gravelle (f)

Grand Traverse Ottawa and Chippewa

[Grand Traverse Ottawa and Chippewa (Michigan,
                  U.S.)]

1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Grand Traverse Bay Bands of Ottawa).
1836                       Reservation (several tracts) established.
1876                       Reservation dissolved (according to the treaty of 1855).
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1972                       Leelanau Indians, Inc. formed.
1980                       Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa, recognized by
                             the U.S.
1993                       Gaming compact.
1993                       Self-governance agreement.

First chief
bf.1836 - af.1855          Aysh-quay-go-nay-be (Anglicized spelling)
Chief (informal)
bf.1910 - 1950             Benjamin Harris                   (b. 1876 – d. 1950)
President
bf.1975 - 1980             Ardith "Dodie" Harris-Chambers (f)(b. 1947 – d. 2015)
Chairmen
1980                       Ardith "Dodie" Harris-Chambers (f)(s.a.)
1980 – 1996                Joseph C. Raphael
1996 – 2000                George E. Bennett
2000 – 2008                Robert Kewaygoshkum
2008 - 2012                Derek J. Bailey
2012 – 2015                Alvin Pedwaydon
2015 - 2016                JoAnne Cook (f) (acting)
2016 - 2020                Thurlow S. McClellan
2020 - 2024                David M. Arroyo
2024 -                     Sandra Witherspoon (f)


Hannahville Indian Community

[Hannahville
                          (Potawatomi) former flag (Michigan, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Hannahville
                          (Potawatomi) recent former flag (Michigan,
                          U.S.)]
Recent Former Flag
[Hannahville (Potawatomi) Indian
                          Community (Michigan, U.S.)]
Current Flag
c.1870                     Considered a part of Wisconsin Potawatomi (see
                             Forest County Potawatomi).
1935                       Wisconsin Potawatomi in Michigan, a separate tribe.
Jul 1936                   Hannahville Indian Community.
1982 – 2000                Hannahville Indian Community of Wisconsin Potawatomi (on
                             the U.S. list of tribal names).
1993                       Gaming compact.

Chief (informal)
c.1870 – 1882              Sah-pen-aiss "Yellow Bird"         (d. 1882)
Chairmen
c.1937                     Frank Elie                         (d. 1954)
c.196.                     Genevieve Sagataw (f)              (b. 1924 - d. 2011)
c.1967 - c.1971            Omar "Joe" Sagataw
1972 - 1974                James McCulloch
1974 - c.1978              Sally Halfaday (f)
197. - af.1984             Henry Philemon (1st time)
c.1985                     Theodore Wandahsega
bf.1986 - 1990             Henry Philemon (2nd time)
1990 -                     Kenneth Meshigaud

Keweenaw Bay

[Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (Michigan,
                    U.S.)]

1826                       Under the U.S. protection (L'Anse Band of Chippewa).
1842 – 1854                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to
                             Minnesota.

1854                       L'Anse Reservation established.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian
                             settlement.

1936                       Keweenaw Bay Indian Community.
1982 – 2000                Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of L'Anse, Lac Vieux Desert and
                             Ontonagon Bands of Chippewa (on the U.S. list of tribal names;
                             from 1988, reference to Lac Vieux Desert removed).

1993                       Gaming compact.
2002                       Self-governance agreement.

First chiefs
bf.1842 - af.1844          Bineshiin "Bird"                 (d. 1867)

bf.1847 - af.1879          David King                       (d. 1880)
c.1883                     William Owen (1st time)
bf.1893 - af.1897          Daniel Asher
bf.1910 - af.1915          William Owen (2nd time)
Chairmen
bf.1936 – 1937             ....
Presidents
1937 - af.1951             Charles Picard
c.1961                     Samuel L. Spruce
c.1969                     George Curtis
1972 - 1983                Frederick "Fred" Dakota (1st time)
1983 - af.1984             Jim St. Arnold
c.1985                     Myrtle Tolonen (f) (1st time)
bf.1986 - af.1988          Mark H. Perrault
c.1989                     Myrtle Tolonen (f) (2nd time)
bf.1990 - 1997             Frederick "Fred" Dakota (2md time)
1997 - 2000                Wayne Swartz
2000 - 2001                Richard Shalifoe
2001 - af.2002             Leonard "Bill" Cardinal
bf.2003 - 2005             William E. "Gene" Emery
2005 - Jan 2008            Susan J. LaFernier (f)
Jan 2008 - Jan 2014        Warren C. Swartz (1st time)
Jan 2014 - Jan 2015        Donald Shalifoe
Jan 2015 - Jan 2022        Warren C. Swartz (2nd time)
Jan 2022 - Jan 2023        Kim Klopstein (f)
Jan 2023 – Jan 2025        Doreen Blaker (f)
Jan 2025 -                 Robert D. Curtis


Lac Vieux Desert Chippewa

[Lac Vieux Desert
                    Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Michigan, U.S.)]

1826                       Under the U.S. protection (Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa).
1842 - 1854                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota.
1854                       Agreed to move to L'Anse Reservation (see Keweenaw Bay), no own
                             reservation.
1988                       Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa; recognition by the
                             U.S. confirmed.
1993                       Gaming compact.

First chiefs
bf.1840 - af.1849          Gizhiiyaashi "Sails Fast"        (b. c.1780 – d. 18..)
c.1854                     Madweyaashi "Sound by the Wind"
Chairmen
bf.1984 - af.1998          John C. McGeshick
bf.1999 - 2000             Richard Williams
2000 – 2004                Richard W. McGeshick
2004 – Jul 2010            James Williams (1st time)
Jul 2010 – 2013            Alan M. Shively
2013 -                     James Williams (2nd time)


Little River Ottawa 

[Little River Band of Ottawa (Michigan, U.S.)]

1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Grand River Bands of Ottawa).
1836                       Reservation (several tracts) established.
1876                       Reservation dissolved (according to the treaty of 1855).
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
c.1972                     Thornapple River Band of Ottawa organized.
1994                       Little River Band of Ottawa, recognized by the U.S.
1998                       Gaming compact.
2009                       Self-governance agreement.

First chief
bf.1855 - af.1858          Wiibimose "The Walker"            (b. c.1768 – d. 1866)
Chairmen
c.1973                     Katherine Glocheski (f)           (b. 1921)
c.1975                     Jonnie Jack Sam                   (b. 1929 – d. 2001)
bf.1994 – 1996             Daniel T. Bailey
1996 – 2000                Robert Guenthardt
Chiefs (official title: Ogema)
2000 – 2002                Robert Guenthardt
2002 – 2003                Jonnie Jay Sam
2003 – 2006                Lee Sprague
2006 – 2007                Patrick Wilson
2007 -                     Larry Romanelli


Little Traverse Bay Odawa 

[Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa (Michigan,
                    U.S.)]

1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Little Traverse Bay Bands of Ottawa).
1815 – 1927                Mackinac Indian Agency established (1889–1899 closed).
1836                       Reservation (several tracts) established.
1876                       Reservation dissolved (according to the treaty of 1855).
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1948                       Northern Michigan Ottawa Association formed.
1982                       Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa.
1994                       Recognized by the U.S.
1998                       Gaming compact.

Speaker
1835 – af.1836             Augustin Hamelin (Kanapima)       (b. 1813 – d. 1862)
Chief (informal)
c.1934                     Fred Ettawageshik                 (b. 1896 – d. 1969)
Presidents
1948 – 1976                Robert Dominic                    (d. 1976)
1976 – 1981                Waunetta Dominic (f)              (b. 1921 – d. 1981)
Chairmen
1982 – 1990                Ron Wemigwase (1st time)
1990 – 1991                Simon Otto
1991                       Ron Wemigwase (2nd time)
1991 – 1999                Frank E. Ettawageshik (1st time)
1999 – 2003                Gerald V. Chingwa
2003 – 2009                Frank E. Ettawageshik (2nd time)
2009 – 2011                Ken Harrington
2011 – 2013                Dexter McNamara
2013 – 2014                Fred Kiogima
2014 -                     Regina Gasco-Bentley (f)

British Deputy Superintendent and Agent for Mackinac tribes
1814 - 1815                William McKay                     (b. 1772 - d. 1832)


Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Pottawatomi 

[Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Pottawatomi
                    (Michigan, U.S.)]

1821                       One of several tracts of St. Joseph Potawatomi
                             (see Pokagon).
1827                       Tract ceded to the U.S.
1838                       Part of Grand River Ottawa (see Little River Ottawa),
                             avoided removal.
1954                       Known as Bradley Indians.
1978 - 1992                Part of Huron Potawatomi (see Nottawaseppi Huron Potawatomi).
1992                       Gun Lake Band of Grand River Ottawa.
1994                       Renamed Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi.
1999                       Recognition by the U.S. restored.
2009                       Gaming compact.
2018                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs (from 1854, informal)

1821 – 1845                Matchepenashshewish "Bad Bird"     (d. 1845)
1845 – 1854                Penasse "Little Bird"              (d. 1854)
1854 – 1903                Moses Foster (Shawbequong)         (b. c.1826 - d. 1903)
1903 – 1911                Vacant
1911 – 1931                Charles Foster                     (d. 1931)
1931 – 1954                Vacant
1954 – 1962                Jacob N. Sprague                   (d. 1962)
1962 – 1992                Lewis Church                       (b. c.1917 - d. 1992)
Chairmen
1992 – Feb 2016            David K. Sprague
Feb 2016 - Sep 2016        Ed Pigeon (acting)
Sep 2016 – Aug 2018        Scott Sprague
Aug 2018 -                 Bob Peters


Nottawaseppi Huron Potawatomi

[Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi
                            (Michigan, U.S.)]
Adopted 2015

c.1712 - 1761              French ally.
1761 - 1789                Allied with the British.
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Detroit Bands of Potawatomi).
1807                       Reservation (several tracts) established (known as Huron Bands)
                             in south-eastern Michigan.
1833                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1838 to join
                             the Wabash Bands [see Citizen Potawatomi], except the Notawasepe
                             band, that avoided removal).
1845                       Pine Creek Reservation set aside by the state for Potawatomi of
                             Huron.
1970                       Huron Potawatomi Inc. founded.
1996                       Recognition by the U.S. restored.
1999                       Gaming compact.
2008                       Renamed Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi.
2018                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs 
bf.1807 - 1819             Tonguish                           (d. 1819)
bf.1832 - 1836             Cusheewes                          (d. 1836)
1836 - 1839                Sauauquet                          (d. 1839)
1840 - 1863                John Maguago                       (d. 1863)
1863 - 1864                Pamptopee                          (d. 1864)
1864 - 1914                Phineas Pamptopee (Missick)        (d. 1914)
1914 - 1924                Stephen Pamptopee                  (d. 1924)
1925 - 1934                Samuel Mandoka                     (b. c.1863 - d. 1934)
1934 - 1970                Vacant
Chairmen
1970 - 1980                David Mackety (1st time)           (b. c.1920 – d. 1993)
1980 - 1981                Joseph Wesley
1981 - 1982                Ronald J. Chivis (1st time)
1982 - 1991                David Mackety (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1991                       Margaret Simpkema (f)
1991 - 1992                John Chivis                        (b. 1950 - d. 1993)
1992 - 1993                Ronald J. Chivis (2nd time)
1993 - af.1996             Shirley A. English (f)
c.1998                     Kathleen Ireland (f)
199. - 1999                Amos Day
1999 - 2000                Terry A. Chivis
2000 - 2001                Laura Spurr (f) (1st time)         (b. 1945 – d. 2010)
2001 - 200.                Dale Anderson
200. - 2003                Gilbert Holliday
2003 - 2010                Laura Spurr (f) (2nd time)         (s.a.)
2010 - May 2016            Homer A. Mandoka
May 2016 - 2024            Jamie P. Stuck
2024 -                     Dorrie Rios (f)


Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, Michigan & Indiana

[Pokagon Band of
                Potawatomi Indians (Michigan and Indiana, U.S.)]

c.1712 - 1761              French ally.
1761 - 1781                Allied with the British.
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (St. Joseph Bands of Potawatomi).
1821                       Reservation (several tracts) established in south-western
                             Michigan.
1833                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1838 to join
                             the Wabash Bands [see Citizen Potawatomi]), except the Pokagon
                             band, entitled to stay and to acquire the U.S. citizenship.
1952                       Potawatomi Indian Nation Inc. founded.
bf.1972                    Renamed Pokagon Band of Potawatomi.       
1994                       Regained U.S. recognition.
1999                       Gaming compact.
2000                       Pokagon Reservation established.


First chiefs of St. Joseph Potawatomi (title: Kshe’-Ogama)
bf.1757 - c.1790           Nanaquiba                          (b. c.1720 - d. c.1790)
c.1790 - 1826              Topinbee I                         (b. 1758 - d. 1826)
                             (from 1818, considered by the U.S. as
                             the principal chief of the Potawatomi)
1826 - 1840                Topinbee II                        (b. 1807 - d. 1840)
Chiefs of Pokagon
1826 - 1841                Leopold Pokagon                    (b. c.1775 - d. 1841)
1841 - 18..                Peter Pokagon
Chairmen
1866 - 1869                ....
1869 - 1882                Simon Pokagon                      (b. c.1830 - d. 1899)
c.1899                     Joseph H. Cushaway (1st time)
1899? - 1901               Charles Pokagon                    (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
1901 - 190.                Isaac Quigno                       (d. 1926)
bf.1907 - 1912             Thomas Topash
1912 - 1913                Joseph H. Cushaway (2nd time)
1913 - 19..                John Williams
bf.1927 - 1938             Andrew Rapp                        (b. 1865 - d. 1938)
bf.1945 - af.1956          Michael B. Williams                (b. 1881 - d. 1969)
c.1963                     John Winchester
c.1974                     Cecelia Williams (f)
c.1975                     Leo Alexis
c.1976                     Phillip Alexis
197. – 1987                Mark J. Alexis                     (b. 1915 - d. 1987)
1992? - 1994               Daniel Rapp                        (b. 1939 - d. 2011)
1994 - 1996                Joseph Rufus Winchester            (b. 1927 - d. 2005)
1996 - 1997                Matthew J. Wesaw (1st time)(acting)
1997 - Nov 1998            Robert "Bob" Moody (1st time) 
Nov 1998 - Nov 2001        John A. Miller (1st time)
                             (acting to 1999)
Nov 2001 - Sep 2002        Michael L. "Mike" Zimmerman, Jr.
                             (acting)
Sep 2002 - 2008            John A. Miller (2nd time)
2008 - 26 Oct 2013         Matthew J. Wesaw (2nd time)
Oct 2013 - Feb 2014        Robert "Bob" Moody (2nd time)
                             (acting)
 8 Feb 2014 – Jul 2018     John P. Warren
Jul 2018 -
Jul 2021        Matthew J. Wesaw (3rd time)
Jul 2021 - 2024            Rebecca J. Richards (f)
2024 -                     Matthew J. Wesaw (4th time)


Saginaw Chippewa

[Saginaw
                          Chippewa Tribe flag (Michigan, U.S.)]
Official Flag

[Saginaw
                          Chippewa Tribe alternative flag (Michigan,
                          U.S.)]Alternative Flag

c.1750 – 1761              Allied with the French.
1761 – 1795                Allied with the British.
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Saginaw Bands of Chippewa),
                             interrupted by the British alliance 1812-1813.
1819                       Reservation (multiple tracts) established.
1837 – 1855                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Kansas.
1855                       Isabella Reservation established (for Saginaw, Swan Creek and
                             Black River Bands of Chippewa).
1864                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1893 – 1920                Mt. Pleasant Indian Agency established.
1937                       Saginaw Chippewa Tribe.
1999                       Gaming compact.

First chiefs
1819 – 1840                Ogimaa-giigido "Chief Speaker"    (b. c.1794 – d. 1840)
bf.1855 - af.1868          13 band chiefs
Chiefs
bf.1931 – 1939             Elijah Elk (1st time)
1937/38                    Charles Williams
                             (briefly acted for or replaced Elk)
1939 – 1941                Willis Jackson, Sr. (1st time)
1941 – 1943                James Strong (1st time)
1943 – 1945                Elmer B. Simonds
1945 – 1949                Willis Jackson, Sr. (2nd time)
1949 – 1950                James Strong (2nd time)
1950 – 1956                Elijah Elk (2nd time)
1956 – 1962?               Willis Jackson, Sr. (3rd time)
1962? - 1963?              Arnold J. Sowmick, Sr.
1963? - 1964               Willis Jackson, Sr. (4th time)
1964 – 1975                Willis Jackson, Jr.               (b. 1927 – d. 2010)
1975 – 1982                Peter D. Otto                     (d. 1982)
1982 – 1991                Arnold J. Sowmick, Jr.            (b. 1931 – d. 1991)
1991                       Timothy J. Davis (1st time)(acting)
1991 – 1993                Ronald Falcon
1993 – 1995                Gail L. George (f)
1995 – 1997                Phillip G. Peters (1st time)
1997 – 1999                Kevin R. Chamberlain
1999 – 2001                Phillip G. Peters (2nd time)
2001 – 2003                Maynard Kahgegab
2003 – 2005                Audrey A. Falcon (f)
2005 - 2009                Fred Cantu
2009 – 2013                Dennis V. Kequom
2013 – 2015                Steven Pego
2015 - 2017                Frank Cloutier
2017 - 2019                Ronald Ekdahl
2019 - 2021                Timothy J. Davis (2nd time)
Dec 2021 - Dec 2023        Theresa Jackson (f)
Dec 2023 -                 Timothy J. Davis (3rd time)


Sault Ste. Marie Chippewa

[Sault Ste.
                          Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan
                          (Michigan, U.S.)]
Adopted c.1976

c.1660 – 1761              Allied with the French.
1763 – 1820                Allied with the British.
1820                       Under the U.S. protection (Sault Ste. Marie Bands of Chippewa),
                             the British party (modern Batchewana and Garden River, in Canada)
                             separated.
1822 – 1835                Sault Ste. Marie Indian Agency established (re-established 1934).
1836                       Reservation (several tracts) established.
1876                       Reservation dissolved (according to the treaty of 1855), except
                             the tract at Bay Mills.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
24 Dec 1953                Off-reservation Sugar Island Chippewa (from 1959 named Original
                             Bands of Sault Ste. Marie Chippewa) begin attempt to complete
                             separation from Bay Mills.
 7 Sep 1972                Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Michigan,
                             recognized by the U.S.
 7 Mar 1974                Sault Ste. Marie Indian Reservation established.
1993                       Gaming compact.
1995                       Self-governance agreement.

First chiefs
c.1763                     Gichi-Ojidiben "Great Crane"
bf.1779 - af.1794          Maidosagee (Anglicized spelling)
bf.1811 – 1813             Waabijaagi "White Crane"          (d. 1813)
1813 – 1819                Zhingwaakoons "Little Pine"       (b. c.1773 – d. 1854)
                             (head chief of Garden River, in Canada 1835 – 1854)
bf.1820 - 1828             Zhingaabewasin "Image Stone"      (b. c.1763 – d. 1828)
1828 – 1836                Gayaashk "The Gull"               (d. 1836)
1837                       Gabe-noodin "Soft Wind"           (d. af. 1855)
                             (appointed by the Indian agent)
1837 - af.1875             Ozhaawan-Akiwenzi "Revered South" (b. c.1786 – d. 18..)
                             Louis
Chairmen
1953 – 1973                Fred Hatch                        (b. 1901 – d. 1973)
1973 - 1987                Joseph "Joe" K. Lumsden           (d. 1987)
1987 - 2004                Bernard Bouschor
                             (acting to 1988)
2004 - 2008                Aaron A. Payment (1st time)       (b. 1966?)
2008 - 10 May 2011         Darwin "Joe" McCoy
May 2011 - 23 Aug 2011     Lana Causley (f)(interim)
23 Aug 2011 - Jul 2012     Joe Eitrem
Jul 2012 - Jul 2022        Aaron A. Payment (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jul 2022 -                 Austin Lowes (acting to Dec 2022)

British Superintendent and Agent for Western tribes
1812 – 1815                Robert Dickson                    (b. 1765 - d. 1823)

Minnesota

Lower Sioux

[Lower Sioux Indian
                Community (Minnesota, U.S.)]

1889                       Reservation set aside (to 1934, all Sioux lands in Minnesota were
                             considered single reservation and all Sioux were considered one
                             tribe, the Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux).
1891 – 1953                Pipestone (to 1898, Birch Cooley) Indian agency (1898-1914 closed).
1936                       Lower Sioux Indian Community.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1982 - 2000                Lower Sioux Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux
                             Indians (on the U.S. list of tribal names).
1991                       Gaming compact.

Presidents
c.1935 – af.1940           Samuel Bluestone
                             (chairman to 1936)
c.1955                     Thomas Bluestone
bf.1967 - af.1970          Albert Prescott
bf.1976 - af.1979          Iola Columbus (f)
c.1980                     Dennis Blue
bf.1981 - 1983             Ann Larsen (f) (1st time)
1983 – af.1986             Michael Prescott
bf.1988 - 1991             David E. Larsen
1991 – 1995                Joseph Goodthunder                    (b. 1946 – d. 2014)

1995 – 2002                Roger Prescott
2002 – 2005                Ann Larsen (f) (2nd time)
2005 – 2006                Sheldon Wolfchild
2006 – 2009                Shannon Blue (f)
2009                       Jean Stacy (f)
2009 – 2012                Gabe Prescott
2012 - 2015                Denny Prescott
2015 - 2017                Robert Larsen (1st time)
2017 - 2019                Brian Pendleton
2019 -                     Robert Larsen (2nd time)


Minnesota Chippewa Tribe

[Minnesota
                          Chippewa Tribe flag (Michigan, U.S.)]
Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Flag

c.1784 – c.1803            Allied with the British; by then the latter Minnesota Chippewa
                             are
divided into 3 groups: Lake Superior (in the east),
                             Mississippi (in
the center) and Pillager (in the west).
1825                       Under the U.S. protection (Grand Portage from 1844, Bois Forte
                             from 1854).

1851                       Chippewa (1878 – 1922 White Earth, from 1922 Consolidated
                             Chippewa) Indian Agency established (additional short-lived
                             agencies: 1874 – 1922 Leech Lake [1879 – 1899 closed], 1908 –
                             1919 Nett Lake, 1909 – 1920 Fond du Lac, 1911 – 1919 Grand
                             Portage).

1854                       Reservations begun to be established (1854 Fond du Lac, 1854
                             Grand Portage [until 1913 named Pigeon River], 1855 Mille Lacs,
                             1855 Leech Lake, 1855 Gull Lake [on 19 Mar 1867 exchanged for
                             White Earth], 1866 Nett Lake [for Bois Forte]).

1889                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920 all of Leech
                             Lake
and White Earth, and majority of others were citizens),
                             the assets
of all the bands (to 1902 including Red Lake) merged
                             into single
Chippewa in Minnesota Fund.
1898                       Reservations opened to the non-Indian settlement (largely not
                             effected on Grand Portage and Nett Lake).
May 1913 – 1927            General Council of the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota organized,
                             the constitution adopted, the authority of chiefs deemed to
                             have
ceased.
24 Jul 1936                Minnesota Chippewa Tribe established, composed of 6 bands (Bois 
                            
Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, White
                            
Earth), after 1964 the bands are self-governing.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement (Bois Forte
                             until
1975).
1990                       Gaming compacts with the state by 5 bands (by White Earth in 1991).
1993                       Self-governance agreements begun with the US (in 1993 Mille Lacs,
                             1995 Fond du
Lac, 1999 Bois Forte, 1999 Grand Portage, and 1999
                            
Leech Lake, and 2007 White Earth).

Presidents
1913/14 - 1916             John G. Morrison (1st time)
1916 – Jul 1917            James I. Coffey (1st time)
Jul 1917- af.1920          John G. Morrison (2nd time)
Apr 1918 – Jul 1919        James I. Coffey (2nd time)
                             (in opposition)

Jul 1919 – af.1920         Benjamin Caswell (1st time)
                             (in opposition)

c.1921                     Benjamin Caswell (2nd time)
c.1922                     John G. Morrison (3rd time)
c.1924                     Benjamin Caswell (3rd time)
1927 – 1936                Abolished
1936 – 1937                John Broker
1937 - 1938                John L. Pemberton
1938 – 1939                Edward M. Wilson (1st time)
1939 – 1941                Frank Broker (1st time)
1941 – 1943                Edward M. Wilson (2nd time)
1943 – 1945                William Anywaush
1945 – 1947                Frank Broker (2nd time)
1947 – 1949                Sam Zimmerman
1949 – 1950                Lawrence Connor
1950 – 1955                Edward M. Wilson (3rd time)
1955 – 1956                William J. Hanks
1956 – 1958                Lyzeme Savage
1958 – 1960                Simon Howard (1st time)
1960 – 1961                John B. Buckanaga                     (b. 1936)
1961 - 1964                Allen Wilson
1964 - 1970                Peter Dufault
1970 – 1974                Simon Howard (2nd time)
1974 – 1975                Harry Boness
1975 – 1980                Arthur Gahbow                         (b. 1935 - d. 1991)
1980 - 1994                Darrell "Chip" Wadena                 (b. 1939 – d. 2014)
1994 – 1998                Norman W. Deschampe (1st time)
1998 – 2000                Peter J. Defoe                        (b. 1939 – d. 2016)
2000 - 2016                Norman W. Deschampe (2nd time)
Sep 2016 - 2018            Kevin R. Dupuis
Jun 2018 - 2024            Catherine Chavers (f)
Jun 2024 -                 Michael LaRoque

Bois Forte Chippewa

[Bois Forte Band
                  of Chippewa (Minnesota, U.S.)]
First chiefs
bf.1854 - af.1866          Gabeshkodawe "Going Through the
                             Prairie"

bf.1880- 1910              Edaawaanikwebines "Twin-Haired Bird"  (b. c.1810 - d. 1910)
                             (= Farmer John)
1911 - af.1918             Debwewidam "Sound in the Distance"    (b. c.1835 - d. af.1923)

                             (= Moses Day)

Chairmen
1939 – 19..                ....
c.1967                     Ira Isham
c.1970                     Daniel E. Morrison (1st time)         (b. 1927 – d. 2005)
bf.1974 - 1976             Harry Boness
1976 – 1984                Gary W. Donald (1st time)
1984 – 1986                Donald R. Hackey
1986 – 1988                Daniel E. Morrison (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1988 - 1992                Eugene A. Boshey                      (b. 1932 - d. 2012)
1992 – 1996                Gary W. Donald (2nd time)
1996 – 1997                Clint Langren
1997 – 2000                Doris Isham (f)
2000 – 2004                Gary W. Donald (3rd time)
2004 – Jul 2016            Kevin W. Leecy
Jul 2016 -                 Catherine Chavers (f)

Fond du Lac Chippewa

[Fond du Lac
                  Chippewa (Minnesota, U.S.)]
First chiefs
bf.1826 - 1835             Zhingob "Balsam Fir I"                (d. 1835)
bf.1837 - 1854/55          Zhingob "Balsam Fir II"               (d. 1860)
                             (original name Nindibens "Small Head")
1854/55 - 1894             Naagaanab "Foremost Sitter" (Joseph)  (b. c.1800 - d. 1894)

Chairmen

1939 – 19..                ....
bf.1967 - af.1970          Sherman D. Smith
1974 - 1988                William J. Houle                      (b. 1931 – d. 2013)

1988 – 2004                Robert B. Peacock
2004 – 2006                Peter J. Defoe                        (b. 1939 – d. 2016)
2006 – 2007                Vincent R. "Butch" Martineau (interim)
2007 - 2015                Karen R. Diver (f)
2015 – Jul 2016            Wally Dupuis (interim)
Jul 2016 - 2024            Kevin R. Dupuis
Jun 2024 -                 Bruce Savage

Grand Portage Chippewa

[Grand Portage
                  Chippewa (Minnesota, U.S.)]
First chiefs
bf.1844 - af.1854          Zhaaganaashiins "Little Englishman"
185. - 18..                Adikoons "Little Reindeer"
bf.1885 - af.1905          Memashkawaash "Strong Wind" (Louis)   (b. c.1825 - d. bf.1921)

Chairmen

1939 – 19..                ....
c.1944                     Alton Bramer
1954 – 19..                James S. Hendrickson (1st time)       (b. 1929 – d. 2009)

c.1967                     Paul LeGarde
bf.1969 - af.1970          Paul Cyrette
bf.1975 - 1992             James S. Hendrickson (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1992 -  9 Feb 2019         Norman W. Deschampe                   (b. 1953 - d. 2019)
2019 - 21 Aug 2020         Elisabeth Drost (f)
21 Aug 2020 -              Bobby Deschampe

Leech Lake Chippewa

[Leech Lake Band
                  of Chippewa (Minnesota, U.S.)]
First chiefs of Leech Lake Pillager (largest band on the reservation)
(to late 1800's also head chiefs of Pillager Chippewa, title: Gichi-Ogimaa)
bf.1805 - 1860             Eshkibagikoonzh "Flat Mouth I"        (b. c.1774 - d. 1860)
1860 - af.1864             Bizhikiins "Little Buffalo"
bf.1866 - 1907             Niiganibines "Leading Bird" (d. 1907)
                             (also known as "Flat Mouth II")
                             (in exile in Canada c.1885 - 1890)
c.1886                     Naawagiizhig "Noon Day" (acting)

Chairmen

1939 – 19..                ....
bf.1964 - af.1968          Allen Wilson
bf.1969 - af.1970          David R. Munnell (1st time)
bf.1973 - 1974             Simon Howard
1974 – 1976                David R. Munnell (2nd time)
1976 – 1988                Hartley F. White                      (b. 1925 – d. 2009)

1988 – 1992                Daniel S. Brown
1992 – 1996                Alfred R. Pemberton
1996 – 2002                Eli O. Hunt
2002 – 2003                Richard Robinson (interim)
2003 – 2004                Peter D. White
2004 – 2008                George Goggleye
2008 - 2012                Arthur LaRose
2012 – Jul 2016            Carri Jones (f)                       (b. 1979)
Jul 2016 -                 Faron Jackson


Mille Lacs Chippewa

[Mille Lacs
                  Band of Chippewa (Minnesota, U.S.)]

First chiefs
bf.1825 - af.1849          Negwanebi "Tallest Feather"
c.1837                     Wazhashkokon "Muskrats Liver" (acting)(d. af.1863)
bf.1855 - af.1868          Zhaaboshkang "He That Passes Through" (d. af.1874)
1888 - 1903                Waawiyekamig "Round Earth"            (b. c.1850 - d. af.1916)
1903 - af.1914             Migizi "Bald Eagle"                   (b. 1867 - d. 1927)

Chairmen
1939 – 194.                Fred Sam
c.194.                     Sam Yankee (1st time)                 (d. 1975)
c.194. – c.195.            Fred Jones
c.195.                     Jerry Martin

1959 – 1964                James Shaugobay
1964 – 1965                Raining Boyd (interim)
1965 – 1972                Sam Yankee (2nd time)                 (s.a.)
1972 – 1991                Arthur Gahbow                         (b. 1935 - d. 1991)
1991 – 1992                Marjorie "Marge" Anderson (f)(interim)(b. 1932 – d. 2013)
Chief Executives
1992 – 2000                Marjorie "Marge" Anderson (f)         (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
2000 – 2008                Melanie A. Benjamin (f)(1st time)
2008 – 2009                Herbert Weyaus (interim)
2009 – 2012                Marjorie "Marge" Anderson (f)         (s.a.)

                             (2nd time)
2012 – 2024                Melanie A. Benjamin (f)(2nd time)
2024 -                     Virgil Wind

White Earth Chippewa

[White Earth
                          Chippewa Possible Former Flag (Minnesota,
                          U.S.)]
Possible Former Flag c.1995
[White Earth
                          Chippewa (Minnesota, U.S.)]
Current Flag

First chiefs of Sandy Lake
(to 1836 also head chiefs of Mississippi Chippewa, title: Gichi-Ogimaa)
c.1768                     Bayaaswaa "The Dry"
bf.1805 - 1827             Gaa-dawaabide "Broken Tooth"          (b. c.1753 - d. 1827)
1827 - 1836                Bagonegiizhig "Hole in the Day I"     (b. c.1800 - d. 1847)
1836 - af.1854             Gaa-nandawaawinzo "Berry Hunter"
c.1864                     Miskwaadesi "Painted Turtle"

First chiefs of Gull Lake
1836 - 1847                Bagonegiizhig                         (s.a.)
                             (also head chief of Mississippi Chippewa)
                             (by 1842 moved to Crow Wing)
bf.1842 - 1850/54          Waabojiig "White Fisher I" (acting)   (d. 1850/54)
1847 - 1868                Bagonegiizhig "Hole in the Day II"    (b. c.1825 - d. 1868)

                             (Joseph)
(original name Gwiiwizens "The Boy")
                             (claimed head chieftainship of Mississippi Chippewa,
                             from 1854, recognized as such by the U.S.)
                             (resided at Crow Wing)
1862 - bf.1867             Waabojiig "White Fisher II" (acting)  (d. bf.1867)

First chiefs of White Earth Mississippi Chippewa (largest band on the reservation)

1868 - 1898                Waabaanakwad "White Cloud"            (b. c.1825 - d. 1898)
                             (from 189. also known as Joseph Wright)
1899 - af.1911             Mizhakigiizhig "Lowering Sky"         (b. c.1828 - d. 1919)

Presidents
(of the local reservation council)
c.1917                     Joseph Charette (Wenjimaadab)         (b. c.1840 – d. 1921)

c.1919                     Julius H. Brown
c.1921                     John B. Fairbanks                     (b. 1854 – d. 1936)

Chairmen

1939 – 19..                ....

bf.1965 - af.1967          Bernard Mar
tin
bf.1969 - af.1970          Marvin L. Sargent
bf.1972 – 1976             Reuben Rock
1976 - 1996                Darrell "Chip" Wadena                 (b. 1939 - d. 2014)
1996 - 1998                Eugene McArthur, Jr.
1998 - 2000                John B. Buckanaga                     (b. 1936)
2000 - 2004                I. Doyle Turner
2004 - Jan 2016            Erma J. Vizenor (f)
Jan 2016 – Jul 2016        Steven Clark (acting)
Jul 2016 - 17 Mar 2019     Terrance "Terry" Tibbetts             (b. 1950? - d. 2019)
18 Mar 2019 -
Aug 2019     Eugene "Umsy" Tibbetts (acting)
Aug 2019 -                 Michael Fairbanks


Prairie Island

[Prairie
                    Island Indian Community (Minnesota, U.S.)]

 2 Mar 1889                Reservation set aside (to 1934, part of the Minnesota Mdewakanton
                             Sioux; details under Lower Sioux).
20 Jun 1936                Prairie Island Indian Community.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1982 - 2000                Prairie Island Indian Community of Minnesota Mdewakanton Sioux
                             Indians (on the U.S. list of tribal names).
1991                       Gaming compact.

Presidents
c.1935 – af.1955           Walter J. Leith
                             (chairman to 1936)
bf.1961 - af.1962          Norman Campbell
c.1967                     Charlotte Wells (f)
bf.1970 - af.1972          Amos Owen
c.1976 - af.1980           Curtis C. Campbell (1st time)
bf.1981 - af.1983          Albert White
c.1984                     Vine Wells
bf.1990 – 1991             Dale R. Childs
1991 – 1993                Freeman Johnson
1993 – 1997                Curtis C. Campbell (2nd time)
1997 – 2003                Audrey Kohnen (f) (1st time)
                             (from 2002, Audrey Bennett)
2003 – 2005                Doreen Hagen (f)
2005 – 2008                Audrey Bennett (f) (2nd time)
2008 - 2009                Ronald Johnson (1st time)
2009 – 2011                Victoria Winfrey (f)
2011 - 2013                Johnny Johnson (1st time)
2013 - 2015                Ronald Johnson (2nd time)
2015 - 2021                Shelley Buck (f)
2021 - 2024                Johnny Johnson (2nd time)
2024 -                     Grant Johnson


Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians

[Red Lake Band of
                Chippewa Indians (Minnesota, U.S.)]

 2 Oct 1863                Under U.S. protection (Red Lake Band of Chippewa); the Red Lake
                             Indian Reservation established.
1873                       Red Lake Indian Agency established (1879–1906 closed).
13 Apr 1918                Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota - first constitution
                             adopted.
1991                       Gaming compact with the state.
1997                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Head chiefs (title: Gichi-Ogimaa)

1862 – 1898                Maadwaagwanoonind "He Who Is          (b. 1806 – d. 1898)
                             Spoken To"
1898 – af.1911             Gebe-noodin  "Perpetual Wind"         (b. 1835 – d. 1933)
c.1918                     George "Joe" King (Ogimaawajiweb)     (b. 1875 - d. 1943)
bf.1951 - af.1970          August King, Sr. (Giniw)              (b. 1900 - d. 1975)
                             [not the last chief]

Chairmen (appointed by chiefs to 1959)
1918 - 19..                Joseph B. Jourdain
1959 - 1990                Roger A. Jourdain                     (b. 1912 - d. 2002)
1990 - 1994                Gerald F. "Butch" Brun (1st time)     (b. 1939? - d. 2003)
1994 - 2002                Bobby Whitefeather
2002 - 26 Apr 2003         Gerald F. "Butch" Brun (2nd time)     (s.a.)
11 May 2003 - May 2004     William "Billy" King (interim)
May 2004 - Jun 2014        Floyd "Buck" Jourdain                 (b. 1964)
Jun 2014 -                 Darrel G. Seki, Jr.


Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux

[Shakopee Mdewakanton
                  Sioux Community (Minnesota, U.S.)]

1889                       Reservation set aside (originally a part of the Minnesota
                             Mdewakanton Sioux, details under Lower Sioux).
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
28 Nov 1969                Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community.
1991                       Gaming compact.
2004                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1969 - 1984                Norman Melvin Crooks             (b. 1917 - d. 1989)
1984 – 1986                Susan Totenhagen (f)
1986 - 1992                Leonard Prescott
1992 - 25 Aug 2012         Stanley R. Crooks                (b. 1941 - d. 2012)
2012 - 31 Jan 2020         Charlie Vig                      (b. 1960)
31 Jan 2020 - 2024         Keith B. Anderson
2024 -                     Cole Miller


Upper Sioux

[Upper Sioux
                          Community former flag (Minnesota, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Upper Sioux Community (Minnesota,
                          U.S.)]
Current Flag

1934                       Separated from the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux.
 6 Oct 1938                Upper Sioux Indian Community, the reservation set aside.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1991                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1938 – 19..                ....
c.1967                     Dean F. Blue (1st time)
c.1970                     Herbert Ironheart
bf.1975 - af.1976          Norman Blue
c.1972 - af.1980           Larry Blue
bf.1981 - 1983             Lillian Smith (f)
1983 – 1985                Irene Howell (f)
1985 – af.1991             Dean F. Blue (2nd time)
bf.1993 - 1995             Lorraine Cavender-Gouge (f)
1995 – 2001                Dallas Ross
2001 – 2005                Helen M. Blue (f)
2005 -                     Kevin Jensvold


Mississippi

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians

[Mississippi
                          Band of Choctaw Indians (Mississippi, U.S.)]
Adopted Dec 1994

1834                       Some Mississippi Choctaw avoid removal from the east to Oklahoma.
 8 Oct 1918                Recognized by the U.S. (Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians);
                             the Choctaw Indian Agency established.
23 Dec 1944                Mississippi Choctaw Indian Reservation established.
20 Apr 1945                First constitution adopted.
29 Jan 1993                Gaming compact with the state.
1995                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
 
Chairmen
1934 – af.1935             Pat Chitto
1945 - 1949                Joe Chitto (1st time)             (b. 1890 – d. 1974)
1949 – 1951                Emmett York (1st time)            (b. 1903 – d. 1971)
1951 – 1955                Joe Chitto (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1955 – 1959                Emmett York (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1959 - 1967                Phillip Martin (1st time)         (b. 1926 - d. 2010)
1967 – 1971                Emmett York (3rd time)            (s.a.)
1971 – 1975                Phillip Martin (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Chiefs (title Miko)
1975 - 1979                Calvin Isaac
1979 - Jul 2007            Phillip Martin                    (s.a.)           
Jul 2007 – Jul 2011        Beasley Denson
Jul 2011 -
Jul 2019        Phyllis J. Anderson (f)
Jul 2019 -                 Cyrus Ben


Missouri

Sac and Fox of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska: see under Kansas


Montana

Blackfeet of Montana

[Blackfeet
                          Tribe of Montana (Montana, U.S.)]
Adopted 1980

c.1750                     Peigan tribe a part of the Blackfoot confederacy (details under
                             Siksika, Canada).
17 Oct 1855                Under the U.S. protection by the treaty with the confederacy
                             (referred to as the Blackfoot Nation); the Blackfeet Indian
                             Agency established.
16 Aug 1873                Great Blackfeet Reservation established.
19 Aug 1874                Formal division of Peigan into Northern Peigan (now Piikani in
                             Canada) and Southern Peigan (increasingly named as Blackfeet,
                             in the U.S.); separate tribal roll of the U.S. tribe created
                             by 1882.
 1 May 1888                Reservation divided into 3 reservations: Blackfeet, Fort Belknap
                             and Fort Peck.
1922                       First constitution adopted
13 Nov 1935                Blackfeet Tribe of Montana
1996                       Gaming compact with the state.


Head chiefs of Southern Peigan (title: Akokskina)
c.1846                     "Big Lake"
bf.1855 – 1856             "Lame Bull"                     (b. c.1796 – d. 1856)
1856 – 1867                "Little Dog"                    (d. 1867)
1867                       "Many Horses"                   (d. 1867)
                             ("Sitting in the Middle")
c.1868                     "Calf Shirt"
bf.1870 – 1873             "Big Lake"                      (d. 1873)
c.1874                     "Cut Hand" (acting)
Head chiefs of Blackfeet (title: Akokskina)
1874 - 1877                Inaksapopi "Little Plume"       (b. c.1837 - d. 1877)
1877 - 1903                Onistaipoka "White Calf"        (b. c.1835 - d. 1903)
                            [not the last chief]
Presidents
bf.1911 - 1915             "Wolf Tail"                     (b. c.1853 – d. 19..)
1915 – af.1921             Robert J. Hamilton              (b. c.1870 – d. 1932)
192. – 1922                Joseph W. Brown                 (b. 1873 – d. 19..)
Chairmen
1922 – 1923                Joseph W. Brown (1st time)      (s.a.)
1923 – 1924                Robert J. Hamilton (1st time)   (s.a.)
1924 – 1926                ....
1926 – 1927                Robert J. Hamilton (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1927 - 1938                Joseph W. Brown (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1938 – 1940                Stuart Hazlett
1940 – 1941                Levi J. Burd
bf.1942 - 1944             Richard Grant
1944 – af.1946             Joseph W. Brown (3rd time)      (s.a.)
1948 – 1950                Henry Magee
1950 – 1952                George Pambrun
1952 – 1964                Walter S. Wetzel                (b. 1915 – d. 2003)
1964 – 1978                Earl Old Person (1st time)      (b. 1929 - d. 2021)
1978 – 1980                Daniel Boggs
1980 – 1998                Earl Old Person (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1998 - 2000                William Old Chief               (b. 1957)
2000 - 2002                Earl Old Person (3rd time)      (s.a.)
2002 - 2003                William A. Talks About (1st time)
2003 - 2004                Jesse St. Goddard
2004 - 2005                William A. Talks About (2nd time)
2005 - 2006                Patrick Thomas
2006 – 2008                Earl Old Person  (4th time)     (s.a.)    
12 Jul 2008 - 12 Aug 2011  Willie A. Sharp, Jr. (1st time)
15 Aug 2011 - Jul 2012     Terry "T.J." Show
Jul 2012 - 10 Jul 2014     Willie A. Sharp, Jr. (2nd time)
10 Jul 2014 - Jul 2018     Harry R. Barnes

Jul 2018 -
Apr 2022        Timothy Davis
Apr 2022 - 2024            Scott Kipp
Jun 2024 -                 Rodney Gervais


Chippewa Cree of Rocky's Boy


[Chippewa Cree of Rocky's Boy old flag
                          (Montana, U.S.)]
to c.2013
[Chippewa Cree of Rocky's Boy
                          (Montana, U.S.)]
Adopted c.2013

c.1885                     Group of Chippewa (later known as the Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa)
                             arrived from Turtle Mountain, North Dakota; joined by the Cree
                             refugees from Canada.
 7 Sep 1916                Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation established.
1917                       Rocky Boy Indian Agency established.
23 Nov 1935                Chippewa Cree Tribe of the Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana
                             (heading of the constitution, but not the text, uses word
                             "Indians" instead of "Tribe"; in 1982 "Tribe" replaced
                             by "Indians" in the list of tribal names published by the U.S.).

1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
1994                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.


Chief

c.1895 - 1916              Asiniiwin "Stone Child"         (b. 1851 - d. 1916)
1917 – 1925                Tribal Council (originally 13 headmen)
1925 – 1934                General Council
Chairmen
1934 - 1936                Malcolm Mitchell
1936 - 1937                Louis St. Marks
1937 - 1938                Dan Sangrey
1938 - 1939                Dan Belcourt
1939 – 1941                William "Bill" Morsette, Sr.
                             (1st time)
1941 - 1942                Paul Mitchell
1942 – 1946                John Parker, Sr.
1946 – 1948                William "Bill" Morsette, Sr.
                             (2nd time)   
1948 – 1950                Jim Monteau

1950 - 1951                Joe Corcoran
1951 – 1954                Francis Four Souls              (b. 1907 – d. 1984)
1954 – 1956                Joe Demontiney, Sr. (1st time)
1956 – 1958                Fred Nault
1958 - 1960                William "Bill" Morsette, Sr.
                             (3rd time)
1960 – 1961                William Denny
1961 - 1962                Paul Eagleman  
1962 – 1964                Ted Lamere, Sr.
1964 – 1966                Pete Sutherland
1966 – 1969                Joe Demontiney, Sr. (2nd time) 
1969 – 1971                Joe Rosette, Sr.
1971 – 1985                John Windy Boy
1985 - 1992                Rocky Stump, Sr.

1992 - 1996                John "Roddy" Sun Child, Sr.     (b. 1930 – d. 2004)
1996 - 2000                Bert Corcoran
2000 - 2004                Alvin Windy Boy
2004 - 2009                John "Chance" Houle
Feb 2009 - 2011            Raymond "Jake" Parker
2011 - 2012                Bruce Sun Child
2012 - Mar 2013            Ken Blatt St. Marks (1st time)
Mar 2013 - Jul 2013        Richard "Ricky" Morsette
(1st time)
                             (interim)

Jul 2013 - Sep 2013        Ken Blatt St. Marks (2nd time)
Sep 2013 - Nov 2014        Richard "Ricky" Morsette (2nd time)
                             (interim)

Nov 2014                   Ken Blatt St. Marks (3rd time)
Nov 2014 - Feb 2015        Richard "Ricky" Morsette (3rd time)
                             (interim)

Feb 2015 - Mar 2015        Ken Blatt St. Marks (4th time)
Mar 2015 - Jun 2015        Richard "Ricky" Morsette (4th time)
                             (interim)

Jun 2015 - Jul 2015        Ted E. Whitford (interim)

Jul 2015 - Nov 2016        K
en Blatt St. Marks (5th time)
Nov 2016 -                 Harlan Baker

Fort Belknap Indian Community

[Fort Belknap Indian
                Community (Montana, U.S.)]

c.1750                     Gros Ventre (or A'aninin) tribe a part of the Blackfoot
                             confederacy (details under Siksika, Canada).
17 Oct 1855                Under the U.S. protection by the treaty with the confederacy.
27 Jul 1866                Gros Ventre withdrew from the Blackfoot confederacy; joined by
                             group of the Assiniboine.
16 Aug 1873                Part of the Great Blackfeet Reservation; the Fort Belknap Indian
                             Agency established.
 1 May 1888                Reservation divided into 3 reservations: Blackfeet, Fort Belknap
                             and Fort Peck.
1933                       First constitution adopted.
13 Dec 1935                Fort Belknap Indian Community

2007                       Gaming compact.

Head chiefs of Gros Ventre
c.1855                     Council (8 chiefs)
bf.1865 – 1869             "Sitting Woman"                 (d. 1869)
1869 – 1881                "White Eagle"                   (b. c.1820 – d. 1881)
1881 – 1883                Jerry Running Fisher (acting)   (b. 1847 – d. 1909)
1883 – 1908                "Lame Bull"                     (b. 1831 - d. 1908)
Chiefs of Upper Assiniboine (title: Hunga)
1866 – af.1873             "Long Hair"
c.1894                     Hunga Jusina "Little Chief"
Presidents
1908 – 1912                ....
1912 – 1921                General Council
Chairmen
1921 – 1922                "Bear" John Buckman (1st time)  (b. 1873 – d. 19..)
1922 – 192.                Russell Young
c.1926                     August Moccasin   
bf.1933 – 1934             "Bear" John Buckman (2nd time)  (s.a.)              
1934 - 1935                William John Bigby
Presidents    
c.1937                     Richard King (1st time)
1938 – 1948?               Clarence Brockie                (d. 1949)
1948 - 1949                Rufus Warrior (1st time)        (b. 1883 - d. 19..)
1950 - 1951                Carl Grant? 
1952 - 1953                John Capture? (1st time)
1954 - 1955                Rufus Warrior (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1956 - 1957                John Capture? (2nd time)
1958 - 1960                John Matthew Bell               (b. 1924 - d. 1975)
1960 - 1963                Richard King (2nd time)      
1964 - 1965                Thomas Bell
1966 - 1967                Dorance Horseman
c.1968 - c.1972            John Capture (3rd time?)
c.1972 - c.1973            John Crasco
1974 - 1975                John W. Allen
c.1975 - 1981              Charles D. "Jack" Plumage
c.1982 - Dec 1985?         Henry Brockie
c.1986                     William T. "Snuffy" Main
                             (1st time)
1988 - 1989                Gilbert Horn                    (b. 1925)
c.1990 - c.1991            Donovan Archambault
1992 - 1993                William T. "Snuffy" Main
                             (2nd time)
1994 – 1995                Harlan K. Mount
1995 – 1997                Tracy "Ching" King (1st time)
Nov 1997 – 2001            Joseph R. McConnell
2001 - May 2004            Benjamin "Ben" Speakthunder
2004 - Feb 2005            Darell Martin 
2005 - 2009                Julia Doney (f)
2009 - 2013                Tracy "Ching" King (2nd time)
Nov 2013 - 2017            Mark L. Azure
Nov 2017 -
Nov 2021        Andrew Werk
Nov 2021 -                 Jeffery Stiffarm


Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of Fort Peck

[Assiniboine and
                        Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Reservation
                        (Montana, U.S.)]
Adopted 1975

1826                       Assiniboine (or Nakoda) under the U.S. protection.
1866                       Majority of the Upper Yanktonai Nakota Sioux arrived from South
                             Dakota (details under Crow Creek Sioux); a group of the
                             Assiniboine joined Gros Ventre.
1870                       Milk River (from 1874, Fort Peck) Indian Agency established.
16 Aug 1873                Part of the Great Blackfeet Reservation.
 1 May 1888                Reservation divided into 3 reservations: Blackfeet, Fort Belknap
                             and Fort Peck.
1924                       First constitution adopted.
Apr 1927                   Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Reservation.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chiefs of (from 1866, Lower) Assiniboine (title of chief: Hunga)
1851 – 1855                Mato Witko "Crazy Bear"         (b. c.1785 – d. 1855)
1855 – 1866                ....
1866 – 1896                Iya Sha "Red Stone"             (b. 1833 – d. 1896)
Head chiefs of Upper Yanktonai Nakota Sioux
1866 – 1872                Howa Sapa "Black Catfish"       (d. af.1885)
1872 – af.1886             Mato Wakan "Medicine Bear"
Chairmen
18.. – 1909                General Council
1909 – 19..                ....
c.1921                     Samuel Conger
c.1924                     Rufus Ricker
1927 – 1929                Joshua Wetsit (1st time)        (b. 1887 – d. 1971)
1929                       Charles Hall (president)
1929 – 1931                General Council
1931 – 1932                Joshua Wetsit (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1932 – 1934                Gus M. Headrick
1934 – 1935                George Washington (1st time)
1935 – 1941                Charles Eder
1941 - 1945                George Washington (2nd time)
1945 - 1947                Carl Walking Eagle
1947 - 1949                Peter Eagle
1949 - 1951                David Buckles
1951 - 1953                William C. Knorr
1953 - 1957                Austin Buckles (1st time)
1957 -  6 Sep 1958         Dolly Akers (f)
 6 Sep 1958 - 1959         George Thompson, Jr. (acting)
31 Jan 1959 - 15 Apr 1959  Roy L. Sansaver (acting)
1959 - 1961                Austin Buckles (2nd time)
1961 - 1971                William Youpee
1971 - 1973                Joseph Red Thunder
1973 - 1985                Norman Hollow
1985 – 1987                Kenneth Ryan
1987 - 1989                Raymond White Tail Feather
1989 - 1991                Lawrence "Larry" Wetsit
1991 - 1997                Caleb Shields
1997                       Raymond "Abby" Ogle
1997 -  1 Aug 1999         Spike Bighorn

1999                       Ray K. Eder (acting) (1st time)
1999 - 2003                Arlyn Headdress
2003 - May 2004            John Morales (1st time)
2004 - 2005                Ray K. Eder (acting) (2nd time)
2005 - 2007                John Morales (2nd time)
2007 - 2011                A.T. "Rusty" Stafne (1st time)  (b. 1936)
2011 - 2013                Floyd G. Azure (1st time)
2013 - 2015                A.T. "Rusty" Stafne (2nd time)  (s.a.)
2015 - 2023                Floyd G. Azure (2nd time)
Oct 2023 -                 Justin Gray Hawk

 
Crow Tribe of Montana

[Crow Tribe of
                        Montana (Montana, U.S.)]
Adopted 1967

1825                       Mountain Crows under the U.S. protection.
17 Sep 1851                River Crows under the U.S. protection.
 7 May 1868                Crow Indian Reservation established.
1869                       Crow Indian Agency established.
May 1922                   Crow Tribe of Montana, the by-laws adopted.
18 May 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
2009                       Gaming compact with the state.


Head chiefs of Mountain Crow (in the south)
bf.1805 - 1836             Itchuuwaaooshbishish            (b. c.1750 – d. 1836)
                             "Red Plume" ("Long Hair")
1836 – 1862                Daxpitcheehisshish "Red Bear"   (b. c.1807 - d. 1862)
1851 – 1858                "Big Shadow"                    (b. c.1800 – d. 1858)
                             (jointly with the previous, in the east)
1862 – 1868                Awe Kualawaachish
("Blackfoot") (b. c.1795 – d. 1877)
                            
"Sits in the Middle of the Land"
Head chiefs of River Crow
(in the north)
bf.1825 - 1834             Eelapuash "Sore Belly"          (b. c.1795 – d. 1834)
1834 – 1867                Chiischipaaliash
("Rotten Tail")(b. c.1800 – d. 1867)
                            "Twines His Tail"
Head chiefs of Crow
(title: Batse’tse-kyashe)
1868 – 1877                Awe Kualawaachish               (s.a.)
                             "Sits in the Middle of the Land"
1877 – 1886                Uuwatchiilapish "Iron Bull"     (b. c.1820 – d. 1886)
1886 – 1904                Deaxitchish "Pretty Eagle"      (b. c.1846 – d. 1904)
1904 – 1932                Alaxchiiaahush "Plenty Coups"   (b. 1848 – d. 1932)
                             ("Buffalo Bull")
Chairmen

1911 – 191.                Frank Shane
c.1913                     George W. Hogan
bf.1918 - 1920             James H. Carpenter (1st time)   (b. 1881 – d. 19..)
1920 - 1921                Ralph Saco   
1921 - 1927                James H. Carpenter (2nd time)   (s.a.) 
1927 - 1934                William Bends    
1934 - 1938                Hartford Bear Claw 
1938 - 1941                Charles Yarlott 
1941 - 1946                Henry Pretty On Top 
1946 - 1954                Robert "Robbie" Yellowtail      (b. 1889 - d. 1988)
1954 - 1956                William Wall    
1956 - 1960                Edward "Posie" Whiteman  
1960 - 1964                John B. Cummings 
1964 - 1966                John E. Wilson  
1966 - 1972                Edison Real Bird
1972 - 1974                David Stewart 
1974 - 1977                Patrick Stands Over Bull        (b. 1941 - d. 2015)
1977 - 1982                Forrest Horn   
1982 - 1986                Donald Stewart
1986 - 1990                Richard Real Bird
1990 - 2000                Clara Nomee (f)                 (b. 1938 - d. 2012)
2000 -  5 Sep 2002         Clifford G. Birdinground 
 5 Sep 2002 - Nov 2002     Vincent Goes Ahead (acting)
11 Nov 2002 - Feb 2009     Carl E. Venne                   (b. 1946 - d. 2009)
2009 -  3 Dec 2012         Cedric Black Eagle 
 2 Dec 2012 - Dec 2016     Darrin Old Coyote
Dec 2016 - Dec 2020        Alvin "A.J." Not Afraid

Dec 2020 -                 Frank White Clay


Little Shell Chippewa

[Little Shell
                              Chippewa Tribe (Montana, U.S.)] Adopted 2006

c.1885                     Apparently a mostly Metis group arrived from North Dakota
                             along with the latter Chippewa of Rocky Boy.
1936                       Non-Treaty Chippewa-Cree Indians of Northern Montana
                            (headquarters in Great Falls).
1939                       Renamed Pembina Band of Chippewa.
1949                       Renamed Little Shell Band of Chippewa.
1977                       Renamed Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana,
                            
constitution adopted.
2
0 Dec 2019                Recognized by the U.S., no reservation as of 2024.

Presidents

1936 - 1963                Joseph H. Dussome               (b. 1880 – d. 1963)
1963 - 1976                George St. Clair
1976 - 1978                John Contway
Chairmen
1978 - 1979                George Plummer                  (b. 1906 – d. 1992)
1979 - 1980                John L. "Bud" Sinclair          (d. 2008)
1980 - 1981                John Parker Shield
1981                       Gerald "Jerry" Azure            (d. 1981)
1981 - 1983                Ralph Doney
1983 - 1984                Howard Paul (acting)            (b. 1913 – d. 19..)
1984 - 1988                Donald F. "Don" Bishop          (b. 1938 – d. 1996)
1988 - 1995                Deborah Swanson (f)
1995 - 1996                Mack McGillis (acting)
1996 - 1997                James Parker Shield             (b. 1951)
1997 - 1999                John Gilbert (1st time)
1999 - 2000                Tim Zimmerman
2000 - 2008                John Gilbert (2nd time)
2008 - 2010                John Sinclair
                             (continued in opposition in Havre to 2012)
2010 - 2012                John Gilbert (3rd time)
2012 -                     Gerald Gray


Northern Cheyenne

[Northern Cheyenne
                        Tribe (Montana, U.S.)]
Adopted 1964

1825                       Cheyenne under the U.S. protection (details under Cheyenne and
                             Arapaho).
10 May 1868                Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho ceded their land to the U.S. and
                             are moved to the Great Sioux Reservation in South Dakota.
1874                       Northern Cheyenne establish the Council of 44 Chiefs (title of
                             chief: Veho), separate from the Southern Cheyenne.
May 1877 – Apr 1879        Briefly displaced to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation in
                            
Oklahoma (in 1879, returned to Montana).
16 Nov 1884                Tongue River Indian Reservation established.
1886                       Tongue River Indian Agency established.
19 Mar 1900                Renamed Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (former name remains
                             in use until 1939).
1933                       First constitution adopted.
23 Nov 1935                Northern Cheyenne Tribe.
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.


Sweet Medicine Chiefs (ceremonial leaders)
bf.1868 – 1881             O’kohomoxhaahketa "Little Wolf" (b. c.1820 – d. 1904)
1881 – 1892                Vacant
1892 – 1900                Hahkota "Grasshopper"
1900 – 1911                Ve’ho’evo’ha "American Horse"   (b. c.1842 – d. 1911)
                             [not the last Chief]
1911 – 1940                Vacant
Chairmen   
1915 – 19..                ....

bf.1928 – 1935             Clay T. Rowland
1935                       Rufus Wallowing                 (b. 1887 – d. 1965)
Presidents
Dec 1935 - Sep 1936        Rufus Wallowing "Big Egg"       (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
Sep 1936 - Jun 1938        Joseph White Bear "Black Ree"
Sep 1938 - 31 May 1940     Eugene Fisher, Sr. (1st time)   (b. 1878 - d. 1956)
                             "Tall Buffalo"
 4 Jun 1940 - Sep 1940     William Red Cherries "Oyster"
                             (1st time) (interim)
Sep 1940 - 19 Jan 1943     Eugene Little Coyote
                             "One that Kills in the Morning"
19 Jan 1943 - 21 Mar 1943  William Red Cherries "Oyster"
                             (2nd time) (interim)

22 Mar 1943 - 22 Jul 1943  John Stands in Timber (interim) (b. 1882 – d. 1967)
                             "One that Stands in the Timber"
Jul 1943 - Oct 1943        William Red Cherries "Oyster"
                             (3rd time)
30 Nov 1943 - Sep 1944     William Red Cherries "Oyster"
                             (4th time)
Sep 1944 -  9 Jul 1947     Eugene Fisher, Sr. (2nd time)   (s.a.)
                             "Tall Buffalo"
Jul 1947 - Sep 1948        John Russell "Bear"
Sep 1948 - Sep 1952        Rufus Wallowing "Big Egg"       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Sep 1952 -  4 Mar 1955     Eugene Fisher, Sr. (3rd time)   (s.a.)
                             "Tall Buffalo"

Mar 1955 - Sep 1968        John Wooden Legs                (b. 1910 – d. 1981)
Sep 1968 - Sep 1984        Allan Rowland "Ghost Bull"
Sep 1984 -  2 Dec 1985     Windy Shoulder Blade
                             "Beaver Heart"
Dec 1985 - 30 Jan 1986     Mark Elk Shoulder (1st time)
                             "Wondering Medicine"
(interim)
30 Jan 1986 - 18 Aug 1986  John Buffalo Horn
18 Aug 1986 – 30 Aug 1986  Mark Elk Shoulder (2nd time)

                             (interim)
30 Aug 1986 - 22 Sep 1986  Charles Yellowfox "Bird"(interim)
22 Sep 1986 - Sep 1988     Robert Bailey "He's Blue"
Sep 1988 - Dec 1989        Edwin Dahle (1st time)
16 Dec 1989 - 18 Jan 1990  John Wooden Legs, Jr. (interim)
                             "Mighty Eagle"

18 Jan 1990 – 1 Sep 1992   Edwin Dahle (2nd time)
 1 Sep 1992 - Dec 1996     Llevando "Cowboy" Fisher        (b. 1944)

                             (1st time)
Dec 1996 - Jan 1998        William Walks Along
                             "Wolf Chief"
Jan 1998 - Mar 1998        Norma Gourneau (f) (interim)
                             "Sacrifices Woman"
Mar 1998 - Nov 2000        Joe Walks Along, Sr.
                             "Little Bear"
Nov 2000 - Nov 2004        Geri Small (f) (1st time)
                             "Lighting Woman"
Nov 2004 - 28 Dec 2007     Eugene Little Coyote, Jr.
28 Dec 2007 - Mar 2008     Rick Wolfname (interim)
Mar 2008 – Nov 2008        Geri Small (f) (2nd time)
Nov 2008 - 16 Nov 2012     Leroy A. Spang
16 Nov 2012 – Jul 2013     John J. Robinson
Jul 2013 – Oct 2013        Winfield S. Russell (interim)
Oct 2013 - Dec 2016        Llevando "Cowboy" Fisher        (s.a.)

                             (2nd time)
Dec 2016 - Oct 2018        Lawrence "Jace" Killsback
Oct 2018 – Jan 2019        Conrad Fisher (interim)
Jan 2019 - 17 Nov 2020     Rynalea Whiteman-Peña (f)
17 Nov 2020 -
Feb 2022     Donna Marie Fisher (f)
Feb 2022 - Nov 2024        Serena Wetherelt (f)
                             (interim to Apr 2022)
Nov 2024 -                 Gene Small


Salish and Kootenai Confederated Tribes of the Flathead

[Confederated
                        Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead
                        Reservation (Montana, U.S.)]
Adopted 1979

1854                       Flathead Indian Agency established (briefly closed 1857-1861).
16 Jul 1855                Under the U.S. protection (Confederated Tribes of the Flathead
                             Nation); the Jocko (from 1910, Flathead) Indian Reservation
                             established.
1910                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
28 Oct 1935                Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation.
 
9 Apr 1954                Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes successfully resisted the
                             U.S. government attempt to terminate their tribes and
                             reservation.
1963 – 1995                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

1993                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
2001                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chiefs of the Flathead (largest tribe of the confederacy; title of chief: Ilmixwm)
bf.1831 - 1841             "Big Face" (from 1840, Paul)    (b. c.1750 – d. 1841)
1841 – 1870                Victor (Xwelxlcin "Many Horses")(b. c.1790 – d. 1870)
1870 – 1910                Charlo                          (b. c1830 - d. 1910)
                             (Slmxe Qwoxwqeys "Little Grizzly Claw")
                            
(refused to settle on the reservation until 1891)
1872 – 1889                Henry Arlee (acting)            (d. 1889)

1910 – 1941                Martin Charlo                   (b. 1856 - d. 1941)
Chiefs of Upper Kalispel (Pend d'Oreille) (second largest tribe of the confederacy)
1848 – 1868                Alexander (Tmlxicin 'No Horses")(b. c.1808 – d. 1868)
1868 – 1897                Michell                         (b. 1805 – d. 1897)
1897 – 1929                Charley Michell                 (b. 1863 – d. 1929)
1929 – 1944                Moses Michell                   (b. 1886 – d. 1944)

Chairman

1910 – 1921                Duncan McDonald                 (b. 1849 – d. 1934)
Presidents
c.1921                     Thomas J. Burland
1923 – 193.                Caville Dupuis                  (b. 1873 – d. 19..)
bf.1933 - 1936             Joseph R. Blodgett, Jr.         (b. 1877 - d. 1950)
Chairmen
1936 – 1940                Edwin Dupuis                    (b. 1896 – d. 1976)
1940 – 1942                Eneas Granjo (1st time)         (b. 1882 – d. 1957)
1942                       Richard McLeod
1942 – 1944                Eli Gingras
1944 – 1945                Stephen DeMers
1945 – 1946                Lester Dupuis
1946 – 1948                Eneas Granjo (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1948 – 1950                Walter W. McDonald (1st time)
1950 – 1952                Walter Morigeau
1952 – 1960                Walter W. McDonald (2nd time)
1960 – 1964                William E. Morigeau
1964 – 1966                Walter W. McDonald (3rd time)
1966 – 1968                Lyman L. Trahan
1968 – 1970                Harold W. Mitchell, Jr.
                             (1st time)
1970 – 1972                Fred Whitworth
1972 – 1978                Harold W. Mitchell, Jr.
                             (2nd time)
1978 – 1979                Thomas Swaney
1979 – 1984                Thomas Pablo
1984 – 1986                Joseph J. Felsman               (b. 1932 – d. 2006)
1986 – 1987                Ron Therriault
1987 – 1996                Michael T. Pablo (1st time)     (b. 1948 – d. 1999)
1996 – 1998                Rhonda C. Swaney (f)
1998 – 1999                Michael T. Pablo (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1999 – 2006                D. Frederick Matt
2006 – 2010                James H. Steele, Jr.
2010 – 2012                Ernest T. Moran
2012 – 2014                Joe Durglo
2014 - 2015                Ronald Trahan (1st time)
2015 - 2017                Vernon Finley
2017 - 2019                Ronald Trahan (2nd time)
2019 - 2021    
            Shelly Fyant (f)
Dec 2021 - Dec 2023        Tom McDonald
Dec 2023 -                 Michael Dolson


Nebraska

Omaha Tribe

[Omaha Tribe of Nebraska
              and Iowa (Nebraska, U.S.)]

1815                       Under the U.S. protection (Omaha Tribe), by then governed by
                             council of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Sky chief
                             formally
sharing with the Earth chief, but a single head chief
                             was eventually recognized by the U.S.
1819 - 1925                Upper Missouri (1837-1856 Council Bluffs, from 1856 Omaha) Indian
                             Agency established (closed 1849-1851, 1910-1914).
1854                       Omaha Reservation established.
1883                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens), the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without
                             formal opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
1936                       Omaha Tribe, constitution adopted.
1953 - 1970                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1990                       Gaming compact.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs
(title: Ni’ka Gahi U’zhu)
(to 1800 the Sky chiefs, afterwards the Earth chiefs)
bf.1777 - 1800             Wazhin’ga Thabe "Black Bird"       (b. c.1750 - d. 1800)
c.1801                     On’pon Thka "White Elk"            (d. af.1820)
bf.1811 - 1843             On’pon Tonga "Big Elk"             (b. c.1772 - d. 1846)
1843 - 1853                James Big Elk                      (b. c.1822 - d. 1853)
1853 - 1855                Logan Fontenelle (interim)         (b. c.1825 - d. 1855)
                             (Shon’ge Thka "White Horse")
1855 - 1866                Joseph LaFlesche                   (b. c.1820 - d. 1888)
                             (Inshta’ Monthe "Iron Eye") 
1866 - 1880                Monhin’thin Ge "No Knife"          (b. c.1820 - d. 1901)
1880 - 18..                Tribal Council
                           [7, later 10 life chiefs]
Presidents
bf.1921 - af.1922          Thomas F. Walker
c.1930                     Edward Cline
bf.1931 - 1936             Elwood Harlan
Chairmen
1936 - 19..                Elwood Harlan
c.1944                     Amos Lamson (1st time)
c.1947                     Charles A. Walker
bf.1951 - af.1953          Amos Lamson (2nd time)
c.1954                     Alfred W. Gilpin (1st time)
c.1955 - c.1957            Gustavus White
1957 - Nov 1962            Alfred W. Gilpin (2nd time)
Nov 1962 - 196.            Louis Saunsoci
196. - 1965                Edward L. Cline (1st time)         (b. 1925 - d. 2008)
c.1965                     Valentine Parker                   (b. 1931 - d. 2004)
bf.1966 - c.1968           Alfred W. Gilpin (3rd time)
c.1969 - c.1970            Edward L. Cline (2nd time)         (s.a.)
c.1970 - c.1975            Elmer LaFlesche Blackbird          (b. 1921 - d. 2007)
                             (1st time)
c.1975 - 1980              Edward L. Cline (3rd time)         (s.a.)
1980                       Oliver Saunsoci                    (b. 1931 - d. 2008)
1980 - 1981                Elmer LaFlesche Blackbird          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)  
1981 - 1982                Doran L. Morris (1st time)         (b. 1943 - d. 2006)
1982 - 1983                Wade Miller (1st time)             (b. 1921 - d. 1987)
1983                       Elmer LaFlesche Blackbird          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1983 – 1986                Wade Miller (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1986 - 1992                Doran L. Morris (2nd time)         (s.a.)

1992 - 1995                Rudi L. Mitchell
1995 - 1998                Gary A. Lasley
1998 - Nov 2001            Elmer LaFlesche Blackbird          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) 
Nov 2001 - Nov 2004        Donald F. Grant
Nov 2004 - Nov 2005        Orville Cayou
Nov 2005 - Nov 2006        Eleanor Baxter (f)
Nov 2006 - Nov 2007        Mitchell Parker
Nov 2007 - Nov 2008        Ansley Griffin
Nov 2008 - Nov 2012        Amen Sheridan
Nov 2012 - Nov 2013        Rodney Morris
Nov 2013 - Nov 2014        Clifford Wolfe
Nov 2014 - Nov 2016        Vernon Miller
Nov 2016 - Nov 2018        Michael Wolfe
Nov 2018 - Nov 2020        Isaac Sherman
Nov 2020 -
Nov 2021        Everett Baxter
Nov 2021 - Nov 2023        Leander Merrick
Nov 2023 -                 Jason Sheridan


Ponca Tribe of Nebraska


[Ponca Tribe of
                          Nebraska former flag (Nebraska, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
                          (Nebraska, U.S.)]
Current Flag
1879                       Part of Ponca tribe (see Ponca of Oklahoma) returned from Oklahoma
                             to Nebraska, initially settled on the Omaha reservation.
1881                       Recognized by the U.S. as separate tribe, the U.S. citizenship
                             granted.
1890                       Ponca Reservation restored.
1936                       Ponca Tribe of Nebraska, constitution adopted.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
27 Oct 1966                Federal recognition revoked, reservation dissolved.
31 Oct 1990                Federal recognition restored.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Chief (formerly the Earth chief of Ponca)
1881 - 1908                Manchu Nanzhin "Standing Bear"     (b. c.1829 - d. 1908)
Chairmen
c.1934                     Edward W. Peniska                  (b. 1886 - d. 1940)
bf.1935 - 1936             Joseph J. Peniska                  (b. 1901 - d. 1966)
Presidents
1936 - 19..                Joseph J. Peniska                  (s.a.)
bf.1944 - af.1947          Otto Birdhead
c.1948                     Joseph LeRoy
19.. - 1966                ....
Chairmen
1987 - 19..                ....
c.1991                     Gloria Chytka (f)
c.1993                     Deborah Wright (f)
 5 Nov 1994 - 2002         Fred LeRoy                         (b. 1947 - d. 2012)
2002 - Nov 2006            Mark Peniska
Nov 2006 - Jan 2011        Larry Wright, Jr. (1st time)
Jan 201. - Mar 2014        Rebecca White (f)
Mar 2014 - 2021            Larry Wright, Jr. (2nd time)
Nov 2021 - Jul 2022        Rebecca Sullivan (f) (interim)
Jul 2022 -                 Candace Schmidt (f)


Santee Sioux

[Santee Sioux Nation
              (Nebraska, U.S.)]

c.1750                     Seven Fires (Oceti Shakowin), a confederacy of 7 Sioux tribes
                             (4 Dakota tribes, present Santee Sioux, Sisseton-Wahpeton and
                             Spirit Lake; 2 Nakota tribes, present Crow Creek Sioux and
                             Yankton Sioux; 1 Lakota (Teton) tribe, present Cheyenne River
                             Sioux, Lower Brule Sioux, Oglala Sioux, Rosebud Sioux and
                             Standing Rock Sioux), the Mdewakanton tribe of Dakota having
                             precedence as the eldest ("parent") tribe; the last annual
                             confederacy council was held in 1850.
1805                       Mdewakanton and Wahpekute tribes (referred to as the Lower Dakota
                             or Santee) of Dakota Sioux under the U.S. protection (then in
                             central Minnesota).
1812 – 1815                Allied with the British during the U.S.-British war.
1819 – 1865                St. Peters Indian Agency established.
1851                       Minnesota River Reservation established for the Dakota tribes
                             (revoked 3 Mar 1863).
 1 Jul 1863 - 1865         Displaced from Minnesota to the Crow Creek Reservation, South
                             Dakota.
27 Feb 1866                Santee Sioux (also named Niobrara to c.1930) Reservation set aside.
1866 – 1917                Santee Sioux Indian agency established.
1889                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
 3 Apr 1936                Santee Sioux Tribe
1953 – 2006                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
2003                       Santee Sioux Nation
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Speakers of Mdewakanton and Wahpekute Dakota Sioux (title: Eyapaha)

c.1815                     Aampahaa 
                             [recorded spelling of title]        
c.1834                     Shakpe "The Six"                      (b. 1794 – d. 1857)
183. – 1836                Wahpe Sha "Red War Banner"            (b. c.1773 – d. 1836)
1836 – 1845                Cetan Waku’mani "Little Crow I"       (d. 1845)
                             (personal name Wakinyan Tanka "Big Thunder")
1846 – 1851                Wasu Cashtashni "Bad Hail"            (d. af.1852)
1851 – 1858                Cetan Waku’mani "Little Crow II"      (b. c.1810 – d. 1863)
                             (personal name Taoyate Duta "His Red Nation")
1859 – 1861                Hihan Duta "Scarlet Owl"              (b. 1813 – d. 1861)
1862                       Wasu Hiyaya "Passing Hail"            (d. 1867)
Head chiefs (title of chief: Wicashta Yatapi)
1866 – 1876                Joseph Wabasha                        (b. c.1812 – d. 1876)
1878 – af.1885             Robert Hakewaste                      (b. 1828 – d. 1903)

Chairmen
c.1934                     William Whipple
bf.1935 - 1972             David Frazier                         (d. 1972)
c.1976                     Enid Goodteacher
c.1978                     Roger Trudell (1st time)              (b. 1948)
c.1980                     Henry James
c.1982 - 1985              Richard L. Kitto  (1st time)          (b. 1950 - d. 1995)

1985 – 1990                Donald LaPointe
1990 – af.1991             Daniel Denny
bf.1993 – Aug 1995         Richard L. Kitto (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1995                       Richard Thomas (acting)
1995 - 2000                Arthur "Butch" Denny
2000 - Nov 2022            Roger Trudell (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Nov 2022 -                 Alonzo Denny


Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska


[Winnebago Tribe of
              Nebraska (Nebraska, U.S.)]

1728 - 1758                French ally.
1761 - 1814                Allied with the British.       
1807 - 1837                Prairie du Chien Indian Agency established.
1816                       Under the U.S. protection (Winnebago Tribe), by then governed by
                             council of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Above
                             (Wageregi) chief formally sharing with the Earth chief, but a
                             single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S.
1832                       Reservation established in Iowa (relocated in 1840), part of tribe
                             avoided the relocation and remained in Wisconsin (see Ho-Chunk).
1846                       Reservation established in Minnesota (relocated in 1848).
1862                       Reservation temporarily set aside in South Dakota (relocated in
                             1863).
1863                       Winnebago Reservation established in Nebraska (relocated in 1865).
1865                       Winnebago Indian Agency established (closed 1879-1903).
1868                       Laws of Winnebago Tribe adopted (contain some constitutional
                             provisions).
1889                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1929                       First constitution adopted.
1936                       Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska.
1953 - 1986                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1995                       Gaming compact.
2018                       Self-governance agreement.
 
Head chiefs (to 1859 the Above chiefs, LaSallieur unknown, "Little Hill" the Earth chief)
bf.1812 - 1833             Kera Maniga "Walking Turtle I"     (b. 1735 - d. 1833)
                            (Kera Maniga chiefs also had office name Naga "Wood")
c.1837                     Kera Maniga "Walking Turtle II"    (d. af.1850)
1845 - 1859                Wa’kaja Guga "Coming Thunder"      (b. 1812 - d. 1872)
                            (Algonquian name: Winneshiek)
1859 - 1864                Baptiste LaSallieur                (b. 1799 - d. 1893)
1864 - af.1865             Shogoknika "Little Hill"           (d. 1881)
c.1868                     Tribal Council [14 life chiefs]
Chairmen
bf.1929 - 19..             ....
bf.1934 - af.1939          Frank Beaver (1st time)
c.1940                     William Davis
bf.1943 - af.1962          Frank Beaver (2nd time)
c.1965                     Charles White Beaver
c.1967                     Ashley Rave
bf.1968 - af.1970          Gordon Beaver
bf.1972 - Nov 1977         Louis LaRose

1977 - 1987                Reuben A. Snake                    (b. 1937 - d. 1993)
1987 - 1988                ....
1988 - 1990                John W. Blackhawk (1st time)
1990 - 1991                Gerben Earth
1991 - 1997                John W. Blackhawk (2nd time)
1997 - 1998                Kenneth "Kenny" Mallory (1st time)
Oct 1998 - May 1999        Daryl L. LaPointe, Sr.             (b. 1950 - d. 1999)
May 1999 - Oct 1999        John W. Blackhawk (3rd time)
Oct 1999 - Oct 2000        Kenneth "Kenny" Mallory (2nd time)
Oct 2000 - Oct 2006        John W. Blackhawk (4th time)
Oct 2006 - Oct 2008        Matthew Pilcher                    (b. 1930)
Oct 2008 - Apr 2015        John W. Blackhawk (5th time)
Apr 2015 - Oct 2016        Darla LaPointe (f)
Oct 2016 - Oct 2019        Frank White
Oct 2019 - Oct 2020        Coly Brown
Oct 2020 -                 Victoria Kitcheyan (f)


Nevada

Duckwater Shoshone

[Duckwater Shoshone Tribe
                (Nevada, U.S.)]

 
1 Oct 1863                Treaty with the U.S. by the Western Shoshone.
13 Nov 1940                Duckwater Shoshone Tribe, the Duckwater Reservation established.
1955 – 1975                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1994                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1937 – c.1939              Wagon Johnnie
1943 - 19..                Andy Thompson
c.1950 - c.1953            Willie Johnnie

bf.1976 - af.1978          Boyd Graham (1st time)
bf.1979 - af.1989          Jerry Millett (1st time)
bf.1992 - 1994             Boyd Graham (2nd time)
1994 – af.1996             Keith Honaker
c.1997                     Rodney Mike (1st time)
bf.1999 – 2000             Timothy Thompson
2000 – 2002                Henry M. Blackeye
2002 – 2003                Rodney Mike (2nd time)
2003 – 2004                Perline Thompson (f) (1st time)
2004 – 2005                Jerry Millett (2nd time)
2005 – 2006                Ruby Sam (f)
2006 – 2009                Jerry Millett (3rd time)
2009 - 2015                Virginia Sanchez (f)
2015 - 2016                Perline Thompson (f) (2nd time)
2016 - 2017                Rodney Mike (3rd time)
2017 - 2018                Lorin Watson (f)
2018 - 2021                Rodney Mike (4th time)
2021 -
2024                Warren Graham
2024 -                     Debbie O'Neil (f)


Ely Shoshone

[Ely Shoshone Tribe (Nevada,
                U.S.)]

 1 Oct 1863                Treaty with the U.S. by the Western Shoshone.
27 Jun 1930                Ely Indian Colony established.
1955 – 1988                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
21 Apr 1990                Ely Shoshone Tribe.
1994                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1966 – 19..                ....
bf.1976 - af.1979          Alfred Stanton (1st time)
bf.1980 - c.1984           Wesley Allison
bf.1987 - af.1990          Ben Reilley
bf.1992 - 1996             Jerry Charles
1996 – 1997                Sally Marques (f)
1997 – 1999                Christine Stones (f)
1999 – 2000                Ron Apodaca
2000 – 2001                Arthur G. Kaamasee
2001 – 2002                Alfred Stanton (2nd time)
2002 – 2003                Victor McQueen (1st time)
2003 – 2009                Diana Buckner (f) (1st time)
2009 - 2017                Alvin S. Marques (1st time)
2017 - 2018                Victor McQueen (2nd time)
2018 - 2024                Diana Buckner (f) (2nd time)
2024 -                     Alvin S. Marques (2nd time)


Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone

[Fort McDermitt Paiute and
                Shoshone flag photo (Nevada, U.S.)]

1906 – 1923                Fort McDermitt Indian agency.
16 Sep 1912                Fort McDermitt Reservation set aside.
 2 Jul 1936                Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes.
2017                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1923 – 19..                ....
bf.1936 - af.1939          Harry Lossing
c.1940                     Ross E. Hardin (1st time)
c.1945                     Willie Hardin
c.1961                     Ross E. Hardin (2nd time)
c.1976                     Stanley Smart
bf.1977 - af.1978          Glenn E. Hardin                  (b. 1946 – d. 2008)
c.1980                     Glen Abel (1st time)
c.1983                     Daniel Snapp (1st time)
c.1984                     Glen Abel (2nd time)
bf.1987 - af.1989          Daniel Snapp (2nd time)
c.1990                     Arnold Sam
bf.1993 - 1994             Helen Snapp (f) (1st time)
1994 – 1997                Wilson Crutcher
1997 – 2000                Helen Snapp (f) (2nd time)
2000 – 2002                Dennis Smartt
2002 – 2003                Robert A. Garfield
2003 – 2004                Ernestine Coble (f)
2004 – 2007                Karen Crutcher (f)
2007 – 2009                Arlo Crutcher (1st time)
2009                       Dale Barr
2009 – 2013                Billy A. Bell
2013 - 2014                Maxine Smart (f) (1st time)
2014 - 2016                Tildon Smart (1st time)
2016 - 2017                Bradley Crutcher
2017 - 2020                Tildon Smart (2nd time)
2020 - 2023                Maxine Redstar (f) (2nd time)
                             (= Maxine Smart)
2023 – 2024                Arlo Crutcher (2nd time)
2024                       Larina Bell (f) (acting)
2024 -                     Dackota "Natasha" York (f)

Las Vegas Paiute 

[Las Vegas Tribe
                  of Paiute Indians (Nevada, U.S.)]

30 Dec 1911                Las Vegas Indian Colony set aside.
22 Jul 1970                Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians.
1994                       Gaming compact.
2001                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1960 - af.1964             Raymond Anderson                (b. 1920 – d. 1985)
bf.1970 - 1978             Kenneth Anderson
1978 - c.1982              Gloria Yazzie (f)
c.1982 – af.1984           Billy J. Frye
bf.1986 - 1987             Lawana Ramos (f)
1987 – 198.                Linda Rae Anderson (f)
1988 - 1990                Margaret Henry (f)
Jul 1990 - 1993            Alfreda L. Mitre (f) (1st time) (b. 1954)
1993 - Jul 1994            Kenny A. Anderson (1st time)   
1994 - 1998                Alfreda L. Mitre (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1998 - 1999                Kenny A. Anderson (2nd time)   
1999 - 13 Jul 2002         Curtis Anderson (1st time)
Jul 2002 – 2004            Gloria Hernandez (f)
2004 – 2008                Alfreda L. Mitre (f) (3rd time) (s.a.)
2008 - 2010                Benny Tso (1st time)   
2010 – 2011                Lucille Campa (f)
2011 – 2012                Tonia Means (f)                 (b. 1964)
2012 - 2018                Benny Tso (2nd time)
2018 - 2020                Chris Spotted Eagle
2020 - 2022                Curtis Anderson (2nd time)
2022 - 2024                Deryn Pete (f)
2024 -                     Benny Tso (3rd time)

Lovelock Paiute

 4 Sep 1907                Lovelock Indian Colony set aside.
1910 – 1912                Lovelock Indian agency.
1955 – 1975                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
14 Mar 1968                Lovelock Paiute Tribe.

Chairmen
c.1940                     Auburn Rhodes (spokesman)       (b. 1900 – d. 1976)
1968 – 19..                ....
bf.1976 - af.1978          Glenn H. Wasson (1st time)      (b. 1950 – d. 2008)
c.1980                     Larry Rhodes
bf.1983 - c.1984           DeAnna J. Austin (f) (1st time)
c.1987                     Glenn H. Wasson (2nd time)      (s.a.)
bf.1989 - af.1990          Alfred Happy (1st time)         (b. 1950 – d. 2008)
bf.1993 - 1994             DeAnna J. Austin (f) (2nd time)
1994 – 1995                Harry B. Summerfield
1995 – af.1997             Darlene G. Byrd (f) (1st time)
bf.1998 - 2000             Allen Ambler
2000                       Glenn H. Wasson (3rd time)      (s.a.)
2000 – 2001                Darlene G. Byrd (f) (2nd time)
2001                       Leland Bliss
2001 – 2003                Glenn H. Wasson (4th time)      (s.a.)
2003 – 2004                Monty R. George
2004 – 2005                Glenn H. Wasson (5th time)      (s.a.)
2005 – 2007                Alfred Happy (2nd time)         (s.a.)
2007                       Richard Happy
2007 – 2008                Stephanie Rhodes (f
) (1st time)
2008 – 2009                Clark Rhodes
2009 – 2010                Doug Osborne
2010 - 2017                Victor Mann

2017 - 2020                Stephanie Rhodes (f) (2nd time)
2020 - 2021    
           Sandra Winap (f)
2021
- 2023                Debbie George (f)
2023 -                     Alfred Happy, Jr.


Moapa Paiute of Moapa River

[Moapa Band of Paiute
                Indians of the Moapa River Reservation (Nevada, U.S.)]

12 Mar 1873                Moapa River Reservation set aside.
1907 – 1927                Moapa River Indian agency.
17 Apr 1942                Moapa Band of Paiute Indians of the Moapa River Reservation.
1994                       Gaming compact.

Chief
bf.1901 - 1921/26          Joseph Smith
Chairmen

bf.1940 - af.1942          Francis Swain
Jan 1963 - c.1965          Eugene Tom (1st time)
bf.1969 - c.1983           Preston Tom
c.1984                     Clifton Surrett
bf.1986 - af.1989          Eugene Tom (2nd time)

bf.1990 - 1992             Wallace Kay                     (b. 1939 – d. 2001)
1992 - 1997                Rosalyn Mike (f)
1997 – 1999                Eugene Tom (3rd time)
1999 – 2000                William Anderson (1st time)
2000 – 2001                Eugene Tom (4th time)
2001 – 2002                Calvin Meyers
2002 – 2005                Philbert H. Swain (1st time)
2005 – 2006                Dalton Tom
2006 – 2007                Darren Daboda (1st time)
2007 – 2009                Philbert H. Swain (2nd time)
2009 – 2010                Darren Daboda (2nd time)
2010 – 2014                William Anderson (2nd time)
2014                       Aletha Tom (f)
2014 - 2016                Darren Daboda (3rd time)
2016 - 2017                Robert Tom
2017                       Darren Daboda (4th time)
2017 - 2019                Greg Anderson (1st time)
2019 - 2020
               Vickie Simmons (f)
2020 - 2023    
           Laura Watters-Parry (f)
2023 - 2024                Greg Anderson (2nd time)
2024 - 2025                Janet Myers (f)
2025 -                     Mario Monroe


Paiute-Shoshone of Fallon

[Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and
              Colony (Nevada, U.S.)]

1908 – 1925                Fallon Indian agency.

13 Aug 1917                Fallon Indian Colony set aside.
17 May 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
12 Jun 1964                Paiute-Shoshone Tribe of the Fallon Reservation and Colony.

Chairmen
bf.1937 - af.1940          Willie Steve
c.1963                     Dell Steve
c.1976                     Chris Hicks
c.1978                     Donald Brown
c.1980                     George Johnny
bf.1983 - c.1984           Alvin Moyle (1st time)

c.1987                     Richard Hicks
bf.1989 - 1992             Merlyn David Dixon
1992 – 1996                Thomas C. Burton
1996 – 2000                Alvin Moyle (2nd time)
2000 – 2001                Lenora Rogers (f)
2001 – 2003                Donna L. Cosette (f)
2003 - 13 Nov 2012         Alvin Moyle (3rd time)
13 Nov 2012 - 2020         Len George
2020 - 2021                Alvin Moyle (4th time)
2021 -                     Catherine Williams-Tuni (f)


Pyramid Lake Paiute

[Pyramid Lake Paiute
              Tribe (Nevada, U.S.)]

 8 Dec 1859                Pyramid Lake Reservation set aside (formally in 23 Mar 1874).
1870 – 1933                Pyramid Lake Indian agency (1921-1930 closed).
26 Jan 1936                Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe.

Chiefs (title: Poinnabi)

1860 – 1871                Charley Numaga                  (b. c1830 – d. 1871)
                             (Young Winnemucca)
1871 – 1874                George Curry                    (d. 1874)
c.1880                     Jim Mow-wee   
1883 – 1919                David Numana                    (b. c.1836 – d. 1919)
bf.1925 - 1934             Abraham Mauwee                  (b. c.1855 – d. 19..)
Chairmen
1934                       Dewey E. Sampson                (b. 1898 – d. 1982)
1934 – 1935                Teddy James (acting) (1st time)
1935 – af.1940             Lawrence B. Williams
bf.1949 - 1950             Avery Winnemucca (1st time)
1950                       Albert Aleck (1st time)
1950 – af.1954             Avery Winnemucca (2nd time)
bf.1955 - af.1956          Teddy James (2nd time)
bf.1960 - af.1961          Albert Aleck (2nd time)
bf.1964 - af.1966          Allen Aleck (1st time)
c.1967                     Wilfred Shaw
bf.1969 - 1970             James Vidovich (1st time)
1970 – 1971                Teddy James (3rd time)
1971 – 1974                Mervin K. Wright, Sr.           (b. 1939 – d. 2000)
bf.1975 - af.1976          Allen Aleck (2nd time)
bf.1977 - 1980             James Vidovich (2nd time)
1980 – 198.                William Wadsworth
bf.1982 - 1984             Roy Garcia

1984 - 1985                Alvin Kelly                     (d. 1985)
1985 - 1990                Joseph H. Ely
bf.1992 – 1993             Elwood Lowery (1st time)
1993 – 1994                Alvin R. James
1994 – 1996                Norman Harry (1st time)
1996 – 1998                Mervin Wright, Jr. (1st time)
1998 – 2000                Norman Harry (2nd time)
2000 – 2002                Keith A. Mandell
2002 – 2004                Bonnie Akaka-Smith (f)
2004 – 2006                Norman Harry (3rd time)
2006 – 2010                Mervin Wright, Jr. (2nd time)
2010 – 2012                Wayne Burke                     (b. 1974 – d. 2012)
2012 - 2015                Elwood Lowery (2nd time)
2015 - 2018                Vinton Hawley
2018 -
Dec 2020            Anthony Sampson
Dec 2020 -
Dec 2022        Janet Davis (f)
Dec 2022 – 2024            James J. Phoenix
Mar 2024 -                 Steven Wadsworth


Reno-Sparks

[Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
                (Nevada, U.S.)]

1912 – 1925                Reno Indian agency.
13 Apr 1917                Reno-Sparks Indian Colony set aside.
1955 – 1975                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
2014                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1934 – af.1940             Harry Sampson                  (b. 1892 – d. 1975)
c.1942                     Hastings H. Pancho (1st time)
c.1944                     Willie Astor (1st time)
c.1949                     Dave Christy
c.1950                     Hastings H. Pancho (2nd time)
c.1953                     Willie Astor (2nd time)
c.1954                     Connie Hunter (f)
c.1955                     Tellivan Eben
19.. - 19..                John Henry Dressler             (b. 1916 - d. 1970)
c.1966                     Effie Dressler (f)
c.1970 – af.1989           Lawrence Astor                  (b. 1936 - d. 2011)
c.1990                     Robert D. Shaw
1991 - 2023                Arlan D. Melendez               (b. 1947)
2023 -                     Daryl "Doug" Gardipe


Shoshone-Paiute of Duck Valley

[Shoshone-Paiute of Duck Valley (Nevada, U.S.)]

 1 Oct 1863                Treaty with the U.S. by the Western Shoshone.
16 Apr 1877                Duck Valley (to 1936 also called Western Shoshone) Reservation
                             established.
17 Mar 1919                First constitution adopted.
20 Apr 1936                Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Reservation.
1995                       Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs of Western Shoshone
1879 – 18..                "Captain Sam"
c.1890                     "Captain George"
Chairmen
1912 – 19..                ....
c.1936                     Thomas Premo (1st time)
c.1940                     Harry Thacker
c.1961                     Thomas Premo (2nd time)

bf.1967 - af.1975          Arthur T. Manning               (b. 1919 – d. 2006)
c.1976                     Whitney G. McKinney (1st time)
c.1978                     Ellwood Thomas
c.1979 - af.1983           James Paiva (1st time)
bf.1984 - af.1987          Whitney G. McKinney (2nd time)
bf.1989 - 1992             James Paiva (2nd time)
1992 – 1996                Lindsey Manning (1st time)
1996 – 1999                James Paiva (3rd time)
1999 – 2002                Marvin Cota
2002 – 2006                Terry Gibson (1st time)
2006 – 2009                Kyle R. Prior
2009 – 2011                Robert C. Bear
2011 – 2013                Terry Gibson (2nd time)
2013 - 2014                Dennis Smith
2014 - 2017                Lindsey Manning (2nd time)
2017 -
Apr 2020            Theodore Howard
Apr 2020 - 2022            Brian Thomas
2022 -                     Brian Mason


Summit Lake Paiute

[Summit
                  Lake Paiute Tribe (Nevada, U.S.)]

14 Jan 1913                Summit Lake Reservation set aside.
 8 Jan 1965                Summit Lake Paiute Tribe.

Chairmen
c.1964                     Josephine Townsend (f)
c.1976                     Melvin Sam
c.1978                     Arthur Brown (1st time)
c.1980                     Lorita Cowan (f)
c.1983                     Steve Frank (1st time)
c.1984                     Murray Barr
c.1987                     Josephine McLeod (f)
bf.1989 - af.1990          Robyn Burdette (f) (1st time)
bf.1993 - 2000             Robert Sam
2000 – 2006                Robyn Burdette (f) (2nd time)
2006                       Arthur Brown (2nd time)
2006 – 2007                Steve Frank (2nd time)
2007 – 2008                Jerri L. Barlese (f) (acting)
2008 – 2012                Warner Barlese
2012 - 2016                Randi DeSoto (f)(1st time)
2016 - 2017                Page Linton (f)
2017 -                     Randi DeSoto (f)(2nd time)
                             (from 2020, Randi Lone Eagle)


Te-Moak Western Shoshone

[Te-Moak Tribe
                          of Western Shoshone Indians (Nevada, U.S.)]Te-Moak Tribe  of Western Shoshone Flag

[Western
                      Shoshone (California and Nevada, U.S.)]
Western Shoshone Flag

 1 Oct 1863                Treaty with the U.S. by the Western Shoshone.
1869                       Western Shoshone Indian agency.
18 Jun 1917                Battle Mountain Indian Colony established.
25 Mar 1918                Elko Indian Colony established.
1938                       Te-Moak Bands of Western Shoshone Indians.

1955 – 1975                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
bf.1972                    Constituent self-governing bands established: Battle
                             Mountain, Elko, South Fork and (from 1982) Wells.

1986                       Renamed Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians.

Chiefs of Ruby Valley
(principal leaders in the northern part of the Western Shoshone country)

bf.1855 - 1861             Sho-kub                         (d. 1861)
1862 – 1891                Te-Moak                         (b. c.1810 - d. 1891)
1891 – 1916                Joe Temoke                      (d. af.1938)
1916 – 1954                Muchach Temoke                  (d. 1960)
Chairmen
1932 – 193.                Jack Frost
193. – 1938                Charles Malotte (1st time)
1938 – 19..                Jimmie James
c.1940                     Charles Malotte (2nd time)
bf.1977 - af.1978          Leslie L. Blossom
c.1980                     Glen Holley
c.1981 - af.1983           Charles Malotte, Jr.

c.1984                     Felix Ike (1st time)            (b. 1945)
bf.1989 - af.1991          Anthony C. Tom
bf.1993 - 1994             Dale S. Malotte
1994 – 1997                Felix Ike (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1997 – 2000                Elwood Mose
2000 – 2003                Felix Ike (3rd time)            (s.a.)
2003 – 2006                Hugh Stevens
2006 – 2009                Davis Gonzalez (1st time)
2009 – 2012                Bryan Cassadore
2012 - 2015                Davis Gonzalez (2nd time)
2015 - 2018                Lydia Johnson (f)
2018 - 2022                Joseph Holley
2022 - 2024                Vince Garcia
2024 -                     Edith Smartt (f)


Walker River Paiute

[Walker River Paiute
                Tribe (Nevada, U.S.)]

29 Nov 1859                Walker River Reservation set aside (formally in 19 Mar 1874).
1908 – 1935                Walker River Indian agency.
26 Mar 1937                Walker River Paiute Tribe.

Chiefs
c.1866                     Oderie
c.1870                     Wahi "The Fox"
Chairmen
c.1934 – 19..              ....
c.1937                     McKinley Powell
c.1939                     Murphy Williams
c.1940                     Billie Miller
c.1945                     Peter Johnson
c.1965                     Stannard John Frank
c.1968                     Irwin E. Miller (1st time)
c.1972                     Melvin Thom
bf.1976 - af.1978          Jonathan Hicks (1st time)
bf.1980 - c.1984           Elvin Willie
c.1987                     Edmund D. Reymus (1st time)
c.1989                     Jonathan Hicks (2nd time)
bf.1990 - 1993             Anita M. Collins (f)
1993 – 1994                Irwin E. Miller (2nd time)
1994 – 1996                Raymond Hoferer
1996 – 1997                Harold Miller
1997 – 1998                Jonathan Hicks (3rd time)
1998 – 2000                Cassidy D. Williams
2000 – 2002                Robert W. Quintero
2002 – 2004                Victoria Guzman (f)
2004 – 2005                Laurie A. Thom (f)
2005 – 2007                Genia Williams (f)
2007 – 2009                Edmund D. Reymus (2nd time)
2009 – 2010                Lorren Sammaripa (1st time)
2010 – 2012                Melanie I. McFalls (f) (1st time)
2012 - 2014                Lorren Sammaripa (2nd time)
2014 - 2015                Carl W. Johnson
2015 - 2016                Bobby D. Sanchez
2016 - 2023                Amber N. Torres (f)
2023 - 2024                Andrea Martinez (f)
2024 -                     Melanie I. McFalls (f) (2nd time)


Washoe

[Washoe Tribe of
                          Nevada and California former flag (Nevada and
                          California, U.S.)]Former Flag

[Washoe Tribe of Nevada and
                          California flag (Nevada and California,
                          U.S.)]
Current Flag
1858                       Carson (to 1897, Carson Valley) Indian agency.
26 Mar 1917                Carson Indian Colony set aside.
16 May 1917                Dresslerville Indian Colony set aside.
24 Jan 1936                Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California.
1955 – 1975                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
Jun 1966                   Constituent self-governing communities established: Carson,
                             Dresslerville, Woodfords, and (from 5 Sep 1990) Stewart.
2003                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs of Carson Valley (largest of 3 tribal groups)
bf.1857 – c.1865           Henukeha "Captain Jim"          (d. c.1865)
187. – 1909                Gumalanga "Captain Jim"         (d. 1909)
c.1913                     Sam Pete
Chairmen
c.1934 – 19..              ....
bf.1937 - 1939             Raymond Fillmore (1st time)
1939 - 19..                Willie Smokey
bf.1940 - c.1954           Raymond Fillmore (2nd time)
c.1961                     Earl James
c.1968 - 197.              John Henry Dressler             (b. 1916 – d. 1970)
bf.1974 - af.1985          Robert L. Frank
bf.1987 - 1990             Vernon Wyatt
1990 - 2006                A. Brian Wallace
 1 Dec 2006 -  1 Dec 2010  Waldo W. Walker
 1 Dec 2010 - Apr 2013     Wanda Batchelor (f)
Apr 2013 - Nov 2014        Darrel D. Kizer
Nov 2014 -
Nov 2018        Neil Mortimer
Nov 2018 -                 Serrell Smokey


Winnemucca

[Winnemucca Indian
                Colony (Nevada, U.S.)]

18 Jun 1917                Winnemucca Indian Colony set aside.

1955 – 1975                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

Chairmen (not recognized by the U.S. 2000 - 2012)
c.1939                     John Bliss
c.1940                     Andrew Cinnabar (spokesman)     (d. 1964)

1971 – 197.                ....
c.1976                     Doc Blossom
bf.1978 - af.1984          Leo Snapp                       (b. 1932 – d. 2009)
c.1987                     Robert Harney
1990 – 2000                Glenn E. Wasson                 (b. 1924 – d. 2000)
2000 – 2001                William R. Bills (acting)       (b. 1959)
2001 – c.2002              Allen Ambler
c.2002 - 2005              Vivian Leyva (f)
2005 – 2012                Linda J. Ayer (f)               (b. 1959)
2012 - 2014                Thomas R. Wassson
                             (in opposition in Susanville, California 2002-2012)
2014 - 2017                Judy Rojo (f) (1st time)
2017 - 2018                Eric Magiera (1st time)
2018 - 2024                Judy Rojo (f) (2nd time)
2024 -                     Eric Magiera (2nd time)


Yerington Paiute

[Yerington Paiute
                Tribe (Nevada, U.S.)]

18 May 1916                Yerington Indian Colony set aside.
 4 Jan 1937                Yerington Paiute Tribe of the Yerington Colony and Campbell Ranch.
2001                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1936 – 1937                Dennis Bender                   (b. 1909 - d. 1964)
1937 – 19..                Richard Conway                  (b. 1900 – d. 1986)
c.1965                     Frank Quinn (1st time)
c.1967                     Lindsey Rogers
c.1976                     Delmar Stevens                  (d. 1976)
bf.1977 - af.1978          Linda L. Howard (f) (1st time)

c.1979                     Frank Quinn (2nd time)
bf.1980 - c.1983           Linda L. Howard (f) (2nd time)
c.1984                     Rena Hamilton (f)               (b. 1938 – d. 2013)
c.1985                     Ken Richardson
c.1986                     Linda L. Howard (f) (3rd time)
c.1987                     Richard Reymers
bf.1989 - 1993             Linda L. Howard (f) (4th time)
1993 – 1997                Stacy L. Stahl (f)
1997 – 2000                Kenneth L. Roberts              (b. 1960 - d. 2023)
2000 – 2003                Elwood L. Emm (1st time)
2003 – 2006                Wayne M. Garcia
2006 – 2009                Vince Conway
2009 – 2011                Elwood L. Emm (2nd time)
2011 – Jan 2013            Linda L. Howard (f) (5th time)
Jan 2013 - Aug 2013        Delmar Stevens 
Aug 2013 - 2015            Linda L. Howard (f) (6th time)
2015 - 2020                Laurie A. Thom (f)
2020 - 2021     
          Genny Hatch (f)
2021 -                     Elwood L. Emm (3rd time)


Yomba Shoshone

[Western
                        Shoshone (California, Nevada, U.S.)]
Western Shoshone Flag

 1 Oct 1863                Treaty with the U.S. by the Western Shoshone.
10 Jul 1937                Yomba Reservation set aside.
20 Dec 1939                Yomba Shoshone Tribe.
1955 – 1975                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

Chiefs of Reese River
(principal leaders in the southern part of the Western Shoshone country)
c.1862                     Tu-tuwa (Totoi)
c.1905                     Kawich
Chairmen
1938 - 1939                Hicks Darrough                  (b. 1917 - d. 1959)
1939 – 19..                James R. Bobb
c.1940                     Willie Bobb
bf.1976 - af.1980          Levi Hooper (1st time)
bf.1983 - c.1984           William Rosse
c.1987                     Kenneth Smith
bf.1989 - af.1990          Levi Hooper (2nd time)
bf.1992 - 1993             Wayne A. Dyer (1st time)
1993 – 1994                Gerald Johns (1st time)
1994 – 1997                James W. Birchim, Sr. (1st time)
1997 – 2000                Kevin Brady
2000 – 2003                James W. Birchim, Sr. (2nd time)
2003 – 2005                Gerald Johns (2nd time)
2005                       Lisa Cagle (f)
2005 – 2007                Dennis J. Bill
2007 – 2009                Wayne A. Dyer (2nd time)
2009 – 2010                James W. Birchim, Sr. (3rd time)
2010 – 2011                Wayne A. Dyer (3rd time)
2011 – 2012                David Smith
2012 – 2013                Elisha A. Mockerman
2013 - 2014                Wayne A. Dryer (4th time)
2014 - 2015                James Birchim, Jr.
2015 – 2016                Wayne A. Dryer (5th time)
2016 - 2017                Darryl Brady (1st time)
2017 – 2018                Birchim, Sr. (4th time)
2018 - 2022                Ronald Snooks
2022 -                     Darryl Brady (2nd time)
                             (acting to 2023)


New Hampshire

None Recognized

New Jersey

None Recognized

New Mexico

Acoma Pueblo

[Pueblo of Acoma
              (New Mexico, U.S.)]

c.1100                     Acoma (ʔáák’u̓u̓m̓é) Pueblo founded by the Keresans (one of the
                             oldest
continuously inhabited settlements in the U.S.)
1599                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Acóma); the land grant
                            
issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).

1995                       Gaming compact with the state.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)
1692                       Mateo
1839                       Joaquin Seloso
1857                       Jose Lovato
1863                       Jose Miguel (1st time)
1866                       Mariano Pancho
1871                       Jose Miguel (2nd time)
1872                       Jose Antonio Garcia
1877                       Jose Berrendo
1884                       Martin del Vallo
1885 – 1888                Solomon Bibo                    (b. 1853 – d. 1934)
1888 - 1911                ....

1911 - 1915?               Lorenzo Concho (1st time)
1916 - 31 Dec 1919         Leo Garcia
 
1 Jan 1920 - 31 Dec 1920  Frank Ortiz
 
1 Jan 1921 - 31 Dec 1923  Juan Pablo Garcia (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1925  James H. Miller
 
1 Jan 1926 - 31 Dec 1926  Bautisto Rey José
 
1 Jan 1927 - 31 Dec 1927  Juan Pablo Garcia (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1928 - 31 Dec 1929  Juan Luis Haskaya
 
1 Jan 1930 - 31 Dec 1930  José L. Vallo
 
1 Jan 1931 - 31 Dec 1931  Juan Pablo Garcia (3rd itme)
 
1 Jan 1932 - 31 Dec 1932  Juan Luis Haskaya
 
1 Jan 1933 - 31 Dec 1933  Albert Paytiamo (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1934 - 31 Dec 1935  Bautisto Pino
 
1 Jan 1936 - 31 Dec 1936  James T. Vallo
 
1 Jan 1937 - 31 Dec 1937  José Leon Chino
 
1 Jan 1938 - 31 Dec 1938  Syme R. Sanchez (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1939 - 31 Dec 1939  Steve Orillo
 
1 Jan 1940 - 31 Dec 1940  Martin W. Pino
 
1 Jan 1941 - 31 Dec 1941  George Cerno
 
1 Jan 1942 - 31 Dec 1942  Antonio M. Torivio (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1943 - 31 Dec 1943  Vicente Ray Chavez
 
1 Jan 1944 - 31 Dec 1944  José A. Chino
 
1 Jan 1945 - 31 Dec 1947  Antonio M. Torivio (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1948 - 31 Dec 1948  Martin W. Pino
 
1 Jan 1949 - 31 Dec 1949  Julian Chino
 
1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1950  Lorenzo Concho (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1951 - 31 Dec 1951  Syme R. Sanchez (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1952 - 31 Dec 1952  Albert Paytiamo (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1953 - 31 Dec 1955  Castillo A. Vallo
 
1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956  Henry Vallo
 
1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957  José A. Chino (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1959  Frank L. Ortiz (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960  Sandy D. Vallo
 
1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961  Frank Estevan
 
1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962  Frank Torivio
 
1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963  Jerry Garcia
 
1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1965  Sam Victorino (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966  Frank L. Ortiz (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967  Syme R. Sanchez (3rd time)
 
1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968  José A. Chino (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1970  Sam Victorino (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971  Lorenzo Toribio
 
1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972  Harry Martinez
 
1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1974  Clyde J. Sanchez
 
1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1976  Merle Garcia (1st time)
 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1978  Stanley Paytiamo (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1979 - 1981         Raymond J. Concho (1st time)
1982 - 31 Dec 1985         Merle Garcia (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1987  Stanley Paytiamo (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1990  Ray A. Histia
 
1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1994  Reginald T. Pasqual
 
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1998  Ronnie Davis Shutiva
 
1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2000  Lloyd D. Tortalita
 
1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2002  Cyrus G. Chino
 
1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2004  Fred S. Vallo (1st time)
 
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Raymond J. Concho (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2007  Jason Johnson
 
1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2010  Chandler Sanchez
 
1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2012  Randall Vicente (1st time)
 
1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Gregg P. Shutiva
 
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2015  Fred S. Vallo (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2016 -
31 Dec 2018  Kurt Riley
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2021  Brian D. Vallo
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2023  Randall Vicente (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2024 -              Charles P. Riley


Cochiti Pueblo

[Pueblo of Cochiti (New
              Mexico, U.S.)]

c.1300                     Kotyit (Kʾúutìimʾé) Pueblo founded by the Keresans.
1599                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Cochiti); the land grant
                             issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
2020                       Self-governance agreement.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)

1880                       Juan Jose Montoya
c.1891 - c.1901?           José Hilario Montoya

c.1906                     Santiago Quintana
1929                       Salvador Pecos

1931                       Marcial Quintana
bf.1950
                   Epitacio Aquerro
1966                       Fred Cordero
1968                       Celestino Quintana
1978                       Joe Quintana
1979
                       Isaac P. Herrera (1st time)
1980
                       Johnnie Bowannie (1st time)
1983
                       Dan Chalan
1984                       Johnnie Bowannie (2nd time)

 
1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Epifanio Mody
 
1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Cedric Chavez
 
1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Andrew Quintana
 
1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  Isaac P. Herrera (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Joseph C. Quintana
 
1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Lawrence Herrera
 
1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Joseph Henry Suina (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Isaac P. Herrera (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Wilson A. Romero
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Regis Pecos
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Andrew Quintana
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Simon Suina
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Sam Arquero
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Leonard Trujillo
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Cippy CrazyHorse
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Ray J. Trujillo
 
1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Joseph Ernest Suina
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  John F. Pecos
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Vernon M. Garcia
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Robert B. Pecos
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Phillip Quintana
 
1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  J. Leroy Arquero (1st time)
 
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Joseph Henry Suina (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  J. Leroy Arquero (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016  Nicholas F. Garcia
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Eugene Herrera
(1st time)
 1 Jan 2018 -
31 Dec 2018  Dwayne Herrera
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2019  Eugene Herrera (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2020 -
31 Dec 2020  Charles Naranjo
 1 Jan 2021 -
31 Dec 2021  Joseph L. Herrera
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Phillip Quintana
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Everett P. Herrera
 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024  Joel A. Arquero
 1 Jan 2025 -              Joseph B. Herrera


Isleta Pueblo

[Pueblo of Isleta (New Mexico,
              U.S.)]

c.1300                     Shiewhibak Pueblo founded by the Tiwas.

1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Isleta); the land grant
                             is issued 1689.

Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico;
                             the pueblo is abandoned 1681 - 1710).

1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).

1901 – 1935                Albuquerque (from 1919, Southern Pueblos) Indian Agency
                             established (1914 – 1919 closed).

27 Mar 1947                First constitution adopted.
1995                       Gaming compact with the state.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1710)
1863 – 1864                Simon Zuni
1899                       Vicente Jiron
1912                       Domingo Lucero
1916 – 1917                Juan P. Lente
1918                       Bautista Zuni (1st time)
1926 – 1928                Jose Padilla (1st time)

1929                       Juan T. Abeita (1st time)
1930                       Domingo Lujan
1931                       Pasqual Abeita (
1st time)
1932                       Jose Padilla (2nd time)
1933 – 1934                Juan T. Abeita (
2nd time)
1935                       Francisco Jiron
1936                       Bautista Zuni (
2nd time)
1937                       Juan Lente
1938                       Pasqual Abeita (
2nd time)
1939                       Jose F. Jojola
1940                       Juan A. Abeita
1941                       Bautista Padilla
1942                       Frank Marrajo
1942                       Elias Jiron (
1st time)
                             (in opposition)
1943                       John R. Abeita
1944                       Domingo Jojola
1945 – 1946                Andres Abeita
1947                       Jose Rey Papuyo
1948 – 1949                Juan Jose Carpio
1950                       Joe S. Abeita
1951                       Juan Rey Abeita (
1st time)
1952                       Elias Jiron (
2nd time)
1953                       Juan Rey Lucero
1954                       Carlos Jojola (
1st time)
1955                       Juan Rey Abeita (
2nd time)
1956 – 1957                Ramon Zuni
1958                       Remijo Jojola
1959                       Joe L. Lucero
1960                       John D. Zuni (
1st time)
1961                       Esquipula Jojola
1962                       Carlos Jojola (
2nd time)
1963                       Lawrence Jaramillo
1964                       Juan B. Jojola
1965 - 1966                Andy Abeita
1967 – 1968                John D. Zuni (
2nd time)
1969                       Pablo Abeita
1970                       Alvino Lucero (
1st time)
1971 – 1972                Juan B. Abeita
1973 – 1974                Alvino Lucero (
2nd time)
1975 – 1976                Seferino Lente       
1977 – 1978                John D. Jojola
1979 - 1980                Alvino Lucero (3rd time)
1981 – 1982                Frank Jojola
1983 - 1984                Andy Lucero
1985 – 1986                Alvino Lucero (4th time)
1987 – 1990                Verna J. Williamson-Teller (f)
1991 – 1992                Alex Lucero
1993 – 1996                Alvino Lucero (5th time)
1997 – 1998                Fred R. Lujan
1999 – 2004                Alvino Lucero (6th time)
2005 – 2010                Robert Jose Benavides (1st time)
2011 – 2012                Frank E. Lujan
2013 - 2017                Edward Paul Torres
2017 - 2019                Robert Jose Benavides (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2020  Max Zuni (1st time)
 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022  Vernon B. Abeita
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Max Zuni (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2024 -              Eugene Jiron


Jemez Pueblo


[Pueblo of Jemez (New
                Mexico, U.S.)]

c.1350                     Walatowa Pueblo founded by the Towas.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Jemez); the land grant
                             issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico;
                             the pueblo is abandoned 1681 – 1692 and 1696 - 1706).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
17 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
2011                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Governors (office established 1621, mostly interrupted 1680-1706)
1665                       Matheo Pacheco
1849                       Francisco Josto
1888                       Agustin Cota
1923                       Juan L. Pecos
1940
                       George Toledo
1958                       Antonio Sando
1972                       Pat Toya
1974                       Vincent A. Toya (1st time)
1978
                       Louis Casiquito
1979                       Frank Loretto
1980
                       Joe Sando
1983
                       Paul S. Chinana (1st time)
1984                       Joe Loretto
1990                       Rosendo Gachupin

 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Joe V. Cajero (1st time)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Paul Tosa (1st time)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Jose L. Pecos
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  Paul S. Chinana (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Randolph Padilla
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Leonard Loretto
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Vincent A. Toya (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2000  Raymond Gachupin (1st time)
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Joe V. Cajero (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Paul Tosa (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Raymond Loretto (1st time)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Paul S. Chinana (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Michael Toledo (1st time)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  James R. Madalena
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Raymond Gachupin (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Paul S. Chinana (4th time)
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  David M. Toledo (1st time)
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Joshua Madalena (1st time)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Michael Toledo (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Joshua Madalena (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Vincent A. Toya (3rd time)
 
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Joshua Madalena (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  Raymond Loretto (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016  David Yepa
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Joseph A. Toya
 1 Jan 2018 -
31 Dec 2018  Paul S. Chinana (5th time)
 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2020  David M. Toledo (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2021 -
31 Dec 2021  Michael Toledo (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Raymond Loretto (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Dominic Gachupin
 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024  Peter Madalena
 1 Jan 2025 -              George Shendo


Jicarilla Apache


[Jicarilla Apache Nation
              (New Mexico, U.S.)]

1854                       Abiquiu (from 1901, Jicarilla) Indian Agency established
                             (1878 – 1901 closed; 1862 – 1876 there was separate Cimarron
                             Indian Agency for the Llaneros).

1874                       Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation set aside (abolished 1876
                             – 1880 and 1884 – 11 Feb 1887).

 4 Aug 1937                Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation.
1995                       Gaming compact with the state.
2000                       Renamed Jicarilla Apache Nation.

Chiefs of Olleros (the western division)
bf.1849 - af.1854          Francisco Chacon
bf.1868 - af.1873          Huero Mundo
bf.1880 - 1886             Huerito Mundo
Chief of Lllaneros (the eastern division)
bf.1873 - 1886             San Pablo
Head chiefs (title of chief: Nant’an)
1886 – 18..                Garfield Velarde                (b. 1851 – d. 1958)
c.1890                     Augustine Velarde
1920 – 1937                General Council
Chairmen
1937 – af.1940             Agapito Baltazar
1952 – 1954                Frank Vigil
c.1960 - 1964              James D. Garcia
1964 – 1968                Charlie Vigil
Presidents
1968 - 1972                Charlie Vigil
1972 - 1976                Hubert Velarde
1976 - 1988                Leonard Atole (1st time)        (b. 1942 - d. 2002)
1988 - 1992                Levi Pesata (1st time)      
1992 - Jun 1997            Leonard Atole (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1997 - Feb 1998            Arnold Cassador
1998 - 1999                Ron Julian (acting)
Jan 1999 - 25 Jun 1999     Arnold Cassador
Jun 1999 - Jul 2000        Rodger T. Vicenti
                             (acting to Sep 1999)
Jul 2000 - Mar 2004        Claudia J. Vigil-Muniz (f)
Jul 2004 - 2012            Levi Pesata (2nd time)      
2012 - Jan 2016            Roger "Ty" Vicenti
Jan 2016 - 2017            Wainwright Velarde
2017 -
Jun 2019            Levi Pesata (3rd time)
Jun 2019 - Jul 2020        Darrell Paiz
Jul 2020 - 2024            Edward Velarde
Sep 2024 -                 Adrian Notsinneh


Santo Domingo Pueblo

[Pueblo of Santo Domingo
                      (New Mexico, U.S.)] Flag [Pueblo of Santo Domingo
                      old variant (New Mexico, U.S.)] Former Flag Variant [Kewa Pueblo 2021 -
                        2021 (New Mexico, U.S.)]
c.2010 - 2021 Possible Flag

c.1300                     Gipuy (Díiwʾi) Pueblo founded by the Keresans.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Santo Domingo); the land
                             grant issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico;
                             the pueblo is abandoned 1681 - 1692).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
 1 Jan 2010 - Apr 2021     Renamed Kewa Pueblo.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)
1706 – 1715                Christophor Coris
1929                       Jose E. Calabasa
1967                       Diego Rosetta
1978
                       Valentino Garcia
1979                       Alex Garcia (1st time)
1980
                      Reyes Quintana
1983
                      Alex Garcia (2nd time)
1984                       Ramon C. Garcia (1st time)
1990                       Ernest Lovato (1st time)
1992                       Victor Reano
1993                       Thomas Moquino
1994                       Ernest Lovato (2nd time)
1995                       Bennie Star
1996                       Vidal Aragon
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Tony Tortalita (1st time)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Alex Bailon
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Tony Tortalita (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Ramon C. Garcia (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Ernest Lovato (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Everett F. Chavez (1st time)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Sisto Quintana (1st time)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Everett F. Chavez (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Julian Coriz
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Nelson Pacheco
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Sisto Quintana (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Everett F. Chavez (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Tony Tortalita (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  David F. Garcia
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Sisto Quintana (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Felix Tenorio
 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Oscar K. Lovato
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2016  Daniel Coriz
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Brian Coriz
 1 Jan 2018 -
31 Dec 2018  Thomas Moquino, Jr. (1st time)
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2019  Joseph M. Aguilar
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020  Thomas Moquino, Jr. (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022  Sidelio Tenorio
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Esquipula Tenorio
 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024  Frank P. Nieto
 1 Jan 2025 -              Thomas Moquino, Jr. (3rd time)


Laguna Pueblo


[photo of Pueblo of
                Laguna flag (New Mexico, U.S.)]

1699                       Spanish land grant (Pueblo of San José de la Laguna) to the
                             Keresan emigrants from the Pueblo of Santo Domingo (modern
                             Kewa Pueblo).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1897, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
 1 Jan 1908                First constitution adopted.
1997                       Gaming compact with the state.

Governors (office established 1699)

1855                       Juan Pedro Garbiso
1866                       Francisco Juancho

1877                       Juan Analla
1880                       Robert G. Marmon                (b. 1848 - d. 1933)
1886                       Walter G. Marmon                (b. 1845 - d. 1899)

c.1899                     José A. Paisano
c.1903                     Martin Paisano
c.1904 - c.1906            José M. Shocema
1908                       William Paisano (1st time)
1910                       Bautista Kawenicema
1913
                      William Paisano (2nd time)
c.1932                     Francisco Lorenzo (1st time)
1935 - c.1937              Walter Sarracino
1942 - 1943                John C. Sarracino
1944                       John Alonzo
c.1945                     Francisco Lorenzo (2nd time)
c.1949                     John C. Sarracino
c.1951                     Francisco Lorenzo (3rd time)
1954 - 1955                Tom Dailey (1st time)
1956                       John Paisano
1958                       James Solomon
1959                       Timothy P. Analla (1st time)
1960                       Robert Pacheco
1963                       Walter Sarracino
1964                       Irvin Santiago
1967 - 31 Dec 1971         Tom Dailey (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1974  Timothy P. Analla (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1977  Roland Johnson (1st time)
 1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1979  Floyd R. Correa
 1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1982  Harry D. Early (1st time)
 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1984  Edwin Martinez
 1 Jan 1985 - 1988         Chester T. Fernando
1989                       Delfino Begay
 1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990  Conrad Lucero
 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1994  Harry D. Early (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1998  Roland Johnson (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2002  Harry D. Early (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2006  Roland Johnson (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2010  John E. Antonio (1st time)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2014  Richard Luarkie
 1 Jan 2015 -
31 Dec 2018  Virgil A. Siow
 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2020  Wilfred Herrera (1st time)
 1 Jan 2021 -
31 Dec 2021  John E. Antonio (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Martin Kowemy
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Wilfred Herrera (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2024 -              Harry Antonio


Mescalero Apache

[Mescalero
                Apache Tribe (New Mexico, U.S.)]

1855                       Mescalero Indian Agency established.

c.1870                     Lipan Apaches arrived from Texas.
27 May 1873                Mescalero Apache (to 1883, referred also as Fort Stanton
                             Indian Reservation set aside.

25 Mar 1936                Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation.
12 Jan 1965                Renamed Mescalero Apache Tribe.
1995                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chiefs of Mescalero Apache (title of chief: Nant’an)
c.1830 – 1857              Barranquito                     (d. 1857)
1857 – 1876                Cadete (Zhee-es-not-son)        (d. 1872)
                           + Santana                       (b. c.1810 - d. 1876)
1876 – 1887                San Juan                        (d. 1887)
1887 – 1918                Peso                            (b. c.1850 – d. 1929)
Chief of Lipan Apache
c.1850 – 1915              Magoosh                         (b. 1821 – d. 1915)
Presidents
1918 – 19..                ....
c.1936                     Victor Dolan
1938 – 1939                Asa Daklugie (1st time)         (b. 1872 – d. 1955)
1939 – 1941                Samuel E. Kenoi
1941 – 1942                Homer Yahnozha
1942 – 1943                Eric Tortilla
1943 – 1944                Solon Sombrero
1944 – 1945                ....
1945 – 1948                Asa Daklugie (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1948 – 1950                Rufus Sago                      (b. 1899 – d. 1970)
1950 - af.1951             Wheeler Tissnolthtos            (b. 1898 – d. 1975)
1953 – 1956                Wendell Chino (1st time)        (b. 1923 – d. 1998)
1956 – 1957                Fred Pellmann (1st time)        (b. 1899 – d. 1985)
1957 – 1959                Wendell Chino (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1959 – 1961                Virginia S. Klinekole (f)       (b. 1924 – d. 2011)
1961 – 1962                Fred Pellmann (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1961 – 1998                Wendell Chino (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1998 – 1999                Paul Ortega
1999 – 2004                Sara Misquez (f)                (b. 1945 – d. 2008)
2004 – 2008                Mark R. Chino (1st time)
2008 – 2010                Carleton Naiche-Palmer
2010 – 2012                Mark R. Chino (2nd time)
2012 – 2013                Frederick Chino
2013 – 2014                Sandra Platero (f)
2014 - 2018                Danny H. Breuninger
2018 - 2019                Arthur Blazer
2019 - 2021                Robert "Gabe" Aguilar
Nov 2021 - Jan 2024        Eddie Martinez
Jan 2024 -                 Thora Padilla (f)


Nambé Pueblo

[Nambe Pueblo (New Mexico,
              U.S.)]

c.1300                    
Nambe Owingeh (nɑ̃̀ŋbèʔ ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by the Tewas.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Nambé); the land grant
                             issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)

1702                       Francisco Cootu
1856                       Juan Rosario Padilla

1864                       Juan Ignacio Tapolla
1880                       Antonio Jose Vigil
1929                       Antonio Vigil
1940                       Petocio Pena

1961 - 1964                Ernest Mirabal
1964                       Marcus Johnson
1965                       Amadeo Trujillo (1st time)      (d. 1998)
1970                       James B. Porter (1st time)
1972                       James B. Porter (2nd time)
1974 - 1975                Amadeo Trujillo
(2nd time)      (s.a.)
1978 - c.1982              Gilbert Pena
1983 - 1984                Carlos Vigil
c.1985 - c.1988            David A. Perez

1989                       Tony B. Vigil (1st time)
1991 - 1992                Tony B. Vigil (2nd time)
1993 - 1994                Herbert Yates
1995                       Tony B. Vigil (3rd time)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1997  Lela Kaskalla
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 2001  David A. Perez
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2005  Tim F. Talache
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2007  Dennis Vigil
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2011  Ernest Mirabal
 
1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2021  Phillip A. Perez
 1 Jan 2022 -             Nathaniel Porter


Ohkay Owingeh

[Ohkay Owingeh (New
              Mexcio, U.S.)]

c.1200                     Caypa Pueblo founded by the Tewas.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de San Juan de los Caballeros);
                             the land grant issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
1901 – 1935                Santa Fe (from 1919, Northern Pueblos) Indian Agency
                             established (1914 – 1919 closed).
1995                       Gaming compact with the state.
Nov 2005                  
Pueblo of San Juan renamed Ohkay Owingeh (ʔòhkèː ʔówĩ̂ŋgè).
2012                       Self-governance agreement.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)

1680                       Nicolas Bua                     (d. 1680)
1696                       Miguel Saxete
1921                       Ramos Archuleta
1929                       Santano Archuleta
1935                       Eliseo Trujillo
1940                       Eulogio Cata
1972                       Frank J. Cruz
1978
                       Vincent Martinez (1st time)
1979                       Andrew Garcia
1980
                       Vincent Martinez (2nd time)
1981                       Joseph A. Trujillo (1st time)
1983
                       Joseph A. Trujillo (2nd time)
1984                       Richard Martin
1990                       John Bird (1st time)
 
1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Herman Agoyo
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Wilfred Garcia (1st time)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Simon Cata
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  Joseph A. Garcia (1st time)     (b. 1953)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Earl N. Salazar (1st time)      (b. 1952)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Joseph A. Garcia (2nd time)     (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Earl N. Salazar (2nd time)      (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Anthony Moquino
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  John Bird (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2001 – 31 Dec 2002  Wilfred Garcia (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2003 – 31 Dec 2004  Earl N. Salazar (3rd time)      (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2005 – 31 Dec 2006  Joseph A. Garcia (3rd time)     (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2007 – 31 Dec 2008  Earl N. Salazar (4th time)      (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2009 – 31 Dec 2010  Marcelino Aguino (1st time)
 1 Jan 2011 – 31 Dec 2012  Ron Lovato (1st time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2014  Marcelino Aguino (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2017  Earl N. Salazar (5th time)      (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2017 -
31 Dec 2018  Peter Garcia
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2020  Ron Lovato (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022  J. Patrick Aguino
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Larry P. Phillips
 1 Jan 2024 -              Benny Lujan


Picuris
Pueblo

[Picuris Pueblo (New Mexico, U.S.)]

[Pueblo of Picuris variant flag (New
                          Mexico, U.S.)]
Variant
c.1300                     Picuris (P'įwweltha) Pueblo founded by the Tiwas.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Picuris [Pueblo de
Pikuria]);
                             the land grant issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico;
                             the pueblo is abandoned 1696 - 1706).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
1947 – 1955                Renamed Pueblo of San Lorenzo.

Governors (office established 1621, mostly interrupted 1680-1706)

1680                       Luis Tupatu                     (d. 1693)

1713                       Geronimo Dirucaca
1715                       Lorenzo Tupatu
1929                       Reyes Mermejo
1932                       Antonio J. Martinez

1956 - 1957                Thomas Martinez
1962                       Alfredo Rael (1st time)
1967                       Pat Martinez (1st time)         (b. 1914)
1968 - 1969                Alfredo Rael (2nd time)
1970/71                    Pat Martinez (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1972                       Alfredo Rael (3rd time)
1973/74                    Joe I. Quanchello (1st time)
1975                       Pat Martinez (3rd time)         (s.a.)
1976/77                    Joe I. Quanchello (2nd time)
1979                       Bernard Duran (1st time)
1979 - 1980                Victor Martinez

1981 - 1982                Gerald Nailor, Jr. (1st time)
1983 - 1984                Bernard Duran (2nd time)
1985                       Gerald Nailor, Jr. (1st time)

1988                       Gerald Nailor, Jr. (2nd time)
1990                       Richard Mermejo (1st time)
1992                       Gerald Nailor, Jr. (3rd time)
1993                       Manuel Archuleta (1st time)
1994                       Reyes Martinez
c.1995 - c.1997            Gerald Nailor, Jr
. (4th time)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1998  Manuel Archuleta (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2000  Eagle Rael
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2002  Clarence Chile (1st time)
 1 Jan 2003 - 2004         Gerald Nailor, Jr. (5th time)
2004                       Clarence Chile (2nd time)
2005 - 2007                Richard Mermejo (2nd time)
2007 - 2008                Craig Quanchello (1st time)
2008 - 2009                Richard Mermejo (3rd time)
13 Jun 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Gerald Nailor, Jr. (6th time)
 1 Jan 2010 - 2011         Manuel Archuleta (3rd time)
2011 - 31 Dec 2012         Gerald Nailor, Jr. (7th time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2014  Richard Mermejo (4th time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2016  Gary Pyne
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2023  Craig Quanchello (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2024 -              Wayne Yazza


Pojoaque Pueblo

[photo of Pueblo of
                  Pojoaque flag (New Mexico, U.S.)]

c.1300                     P'osuwaege Owingeh (p’òhsũ̀wæ̃̀gè ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by Tewas.

1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo of San Francisco de Pojoaque);
                             the land grant issued in 1699.

Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico;
                             the pueblo is abandoned 1694 - 1706).

1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).

1995                       Gaming compact.

Governors (office established 1621, mostly interrupted 1680-1706)
1900                       Jose Antonio Tapia

1900 – 1934                Vacant
1970                       Tom Romero
1972                       Alvin Duran

1974                       Elizabeth Duran (f)
1975 – 197.                Thelma G. Talachy (f) (1st time)
c.1979                     Jacob Viarrial (1st time)       (b. 1946 – d. 2004)
1980                       Raymon Romero
bf.1982 - 1984             Thelma G. Talachy (f) (2nd time)

1985 – 2004                Jacob Viarrial (2nd time)       (s.a.)
2004 – 31 Dec 2014         George Rivera

 1 Jan 2015 -
31 Dec 2021  Joseph M. Talachy               (b. 1981)
 1 Jan 2022 -              Jenelle Roybal (f)

Sandia Pueblo


[Pueblo of Sandia (New Mexico,
                          U.S.)]

[Pueblo of
                          Sandia variant (New Mexico, U.S.)]Variant
c.1300                     Tuf Shur Tia Pueblo founded by the Tiwas.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Sandía); the land grant
                             issued in 1748.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico;
                             the pueblo is abandoned 1681 - 1748).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
1995                       Gaming compact.
2010                       Self-governance agreement.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1748)

1899                       Mariano Carpintero

1915                       Lorenzo Lucero
1923                       Lorenzo Lucero
1931                       Francisco Lauriano
1932                       Lorenzo Lucero
1934                       Juan A. Trujillo
1940                       Ignacio Baca
1942                       Juan H Lujan

1943                       Francisco Lauriano
1944                       Mike Avila
1950                       Andres Lauriano
1953                       Andres Lauriano
1960                       Esquipula Sanchez
1961                       Andres Lauriano
1962                       Paul Chavez
1965                       Esquipula Sanchez
1967                       Paul Lujan
1968                       Andres Lauriano
1968/69?                   Domingo Montoya
1970                       Domingo Montoya
1971                       Esquipula Sanchez
1972                       Domingo Trujillo
1973                       Esquipula Sanchez

1974                       Moses Chavez
1975                       Paul Lujan
1977                       Moses Chavez
1978                       Frank Paisano
1979                       Inez Baca (1st time)            (b. 1930? - d. 2001)
1980                       Victor Montoya
 
1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981  Michael Avila (1st time)
 1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982  George Montoya
 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983  Bernardino Trujillo
 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1985  Esquipula Chavez
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986  Michael Avila (2nd time)
1987                       Inez Baca (2nd time)            (s.a.)
19.. - 31 Dec 1990         Patrick G. Baca
 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991  Reuben Baca
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Moses Chavez
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Inez Baca (3rd time)            (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1998  Alex Lujan
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Inez Baca (4th time)            (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2005  Stuart Paisano
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Lawrence Gutierrez
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Victor Montoya (1st time)
 1 Jan 2008 - Jun 2008     Robert Montoya
Jun 2008 - 31 Dec 2008     Stuart Paisano   
 1 Jan 2009 - 19 Oct 2010  Joe M. Lugan                    (b. 19.. - d. 2010)
19 Oct 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Myron Armijo (acting)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2012  Malcolm Montoya (1st time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Victor Montoya (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Stuart Paisano (1st time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2016  Isaac Lujan (1st time)
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Malcolm Montoya (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2018 -
31 Dec 2018  Richard Bernal
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2019  Isaac Lujan (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2022  Stuart Paisano (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2023 -              Felix L. Chavez


San Felipe Pueblo

[San Felipe Pueblo (New
                Mexico, U.S.)]

c.1400                     Katishtya Pueblo founded by the Keresans.
1598                       Katishtya subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de San Felipe);
                            
the land grant issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico;
                             the pueblo is abandoned 1681-1692).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
1995                       Gaming compact with the state.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)
1972                       Carlos Lucero (1st time)
1976                       Henry Esquibel (1st time)
1979                       Juan Valencia
1980                       Joseph Sanchez (1st time)
1982                       Frank Tenorio (1st time)
1983                       Cisto Trancosa

1984                       Henry Esquibel (2nd time)
1990                       Anthony Ortiz (1st time)
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Frank Tenorio (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Carlos Lucero (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Joseph Sanchez (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  Calvin Garcia
 1 Jan 1996 – 31 Dec 1997  Lawrence Trancoza (1st time)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Robert Valasquez
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Anthony Ortiz (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Sam Candelaria (1st time)
 1 Jan 2001 – 31 Dec 2002  Lawrence Trancoza (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Jimmy Cimarron (1st time)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Harold Candelaria
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Jimmy Cimarron (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Sam Candelaria (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Michael T. Sandoval
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Ronald L. Tenorio (1st time)
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Anthony Ortiz (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Feliciano Candelaria
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Raymond Sandoval
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Anthony Ortiz (4th time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Jimmy Cimarron (3rd time)
 
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Joseph E. Sandoval (1st time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  Ronald L. Tenorio (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 
Joseph E. Sandoval (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2017 -
31 Dec 2018  Anthony Ortiz (5th time)
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2019  James Candelaria
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2021  Anthony Ortiz (6th time)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Carl Valencia
 1 Jan 2023 -              Anthony Ortiz (7th time)


San Ildefonso Pueblo


[Pueblo of San
              Ildefonso (New Mexico, U.S.)]

c.1300                     P'ohwhóge Owingeh (p’òhxʷógè ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by Tewas.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de San Ildefonso); the land
                             grant issued in 1704.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)

1793                       Antonio Guille
1896                       Alfonso Vigil

1899                       Francesco Vigil
c.1910                     Juan Vigil
c.1923 - d.1925            Juan B. Gonzales
1929                       Atalano Montoya
1931                       Bernardo Sanrdons

1931                       Julian Martinez
1932                       Joe Aguilar
1936                       Sotero Montoya
1939                       Sotero Montoya
1940                       Julian Martinez                 (b. 1879 - d. 1943)
194. - 1943                Sotero Montoya
1944 - 1945                Luis Gonzales                   (b. 1907 - d. 1990)
1946 - 19..                Dionicio Sanchez  
1952 - 19..                Tony Martinez (= Popovi Da)     (b. 1923 - d. 1971)
c.1964                     Abel Sanchez
1966 - 1967                Gilbert Benjamin Atencio        (b. 1930)
1968 - 1971?               Abel Sanchez (= Oqwa Pi)        (b. 1899 - d. 1971) 
1972                       Ike Martinez
1976 - 1977                James Martinez

1977 - 1979                Jay Mountain
1979 - c.1981              Dennis P. Martinez (1st time)
c.1983 - 1984              Jay Mountain
1985 - 31 Dec 1986         Gilbert Sanchez
 1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1988  Luis Naranjo
 1 Jan 1989 - 1990         Dennis P. Martinez (2nd time)
1990 - 1992                ....
1992 - 31 Dec 1993         Agapito "Pete" Martinez

 1 Jan 1994 - 1997         Elmer Torres
1994 - 1995                Raymond Gonzales
                             (in opposition)

30 Mar 1995 - Oct 1995     Randy Sanchez
                             (acting for Torres
)
1997 - 1998                Harvey Martinez
1998 - 31 Dec 1999         Terry L. Aguilar (1st time)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2001  Perry Martinez (1st time)
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2003  John Gonzales
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2005  Dale Martinez
 1 Jan 2006 - Oct 2007     James Mountain (1st time)
Oct 2007 - 2008            Martin W. Aguilar
2008 - 31 Dec 2009         Leon T. Roybal
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2011  Perry Martinez (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2014  Terry L. Aguilar (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2017  James Mountain (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2020  Perry Martinez (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2021 -              Christopher Moquino


Santa Ana Pueblo

[Santa Ana Pueblo (New
                Mexico, U.S.)]

c.1300                     Tamaya Pueblo founded by the Keresans.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Santa Ana);
                             the land grant issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1869, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
1997                       Gaming compact.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)
1696                       Bartolome Ojeada
1813                       Eusebio Mairo
1822                       Andres Maygua
1846                       Miguel Lucero
1978
                       William H. Gallegos (1st time)
1979                       Sam Armijo
1980
                       Lawrence Montoya
1983
                       Elisio Montoya
1984                       Clyde Leon
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  William H. Gallegos (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Eliseo Raton
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Andrew Gallegos
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  Ernest J. Lujan (1st time)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Leonard D. Garcia
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Leonard Armijo (1st time)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Ronald Montoya (1st time)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Bruce Sanchez (1st time)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Lawrence A. Montoja (1st time)
 1 Jan 2001 – 31 dec 2002  Bruce Sanchez (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Myron Armijo (1st time)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Leonard Armijo (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Lawrence A. Montoja (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Leonard Armijo (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Ronald Montoya (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Ulysses Leon (1st time)
 1 Jan 2009 – 31 Dec 2010  Bruce Sanchez (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Lawrence A. Montoya (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Ernest J. Lujan (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Myron Armijo (2nd time)
 
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  George M. Montoya
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  Lawrence A. Montoya (4th time)
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 
Myron Armijo (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Lawrence A. Montoya (5th time)
 1 Jan 2018 -
31 Dec 2018  Glenn Tenorio
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2019  Timothy Menchego
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020  Lawrence A. Montoya (6th time)
 1 Jan 2021 -
31 Dec 2021  Ulysses Leon (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Joseph Sanchez
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Nathan Garcia
 1 Jan 2024 -              Myron Armijo (4th time)


Santa Clara Pueblo


[Pueblo of
                        Santa Clara (New Mexico, U.S.)]
Adopted 1995

c.1500                     Kha'po Owingeh (xɑ̀ʔp’òː ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by the Tewas.
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Santa Clara); the land grant
                             issued in 1699.

Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).

 1 Nov 1935                Constitution adopted.
1997                       Gaming compact with the state.
2002                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)
1693                       Naranjo
1734 – 1735                Roque Canjuebe
1788                       Antonio Naranjo
1850                       Jose Antonio Naranjo
1897 - 1898?               Jose de Jesus Naranjo
(1st time)
1900                       Jose Leandro Tafoya
1901                       Juan Jose Gutierrez
1902                       Leandro Tafoya
1903                       Diego Naranjo (2nd time)
1904                       José de Jesus Naranjo (2nd time)
1905                       Frost Moving
1906                       Leandro Tafoya
1907                       Santiago Naranjo (1st time)
1911                       Victoriano Sisneros (acting)
1911 - 1912                Santiago Naranjo (2nd time)
1916                       Santiago Naranjo (3rd time)
1920                       Santiago Naranjo
(4th time)
Governors of the Summer side

1923 – 1924                Santiago Naranjo (5th time)
1925 – 1926                Victoriano Sisneros (2nd time)
1927                       Juan Jose Gutierrez (2nd time)
1928                       Victoriano Sisneros (3rd time)
Governors of the Winter side (in opposition)
1923 – 1926                ....
1926                       Desiderio Naranjo
1927 – 1928                ....
Governors
1929                       Victoriano Sisneros

1931                       Santiago Naranjo

1932                       Juan Jose Gutierrez
                             (in opposition)

1933?                      Desiderio Naranjo
bf.1934                    Pedro Cajete
1934 - 1935                Ologio Naranjo
1936 - 193.                Agapito Naranjo
1939                       Joseph T. Tafoya (1st time)     (b. 1892 - d. 1972)
1940                       Pasqual Tafoya
1941                       Joseph T. Tafoya (2nd time)     (s.a.)

c.1943                     Juan Chavarria
c.1947                     Juan Chavarria
1949/50?                   Joseph T. Tafoya (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1951/52                    Manuel Holcomb
c.1957 - c.1958            Juan Chavarria (1st time)
1960                       Juan Gutierrez
1964 - 1966                Paul Tafoya (1st time)          (b. 1928 – d. 2009)

1967                       Pat Gutierrez
c.1968 - c.1970            Juan Chavarria
(2nd time)
1971 - 1975                Paul Tafoya (2nd time)
1976 - 1977?               Lucario Padilla

1977 - 1978                Paul Tafoya (3rd time)
          (s.a.)
1979                       Walter Dasheno (1st time)
1980 - 1983                Paul Tafoya (4th time)
1984                       Jose M. Tafoya

1985                       Lawrence Singer

1986 - 1987                Charles Suazo
1987 - 1988                Frankie V. Gutierrez
1988 - 1990                ....
1990                       Calvin Tafoya
1991 - 1994                Walter Dasheno
(2nd time)
1995                       Edwin Tafoya
1996 - 1997                Gilbert Tafoya

 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1999  Walter Dasheno (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2003  Denny Gutierrez                 (b. 1942 - d. 2013)
 
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Jeff Sisneros
 
1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Joseph Bruce Tafoya
(1st time)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2008  J. Michael Chavarria (1st time)
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2012  Walter Dasheno (4th time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Joseph Bruce Tafoya (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2023  J. Michael Chavarria (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2024                James A. Naranjo



Taos Pueblo

[Taos Pueblo (New Mexico,
              U.S.)]

c.1100                     Taos (
tə̂otho or tə̂obo) Pueblo founded by the Tiwas (one of
                             the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the U.S.).
1598                       Subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Taos); the land grant
                             issued in 1816.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1859, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
14 Dec 1992                Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
1995                       Gaming compact with the state.
2008                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)

1815                       Jose Francisco Luján
1920                       Porfirio Mirabal
1927                       José la Cruz Concha
1929                       Guadalupe Lucero
1938                       Albert Martinez                 (b. 1888 - d. 1940)
1940                       Juan Isidro Conchas

1941                       John Concha
1942                       Juan D. Romero (1st time)
1943                       Santana Sandoval
1944                       Severino (Seferino) Martinez
                            
(1st time)
1945                       Albano Luján
1946                       Juan D. Romero (2nd time)
1947                       Severino Martinez (2nd time)
1948                       Tony Mirabel
1949                       Juan D. Romero (3rd time)
1950                       Geronimo Gomez (1st time)
1951                       Manuel Luján (1st time)
1952                       Juan D. Romero (4th time)
1953                       Geronimo Gomez (2nd time)
1954                       Teofilo Romero (1st time)
1955                       Severino Martinez (3rd time)
1956                       Geronimo Trujillo (1st time)
1957                       Teofilo Romero (2nd time)
1958                       Cruz P. Trujillo (1st time)
1959                       Cristino Mirabal
1960                       Teofilo Romero (3rd time)
1961                       Severino Martinez (4th time)
1962                       Geronimo Trujillo (2nd time)
1963                       Manuel Luján (2nd time)
1964                       Lupe Sandoval (1st time)
1965                       Teofilo Romero (4th time)
1966                       John J. Reyna (1st time)
1968                       Querino Romero (1st time)
1969                       Lupe Sandoval  (2nd time)
1970                       Querino Romero (2nd time)
1971                       John J. Reyna (2nd time)
1972                       Cruz P. Trujillo (2nd time)
1973                       Querino Romero (3rd time)
1974                       Teresino Jiron
1975                       Henry Luján
1976                       Joe la Cruz Romero
1977                       Pete Concha (1st time)
1978                       Frank J. Luján
1979                       Pete Concha (2nd time)
1980                       Adam Trujillo
1981                       Patrick Romero
1982                       Tony Reyna (1st time)
1983                       Luis Luján
1984                       Benny Mondragon
1985                       Joe Sandoval                    (b. 1926 - d. 1996)
1986                       Santana Romero

1987                       Jimmy Cordova (1st time)
1988                       Avelino Trujillo
1989                       Ernesto Luján
1991                       Jimmy Cordova (2nd time)
1990                       Mike Concha (1st time)
1992                       Tony Reyna
(2nd time)
1993                       Jose Samora
1994                       Carl N. Concha (1st time)
1995
                       Mike Concha (2nd time)
1996                       Dave Gomez
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  John C. Romero
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Ruben A. Romero (1st time)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Carl N. Concha (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Don LightningBow
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Nelson J. Cordova (1st time)
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Vincent Luj
án
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Allen R. Martinez
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  John Mirabal
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Ruben A. Romero (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  James A. Luj
án (1st time)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Gilbert Suazo (1st time)
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Paul T. Martinez
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Ruben A. Romero (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  James A. Luj
án (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Nelson J. Cordova (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Laureano B. Romero
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Ernesto C. Luj
án
 
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Clyde M. Romero (1st time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  Louis Romero
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016  Benito Sandoval
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Ruben A. Romero (4th time)
 1 Jan 2018 -
31 Dec 2018  Gilbert Suazo (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2019  Richard Aspenwind
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020  Edwin Concha (1st time)
 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022  Clyde M. Romero (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2024  Gary J. Lujan
 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024  Fred L. Romero
 1 Jan 2025 -              Edwin Concha (2nd time)


Tesuque Pueblo

[Pueblo of Tesuque (New Mexico,
              U.S.)]

c.1250                     Tetsuge Owingeh (tèʔts’úgé ʔówîŋgè) Pueblo founded by the Tewas.
1598                       Tet-Sugeh subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Tesuque); the
                            
land grant issued in 1689.
Aug 1680 – Sep 1692        Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).
1995                       Gaming compact.

Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)
1694 – 1713                Domingo Romero             (d. 1713)
1850                       Carlos Vigil
1929                       Hilario Vigil
1969                       James S. Hena (1st time)
1970                       Joe Vigil (1st time)
1972                       Joe Vigil (2nd time)
1978
                       James S. Hena (2nd time)
1979                       Joe A. Padilla

1980
                       Herman Vigil (1st time)
1983
                       Joe Vigil (3rd time)
1984                       James S. Hena (3rd time)

1990                       Gilbert L. Vigil (1st time)
1992                       Gilbert L. Vigil (2nd time)
1993                       Charles J. Dorame (1st time)
1994                       Paul Suazo (1st time)
1995                       Herman Vigil (2nd time)
1996                       Frederick Vigil (1st time)
1997                       J. Marvin Herrera (1st time)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Ramos Romero (1st time)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Milton Herrera (1st time)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Gilbert L. Vigil (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Charles J. Dorame (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Paul Suazo (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  J. Marvin Herrera (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Ramos Romero (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Mark Mitchell (1st time)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Gilbert L. Vigil (4th time)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Charles J. Dorame (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Robert Mora (1st time)
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Mark Mitchell (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Frederick Vigil (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Mark Mitchell (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Ramos Romero (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Mark Mitchell (4th time)
 
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Robert Mora (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  Milton Herrera (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 
Frederick Vigil (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Mark Mitchell (5th time)
 1 Jan 2018 -
31 Dec 2018  Frederick Vigil (4th time)
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2019  Milton Herrera (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020  Robert Mora (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2021 -
31 Dec 2024  Mark Mitchell (6th time)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Robert Mora (4th time)
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Milton Herrera (4th time)
 1 Jan 2024 -              Earl Samuel


Zia Pueblo

[Pueblo of Zia (New
              Mexico, U.S.)]

c.1250                     Tsi'ya Pueblo founded by the Keresans.
1598                       Tsia subject to the Spanish (Pueblo de Zía); the land grant
                             issued in 1689.

1680 – 1692                Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish (see under New Mexico).
1850                       Under the U.S. protection (in 1858, the Spanish land grant
                             confirmed).


Governors (office established 1621, interrupted 1680-1692)
1883                       Pedro Sanchez
1901/02                    Jesus Baca Medina
bf.1937                    José Rey Shije                  (d. 1937)
1936                       Emiliano Galvan   
1940
                       Lorenzo Medina
1943                       Juanito Medina
 1 Jan 1946 - 31 Dec 1946  Amado Shije
 1 Jan 1947 - 19..         Perfecto Pino
1954                       Juanito Medina
1956                       Juanito Medina
1957                       José de la Cruz Galvan
1958                       John Pino
 
1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959  Joe Medina
 1 Jan 1960 - 196.         Juan D. Pino
1969                       Joe Medina
1970                       Luciano Pino
 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972  Benny Salas (1st time)
 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973  Gilbert Lucero
 1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974  Moses Pino (1st time)
1975 - 1976?               Jose de La Cruz Galvan
 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977  Moses Pino (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1978  Joe Medina
 1 Jan 1949 - 31 Dec 1979  Moses Shije (1st time)
 1 Jan 1980 - 198.         Casper Toribio
1982 - 1983                Benny Salas (2nd time)
1984                       Augustine Pino
1988                       Celestino Gachupin
1990                       Gilbert Lucero
 
1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991  Earl J. Gachupin
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Benny Salas (3rd time)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Moses Shije (2nd time)

 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Henry Shije
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  Stanley Pino
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Amadeo Shije (1st time)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Gabriel Galvan
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Edwin Shije
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Amadeo Shije (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Vincent Pino
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  William Toribio
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Harry Shije
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Amadeo Shije (3rd time)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Peter Pino
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Teofilo Pino
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2007  Rudy Shije
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2009  Ivan R. Pino (1st time)
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Amadeo Shije (4th time)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Marcellus Medina
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Wilfred Shije
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Harold Reid
 
1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Ivan R. Pino (2nd time)  
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  David Pino
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016  Jerome Lucero (1st time)
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Carl B. Schildt
 1 Jan 2018 -
31 Dec 2018  Anthony Delgarito
 1 Jan 2019 -
31 Dec 2019  Antonio Medina
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020  Frederick Medina
 1 Jan 2021 -
31 Dec 2021  Jerome Lucero (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Gabriel Galvan
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Valentino Pino
 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024  Ben Shije
 1 Jan 2025 -              Lambert Pino


Zuni Pueblo

[Pueblo of Zuni (New Mexico,
                U.S.)]

c.1350                     Zuni found 6 pueblos (legendary "Seven Cities of Cibola").
1598                       A:shiwi subject to the Spanish (nominally to 1629), except during
                             1680 - 1692.

1699                       Spanish land grant is issued (by then single Pueblo de Zuñi
                             remains).

1877                       Zuni Reservation set aside.
1902 – 1935                Zuni Indian Agency established.
13 Aug 1970                Renamed Zuni Tribe.

1970                       Self-governance contract with the U.S. (one of the first of three).
 
Governors (office established 1692)
1702                       Juan

1830 - 1875               
Lai-iu-ah-tsai-ah (Pedro Pino)    (b. c.1788 – d. 1878)
                             (governor several times in this period)
1858                       Mariano (1st time)
1863                       Mariano (2nd time)
1875 - 1885                Ba:lawahdiwa
                             (Palowahtiwa, Patricio Pino)
1885                       Yacqui Pie (Yaki)
1885                       Quala Mona
1888                       Dick Senaha (Tsinnahe)
1889                       Juan Antonio (Juan DeDiose)
1891                       Jesus Eriacho
1895                       Mu:ma (1st time)
                             (Ramon Luna, Mormon)
1897 - 1899                Mu:ma (2nd time)
1907                       Jesus Eriacho
1907 - 1909                Keecko (Quicko) Chavez
1909                       DaThlana (Di:clana)
1909 - 1911                Juan DeDiose
                             (Kwan Antonia, Juan Antonia)
1912 - 1916                William F. Lewis (1st time)
1917                       Ernest Seciwa
1917                       Margaret Lewis (f) (intetrim)
1917 - 19..                William F. Lewis (2nd time)
1923                       Wayhusiwa
1923                       Mocko Ondulacy
1923 - 1924                Dumahka (Nick)
1924 - 1926                Eustace (Usstisy)
1926 - 192.                Nastacio
1928 - 1933                Lallio (1st time)
1933                       Warren Ondulacy
1933                       Leopoldo Eriacho
1933 – 1935                Vacant
1935                       Lallio (2nd time)
1935 - 31 Dec 1941         Henry Gaspar (1st time)
 1 Jan 1942 - 31 Dec 1942  Henry Natewa
 1 Jan 1943 - 1943         Lallio (3rd time)
1943 - 1947                Henry Gaspar (2nd time)
1947 - 1951                Leopoldo Eriacho
1951 - 1954                Conrado Lesarlley

 1 Jan 1955 - 1955         Latone Wyaco
1955                       Teddy Weahky
1955 - 1957                Casa Appa
1957 - 1960                Calvin Eustace
1960 - 1962                Warren Ondulacy
1962 - 31 Dec 1964         Fred Bowanie
 1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1974  Robert E. Lewis (1st time)
 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1978  Edison Laselute
1979 - 1982                Robert E. Lewis (2nd time)
1982 - 1983                Quincy Panteah
1983 - 31 Dec 1986         Chauncey Simplicio
 1 Jan 1987 - 1994         Robert E. Lewis (3rd time)
1994 - 1998                Donald Eriacho
1998 - 2002                Malcolm Bowkaty
2002 -  5 Jan 2007         Arlen P. Quetawki
Sr. (1st time)
 5 Jan 2007 - 2011         Norman J. Cooeyate
2011 - 31 Dec 2014        
Arlen P. Quetawki Sr. (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2022  Val R. Panteah, Sr.
 1 Jan 2023 -              Arden L. Kucate


New York


Cayuga Nation

[Cayuga Nation (New York,
              U.S.)]

31 Aug 1142                Cayuga Nation a member of the Five (later Six) Nations confederacy
                             (details under Onondaga), governed by the Council of Chiefs
                             (10 lineages of titled/named life chiefs).
22 Oct 1784                Under the U.S. protection, the pro-British majority settle in
                             Canada at the Grand River.
22 Feb 1789                Reservation established by the state (in 11 Nov 1794, recognized
                             by the U.S.).
18 May 1807                Reservation ceded to the state, the Cayuga mostly settle on the
                             Seneca lands (first at Buffalo Creek, later at Cattaraugus).
15 Jan 1838 – 19 Feb 1873  New York Indian Reservation established in Kansas for some Cayuga
                             and other landless Indians of New York State (in 1873 the
                             reservation is allotted).

First chiefs (by precedence; title of Cayuga chief: Hoya:neh)
c.1142                     Haka’e:yok
                             [this name becomes title/name of the first chief by precedence]
c.1691                     .... [Haka’e:yok title/name recorded for the first time]
c.1794                     Te-kenh-yoo-hau "Captain Key"
c.1838                     Jack Wheelbarrow
Head chief of New York Indians (in Kansas)
1839 – af.1854             William King
Leading chiefs
c.1890                     Alexander John (head chief)
bf.1970 - 1972             Franklin Patterson (president)
1972 – 1983                James Leaffe (spokesman)
1983 - 2003                Vernon Isaac                      (b. 19.. - d. 2003)
                             [last undisputed chief]
Representatives
2003 -                     Clint C. Halftown                 (b. 1972)
                             (Aug 2011 – 2013 not recognized by the U.S.)
Jun 2011 -                 Chief William C. Jacobs (in opposition)


Oneida of New York

[Oneida Nation of New York
              (New York, U.S.)]

31 Aug 1142                Oneida Nation a member of the Five (later Six) Nations confederacy
                             (details under Onondaga), governed by the Council of Chiefs
                             (9 lineages of titled/named life chiefs).
22 Oct 1784                Under the U.S. protection, the pro-British minority settle in
                             Canada at the Grand River.
1785                       Reservation established by the state (in 11 Nov 1794, recognized
                              by the U.S.).
1828                       Majority of Oneida settles in Wisconsin (latter Oneida of
                             Wisconsin).
1840                       Another group leaves for Canada (latter Oneida of the Thames).
18 Jun 1936                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by special
                             referendum
1948                       Oneida Nation of New York; under jurisdiction of state courts
                             and law enforcement.

1993                       Gaming compact.

Leading chiefs (title of Oneida chief: Loya:nel)
c.1142                     O’tatshehte’
                            (this name becomes title/name of the first chief by precedence)
c.1688                     .... (O’tatshehte’ title/name recorded for the first time)
c.1794                     Odotsaihte (recorded spelling)
1878 – 1936                Alexander D. Burning (head chief) (b. 1864 – d. 1936)
Presidents (from 1975 in opposition to the representatives)
1948 – 19..                ....
bf.1961 - 1976             Jacob Thompson
1976 - 1984                Robert W. Burr
Representatives (not recognized by the U.S. to 1984; there are no Oneida chiefs in the U.S.)
1975 – 1977                David Honyoust
May 1977 -                 Arthur Raymond "Ray" Halbritter   (b. 1951)


Onondaga

[Iroquois Six
                        Nations Flag]
Iroquois Six Nations Flag  
[Onondaga Nation flag
                      (New York, U.S.)] Onondaga Flag

31 Aug 1142                Likely founding date of the Five Nations (in Onondaga:
                             Hodinohso:ni, "Longhouse People"; Anglicized: Haudenosaunee)
                             confederacy,
consisting of Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga
                             and Seneca nations; the Onondaga Nation (headquarters of the
                             confederacy) is governed by the Council of Chiefs (14 lineages
                             of titled/named life chiefs).

1643                       Five Nations allied with the Dutch (Mohawks from 1628).
1664                       Allied (from 1755, under protection) with the English.
1677 - 1755                "Covenant Chain", an alliance, dominated by the Five Nations, with
                             Delaware, Mohicans, Shawnee and several smaller tribes.
1722                       Five Nations becomes the Six Nations upon addition of Tuscarora,
                             a non-voting member.
1777                       Majority of the Six Nations remains loyal to the British,
                             the minority (mostly Oneida and Tuscarora) side with the U.S.;
                             the Grand Council of the confederacy suspends (to 1784) meeting.
22 Oct 1784                Under the U.S. protection (the U.S. refused to deal with the Six
                             Nations confederacy as single entity), the pro-British minority
                             settle in Canada at the Grand River.
1788                       Reservation established by the state (in 11 Nov 1794, recognized by
                             the U.S.).
15 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1948                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement

First chiefs (by precedence; title of Onondaga chief: Hoya:neh)
c.1142                     Thadoda:ho’
                             (this name becomes title/name of the first chief)
c.1745                     ... (Thadoda:ho’ title/name recorded for the first time)
c.1765                     Wathatodarho (recorded spelling)
bf.1838 - 1845             Ut-ha-wah "Captain Cold"          (b. c.1760 – d. 1845)
1845 – 1848                Abram LaFort                      (b. 1794 – d. 1848)
1848 – 1873                Samuel George                     (b. 1795 – d. 1873)
Oct 1874 – 1884            Albert Cusick                     (b. 1846 – d. 1912)
Dec 1885 – 1896            Daniel LaFort                     (b. 1833 – d. 1899)
1896 – Jul 1917            Frank Logan                       (b. 1857 – d. 1917)
Oct 1917 – Mar 1924        George E. Thomas (1st time)       (b. 1885 – d. 1957)
Oct 1924 – Jul 1938        Joshua Jones                      (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
1924 – 1957                George E. Thomas (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (in opposition to 1938)
1957 – Oct 1968            George A. Thomas                  (b. 1911 - d. 1968)
Dec 1968 – Jul 1996        Leon Shenandoah                   (b. 1915 – d. 1996)
2002 -                     Sidney Hill                       (b. 1951)

Presidents (chief executives)
1882 – 1886                Chief Daniel LaFort (1st time)    (s.a.)
1886 – 1887                Chief Baptist Thomas (1st time)   (b. 1826 – d. af.1911)
1887 – 1889                Chief Daniel LaFort (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1889 – af.1908             Chief Baptist Thomas (2nd time)   (s.a.)
Secretary (from bf.1999 de facto chief executive)
bf.1970 - 2017             Chief Irving Powless, Jr.         (b. 1929 – d. 2017)

British Deputy Superintendent and Agent for the Six Nations
1762 – 1775                Guy Johnson                       (b. 1740 - d. 1788)


Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe


[St. Regis
                      Mohawk Tribe (New York, U.S.)]
Current Flag

1783                       St. Regis Mohawk village (present Akwesasne in Canada) split by the

                             U.S.-British (Quebec) border.
31 May 1796                Treaty with the U.S., under joint protection of the U.K. and U.S.
                             (St. Regis Tribe); the U.S. side established as reservation.
1802                       Position of Trustees (regular elections recorded from 1833) created
                             by the state in addition to the Quebec-based Council of Chiefs
                            (creation of separate tribal roll in 1859 largely finalizes
                             separation of so-called American tribe).
1888                       Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs (9 lineages of titled/named life
                             chiefs, title of Mohawk chief: Roya:ner), not recognized by the
                             U.S., established (increasingly in opposition to the trustees and
                             elected chiefs).
 8 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1948                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1972                       Renamed St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians.
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
2003                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
2007                       Renamed Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe (the name used already in the
                             constitution of 1995).

Trustees
1802 – 1875                Board of Trustees
                          (elected annually, composition as of 1802 below)
                           - Chief Loran Tarbell             (d. 1818/24)
                           - Louis Joseph Cook               (b. c.1740 - d. 1814)
                           - William Louis Gray              (b. 1763 - d. 1813)
1875 – 1898                Board of Trustees
                           (elected for 3 years staggered terms; composition as of 1892 below)
                           - Chief Joseph Wood
                           - Joseph Bero
                           - Thomas Ransom
Head chiefs (elected chief serving final year of his 3 year term)
1898 – 1935                Tribal Council
                           (chiefs elected for 3 years staggered terms;
        
                    composition as of 1914 below)

                           - Noah Lafrance
                           - Mitchell Laughing
                           - John Gray
1935 – 1937                ....
1937 – 1938                Joseph Tarbell
1938 – 1940                ....
1940 – 1941                Louis Terrance
1941 – May 1948            ....
Chairman (not recognized by the U.S.)
1948 - 1949                Chief Alex White                  (d. 1950)
Head chiefs
Jul 1949 – 1958            ....
1958 – 1959                Alexander T. Solomon              (b. 1911 – d. 1967)
1959 – 1960                ....
1960 – 1961                Thomas Laughing
1961 – 1963                ....
1963 – 1964                Noah L. Cook                      (b. 1907 – d. 1971)
1964 – 1968                ....
1968 – 1969                John A. Cook (1st time)           (b. 1922 – d. 1992)
1969 – 1971                ....
1971 - 1972                John A. Cook (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1972 – 1973                John A. Jacobs                    (b. 1915 – d. 1974)
1973 – 1974                Lawrence P. Lazore                (b. 1927 – d. 1975)
1974 – 1975                John Bigtree
1975 – 1976                Russell P. Lazore
1976 – 1977                Rudolph Hart (1st time)
1977 – 1978                Charles T. Terrance               (b. 1915 – d. 2001)
1978 – 1979                Leonard V. Garrow (1st time)
1979 – 1980                Rudolph Hart (2nd time)
1980 – 1981                Reginald E. White                 (b. 1924 – d. 2012)
1981 – 1982                Leonard V. Garrow (2nd time)
1982 – 1983                Solomon Cook
1983 – 1984                Allen Terrance
1984 – 1985                Leonard V. Garrow (3rd time)
1985 – 1986                Lawrence Pyke
1986 – 1987                Julius D. Herne
1987 – 1988                Rosemary Bonaparte (f)
1988 – 1989                Brenda Lafrance (f)
1989 – 1990                Harold Tarbell
1990 – 1991                L. David Jacobs (1st time)
1991 – 1992                Lincoln C. White
1992 – 1993                Norman J. Tarbell
1993 – 1994                L. David Jacobs (2nd time)
1994 – 1995                John S. Loran
Chiefs
1995 – 1996                Phillip H. Tarbell (interim)
1996 – 2000                Edward D. Smoke
Head chiefs
2000 – 2001                Hilda E. Smoke (f)
2001 – 2002                Paul O. Thompson (1st time)
2002 – 2003                Alma Ransom (f)
2003 – 2004                James W. Ransom (1st time)
2004 – 2005                Margaret Terrance (f)
2005 – 2006                Barbara A. Lazore (f) (1st time)
2006 – 2007                James W. Ransom (2nd time)
2007 – 2008                Lorraine M. White (f)
2008 – 2009                Barbara A. Lazore (f) (2nd time)
2009 – 2010                James W. Ransom (3rd time)
2010 – 2011                Monica M. Jacobs (f)
2011 – 2012                Mark H. Garrow
2012 – 2013                Randy Hart
2013 – 2014                Ronald W. Lafrance (1st time)
2014 - 2015                Paul O. Thompson (2nd time)
2015 - 2016                Beverly Cook (f) (1st time)
2016 - 2017                Ronald W. LaFrance (2nd time)
2017 - 2018                Eric Thompson (1st time)
2018 - 2019                Beverly Cook (f) (2nd time)
2019 - 2020                Michael L. Conners (1st time)
2020 - 2021                Eric Thompson (2nd time)
2021 - 2022                Beverly Cook (f) (3rd time)
2022 - 2023                Michael L. Conners (2nd time)
2023 - 2024                Ronald W. LaFrance (3rd time)
2024 -                     Beverly Cook (f) (4th time)


Seneca Nation of Indians


[Seneca Nation of Indians
              (New York, U.S.)]

31 Aug 1142                Seneca Nation a member of the Five (later Six) Nations confederacy
                             (details under Onondaga), governed by the Council of Chiefs
                             (8 lineages of titled/named life chiefs).
22 Oct 1784                Under the U.S. protection, the pro-British minority settle in
                             Canada at the Grand River; a group living in Ohio recognized as
                             separate tribe (latter Seneca-Cayuga Tribe).
1792                       Six Nations (from 1835, New York) Indian Agency established.
11 Nov 1794                Canandaigua Treaty of Peace
15 Sep 1797                Allegany, Buffalo Creek, Cattaraugus and Tonawanda Indian
                             Reservations established.
15 Jan 1838 – 20 May 1842  U.S. attempts to remove Seneca and other tribes west; all the
                             Seneca reservations ceded to the U.S. (in 1842, the Allegany and
                             Cattaraugus Reservations transferred back).
 4 Dec 1848                Seneca Nation of Indians, constitution adopted; the Council of
                             Chiefs continues in opposition to 1857.
 5 Nov 1857                Tonawanda Band of Seneca secedes.
1892                       Long-term lease of the part of the Allegany Reservation for
                             the future city of Salamanca; this leads to Indians becoming
                             minority on the reservation.
10-14 Jun 1935             Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum
                             on all reservations.
1948                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
2002                       Gaming compact with the state.

   
First chiefs of Lower Side (by precedence; title of Seneca chief: Hoya:ne:h)
c.1142                     Skanyotaiyo’
                            (this name becomes title/name of the first chief)
c.1739                     .... (Skanyotaiyo’ title/name recorded for the first time)
c.1794                     Konyootiayoo (recorded spelling)
c.1838                     George Lindsey
First chiefs of Upper Side (by precedence; title of Seneca chief: Hoya:ne:h)
c.1142                     Sha’tekeoye:s
                             (this name becomes title/name of the first chief)
c.1687                     .... (Sha’tekeoye:s title/name recorded for the first time)
c.1794                     Sauhtakaongyees (recorded spelling)
c.1838                     Daniel Twoguns                    (b. 1791 – d. 188.)
Presidents
 4 Dec 1848 - 1849         Solomon William MacLane
1850 - 1851                Zechariah L. Jimerson
1852 - 1853                Jacob Blacksnake
1853 - 1854                John Luke (1st time)
1854 - 17 Jun 1855         Henry Two Guns                    (d. 1855)
c.1857                     John Luke (2nd time)
c.1858                     Edward Purse
c.1859                     John Luke (3rd time)
c.1860                     Isaac Halftown                    (b. 1790? - d. 1879)
c.1862                     Henry Silverheels (1st time)
1864 - 1865                Henry Silverheels (2nd time)
af.1865                    Harrison Halftown
1867 - 1868                Peter Snow (1st time)
c.1871                     William Krouse
1872 - 1873                Peter Snow (2nd time)
1874 - 1875                William Nephew
1875 - 1876                Casler Redeye                     (b. 1829 - d. af.1910)
1876 - 1877                Andrew John, Jr. (1st time)
1882 - 1883                Sylvester Cowles Lay              (b. 1822 - d. 1907)
1884 – 1885                Chester C. Lay (1st time)         (b. 1848 – d. 1906)
1888 - 1889                Chester C. Lay (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1889 - 1890                Andrew John, Jr. (2nd time)
1890 – 1891                Chester C. Lay (3rd time)         (s.a.)       
1891 - 1892                Thomas Kennedy (1st time)         (b. 1848 – d. 1912)
1892 - 1893                Wallace Halftown
1893 - 1894                Frank L. Patterson (1st time)     (b. 1859 - d. 1925)
1894 - 1895                William C. Hoag (1st time)        (b. 1860 - d. 1927)
1895 - 1896                Frank L. Patterson (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1896 - 1897                William C. Hoag (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1897 - 1898                Theodore F. Jamerson              (b. 1870 – d. 1946)
1898 – 1900?               William C. Hoag (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1900 – 1902                Thomas Kennedy ?(2nd time)        (s.a.)
1902 - 1904                William C. Hoag (4th time)        (s.a.)
1904 – 1906                Andrew John, Jr. ? (3rd time)
1906 - 1908                William C. Hoag (5th time)        (s.a.)
1908 – 1910                Frank L. Patterson (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1910 – 1912                William C. Hoag (6th time)        (s.a.)
1912 - 1914                Frank L. Patterson (4th time)     (s.a.)
1914 - 1916                William C. Hoag ? (7th time)      (s.a.)
1916 - 1918                Frank L. Patterson (5th time)     (s.a.)
1918 - 1920                William C. Hoag (8th time)        (s.a.)            
1920 - 1922                ....
1922 - 1924                William C. Hoag (9th time)        (s.a.)
Nov 1924 -  6 Nov 1925     Frank L. Patterson (6th time)     (s.a.)
Nov 1925 - 31 Jul 1927     William C. Hoag (10th time)       (s.a.)
1927 – 1928                ....
1928 - 1930                Ray W. Jimerson (1st time)
1930 - 1932                Leland John                       (b. 1898 - d. 1989)
1932 - 1934                Ray W. Jimerson (2nd time)
1934 - Aug 1935            Henry John                        (d. 1935)
Aug 1935 - 1936            Franklin John
1936 - 1938                Adlai S. Williams
1938 - 1940                Wilford J. Crouse (1st time)
1940 - 1942                Cornelius Seneca (1st time)
1942 - 1944                Wilford J. Crouse (2nd time)      (b. 1902 – d. 1944)
1944 - 1946                Cornelius Seneca (2nd time)
1946 - 1948                Calvin K. John (1st time)         (b. 1920 – d. 2004)
1948 - 1950                Dean Williams (1st time)
1950 - 1952                Calvin K. John (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1952 - 1954                Francis Kettle
1954 - 1956                Leo Cooper
1956 - 1958                Cornelius Seneca (3rd time)
1958 - 1960                George D. Heron (1st time)        (b. 1919 - d. 2011)
1960 - 1962                Basil G. Williams                 (b. 1918 – d. 2003)
1962 - 1964                George D. Heron (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1964 - 1966                Martin Seneca, Sr.
1966 - 1968                Calvin K. John (3rd time)         (s.a.)
1968 - 1970                William Seneca                    (b. 1926? - d. 1984)
1970 - 1972                James E. George
1972 - 1974                Dean Williams (2nd time)
1974 - 1976                Robert C. Hoag (1st time)         (b. 1935 - d. 1989)
1976 - 1978                Calvin E. Lay (1st time)          (b. 1925 - d. 2012)
1978 - 1980                Robert C. Hoag (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1980 - 1982                Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (1st time)   (b. 1940)
1982 - 1984                Lionel R. John                    (b. 1938 - d. 1993)
1984 - 1986                Calvin E. Lay (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1986 - 1988                Robert C. Hoag (3rd time)         (s.a.)
1988 - 1990                Dennis M. Lay
1990 - 1992                Calvin K. John (4th time)         (s.a.)
1992 - 1994                Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1994 - 1996                Dennis J. Bowen
1996 - 1998                Michael W. Schindler              (b. 1954)
1998 - 2000                Duane J. Ray                      (b. 1948)
2000 - 2002                Cyrus M. Schindler                (b. 1958)
2002 - 2004                Rickey L. Armstrong (1st time)    (b. 1953)
2004 - 2006                Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (3rd time)   (s.a.)
2006 - 2008                Maurice A. John (1st time)        (b. 1948)
2008 -  9 Nov 2010         Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (4th time)   (s.a.)
 9 Nov 2010 - 2012         Robert Odawi Porter               (b. 1963)
2012 - Nov 2014            Barry E. Snyder, Sr. (5th time)   (s.a.)
Nov 2014 - Nov 2016        Maurice A. John (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Nov 2016 -
Nov 2018        Todd Gates
Nov 2018 - Nov 2020        Rickey L. Armstrong (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Nov 2020 - Nov 2022        Matthew Pagels
Nov 2022 - Nov 2024        Rickey L. Armstrong (3rd time)    (s.a.)
13 Nov 2024 -              J. Conrad "J.C" Seneca

Shinnecock Indian Nation

 [Shinnecock Indian Nation
                      (Long Island, New York, U.S.)]

[Shinnecock Indian Nation
                      variant (Long Island, New York, U.S.)]
Variant
1636                       Montauks an ally (later subject) of the English.
1666                       Reservation established.
 1 Oct 2010                Shinnecock Indian Nation federally recognized, remains under
                             jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

Grand Chiefs of the Montauk
.... - 1636                Monqotucksee                      (b. c.1551 – d. 1636)
1636 – 1651                Poggatacut                        (d. 1651)
1651 – 1659                Wyandance                         (b. c.1571 – d. 1659)
1660 – 1662                Wyandanbone                       (b. 1639 – d. 1662)
1663 – 1665                Quashawam (f)                     (d. 1666)
Chiefs of Shinnecock
1671 – 16..                Quaquasho (1st time)
c.1686                     Pungamo (1st time)
c.1691                     Quaquasho (2nd time)
c.1703                     Pungamo (2nd time)
c.1750 – 1792              None
Presidents
1792 – 19..                Board of Trustees
                           (elected annually; composition as of 1792 below)
                           - David Jacob
                           - Samuel Waukus
                           - Abraham Jacob
bf.1971 - af.1974          Harry K. Williams                 (b. 1924)
19... – 1992               ....
Chairmen
1992 – 199.                ....
c.1995 - c.1999            Peter E. Smith
c.1999 - c.2000            James W. Eleazer
2002 – 2003                Frederick C. Bess (1st time)
2003 - 2004                Charles K. Smith (1st time)
2004 - 2005                Lance A. Gumbs (1st time)
2005 – 2006                Randall "Randy" King (1st time)
2006 – 2007                Lance A. Gumbs (2nd time)
2007 – 2008                Randall "Randy" King (2nd time)
2008 - 2009                Frederick C. Bess (2nd time)
2009 - 2013                Randall "Randy" King (3rd time)
2013 - 2015                Daniel S. Collins
2015 - 2017                Bryan Polite (1st time)
2017                       Randall "Randy" King (4th time)

2017 – 2019                Charles K. Smith (2nd time)
2019 - 2024                Bryan Polite (2nd time)
2024 -                     Lisa Goree (f)


T
onawanda Seneca


 5 Nov 1857                Tonawanda Band of Seneca secedes from the Seneca Nation, retains
                             the Seneca Council of Chiefs (8 lineages of titled/named life
                             chiefs), purchases from the U.S. the former Tonawanda
                             Reservation.
11 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1948                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

First chiefs (by precedence; title/name: Skanyotaiyo’)
1857 – bf.1971             ....
bf.1971 – 1983             Ellsworth George                  (d. 1983)
1983 -  2 Jul 2020         Kervin Jonathan                   (b. 1933 - d. 2020)


Presidents (chief executives)
1862 – 18..                ....
c.1890                     Chief David Billy
c.1942                     Chief Peter W. Doctor
c.1946                     Chief Albert Abram
c.1967                     Chief Beaman Logan
bf.1971 - af.1975          Chief Ellsworth George            (s.a.)

Chairmen
bf.1982 – 1984             Chief Corbett Sundown             (b. 1909 – d. 1992)
bf.1990 - 1996             Chief Bernard N. Parker           (d. 1996)
bf.1999 - 2010             Chief Emerson Webster
2010 –                     Chief Roger Hill



Tuscarora Nation


[Iroquois
                        Six Nations Flag]
Iroquois Six Nations Flag

1718                       Reservation set aside in North Carolina; migration to the north
                             begun (completed by 1804, reservation sold to the state in 1831).
1722                       Tuscarora Nation becomes a non-voting member of the Five
                             (becomes Six) Nations confederacy (details under Onondaga),
                             governed by the Council of Chiefs (13 lineages of titled/named
                             life chiefs).
22 Oct 1784                Under the U.S. protection, the pro-British minority settle in
                             Canada at the Grand River.
15 Sep 1797                Reservation established.
15 Jan 1838 – 20 May 1842  U.S. attempts to remove Tuscarora west; reservation ceded to the
                             U.S. (in 1842, transferred back).
12 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1948                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

Head chiefs (in North Carolina)
bf.1711 - 1713             John Hancock                      (d. 1713)
1713 – 1739                Tom Blunt                         (d. 1739)
1739 – af.1766             James Blunt
bf.1778 - af.1788          Witmell Tuffdick
17.. – 1803                Samuel Smith                      (d. 1803)
First chiefs (by precedence; title of Tuscarora chief: Rakuwa:nen)
c.1722                     Sekwari’cre
                             (this name becomes title/name of the first chief)
c.1753                     Saquareesey (recorded spelling)
bf.1789 - 1810             Sacharissa I (recorded spelling)  (b. c.1730 – d. 1810) 
bf.1813 - 1831             Sacharissa II (recorded spelling) (b. 1748 – d. 1831) 
1831 - 1857                William Chew                      (b. 1796 – d. 1857)
1857 - 1878                ....
1878 - 1939                William J. Johnson                (b. 1858 – d. 1939)

1939 – 1966                Eleazer Williams                  (b. 1877 – d. 1966)
Nov 1967 - 15 Aug 2021     Leo R. Henry                      (b. 1931 - d. 2021)
Leading chief (title/name: Ni’hno’ka:’we’)
2021 -                     Tom Jonathan


Presidents (chief executives)
bf.1890 – 190.             Chief Thomas Williams             (b. 1854 – d. af.1906)
bf.1908 - 1923             Grant Mount Pleasant              (b. 1867 – d. 1929)
1923 – 1930                Warren J. Brayley                 (b. 1884 – d. 1953)
1930 – 1931                Chief Clinton Rickard             (b. 1882 – d. 1971)
1931 – 1947                Chief William C. Chew             (b. 1871 – d. 1953)
1947 - 1964                Chief Elton Greene                (b. 1889 – d. 1977)
1964 – 1983/87             Chief Arnold K. Hewitt            (b. 1918 – d. 2007)


North Carolina

Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians

[Eastern Band of the
                Cherokee Indians (North Carolina, U.S.)]

1824                       Some Cherokee remain in North Carolina at Qualla Boundary after
                             cession of the Cherokee lands.
19 Feb 1866                North Carolina assured the permanent residence of the Cherokees.
27 Jul 1868                Recognized by the U.S. (Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians),
                             governed by constitutions (10 Dec 1868, 1 Dec 1870), and charter
                             (11 Mar 1889).
14 Aug 1876                Cherokee Indian Reservation created.
1882                       Cherokee Indian Agency established.
1897 – 1924                U.S. citizenship revoked by the U.S. Circuit Court.
1994                       Gaming compact with the state.
2002                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Chiefs
1824 – 1832                Yanegwa "Big Bear" (Robert Brown)  (b. c.1750 – d. 1832)
1832 - Apr 1839            Chief Yana-gunski "Drowning Bear"  (b. c.1759 - d. 1839)
                             (John Brown)
1839 – Mar 1867            William Holland Thomas (Wil-usdi)  (b. 1805 - d. 1893)
                             (de facto leader)
1867 - 1869                ....
1869 – 1870                George W. Bushyhead

1870                       John Ross
Principal chiefs
 1 Dec 1870 – Oct 1875     Salonitah "Flying Squirrel"        (b. c.1810 – d. 1875)
Oct 1875 – Jun 1880        Lloyd R. Welch                     (d. 1880) 
Jun 1880 - 1891            Nimrod Jarrett Smith (Tsaladihi)   (b. 1837 - d. 1893)
1891 - 1895                Stillwell Saunooke 
1895 - 1899                Andy Standing Deer 
1899 - 1903                Jesse Reed 
1903 - 1907                Bird Saloneeta "Young Squirrel"
1907 - 1911                John Goins Welch
1911 - 1915                Joseph A. Saunooke (1st time) 
1915 - 1919                David Blythe 
1919 - 1923                Joseph A. Saunooke (2nd time) 
1923 - 1927                Sampson Owl 
1927 - 1931                John A. Tahquette 
1931 - 1947                Jarret B. Blythe (1st time)        (b. 1886 - d. 1977) 
1947 - 1951                Henry Bradley                      (b. 1883 - d. 1965) 
1951 - 1955                Osley Bird Saunooke (1st time) 
1955 - 1959                Jarret B. Blythe (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1959 - 1963                Olsey Bird Saunooke (2nd time) 
1963 - 1967                Jarret B. Blythe (3rd time)        (s.a.) 
1967 - 1971                Walter S. Jackson 
1971 - 1973                Noah Powell                        (d. 1973)
1973 - 1983                John A. Crowe (acting to 1975)     (b. 1917 – d. 2000)
1983 - 1987                Robert S. Youngdeer                (b. 1922)
1987 - 1995                Jonathan L. Taylor                 (b. 1941)
15 Sep 1995 -  2 Oct 1995  Gerard Parker                      (b. 1936 – d. 2012)
1995 - 1999                Joyce C. Dugan (f)                 (b. 1949)
1999 - 2003                Leon D. Jones                      (b. 1936 – d. 2006)
2003 - 2015                Michell Hicks (1st time)           (b. 1965)
2015 - 26 May 2017         Patrick Lambert                    (b. 1963)
26 May 2017 -  2 Oct 2023  Richard G. Sneed                   (b. 1967)
 2 Oct 2023 -              Michell Hicks (2nd time)           (s.a.)

North Dakota

Spirit Lake Tribe

[Spirit Lake
                        Tribe former flag (North Dakota, U.S.)]
Former Flag  
[Spirit Lake Tribe
                      (North Dakota, U.S.)] Current Flag

19 Feb 1867                Fort Totten Reservation established for a group that split from
                             the Sisseton-Wahpeton Dakota Sioux in South Dakota.

1871                       Devils Lake (from 1906, Fort Totten) Indian Agency established.
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).

17 Nov 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
14 Apr 1944               Devils Lake Sioux Tribe.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.
19 Aug 1996                Renamed Spirit Lake Tribe.
2016                       Self-governance agreement.


Chief (title Wicashta Yatapi)
1867 – 1919                Ti Washte "Good Lodge"             (b. 1825 – d. 1919)
c.1929                     General Council
Chairmen
c.1934                     Louis Myrick
bf.1944 - 1948             Charles Black Bird (1st time)      (b. 1894 - d. 1968)
1948 - 1950                Jerome A. Abraham                  (b. 1905 - d. 1978)
1950 – 1955                Charles Black Bird (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1955 - 1957                Ernest H. Smith                    (b. 1912 - d. 1961)
1957 - 1971                Louis J. Goodhouse
1971 - 1972                Claude Red Hail Longie             (d. 1994)
1972 - 1974                Evelyn Young (f)                   (b. 1931)
1974 - 1979                Carl McKay (1st time)              (b. 1948)
1979 - 1980                Paul Little                        (b. 1930 – d. 1996)
1980 - 1983                Daniel J. Duboise                  (b. 1921)
1983 - 1984                Elmer White (1st time)             (b. 1936)
1985 - 1990                Carl McKay (2nd time)              (s.a.)
23 Jun 1990 - 1991         Ila Rae McKay (f)                  (b. 1959)
                             "Pretty Weasel Woman"
1991 - 1995                Peter J. Belgarde                  (b. 1944)
1995 - Nov 1996            Elmer White (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1996 – Nov 1996            Carl B. Walking Eagle              (b. 1942)
                             (acting for White)
Nov 1996 - 1999            Myra Pearson (f) (1st time)
25 May 1999 - 2003         Philip G. "Skip" Longie
28 May 2003 - 23 Jun 2005  Valentino White
2005 - 2011                Myra Pearson (f) (2nd time)
2011 - 17 Jun 2013         Roger Yankton (1st time)
          (b. 1946)
17 Jun 2013 - 17 Jul 2013  Leander "Russ" McDonald (1st time)
17 Jul 2013 -  9 Sep 2013  Roger Yankton (2nd time)           (s.a.)
 9 Sep 2013 - Sep 2014     Leander "Russ" McDonald (2nd time) 
Sep 2014 - Apr 2019        Myra Pearson (f) (3rd time)
Apr 2019 - Jun 2020        Peggy L. Cavanaugh (f)
Jun 2020 - May 2023        Douglas Yankton
May 2023 -                 Lonna Street (f)


Standing Rock Sioux

[Standing Rock Sioux (North Dakota, U.S.)]

1825                       Hunkpapa and Blackfeet (Sihasapa) sub-tribes of Teton (Lakota)
                             Sioux tribe under the U.S. protection (details under Oglala
                             Sioux), each led by a committee of chiefs (in Lakota: Wicasha
                             Itancan, the "Chief Men").
1865                       Joined by majority of Lower Yanktonai Nakota Sioux and minority of
                             Upper Yanktonai Nakota Sioux (majority went to Fort Peck), both
                             from Crow Creek, South Dakota.
29 Apr 1868                Part of the Great Sioux Reservation.
1869                       Grand River (from 1874, Standing Rock) Indian Agency established.
 2 Mar 1889                Standing Rock Reservation established upon division of the Great
                             Sioux.
25 Jun 1914                Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, North Dakota - first constitution
                             adopted.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.


Head chiefs of the Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan)
1856 – 1862                Mato Cutuhu "Bear's Rib"           (d. 1862)
1862 – 1867                Committee of chiefs
1867 – 1881                Tatanka Iyotake "Sitting Bull"     (b. 1831 – d. 1890)
                             (leader of the hostile party; title: Okicize Itancan
                             ["Warrior Chief"]; 1877–81 in
Canada exile)
bf.1872 - 1876             Tatoka Inyanke "Running Antelope"  (b. c.1820 – d. c.1896)
1876 – 1906                Cetan Wakinyan "Thunder Hawk"      (b. c.1837 – d. 1906)
Head chiefs of the Blackfeet (Sihasapa) Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan)
1856 – 1868                Cante Peta "Fire Heart"            (b. c.1813 – d. af.1881)
1868 – 1873                Pezhi "The Grass"                  (b. c.1817 – d. 1873)
1873 – 1918                John Grass                         (b. 1837 – d. 1918)
Head chiefs of the Lower Yanktonai Nakota Sioux
1865 – 1879                Mato Nunpa "Two Bears I"           (d. 1879)
1879 – 188.                Mato Nunpa "Two Bears II"          (d. 188.)
bf.1885 - af.1888          Stephen Two Bears                  (b. 1864 – d. 18..)
Chief of the Upper Yanktonai Nakota Sioux
1865 – 1897                Pa Tanka "Big Head"                (b. 1838 – d. 1897)

                             (from 1882, Felix Big Head)
 
Chairmen
1889 – 1911                General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni)
Jul 1911 - 1911            Marcellus Red Tomahawk             (b. 1849 – d. 1931)
1911 – 1912                Joseph Otter Robe
1912 – 1913                John Tiokasin                      (b. 1862 – d. 1925)
1913 – 1914                Vital Bear Face                    (b. 1874 – d. 1939)
1914 – 1915                John Grass                         (s.a.)
1915 – 1916                Dominic Long Bull
1916 – 1917                Thomas Frosted                     (b. 1859 – d. 1932)
1917 – 1918                Henry Iron Shield
1918 – 1919                ....

1919 – 1920                Clarence Grey Eagle                (b. 1874 – d. 1965)
1920 – 1921                Herbert Buffalo Boy
1921 – 1922                Thomas Mentz
1922 – 1923                Benedict Blackhoop
1923 – 1924                ....
1924 – 1925                Martin Medicine
1925 – 1928                ....
1928 – 1929                Richard Ramsey
1929 – 1930                Basil Two Bears
1930 – 1931                Jack Iron Boulder
1931 – 1932                Edward Young Hawk (1st time)
1932 – 1933                Francis Bullhead
1933 – 1934                Eugene Young Hawk (1st time)
1934 – 1935                John Gates, Sr. (1st time)         (b. 1889 – d. 1962)
1935 – 1936                Antoine DeRockbraine               (b. 1871 – d. 1942)
1936 – 1937                Don Yellow Earrings
1937 – 1938                Edward Young Hawk (2nd time)
1938 – 1940                John Gates, Sr. (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1940 – 194.                Eugene Young Hawk (2nd time)
1946 – 1947                Josephine Gates-Kelly (f)(1st time)(b. 1888 – d. 1976)
1947 - 1948                John Gates, Sr. (3rd time)         (s.a.)
1948 - 1951                Josephine Gates-Kelly (f)(2nd time)(s.a.)
1951 - 1952                Whitney J. Agard                   (d. 1952)
Nov 1952 - 1955            F. David Blackhoop
1955 - 1956                J. Dan Howard
1956 - 1957                Edward Loon
1957 - 1958                Marguerite Fiddler (f)
1958 - 1959                Theodore E. Jamerson               (b. 1919 - d. 1973)
1959 - 1960                James G. McLean
1960 - 1961                Clayton Brown Otter
1961 - 1969                Alfred J. "Aljoe" Agard            (b. 1928 - d. 1994)
Apr 1969 -  9 Oct 1970     Douglas Skye                       (b. 1904 - d. 1970)
1970 - 1975                Melvin White Eagle                 (b. 1926 - d. 1999)
1975 - 1979                Pat McLaughlin (1st time)          (b. 19.. - d. 2002)
Oct 1979 - Sep 1981        Frank A. Lawrence                  (b. 1941 - d. 1989)
1981 - 1983                Pat McLaughlin (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Sep 1983 - 1993            Charles W. Murphy (1st time)
1993 - 1997                Jesse "Jay" Taken Alive            (b. 1955 - d. 2020)
1997 - 2005                Charles W. Murphy (2nd time)
2005 - 2009                Ron His Horse Is Thunder
2009 – Sep 2013            Charles W. Murphy (3rd time)
Sep 2013 - 2017            Dave Archambault
Sep 2017 - 2021            Mike Faith
Nov 2021 -                 Janet Alkire (f)


Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold


[Three Affiliated Tribes
                      (Mandan, Hidatsa, & Arikara) of the Fort
                      Berthold Reservation former flag (North Dakota,
                      U.S.)] 1997 - 20..
[Three Affiliated Tribes (Mandan,
                          Hidatsa, & Arikara) of the Fort Berthold
                          Reservation (North Dakota, U.S.)]
Current Flag
1825                       Hidatsa (known as Gros Ventre), Mandan and Arikara tribes under
                             the U.S. protection.
1837                       Hidatsa and Mandan confederated (in 1862, joined by Arikara).
1864                       Fort Berthold Indian Agency established.
12 Apr 1870                Fort Berthold Indian Reservation created.
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
15 May 1936                Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.


Head chiefs of Hidatsa (largest tribe of three, title of chief: Matseetsi)
1804 – 1837                "Flat Bear"                        (b. c.1735 - d. 1837)
1837 - 1861                "Four Bears"                       (b. c.1810 – d. 1861)
1861 - 1894                "Crow Breast"                      (b. 1818 – d. 1896)
1870 – 1894                "Crow Flies High"                  (b. 1832 – d. 1900)
                             (in opposition, refused to move to reservation)
1894 - 1912                "Long Bear"                        (b. 1834 – d. 1912)
1912 – 1928                "Bulls Eye"                        (b. 1864 – d. 1928)
1928 – 1943                "Drags Wolf"                       (b. 1862 – d. 1943)
Head chiefs of Arikara (second largest; title: Neeshaanu’-nacitawi’u, the "Leading Chief")
c.1804                     Kaakaaneeshaanu’ "Chief Crow"
bf.1825 - 1837             Shtaanapaa’at "Bloody Hand"        (d. 1837)

                             (Sakaa’a "The Star")
1837 - 1866                Kuunux-tee-shaanu "Bear Chief"     (b. c.1790 – d. 1866)
1866 - 1876                Nahtasuutaaka’ "White Shield"      (b. 1798 – d. 1878)
1876 - 1881                Kuunux-tuunawiinx "Rushing Bear"   (b. 1825 – d. 1881)
                             ("Son of Star")
1881 - 1915                Kuunux-teewiita "Sitting Bear"     (b. 1839 – d. 1915)
1915 – 1926                Floyd Bear (b. 1874 – d. 1926)
1926 – 1947                Harry Gillette                     (b. 1867 – d. 1947)
                             [not the last chief]

Head chiefs of Mandan (smallest tribe of three)
c.1804                     "Black Cat"                        (b. c.1750 – d. 18..)
1837 – 1888                "Red Buffalo Cow"                  (d. 1888)
bf.1912 - 1936             "Sitting Crow"                     (b. c.1861 - d. 1936)

Chairmen
1910 – 1932                ....
1932 - Aug 1938            Arthur Mandan                      (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
Sep 1938 - Aug 1940        Martin Levings                     (b. 1892 - d. 1974)
Sep 1940 - Aug 1942        Albert H. Simpson                  (b. 1882 - d. 1957)
Sep 1942 - Aug 1944        Peter H. Beauchamp                 (b. 1877 - d. 1960)
Sep 1944 - Aug 1946        Martin T. Cross (1st time)         (b. 1906 - d. 1964)
Sep 1946 - Aug 1948        George Gillette                    (b. 1902 - d. 1985)
Sep 1948 - Aug 1950        Carl Whitman (1st time)            (b. 1913 - d. 1995)  
Sep 1950 - Aug 1956        Martin T. Cross (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Nov 1956 - Aug 1958        Carl Whitman (2nd time)            (s.a.)
Sep 1958 - Aug 1960        James Hall                         (b. 1894 - d. 1977)
Sep 1960 - Aug 1962        Robert L. Fox (1st time)           (b. 1915 - d. 1982)
Sep 1962 - Aug 1964        Carl Whitman (3rd time)            (s.a.)
Sep 1964 - Aug 1966        Robert L. Fox (2nd time)           (s.a.)
Sep 1966 - Aug 1968        August Little Soldier              (b. 1914 - d. 2009)
Sep 1968 - Aug 1970        Vincent Malnourie (1st time)       (b. 1910 - d. 1979)
Sep 1970 - Dec 1971        Ralph Wells Jr.                    (b. 1908 - d. 1971)
Dec 1971 - Aug 1972        Nathan Little Soldier              (b. 1918 - d. 1980)
Sep 1972 - Oct 1972        Rose Crow Flies High (f)(1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 1994)
Oct 1972 - Nov 1974        Vincent Malnourie (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Oct 1974 - Oct 1978        Rose Crow Flies High (f)(2nd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1978 - Oct 1982        Austin Gillette                    (b. 1946)
Oct 1982 - Apr 1986        Alyce Spotted Bear (f)             (b. 1945)
Apr 1986 - Nov 1990        Edward Lone Fight                  (b. 1939)
Oct 1990 - Nov 1994        Wilbur D. Wilkinson                (b. 1948)
Oct 1994 - Nov 1998        Russell Mason                      (b. 1936 – d. 2009)
Nov 1998 - Nov 2006        Tex G. Hall (1st time)             (b. 1956)
Nov 2006 - 2010            Marcus D. Wells                    (b. 1966)
                             (from 2009, Marcus D. Levings)
2010 - Dec 2014            Tex G. Hall (2nd time)             (s.a.)
Dec 2014 -                 Mark Fox                           (b. 1962)


Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa

[Turtle Mountain Band of
              Chippewa (North Dakota, U.S.)]

  2 Oct 1863                Under the U.S. protection (Pembina Band of Chippewa).
1874                       Reorganized as the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa.
21 Dec 1882                Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation set aside.
1910                       Turtle Mountain Indian Agency established.
 8 Oct 1932                Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, North Dakota
                             first constitution adopted.
18 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.


Head chiefs (title Gichi-Ogimaa)
c.1851                     Esens "Little Shell II"            (b. c.1795 - d. 18..)
c.1863                     Muskomukwa "Red Bear"              (d. 1879)
1874 – 1892                Esens "Little Shell III"           (b. 1836 – d. 1901)
                            
(from 1889, Thomas Little Shell)
                            
(several periods resided in Canada)
c.1882                     Kaishpaw Gourneau (acting)
c.1891                     "Red Thunder" (acting)
1892 – 1930                Kakenowash "Flying Eagle"          (b. 1864 – d. 1930)
1930 – 1932                Kanik "Walking with Thunder"       (b. 1881 – d. 19..)
Chairmen
1932 - 1940                Kanik "Walking with Thunder"       (s.a.)
1934                       John B. Azure
                             (briefly acted for or replaced Kanik)
1940 - 1942                Louis M. Marion (1st time)         (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
1942 - 1943                Frank Vondal (1st time)
1943 - 1945                Louis M. Marion (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1945 - 1947                Edward "Chick" Jollie (1st time)   (b. 1907 - d. 19..)
1947 - 1948                Frank Vondal (2nd time)
1948 - 1949                Edward "Chick" Jollie (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1949 - 1950                Norbert Davis
1950 - 1954                Edward "Chick" Jollie (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1954 - 1959                Patrick M. Gourneau                (b. 1904 - d. 1989)
1959 - 1962                Louis F. LaFountain                (b. 1918 - d. 1985)
1962 - 1964                Francis Cree (1st time)            (b. 1920)
1964                       Andrew Turcotte                    (b. 1916)
1964 - 1966                Reginald "Tiny" Brien (1st time)   (b. 1932 - d. 1990)
1966                       Mary Cornelius (f) (1st time) 
1966                       Russell Davis
1966 - 1968                Reginald "Tiny" Brien (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1968                       Mary Cornelius (f) (2nd time) 
1968 - 1970                Peter Marcellais, Jr.              (b. 1929 – d. 1991)
1970 - 1971                Edwin James Henry (1st time)       (b. 1929)
1971 - 1972                Gregory LaVallie
1972 - 1978                Edwin James Henry (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1978 - 1980                Wayne Keplin (1st time)
1980 - 1982                Edwin James Henry (3rd time)       (s.a.)
1982 - 1988                Richard "Jiggers" LaFromboise      (b. 1946)
                             (1st time)
1988 - 1992                Twila Martin-Kekahbah (f)          (b. 1947)
                             (1st time)
1992 - 1994                Richard "Jiggers" LaFromboise      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1994 - 1995                Twila Martin-Kekahbah (f)          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1995 - 1996                Francis Cree (2nd time)            (s.a.)
Nov 1996 - 1997            Melvin L. Lenoir, Sr.              (b. 1938 - d. 1997)
22 Apr 1997 - 1998         Raphael John DeCoteau              (b. 1955)
1998 - 2000                Richard "Jiggers" LaFromboise      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
2000 - 16 May 2002         Richard A. Monette (1st time)
16 May 2002 - Nov 2002     Melvin "Mike" Lenoir               (b. 1962)
Nov 2002 – Oct 2003        Richard A. Monette (2nd time)
Oct 2003 – Nov 2004        Leon Morin                         (b. 1961)
2004 - 2006                Kenneth W. Davis
2006 - 2008                David "Doc" Brien
Nov 2008 - 2010            Richard Marcellais
2010 - 2012                Merle St. Claire
2012 - 2016                Richard W. McCloud
Dec 2016 - 23 Oct 2017     Wayne Keplin (2nd time)
2017                       Roman Marcellais (acting)
Oct 2017 -                 Jamie Azure


Ohio

None Recognized

Oklahoma

Note: Upon Oklahoma's admission to the union in 1907 it was considered that all the Indian Reservations (except Osage) had ceased to exist through allotment and opening to the non-Indian settlement. The admission also implied the jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement over all the Oklahoma tribes. From 1936, some remains of tribal authority of tribes having reservations prior to the statehood were recognized under term "Former Indian reservations" (in 1997, replaced by term "Tribal jurisdictional areas").

Alabama-Quassarte

[Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town of Creek Nation
                (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

1939                        A constituent town of the Creek Nation (present Muscogee)
                              recognized by the U.S. as tribe by its own
                              (Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town).
1974/78 - 1998              Alabama-Quassarte Creek Tribal Town, from 1982 Albama-
                              Quassarte Tribal Town of the Creek Nation (on the
                              U.S. list of tribal names).

Chiefs
c.1939                      Governing Committee
c.1964                      Daniel Beaver
bf.1980 - af.1983           Robert "Bobby" Yargee
c.1985                      Kenneth Tiger
bf.1993 - 1995              Duke Harjo                        (b. 1942 – d. 2014)
1995 – af.1996              Tarpie Yargee (1st time)
bf.1997 – 2000              Rebecca Torres (f)
2000 – 2001                 Governing Committee
2001 - 2017                 Tarpie Yargee (2nd time)
2017 - 2021                 Nelson S. Harjo
2021 -                      Wilson Yargee
2023 -                      Sam Marshall (in opposition)


Absentee-Shawnee of Oklahoma

[Absentee-Shawnee of
                        Oklahoma (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 1974

1825                       Majority of Missouri Shawnee absented from the Shawnee
                             reservation in Missouri and traveled southwards to Texas
                             (thus became known as Absentee-Shawnee), allied with Mexico.
1825 – 1839                Part of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (see under
                             Cherokee of Oklahoma).
1838                       Allied with the Republic of Texas.
1839 – 1842                Displaced from Texas to the Creek Nation in Oklahoma.
1854 – 1859                Settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation in Texas.
1859                       Relocated to the Wichita Reservation in Oklahoma.
1862 – 1867                Rejoined in Kansas the main part of the Shawnee Tribe.
1867                       Rejected the eventual Shawnee incorporation into the Cherokee
                             Nation, returned to Oklahoma, settled on the Potawatomi
                             Reservation.
1872                       Potawatomi Reservation formally shared between Citizen Potawatomi
                             and Absentee-Shawnee (a formally separate tribe from 1869).
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens), the reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1901                       Shawnee Indian Agency established.
 5 Dec 1938                Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, constitution
                             adopted.
1994                       Self-governance agreement.
2001                       Gaming compact.

Chiefs
1826 – 1863                Jim Squire (Paylawestha)          (b. c.1790 - d. 1863)
1863 - af.1870             John White
bf.1872 - 1885             John Sparney                      (d. 1885)
1885 - af.1892             "White Turkey"
Chairmen
c.1892                     John Welch
1894 - ....                Thomas Wildcat Alford             (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
c.1935                     James W. Alford
c.1938                     Thomas B. Hood (1st time)
c.1939
                     Casper Alford
c.1949                     Harold Abraham
c.1950
                     Thomas B. Hood (2nd time)
c.1953                     Charles R. Alford
c.1957 – af.1971           Arthur C. Rolette                 (d. 1977)
c.1972  
                   Lee Blanchard
197. - 197.                Betty Mahardy Watson (f) (?)
c.1974                     Daniel Little Axe (1st time)
c.1976                     Lee Edwards
c.1977                     Daniel Little Axe (2nd time)
Governors
1978 - 1984                John L. Sloat
1984 – 1989                Daniel Little Axe
Oct 1989 - 1991            Larry Nuckolls (1st time)
1991 - 20 May 1992         John Edwards
May 1992 – Feb 1993        Leroy Ellis (acting)
Feb 1993 – 1993            Kenneth Blanchard (1st time)
1993 – Jun 1999            Larry Nuckolls (2nd time)
Jun 1999 - 21 Oct 2003     James Lee Edwards                 (b. 1937 - d. 2003)
Oct 2003 – Jun 2005        Kenneth Blanchard (2nd time)
Jun 2005 – Jun 2007        Larry Nuckolls (3rd time)
25 Jun 2007 – 31 Dec 2007  Jennifer Onzahwah (f) (?)         (b. 1954?)
31 Dec 2007 – Jun 2009     Scott Miller
Jun 2009 – Jun 2013        George Blanchard
Jun 2013 - Jun 2019        Edwina Butler-Wolfe (f)
Jun 2019 -                 John R. Johnson


Apache of Oklahoma

[Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
              (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

17..                       Plains Apache became one of 6 divisions of Kiowa (see Kiowa),
                             thus known as
Kiowa-Apache until the middle of the 20th cent.
1865                       Recognized as separate tribe, to 1867 confederated with
                             Cheyenne and Arapaho.

1867                       Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation (see under Kiowa)
                             established in Oklahoma,
equally shared by the 3 tribes.
1899 - Jan 1963            Kiowa, Comanche and Apache Tribes, remaining individual
                             tribes, governed by
joint Business Committee (see under Kiowa).
1900                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all
                             were citizens).

1972                       Apache Tribe of Oklahoma (name already in use from 1967),
                             constitution adopted.

2005                       Gaming compact.

Head chiefs
c.1853                     "Poor Wolf"
bf.1863 - af.1867          "Poor Bear"
bf.1871 - 1875             "Iron Sack" ("Pacer")            (d. 1875)
bf.1879 - af.1896          Tsayaditl-ti "White Man"         (b. c.1830 – d. c.1900)
c.1908                     Apache John (Gonkon)             (b. c.1849 – d. 1927)
Chairmen
1963 - 196.                ....
bf.1967 - af.1968          Houston E. Klinekole, Sr.        (b. 1913 - d. 1997)
                             (1st time)

1972 - c.1975              Frank Red Bone
1976 - 197.                Alfred Chalepah                  (b. 1910 - d. 2008)
bf.1978 - af.1981          Houston E. Klinekole, Sr.        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
c.1983 - 1984              Lonnie B. Tsotaddle, Sr.         (b. 1930)
1984 - af.1985             Leroy Nimsey
c.1989 - 1992              Houston E. Klinekole, Sr.        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1992 - 2000                Henry Lee Kostzuta (1st time)    (b. 1928 - d. 2009)
2000 - 2002                Gene Maroquin
2002 -  2 Oct 2005         Alonzo Chalepah (1st time)
Oct 2005 - 2006            Nathan W. Tselee
2006 - 2010                Alonzo Chalepah (2nd time)
2010 - 2012                Louis Maynahonah
2012 - 2014                Donald Cabaniss
2014 - 2016                Lyman Guy
2016 -  2 Jul 2020         Bobby Komardley
 2 Jul 2020 -              Durell Cooper III                (b. 1991?)


Caddo Nation

[Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
                (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

c.1000                     First towns founded by the latter Caddo.
1542                       Recorded (as Nondacao, etc.) for the first time by the Spanish.
1717                       Kadohadacho, a Caddo confederacy in Louisiana, allied with the
                             French.
1721                       Hasinai, a Caddo confederacy in Texas, allied with the Spanish.
1770                       Subjected to the Spanish.
1804 - 1834                Caddo (to 1807, Lower Louisiana; from 1821, Red River) Indian
                             Agency established for Kadohadacho.
1825 - 1839                Caddos in Texas a part of the Texas Cherokee and Associated
                             Bands (see under Cherokee of Oklahoma).
1825 - 1835                Caddo Reservation established by the U.S. in Louisiana for
                             Kadohadacho.
1835                       Kadohadacho sold the reservation and relocated to Texas to join
                             Hasinai (by then Hasinai were divided in two divisions – Nadaco
                             [Anadarko] and Hainai [Ioni]).
1839 - 1842                Displaced from Texas to the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma.
1842                       Allied with the Republic of Texas.
1846                       Under the U.S. protection.
1854 - 1859                Settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation.
1859                       Relocated from Texas to the Wichita Reservation (see under
                              Wichita) in Oklahoma.
1861 - 1862                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862 – 1867
                             in Kansas exile).
1872                       Wichita Reservation officially established, equally shared by
                             the Wichita and Affiliated Bands, a nominal entity composed
                             of the Wichita (see there), Caddo (2 tribes) and Absentee-
  
                           Delaware (modern Delaware Nation).
1874                       Both Caddo tribes (Kadohadacho [Caddo proper] and Hainai/Anadarko)
                             formally confederated.   
1895                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens).
1938                       Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
Jun 2002                   Renamed the Caddo Nati
on.
2006                       Gaming compact.


Principal chiefs of Kadohadacho (title of Caddo chief: Kahdi)
bf.1768 - 1789             Tinhiouen                         (d. 1789)
1789 - 1800                Bicheda                           (d. 1800)
1800 - 1833                Dehahuit                          (d. 1833)
1833 - 1841                Tarshar                           (d. 1841)
1841 - 1843                "Red Bear" (acting)               (d. af.1845)
1843 - 1848                Bintah                            (d. 1848)
1848 - 1853                Haddabah                          (d. 1853)
1853 - af.1867             Tinah
bf.1871 - 1874             Guadeloupe (Nahahsana)            (b. 1825 - d. 1887)
Principal chiefs of Hasinai
c.1714                     Bernardino
c.1721                     Cheocas
1769 - 1777                Bigotes (Sauto)                   (d. 1777)
1777 - 1783                Vacant?
1783 - 1803                Balthasar Bigotes                 (d. 1803)
1803 - 1809                Blanco                            (d. 1809)
Principal chiefs of Nadaco (Anadarko)
bf.1836 - 1862             Jose Maria Iesh                   (b. 1806 - d. 1862)
bf.1863 - af.1866          Jim Pockmark (acting)
Principal chiefs of Caddo
(native names, if known, and tribal affiliation in parentheses)
1874 - 1887                Guadelupe (Kadohadacho)           (s.a.)
c.1888                     "Whitebread" (Dashkat Hakayu’)    (d. 1916)
                             (chief of Kadohadacho, de facto leader of Caddo)
1890 - 1902                Caddo Jake (Hakayu’ Kinuiseya’)   (b. c.1820 - d. 1914)
                             (Kadohadacho)
1902 - 1913                "Whitebread"                      (s.a.)
1913 - 1920                Enoch Hoag (Anadarko)             (b. c.1850 - d. 1929)
1920 - 1922                Harry Edge (Hainai)               (b. c.1876 - d. 1940)
1922 - 1923                Amos Longhat (Hainai)             (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
1923 - 1937                Charles Adams                     (b. c.1880 - d. 1944)
1937 - 1939                Fritz Hendrix                     (b. 1887 - d. 1940)
Chairman
1938 - af.1939             Maurice Bedoka                    (b. 1898 - d. 1957)
c.1943 -  af.1957          Lloyd Tounwin                     (b. 1898 - d. 1959)
19.. - 19..                Stanley Edge                      (b. 1873 - d. 1954)
19.. - 19..                Jesse Ahdunko
19.. - 19..                Wilbur Williams
1967 - 1973                Melford Williams
1973 - 197.                Harry Guy (1st time)              (d. 1977)
c.1975                     Andrew Dunlap 
1976 - 1977                Harry Guy (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1977 - af.1980             Doyle Edge                        (b. 1948)
c.1981                     Calvin Toho                       (b. 1922 - d. 1998)
bf.1983 - af.1984          Mary Pat Francis (f)
c.1985 - 1986              Henry Shemayme                    (b. 1923 - d. 1987)
1986 - 21 Mar 1989         Hubert Halfmoon                   (b. 1916 - d. 1989)
c.1990 - Aug 1992          Leonard "Tony" Williams
Aug 1992 - Aug 1994        Elmo Tewiwin Clark
Aug 1994 - Oct 1995        Noah Frank
Oct 1995 - Dec 1999        Vernon Hunter
                             (acting to 1996 and Jul-Dec 1999)

Dec 1999 - Aug 2009        Sundra LaRue Martin-Parker (f)    (b. 1935 - d. 2011)
Aug 2009 - Sep 2013        Brenda Shemayme Edwards (f)
                             (continued in opposition to Jan 2015)
Sep 2013 - Mar 2014        Philip M. Smith (acting) (1st time)
Mar 2014 - Jun 2014        Anthony Cotter
Jun 2014 - Jan 2015        Philip M. Smith (acting) (2nd time)
Jan 2015 -
Apr 2021        Tamara Francis-Fourkiller (f)
Apr 2021 -                 Bobby Gonzalez


Cherokee Nation

[pro-Confederate
                      Cherokee Braves Battle Flag 1861-1865 (Oklahoma,
                      U.S.)]
7 Oct 1861 - 23 Jun 1865
  Pro-Confederate Cherokee Braves Flag
[Cherokee Nation Flag
                      1978-1989 (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
9 Oct 1978 - 9 Sep 1989
[Cherokee Nation Flag
                      (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 9 Sep 1989

c.1000                      Kituwa, "mother town" of the Cherokee, founded.
1540                        Recorded (as Chalaque) for the first time by the Spanish.
1684                        Cherokee, by then organized into 3 divisions: Overhill
                             Towns (in Tennessee), Lower Towns (in Georgia) and
                             Middle Towns (in North Carolina), in alliance with the
                             English (formally from 1721, interrupted 1758-61,
                             largely discontinued in 1777, except [to Nov 1794] by
                             the pro-British Chickamauga towns).

1753                       Position of the speaker (Great Beloved Man) of the
                             National Council established; the beginning of the
                             national government.

28 Nov 1785                Under the U.S. protection (Cherokee Nation).
1792 – 1874                Cherokee Indian Agency established.
1794                       Spanish land grant at Cap Girardeau in Missouri to the
                             pro-British Cherokee emigrants (Western Cherokee or
                             Old Settlers).

1810                       Western Cherokee moved to Arkansas (in 8 Jul 1817,
                             reservation established), their tribal membership
                             formally discontinued by the (Eastern) Cherokee Nation
                             (the Cherokee did not reunite until 1839).

1811 – 1835                Western Cherokee (formally, Cherokee in the West) Indian
                             Agency established.

May 1817                   (Eastern) Cherokee adopt the first constitution
                             (the Laws; another constitution adopted in 24 Jul 1827).

1819 – Jul 1839            A group of Western Cherokee settled in Texas (from 1822,
                             known as the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands).

1828                       Western Cherokee (from 11 Sep 1824, according to their
                             constitution, the Cherokee Nation of the West) moved to
                             reservation in Oklahoma.

29 Dec 1835                All Cherokee country in the east ceded to the U.S.
1839                       Cherokee moved from the east to Oklahoma, merged with
                             the Western Cherokee (Act of Union 12 Jul 1839, new constitution
                             6 Sep 1839); some avoid the removal (latter Eastern Band of the
                             Cherokee).

 7 Oct 1861                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America.
20 Feb 1863                Pro-U.S. faction revokes treaty with the Confederacy.
19 Jul 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
Jun 1898 – 1906            Gradual opening of the reservation to the non-Indian
                             settlement (by 3 Mar 1901, all the tribal citizens were
                             granted the U.S. citizenship).

24 Apr 1906                End of national self-government, the principal chiefs to
                             be appointed by the U.S. president.

Aug 1971                   Restoration of tribal self-government.
26 Jun 1976                Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (name used already in 1971),
                             the constitution adopted.

1993                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S .
26 Jul 2003                Renamed the Cherokee Nation (name in use already from 1999).
2004                       Gaming compact with the state.

Speakers of Overhill Towns (senior division by precedence)
c.1726                     "Long Warrior"
1730 – 1741                Ama-edohi
"Rain Maker"            (b. c.1687 - d. 1741)
                            
(Anglicised: Moytoy, Moytag)
1741 – 1753                Amo-sgasite "Bad Water" (titular) (b. 1728 - d. 1753)
Great Beloved Men (title: Uga)
1753 – Aug 1760            Gana-gadoga "Standing Turkey",    (b. c.1690 - d. 1760)
                            
"Old Hop"
                           
(formerly guardian for Amo-sgasite and de facto ruler)
1760 - 1778                Ada-galkala
"Leaning Wood"        (b. c.1712 – d. 1778)
                            
(Anglicized: Attacullaculla)  
1778 – 1780                Ogan-sdo
"Groundhog Sausage"      (b. c.1710 – d. 1783)
                            
(Anglicized: Oconostota)
1780 – Jun 1788            Gaya-dihi "Corn Tassel",          (b. c.1730 - d. 1788)
                             "Old Tassel"
1788 – 1792                Uskwoli-gada "Hanging Maw"        (b. c.1710 - d. 1794)
Jun 1792 – Nov 1794        Gana-gadoga "Little Turkey"       (b. 1758 - d. 1802)
                             (in opposition from 1788)
Speakers of Chickamauga (pro-British towns)
1778 –  1 Mar 1792         Tsiyu-gansini "Dragging Canoe"    (b. c.1738 – d. 1792)
Mar 1792 – Nov 1794        Gano-sisgi "Young Tassel"         (b. c.1750 - d. 1802)
                             (John Watts)
Principal chiefs (title: Uga-wiyuhi)

Nov 1794 – 1802            Gana-gadoga                       (s.a.)
Aug 1802 – 15 Nov 1808     Inali "Black Fox"                 (b. c.1740 - d. 1811)
15 Nov 1808 – 27 Sep 1809  Nana-dihi "Path Killer"           (b. 1749 - d. 1827)
Principal chiefs of (Eastern) Cherokee
27 Sep 1809 - 22 Jul 1811  Inali
"Black Fox"                 (s.a.)
1811 -  6 Jan 1827         Nana-dihi
"Path Killer"           (s.a.)
Jan 1827 - 20 Jan 1827     Charles Renatus Hicks             (b. 1767 - d. 1827)
Jan 1827 – Oct 1827        John Ross (1st time)              (b. 1790 - d. 1866)
                             (president of the National Committee)
Oct 1827 – Oct 1828        William Abraham Hicks (interim)   (b. 1769 - d. 1837)       
Oct 1828 – Oct 1839        John Ross (2nd time)              (s.a.)        
Principal chiefs of Western Cherokee
1810 - 1813                John Bowles                       (b. 1756 - d. 1839)
                           (de facto leader from 1795; 1819–Jul 1839 chief of Texas Cherokee)
1813 - 1818                Degadoga (Anglicized: Takatoka)   (b. c.1755 - d. 1824)
1818 - 1819                Ataluntiski                       (d. 1819)
                             (Anglicized: Tahlonteeskee)
1819 - 28 Dec 1838         John Jolly (Ahuludegi)            (b. c.1763 - d. 1838)
Dec 1838 – 22 Apr 1839     John Looney (1st time)            (b. 1776 - d. 1846)
22 Apr 1839 – Jul 1839     John Brown                        (b. 1751 – d. 1839)
Jul 1839 - 11 Oct 1839     John Looney (2nd time)            (s.a.)        
11 Oct 1839 - 1840         John Rogers                       (b. 1778 - d. 1846)
                             (in opposition to the merger)
Principal Chiefs
 2 Oct 1839 -  1 Aug 1866  John Ross                         (s.a.)
                             (in exile in Kansas, 3 Aug 1862 - Jun 1865)
21 Aug 1862 – 13 Sep 1865  Isaac Stand Watie (in rebellion)  (b. 1806 - d. 1871)
                             (elected by Confederate Cherokee; from 1863 in exile
                             in the Creek country, later in the Choctaw country;
                             surrendered to U.S. on 23 Jun 1865)
1862 - 1863                Thomas Pegg (acting for Ross)     (b. 1806 - d. 1866)
1863 – 1864                Smith Christie (acting for Ross)  (b. c.1812 - d. 1902)
1864 – 1865                Lewis Downing (acting for Ross)   (b. 1823 - d. 1872)
 1 Aug 1866 - 19 Oct 1866  Lewis Downing (1st time) (acting) (s.a.)
19 Oct 1866 -  4 Nov 1867  William Potter Ross (1st time)    (b. 1820 - d. 1891)  RP
 4 Nov 1867 -  9 Nov 1872  Lewis Downing (2nd time)          (s.a.)               DP
10 Nov 1872                Charles Thompson (1st time)       (b.bf.1838 - d. 1891)DP
                             (= Oochlata Thompson) (acting)
11 Nov 1872 -  1 Nov 1875  William Potter Ross (2nd time)    (s.a.)               RP
 1 Nov 1875 -  3 Nov 1879  Charles Thompson (2nd time)       (s.a.)               DP
 
3 Nov 1879 -  1 Aug 1887  Dennis Wolf Bushyhead             (b. 1826 - d. 1898)  NP
                             (continued until taking of the office by successor)
 1 Aug 1887 - 14 Dec 1891  Joel Bryan Mayes                  (b. 1833 - d. 1891)  DP
                             (installed 4 Jan 1888)

14 Dec 1891 - 23 Dec 1891  Thomas Mitchell Buffington        (b. 1855 - d. 1938)  DP
                             (1st time) (acting)
23 Dec 1891 -  4 Nov 1895  Colonel Johnson Harris            (b. 1856 - d. 1921)  DP
 4 Nov 1895 -  6 Nov 1899  Samuel Houston Mayes              (b. 1845 - d. 1927)  DP
 6 Nov 1899 -  2 Nov 1903  Thomas Mitchell Buffington        (s.a.)               DP
                             (2nd time)
 2 Nov 1903 - 21 Nov 1905  William Charles Rogers (1st time) (b. 1849 - d. 1917)  DP
21 Nov 1905 – Jan? 1906    Frank Josiah Boudinot             (b. 1866 - d. 1945)  NP
                             (not recognized by the U.S.)
Jan? 1906 –  8 Nov 1917    William Charles Rogers (2nd time) (s.a.)
 8 Nov 1917 – 21 Apr 1941  Vacant, except so-called "one day chiefs" 1919-1936:
 8 Nov 1919 - 25 Nov 1919  Andrew Bell Cunningham            (b. 1869 - d. 1928)
23 Jun 1923                Edward M. Frye                    (b. 1879 - d. 1936) 
15 Oct 1925                Richard Baxter Choate             (b. 1863 - d. 1937)
27 Dec 1927                Charles J. Hunt                   (b. 1876 - d. 1952)
26 May 1931                Oliver Perry Brewer               (b. 1871 - d. 1951) 
22 Jan 1936                William Wirt Hastings             (b. 1866 - d. 1938)
21 Apr 1941 –  8 May 1949  Jesse Bartley Milam               (b. 1884 - d. 1949)
                             (elected 8 Aug 1938)
Jul 1949 - 1975            William Wayne Keeler              (b. 1908 - d. 1987) 
1975 - 14 Dec 1985         Ross O. Swimmer                   (b. 1943)
14 Dec 1985 - 14 Aug 1995  Wilma Pearl Mankiller (f)         (b. 1945 - d. 2010)
14 Aug 1995 – 14 Aug 1999  Joseph "Joe" Byrd                 (b. 1954)
14 Aug 1999 - 14 Aug 2011  Chadwick "Chad", "Corntassel"     (b. 1950)
                             Smith
14 Aug 2011 - 19 Oct 2011  S. Joe Crittenden (acting)        (b. 1944)
19 Oct 2011 - 14 Aug 2019  Bill John Baker                   (b. 1952)
14 Aug 2019 -              Chuck Hoskin, Jr.                 (b. 1975)

British Commissaries to the Cherokee
1764 - 1779                Alexander Cameron                 (b. c.1719 - d. 1781)
                            (from 1766, also deputy superintendent for Cherokee and Creek)
1779 - 1783                John McDonald (acting)            (b. 1747 – d. 1824)
United States Indian Agents
1788  (6 months)           Joseph Martin (special agent)     (b. 1740 – d. 1808)
1792 – 1794                Leonard D. Shaw                   (b. 1766 - d. 1808)
1794 – 1796                John McKee                        (b. 1771 – d. 1832)
1796 – 1798                Silas Dinsmoor (temporary)        (b. 1766 – d. 1847)
1798 – 1801                Thomas Lewis
(Eastern) Cherokee Indian Agents

1801 - 28 Jan 1823         Return Jonathan Meigs             (b. 1740 - d. 1823)
1823 - 1824                Joseph McMinn                     (b. 1758 - d. 1824)
1824 - 31 Dec 1834         Hugh Lawson Montgomery            (b. 1769 - d. 1852)
1835 – 1837                Benjamin Franklin Currey          (d. 1837)
                             (special agent)
1837 - 1839                Nathaniel W. Smith                (b. 1791 - d. 1841)
                             (superintendent of removal)
Western Cherokee Indian Agents

1811 - 1813                Samuel Treat                      (b. 1760 - d. 1813)
1813 - 1817                William Lewis Lovely              (b. 1750 - d. 1817)
1817 - 1820                Reuben Lewis                      (b. 1777 - d. 1844)
1820 - 1822?               Matthew Lyon                      (b. 1750 - d. 1822)
1820/22? -  1 Jan 1824     David Brearly                     (b. 1767 - d. 1837)
Jan 1824 - 1830            Edward Washington Duval           (b. 1789 - d. 1830)
12 Mar 1830 - 1835         George Vashon                     (b. 1785 – d. 1835)
                             (from 7 Jul 1834, sub-agent)
Cherokee Indian Agents

25 Mar 1836 - 1841         Montfort Stokes                   (b. 1762 - d. 1842)
                             (sub-agent to 8 Mar 1837)
13 Sep 1841 - 1846         Pierce Mason Butler               (b. 1798 - d. 1847)
19 Aug 1846 - 13 Jan 1848  James McKissick                   (b. 1782 - d. 1848)
Jan 1848 - Mar 1848        Gustavus A. Loomis (acting)       (b. 1789 – d. 1872)

Mar 1848 - May 1849        Richard C.S. Brown                (b. 1774 - d. 18..)
29 May 1849 - 21 Sep 1850  William Butler, Jr.               (b. 1790 - d. 1850)
24 Sep 1850 -  8 Dec 1850  William G. Belknap (acting)       (b. 1794 – d. 1851)
 8 Dec 1850 - Jun 1860     George M. Butler                  (b. 1823 - d. 1875?)
Jun 1860 - Apr 1861        Robert J. Cowart
 5 Apr 1861 - 1862         John Crawford 
                             (for the Confederate States Jun 1861-1862)
10 Mar 1862 - 31 Aug 1862  Charles W. Chatterton             (b. 1815 - d. 1862)
                             (in exile in Kansas)
11 Sep 1862 - 1866         Justin James Harlan               (b. 1800 – d. 1879)
                             (acting to Jan 1863; in exile in Kansas to 1865)
25 Sep 1866 -  4 Jul 1867  John P. Humphreys                 (d. 1867)
29 Nov 1867 - 1869         William B.D. Davis
22 Jun 1869 - 1870         John N. Craig 
 9 Dec 1870 – 22 Dec 1874  John Buttrick Jones               (b. 1824 - d. 1876)
1874 - 1914                the Union Agency Agents


Party abbreviations (to 1906): RP = Ross Party (informal, 1866–1879, former northerners, becomes NP); DP = Downing Party (informal 1866–1879, former southerners, reorganized 1883, afterwards considered progressive); NP = National Party (conservative, former RP, 1879-c.1906)


Cheyenne and Arapaho

[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes former flag
                          (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
to c.2013
[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes (Oklahoma,
                          U.S.)]
Adopted c.2013

c.1680                     Legendary founding of the Cheyenne government of the Council of
                             44 Chiefs (title of chief: Veho), including 4 principal chiefs.
1825                       Cheyenne under the U.S. protection.
c.1830                     Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes confederate (Confederated Cheyenne
                             and Arapaho Tribes), but divide into the Southern and Northern
                             divisions (the Northern division later becomes Northern Cheyenne
                             Tribe and Arapaho Tribe of Wind River).
1846 – 1869                Upper Platte Indian Agency established.
17 Sep 1851                Arapaho under the U.S. protection.
1855                       Upper Arkansas (from 1874, Cheyenne and Arapaho) Indian Agency
                             established for the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho (latter
                             additional short-lived Indian agencies: Cantonment 1902-27, Seger
                             1902-27, Red Moon 1908-17); the separation into the two divisions
                             becomes permanent.

18 Feb 1861 – 1867         Upper Arkansas River Reservation established in Colorado.
21 Oct 1867                Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation established in Oklahoma.
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens).
19 Apr 1892                Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
25 May 1929                First constitution adopted.
18 Sep 1937                Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes.
2005                       Gaming compact with the state.
17 Nov 2007                Renamed Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.


Keepers of the Sacred Arrows
(Cheyenne ceremonial leaders)
c.1830 – 1838              Vohpenonoma’e "White Thunder"   (b. c.1765 – d. 1838)
1838                       Mo’eheo’he’e "Elk River"        (d. 1838)
1838 – 1849                "Lame Medicine"                 (d. 1849)
1850 – 1876                Ho’honaeve’ohtanehe             (b. c.1795 – d. 1876)
                             "Stone Forehead"
                             ("Walks with Toes Turned Out")
1876 – 1882                "Black Hairy Dog"               (b. c.1823 - d. 1882)
1883 – 1917                Makeeta "Little Man"            (b. c.1846 - d. 1917)
1917 – 1920                Vacant
1920 – 192.                Oo’ko’oheo’o "Mower"
192.. – 192.               "White Rabbit" (for 1 year)
bf.1928 – 1936             "Red Bird Hog"                  (b. c.1864 – d. 1936)
                             [not the last Keeper]
Head chiefs of Southern Arapaho (title of chief: Neecee)
c.1855 – 1889              Housoo "Young Crow"             (b. c.1810 – d. 1889)
1889 – 1908                Nowooth "Left Hand"             (b. c.1840 – d. 1911)
1908 – af.1911             "Bird Chief"                    (b. c.1851 – d. 1931)
Presidents
1914 – af.1915             Robert Burns (1st time)
c.1916                     Paul Boynton (chairman)
c.1917                     DeForest Antelope               (b. 1872 – d. 19..)
c.1921                     Robert Burns (2nd time)
192. - 1928                John W. Block
1928 – 1929                John Fletcher                   (b. 1895 – d. 19..)
1929 – 1931                Alfred Wilson (1st time)
1931 – 1933                Mack Haag
1933 – 1935                Jesse Rowlodge                  (b. 1884 – d. 1974)
1935 – 1937                Alfred Wilson (2nd time)
Chairmen         
13 Dec 1937 - 1939         Edward Burns                    (b. 1893 – d. 19..)
1940 – 1941                Jesse Rowlodge (1st time)       (s.a.)
1942 – 1943                Richard Boynton (1st time)
1944 – 1945                Jesse Rowlodge (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1946 – 1947                Richard Boynton (2nd time)
1948 – 1949                Jesse Rowlodge (3rd time)       (s.a.)
1950 – 1951                Woodrow Wilson (1st time)
1952 – 1953                Jesse Rowlodge (4th time)       (s.a.)
1954 – 1955                Fred Bushyhead
1956 – 1961                ....
c.1958/59                  Woodrow Wilson (2nd time)
1962 – 1963                Woodrow Wilson (3rd time)
1964 – 1965                Willie P. Hail
1966 – 1967                Lawrence H. Hart (1st time)
1968 – 1969                John Washee
1970 – 1971                Lawrence H. Hart (2nd time)
1972 – 1973                Virgil Franklin                 (b. 1928)
1974 – 1976                Howard Goodbear
c.1978                     Joseph "Joe" Pedro 
c.1979                     Ralph Beard 
1980 – 1981                Edward P. Wilson (1st time)
1982 – 1983                Juanita Learned (f) (1st time)
1984 – 1985                Fred Hoffman
1986 – 1987                Wisdom Nibbs
1988 – 1991                Juanita Learned (f) (2nd time)
1992 – 1993                Edward P. Wilson (2nd time)
1994 – 1995                Viola Hatch (f)
1996 – 1997                Charles Surveyor
1998 – 1999                Edward Starr, Jr.
2000 – 2001                James W. Pedro                  (b. 1940)
2002 – 2003                Robert P. Tabor                 (b. 1946)
2004 – 2005                William F. Blind (interim)      (b. 1941)
2006                       Darrell Flyingman
Governors
 5 Jul 2006 - 13 Nov 2009  Darrell Flyingman
13 Nov 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Teresa Dorsett (f) (acting)
Jan 2010 - Dec 2013        Janice Prairie Chief-Boswell (f)
Jan 2014 - Jan 2018        Eddie Hamilton
Jan 2018 -                 Reggie Wassana


Chickasaw Nation

[Chickasaw
                        Nation (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 1975

c.1000                     First towns founded by the latter Choctaw and Chickasaw.
1540                       Recorded (as Chicaza) for the first time by the Spanish.
1705 – 1784                Allied with the British (formally from 1763).
Jun 1784 – 1795            Alliance with the Spanish.
10 Jan 1786                Under the U.S. protection (Chickasaw Nation), largely not effected
                             to 1795.
1794 – 1856                Chickasaw Indian Agency established.
20 Oct 1832                All Chickasaw country ceded to the U.S. (moved from Mississippi to
                             Oklahoma in 1837).
17 Jan 1837 - 22 Jun 1855  Component part (Chickasaw District) of the Choctaw Nation by
                             treaty (the Choctaw constitution accordingly amended 3 Oct 1838),
                             but practically remains separate tribe (13 Oct 1848 the
                             constitution of the Chickasaw People adopted).
30 Aug 1856                Constitution of the Chickasaw Nation adopted (second constitution
                             16 Aug 1867), independence and land purchase from the Choctaw
                             effective.
 1 Jul 1861 - 1865         Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America
14 Jul 1865                Surrendered to the U.S.
28 Apr 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
Jun 1898 – 1906            Gradual opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement
                            (by 3 Mar 1901, all the tribal citizens were granted the U.S.
                             citizenship).
24 Apr 1906                End of national self-government, the governors to be appointed
                             by the U.S. president.
Aug 1971                   Restoration of tribal self-government.
27 Aug 1983                Chickasaw Nation (name confirmed; the tribe is listed by
                             the U.S. as the Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma bf.1971 - 1996),
                             the constitution adopted.
1995                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

2000                       Gaming compact with the state

Chiefs (title: Minko)
c.1708                     Fattalamee
c.1730                     Ymahatabe "Blind King"
bf.1763 - 1784             Mingo Houma "Red King"            (d. 1784)
                           - jointly with
1765 - 1784                Payamataha                        (d. 1784)
                             (assistant chief; titled Tishu Minko;
                             recognized by the British as superior)
1784 - 1794                Mingo Tuska (= Taski Etoka)       (d. 1794)
                             "Hare Lip King"
1794 - 1819                Tinabe Mingo (= Chinubbee)        (b. c.1745 - d. 1819)
1819 - 1820                Chehopistee                       (b. c.1799 – d. 1820)
Jul 1820 - 1848            Ishtehotopa                       (b. c.1800 - d. 1848)
Chiefs of the Chickasaw District (under the Choctaw constitution)
1844 - 1846                Isaac Alberson                    (d. 1849/51)
1846 - 1848                James McLaughlin                  (b. c.1784 - d. c.1851)
1848 - 1852                Edmund Pickens                    (b. 1789 - d. 1868)
bf.1854 - 1856             Jackson Frazier                   (b. 1815 – d. 1856)
Chiefs of the Chickasaw People (under the Chickasaw constitution of 1848)
Nov 1848 – 1850            Edmund Pickens                    (s.a.)
Nov 1850 – Aug 1856        Daugherty Winchester Colbert      (b. 1810 - d. 1880)
                             (from 1852, usually styled Financial Chief)
Governors
1856 - 1858                Cyrus H. Harris (1st time)        (b. 1817 - d. 1888)
1858 - 1860                Daugherty Winchester Colbert      (s.a.)
                             (1st time)
1860 - 1862                Cyrus H. Harris (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1862 - 1866                Daugherty Winchester Colbert      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(in Texas exile Feb – Oct 1864)
1864                       Horace Pratt (acting for Colbert)
1866                       Jackson Kemp (acting)             (b. 1818 - d. 1897)
1866 - 1870                Cyrus H. Harris (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1870 - 1871                William P. Brown                  (b. 1820 - d. 1884)
1871 - 1872                Thomas J. Parker                  (b. c.1800 - d. 1890)
1872 - 1874                Cyrus H. Harris (4th time)        (s.a.)               PP
1874 - 1878                Benjamin Franklin Overton         (b. 1836 - d. 1884)  NP
                             (1st time)  
1878 - 1880                Benjamin Crooks Burney            (b. 1844 - d. 1892)  NP
1880 -  8 Feb 1884         Benjamin Franklin Overton         (s.a.)               NP
                             (2nd time)
1881                       Hickeyubbee (acting for Overton)
Feb 1884 – Mar 1884        Ah-chuck-ah-nubbe (acting)        (d. 1884)
Apr 1884 – Aug 1886        Jonas Wolf (1st time)             (b. 1828 - d. 1900)  NP
Aug 1886 – Sep 1888        William Malcolm Guy               (b. 1845 - d. 1918)  PP
Sep 1888 – Aug 1892        William Leander Byrd              (b. 1844 - d. 1915)  NP
Aug 1892 - Jun 1894        Jonas Wolf (2nd time)             (s.a.)               NP
Jun 1894                   Nelson Chigley (acting)           (b. 1830 – d. 1922)
Jun 1894 - Oct 1894        Tecumseh A. McClure (acting)      (b. 1830 - d. 1902)
Oct 1894 - Aug 1896        Palmer Simeon Mosely (1st time)   (b. 1851 - d. 1908)  NP
Aug 1896 - 1898            Robert Maxwell Harris             (b. 1850 - d. 1927)  PP
1898 –  1 Sep 1902         Douglas Henry Johnston (1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1939)  NP
 1 Sep 1902 –  5 Sep 1904  Palmer Simeon Mosely (2nd time)   (s.a.)               NP
 5 Sep 1904 - 26 Jun 1939  Douglas Henry Johnston (2nd time) (s.a.)               NP to 1906
Aug 1906                   Peter Maytubby                    (b. 1837 - d. 1907)
                             (elected but did not take the office) 
Oct 1939 - 23 Feb 1963     Floyd Ernest Maytubby             (b. 1893 - d. 1963) 
May 1963 - Oct 1963        E.B. "Hugh" Maytubby              (b. 1892 - d. 1970) 
1963 - 1987                Overton James                     (b. 1925 - d. 2015)
1987 -                     Bill Anoatubby                    (b. 1945)


British Commissaries to the Chickasaw
1765 – 1780                John McIntosh                     (d. 1780)
1780 – 1784                John McIntosh, Jr.                (d. 1803)
Spanish Commissaries to the Chickasaw
1791 – 1793                Jean de la Villebeuvre            (b. 1732 – d. 1797)
1793 – 1795                Benjamin Fooy                     (b. 1759 – d. 1823)
U.S. Chickasaw Indian Agents
1788 (6 months)            Joseph Martin (special agent)     (b. 1740 – d. 1808)
1792 – Jun 1797            James Robertson (1st time)        (b. 1742 – d. 1814)
                             (did not arrive)
1794 - 1796                John McKee (acting for Robertson) (b. 1771 – d. 1832)
1797 - 1806                Samuel Mitchell 
1806 - 1808                William Hill
1808 – 26 Sep 1808 1809    Thomas Wright                     (b. 1771 – d. 1808)
 8 Jul 1809 -  3 Jun 1812  James Neelly (or Neeley)
 4 Jun 1812 –  1 Sep 1814  James Robertson (2nd time)        (s.a.)
28 Sep 1814 - 1818         William Cocke                     (b. 1748 – d. 1828)
Apr 1818 - 1820            Henry J. Sherburne
Jan 1820 - 1823            Robert C. Nicholas                (b. 1787 – d. 1856)
Dec 1823 – Jul 1829        Benjamin F. Smith 
Jul 1829 – Mar 1830        John L. Allen (acting)            (b. 1784 – d. 1867)
12 Mar 1830 –  3 Mar 1837  Benjamin F. Reynolds              (b. 1783 – d. 1843)
11 Jun 1837 – 1839         Gaines P. Kingsbury               (d. 1839)
 4 Mar 1839 – 1849         Arthur Martin Upshaw              (b. 1803 – d. 1877)
 6 Nov 1849 – 1851         Gabriel W. Long                   (b. c.1800 – d. 1853)
30 Jun 1851 - 1852         Kenton Harper                     (b. 1801 – d. 1867)
 1 Sep 1852 - 1856         Andrew Jackson Smith
1856 - 1874                the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian Agents
1874 - 1914                the Union Agency Agents

Party abbreviations (to 1906): NP = National Party (conservative, until 1896/98 also known as "Pull-Back" Party, 1871-1906); PP = Progressive Party (progressive, 1870/72-1906)


Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

[pro-Confederate Choctaw Cavalry
                          1861-1864 (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
1861-1864 Pro-Confederate Choctaw Cavalry
[Choctaw
                          Nation of Oklahoma (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 1970's

c.1000                     First towns founded by the latter Choctaw and Chickasaw.
1540                       Recorded (as Apafalaya) for the first time by the Spanish.
1702 - 1763                Choctaw, by then organized into 3 divisions: Lower Towns (in the
                             east; senior division by precedence), Upper Towns (in the west)
                             and Six Towns (in the south), in alliance with the French
                             (formally from 1749).
1745 – 1749                Upper Towns in rebellion, allied with the British.
Mar 1765 – 1784            Allied with the British (overall Choctaw leadership lapses).
Jun 1784 – Apr 1795        Alliance with the Spanish (by the Six Towns from 1781; precedence
                             to the Lower Towns denied, in 1792 the Lower Towns switched to
                             the U.S. side).

 3 Jan 1786                Under the U.S. protection (Choctaw Nation), largely not effected
                             to 1795.
1797 – 1874                Choctaw (from 1856, Choctaw and Chickasaw) Indian Agency
                             established.
18 Oct 1820                Reservation established in Oklahoma (originally almost unsettled;
                             1825–1828 Choctaw of the West Indian Agency established there).
 5 Aug 1826                First constitution adopted, the nation to Oct 1857 is governed by
                             the chiefs of three (four by addition of the Chickasaw District
                             3 Oct 1838 – 30 Aug 1856) districts, the chiefs of Okla Tannap
                            (from 1834, Moshulatubbee) District having precedence (further
                             constitutions adopted 3 Jun 1834, 3 Oct 1838, 10 Nov 1842, 
                             14 Oct 1850, 5 Jan 1857, 11 Jan 1860).
27 Sep 1830                All Choctaw country in the east ceded to the U.S., the reservation
                             in Oklahoma confirmed.
1834                       Majority of Choctaw moved from Mississippi to Oklahoma, some
                             avoid the removal (latter Mississippi Band of Choctaw).
 7 Jan 1837 – 22 Jun 1855  Chickasaw Nation made a component part (Chickasaw District) of
                             the Choctaw Nation by treaty (Chickasaw independence effective
                             30 Aug 1856).
 1 Jul 1861 - 1865         Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America.
19 Jun 1865                Surrenders to the U.S.
28 Apr 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
Jun 1898 – 1906            Gradual opening of the reservation to the non-Indian
                             settlement (by 3 Mar 1901, all the tribal citizens were
                             granted the U.S. citizenship).
24 Apr 1906                End of national self-government, the principal chiefs to be
                             appointed by the U.S. President.
Aug 1971                   Restoration of tribal self-government.
21 Mar 1979                Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma (name used already in 1971), the
                             constitution adopted.
1994                       Gaming compact with the state.
1995                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Grand Chiefs of Choctaw (title: Miko Chito; speakers of the nation, at Lower Towns)
c.1708                     Chicacha Oulacta
c.1729                     Mingo Tchito ....
                             (referred only by title)
bf.1738 - 1746             Choucou Oulacta                   (d. 1746)
1745 – 1747                Shulush Homa "Red Shoes"          (d. 1747)
                             (in opposition, titled: Supreme Medal Chief, at Upper Towns)
1746 – 1749                Atakabe Oulacta
1747 – 1749                Imataha Pooscoos                  (d. 1749)
                             (in opposition, titled: Supreme Medal Chief, at Upper Towns)
1749 – 1763                Alibamon Mingo                    (b. c.1700 – d. 1766)
                             (de facto speaker without title of Grand chief)
Grand Medal Chiefs of Lower Towns
c.1765                     Alibamon Mingo                    (s.a.)
c.1767                     Olacta Houma "Red Captain"        (d. 1767)
c.1770                     Houma Chito
c.1772                     Tattoully Mastabe                 (d. 1772)
                           + Cholko Oulacta                  (d. 1772)
Grand Medal Chiefs of Upper Towns

c.1765                     Shulustamastabe
c.1772                     Franchimastabe                    (d. c.1800)
Grand Medal Chiefs of Six Towns

c.1765                     Tomatly Mingo
                           + Nashuba Mingo
Principal Chief of Choctaw Nation
(title: Miko Chito; at Upper Towns)
1784 – c.1800              Franchimastabe                    (s.a.)
                             (after 1792 authority limited to Upper Towns and Six Towns)

Chiefs of Okla Tannap District
(title: Miko; former Lower Towns)
c.1792                     Thloupouye Nantla
bf.1794 – af.1802          Tuskona Hoopoi

c.1803 - 1809              Homastubbee                       (b. c.1746 - d. 1809)
1809 – Apr 1826            Moshulatubbee (1st time)          (b. c.1778 - d. 1838)
Apr 1826 – Mar 1830        David Folsom                      (b. 1791 - d. 1847)
Jul 1830 – 1834            Moshulatubbee (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Chiefs of Moshulatubbee District
(former Okla Tannap; in the north)
1834 - 1836                Moshulatubbee                     (s.a.)         
1836 - 1838                Joseph Kincaid
1838 - 1842                John McKinney
1842 - 1846                Nathaniel Folsom                  (b. 1811 - d. 18..)
1846 - 1850                Peter Folsom                      (b. c.1814 - d. 1885)
1850 - 1854                Cornelius McCurtain               (b. 1803 - d. 1871)
1854 - Oct 1857            David McCoy                       (b. 1818 – d. 1892)
Chiefs of Okla Falaya District (title: Miko; former Upper Towns)
c.1801                     Oak Chume                         (d. af.1805)
1802 - 18 Oct 1824         Apukshunnubbee                    (b. c.1740 - d. 1824)
1824 - 1826                Robert Cole                       (b. 1774 – d. 1842)
1826 - 1834                Greenwood LeFlore                 (b. 1800 - d. 1865)
                             (Mar 1830 – Jul 1830 proclaimed the
                             principal chief of the Choctaw Nation)
1834 - 1838                Thomas LeFlore                    (b. 1792 - d. 1859)
Chiefs of Apukshunnubbee District (former Okla Falaya; in the south-east)
1838 - 1842                James Fletcher                    (b. 1767 – d. 1850)
1842 - 1850                Thomas LeFlore                    (s.a.)
1850 - Oct 1857            George Washington Harkins         (b. 1810 - d. 1861)
Chiefs of Okla Hannali District (title: Miko; former Six Towns)
c.1801                     Toota Homa ?
1803 - 24 Dec 1824         Pushmataha                        (b. c.1764 - d. 1824)
Dec 1824 - 1825            Oklahoma                          (b. c.1782 – d. 1846)
Jun 1825 - 28 Sep 1828     "Humming Bird"                    (b. c.1752 - d. 1828)
Oct 1828 – Mar 1830        John Samuel Garland (elected 1826)
Jul 1830 – 1834            Nitakechi                         (b. 1792 - d. 1846)
Chiefs of Pushmataha District (former Okla Hannali; in the south-west)
1834 - 1838                Nitakechi (1st time)              (s.a.)
1838 – Aug 1841            Pierre Gabriel Juzan              (b. 1805 - d. 1841)
1841 - 1846                Isaac Folsom                      (b. 1802 - d. 1870)
1846 – 22 Nov 1846         Nitakechi (2nd time)              (s.a.)
1846 - 1850                Silas D. Fisher
1850 - 1854                George Folsom                     (b. 1807 - d. 1887)
1854 - Oct 1857            Nicholas Cochnauer
Governors
Oct 1857 – 12 Jan 1858     Alfred Wade                       (b. 1811 - d. 1878)
Jan 1858 - Oct 1859        Tandy C. Walker                   (b. 1814 - d. 1877)
                             (acting to Oct 1858)
Oct 1859 -  1 Oct 1860     Basil LeFlore                     (b. 1810 - d. 1886)
Principal chiefs
 1 Oct 1860 -  6 Oct 1862  George Hudson                     (b. 1808 - d. 1865)
 6 Oct 1862 -  3 Oct 1864  Samuel Garland                    (b. 1803 - d. 1870)
 3 Oct 1864 -  1 Oct 1866  Peter Perkins Pitchlynn           (b. 1806 - d. 1881)
 1 Oct 1866 -  3 Oct 1870  Allen Wright                      (b. 1826 - d. 1885) PP
 3 Oct 1870 -  5 Oct 1874  William J. Bryant                 (b. 180.–d.af.1878) NP
 5 Oct 1874 -  7 Oct 1878  Coleman Cole                      (b.c.1800 - d. 1886)NP
 7 Oct 1878 - Feb 1880     Isaac Levi Garvin                 (b. 1832 - d. 1880) NP
Feb 1880 -  6 Oct 1884     Jackson Frazier McCurtain         (b. 1830 - d. 1885) PP
                             (acting to 3 Oct 1880)
 6 Oct 1884 -  3 Oct 1886  Edmund A. McCurtain               (b. 1842 - d. 1890) PP
 3 Oct 1886 -  1 Oct 1888  Thompson McKinney                 (b.c.1837 - d. 1889)PP
 1 Oct 1888 -  6 Oct 1890  Benjamin Franklin Smallwood       (b. 1829 - d. 1891) NP
 6 Oct 1890 -  1 Oct 1894  Wilson Nathaniel Jones            (b. 1831 - d. 1901) PP
 1 Oct 1894 -  5 Oct 1896  Jefferson Gardner                 (b. 1847 - d. 1906) PP
 5 Oct 1896 -  1 Oct 1900  Green McCurtain (1st time)        (b. 1848 - d. 1910) TP
 1 Oct 1900 -  6 Oct 1902  Gilbert Wesley Dukes              (b. 1849 - d. 1919) TP
 6 Oct 1902 – 28 Dec 1910  Green McCurtain (2nd time)        (s.a.)              TP to 1906
Aug 1906                   Wesley Anderson
                             (elected, but did not take the office)
15 Feb 1911 - 1918         Victor M. Locke, Jr.              (b. 1876 - d. 1929)
1918 - 1922                William Finley Sample             (b. 1883 - d. 1969)
1922 - 25 Sep 1929         William Henry Harrison            (b. 1876 - d. 1929)
1929 - 1936                Ben H. Dwight                     (b. 1890 - d. 1953)
1937 -  1 Aug 1948         William A. Durrant                (b. 1866 - d. 1948)
1948 - 1975                Harry J.W. Belvin                 (b. 1900 - d. 1986)
26 Aug 1975 - 13 Jan 1978  C. David Gardner                  (b. 1940 - d. 1978)
Chiefs
Apr 1978 - 1997            Hollis E. Roberts                 (b. 1943 - d. 2011)
 9 Jun 1997 – 28 Apr 2014  Gregory E. Pyle                   (b. 1949 - d. 2019) 
28 Apr 2014 -              Gary Dale Batton                  (b. 1966)

British Commissaries to the Choctaw
1765 – 1768                Elias Legardere                   (b. 1713 - d. 1770)
1768 – 1770                James Henderson
1770 – 1775                John McIntosh                     (d. 1780)
1775 – 1784                Farquhar Bethune
Spanish Commissaries to the Choctaw
1780 – af.1785             Pierre Gabriel Juzan              (b. 1736 – d. c.1802)
1791 – 1795                Jean de la Villebeuvre            (b. 1732 – d. 1797)
U.S. Choctaw Indian Agents
12 Aug 1797 – 1799         Samuel Mitchell                   (b. 1765 – d. 1806)
May 1799 – Mar 1802        John McKee (1st time)             (b. 1771 – d. 1832)
1802 - 1814                Silas Dinsmoor                    (b. 1766 – d. 1847)
Apr 1814 - 1821            John McKee (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1821 - 1822                William Ward (1st time)
1822 - 1825                Edmund Folsom                     (b. 1767 – d. 1830)
1825 - 1831                William Ward (2nd time)
18 Mar 1825 – 1828         William L. McClellan              (b. 1779 – d. 1829)
                             (agent of the Choctaw of the West)
 7 Sep 1831 - 1835         Francis W. Armstrong              (b. 1783 – d. 1835)
 
8 Sep 1835 - 1846         William Armstrong                 (b. 1795 – d. 1847)
1846 - 1850                Samuel Morton Rutherford          (b. 1797 – d. 1867)
 9 Sep 1850 - 1851         John Drennen                      (b. 1800 – d. 1855)
30 Jun 1851 - 1854         William Wilson
1854 - 1856                Douglas H. Cooper                 (b. 1815 – d. 1879)
Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian Agents
1856 - 1861                Douglas H. Cooper                 (s.a.)
                             (for the Confederate States 1861–1865)

1861 - 1862                Richard P. Pulliam

                             (did not take the office)

1862 - 1866                Isaac Coleman

                             (
in exile in Kansas to 1865)
Dec 1866 – 1869            Martin W. Chollar
                (b. 18.. - d. 1911)
23 Jun 1869 – 1870         George T. Olmsted

21 Oct 1870 - 1873         Theophilus D. Griffith

1873 - 1874                Albert R. Parsons

1874 - 1914               
the Union Agency Agents

Party abbreviations (to 1906): NP = National Party (conservative, to 1885 also known as Buzzard Party, c.1870-1906); PP = Progressive Party (progressive, to 1885 also known as Eagle Party, c.1870-1896); TP = Tuskahoma Party (succeeded PP, 1896-1906)


Citizen Potawatomi Nation

[Citizen Potawatomi
                        Nation (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 1995

1761 - 1789                Allied with the British.
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Woods Bands of Potawatomi).
1832                       Reservation (multiple tracts) established (known as Wabash
                             Bands) in northern Indiana.
1836                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1838, joined
                             by St. Joseph Bands [see Pokagon], small groups escaped to
                             Ontario, Canada).
1838                       Wabash Bands and St. Joseph Bands known jointly as Mission Bands.
1846 - 1861                Mission Bands nominally merged with Prairie Band (see Prairie
                             Potawatomi) into Potawatomi Nation.
1861                       Citizen Band of Potawatomi, entitled to acquire the U.S.
                             citizenship (effective 1867).
1867                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1869), from
                             1872 the reservation formally shared with Absentee-Shawnee
                             (see Absentee-Shawnee).
1891                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1938                       Constitution adopted.
1992                       Gaming compact.
1996                       Renamed Citizen Potawatomi Nation.
1998                       Self-governance agreement.

First chiefs of Wabash Potawatomi
(native spellings, if known, in parentheses)
bf.1795 - af.1809          Keesass "The Sun" (Kises)
bf.1812 - 1827             Metea "Sulker" (Mdewe)             (b. c.1760 - d. 1827)
bf.1836 - af.1867          We-we-say                          (b. c.1798 - d. 18..)
First chiefs of St. Joseph Potawatomi
(native spellings in parentheses)
1840 - af.1844             Chebas "Little Duck" (Zhshibes)
bf.1853 - af.1867          Mazee (Mazhe)                      (b. c.1815 - d. 18..)
Chairmen
1861 - 18..                ....
c.1865                     Joseph N. Bourassa                 (b. 1810 - d. 1878)
c.1873                     Lucius R. Darling (president)      (b. c.1803 - d. 1875)
bf.1889 - af.1895          Alexander B. Peltier
c.1915                     Stephen Negahnquet                 (b. 1853 - d. 1932)
c.1935                     W.W. Gilbert
1938 - 1940                Louis J. Brant

1940 - 19..                William Trousdale
bf.1950 - af.1956          Dan Nadeau
c.1969                     Autwin B. Pecore                   (b. 1908 - d. 1995)
c.1971                     Peter Veitenheimer

197. - 1973                Paul E. Schmidlkofer (1st time)    (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
1973 - 1974                Jerry R. Fox
1974 - 1975                Raymond P. Peltier
1975 - 1977                Gerald L. Peltier
1977 - 1979                Paul E. Schmidlkofer (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1979 - 1981                Wanita R. Clifford (f)             (b. 1922 - d. 2011)
1981 - 1983                William J. "Bill" Burch
Jun 1983 - 1985            Robert "Leon" Bruno
1985 -                     John A. "Rocky" Barrett


Comanche Nation

[Comanche Tribe of Oklahoma (Oklahoma,
                        U.S.)]
Adopted c.1991

1784                       Principal chiefs of the Comanche divisions recorded for the first
                             time by the Spanish, by then the Comanche were divided in three
                             independent divisions, the Eastern Kotsoteka, (Western)
                             Kotsoteka and the lesser Yamparika.
1806                       Comanche allied with Kiowa (see there), eventually the allied
                             tribes controlled large area known as Comancheria – parts of
                             Texas (Penateka division, formerly [before c.1835] Eastern
                             Kotsoteka), New Mexico (Kotsoteka division), Kansas (Yamparika
                             division and Kiowa tribe), Oklahoma (Tenewa division [c.1810
                             split from Yamparika]), and the Texas Panhandle (Nokoni
                             division [known from c.1845]).
1835                       Tenewa friendship treaty with the U.S.
1838                       Penateka friendship treaty with the Republic of Texas (in 1843
                             followed by Tenewa).
1846                       Penateka and Tenewa under the U.S. protection (in 1853 followed
                             by Yamparika).
1847 - 1859                Comanche (to 1855, Texas) Indian Agency established.
1854 - 1859                Upper Brazos Reservation established for Penateka in Texas.
1859                       Penateka relocated to the Wichita Reservation (see under Wichita)
                             in Oklahoma.
1861 - 1862                All Comanche divisions allied with the Confederate States.       
1865 - 1867                Comanche-Kiowa Reservation established in Texas and Oklahoma,
                             from 1865 also Kotsoteka and Nokoni under the U.S. protection
                             (the non-treaty Comanche formed the 6th division – Kwahada).
1867                       Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation (see under Kiowa) established
                             in Oklahoma, equally shared by the 3 tribes.
1899 - Jan 1963            Kiowa, Comanche and Apache Tribes, remaining individual tribes,
                             governed by joint Business Committee (see under Kiowa).
1900                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens).
19 Nov 1966                Comanche Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
1999                       Gaming compact.
Feb 2002                   Renamed Comanche Nation.

Principal chiefs of Penateka (to c.1835, Eastern Kotsoteka) Comanche
(title of Comanche chief: Paraibo)
(native spellings, if known, in parentheses)
1784 - 1786                Camisa de Fierro                  (d. 1786)
1786                       Cabeza Rapada                     (d. 1786)
1787 - 1800                Zoquine
                           + Sofais                          (d. af.1808)
1801 - 1806                Chihuahua                         (d. af.1818)
1806 - 1821                Sargento (= Cordero)              (d. af.1826)
bf.1836 - 1840             Muguara "Spirit Talker" (Mukwooru)(b. 177. - d. 1840)
bf.1844 - 1849             Mopechucope "Old Owl"             (b. c.1790 - d. 1849)
                             (Mupitsakupu)
1849 - 1861                Potsanaquahip "Buffalo Hump"      (b. c.1790 - d. 1870)
                             (Potsana Kwahipu)
                           - jointly with two below, being the reservation leaders -
1849 - 1855                Sanaco                            (d. af.1858)
1855 - 1861                Ketumsee                          (d. 1861)
1861 – 1865                Kakarawa                          (d. af.1874)
1865 - af.1875             Tosawa "Silver Brooch" (Tosahwi)  (b. c.1810 – d. 1878/80)
Principal chiefs of Kotsoteka Comanche
1786 - 1793                Ecueracapa                        (d. 1793)
1793 - 1797                Encanguane                        (d. 1797)
1797 - 1801                Canaguaipe                        (d. 1801)
1801 - 1805                Vacant?
1805 - 1818                Quegue                            (d. 1818)
1818 - 1821                Vacant?
1821 - af.1826             Cordero (= Sargento)              (s.a.)
1828 - af.1831             Toro Echicero
bf.1849 - 1878             Mowway "Shaking Hand" (Maawe)     (b. c.1800 - d. 1886)
Principal chiefs of Comanche
(native spellings and division affiliation in parentheses)
1875 - 1890                Eschiti (Isatai’i) (Kwahada)      (b. c.1840 - d. 1916)
                             (self-proclaimed, with name Quenatosavit
                             "White Eagle" [Kwina Tosapitu])
c.1879                     Terheryaquahip "Horse Back"       (b. c.1810 - d. 1888)
                             (Tuhuya Kwahipu)
                             (principal spokesman) (Tenewa)
1890 – 1911                Quanah Parker (Kwana) (Kwahada)   (b. c.1845 - d. 1911)
Chairmen
1964 - 1976                Lee Motah                         (b. 1911 - d. 1981)
1976 - Jul 1979            James M. Cox                      (b. 1914 - d. 1996)
1979 - Feb 1980            Kenneth Laverne Saupitty          (b. 1937 - d. 2015)
                             (1st time)
c.1981 - 1985              Bernard Kahrahrah                 (b. 1938)
1985 - af.1987             Ronald L. Burgess                 (b. 1950)
1988 - Jun 1991            Kenneth Laverne Saupitty          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
Jun 1991 - 1996            Wallace E. Coffey (1st time)
1996 - Apr 1998            Keith Yackyonney                  (b. 1962 – d. 2014)
                             (continued in opposition to 1999)
Apr 1998 - Jun 1998        Carney Saupitty (acting)
Jun 1998 - Apr 1999        Jacquetta McClung (f) (acting)
Apr 1999 - 2003            Johnny C. Wauqua (1st time)       (b. 1945 - d. 2012)
2003 - 2009                Wallace E. Coffey (2nd time)
Jul 2009 - Apr 2011        Michael Burgess
2011 - Jun 2012            Johnny C. Wauqua (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jun 2012 - Feb 2016        Wallace E. Coffey (3rd time)
Feb 2016 - Oct 2016        Susan Cothren (f) (interim)
Oct 2016 -
Jun 2021        William Nelson
Jun 2021 - Jun 2024        Mark E. Woommavovah
Jun 2024 -                 Forrest Tahdooahnippah

Delaware Nation

[Delaware of
                          Western Oklahoma flag to 1999 (Oklahoma,
                          U.S.)]
Delaware of Western Oklahoma to 1999
[Delaware
                          Nation (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Flag of Delaware Nation

1825                       Group of Delaware absented from the Delaware reservation in
                             Missouri and traveled southwards to Texas (thus became known
                             as Absentee-Delaware).
1825 – 1839                Part of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (see under
                             Cherokee of Oklahoma).
1839 – 1842                Displaced from Texas to the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma.
1843                       Allied with the Republic of Texas.
1854 – 1859                Settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation in Texas.
1859                       Relocated to the Wichita Reservation in Oklahoma.
1862 – 1867                Rejoined in Kansas the main part of the Delaware.
1867                       Rejected the Delaware incorporation into the Cherokee Nation,
                             became a formally separate tribe, returned to Oklahoma,
                             settled on the Wichita Reservation.
1872 – c.1936              Component of the Wichita and Affiliated Bands (see under Wichita
                             and Affiliated Tribes), shared the Wichita Reservation with
                             Wichita and Caddo.
1895                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens).
 5 Jul 1958                Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
Nov 1999                   Name changed to Delaware Nation.
2004                       Gaming compact.
2008                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs of the Absentee-Delaware (traditional leaders from the 1930's)
bf.1872 - 1880             "Black Beaver"                    (b. 1806 - d. 1880)
bf.1891 - af.1893          Bull Wilson
189. - 1906                Bill Thomas                       (b. 1844 – d. 1906)
1906 - 14 Dec 1924         Jim Bobb                          (d. 1924)
1924 - Dec 1931            Jack Thomas                       (b. c.1856 - d. 1931)
193. - 1963                Willie Thomas

Chairmen
bf.1934 - af.1936          Jess Parton
19.. - 1947                Belo Ellis
                        (d. 1947)
1947 - 1955                Myrtle Holder (f)                 (b. 1905 - d. 1984)
Presidents

1955 - c.1957              Henry T. Chisholm                 (b. 1921 - d. 1995)
c.1963                     Arthur L. Thomas (1st time)
c.1967                     Lawrence Snake (1st time)         (b. 1919 - d. 1999)
c.1971                     Arthur L. Thomas (2nd time)
c.1972                     Lawrence Snake (2nd time)         (s.a.)
c.1978
                    Charles Keechi (1st time)
c.1979
- af.1980           Lawrence Snake (3rd time)         (s.a.)
c.1983                     Edgar L. French (1st time)        (b. 1934 - d. 2006)
c.1987                     Richard Snake                     (b. 1938 - d. 1999)
15 Sep 1990 - Jan 1994     Charles Keechi (2nd time)
Jan 1994 - Jul 2001        Lawrence Frank Snake              (b. 1955)
Jul 2001 - 2004            Bruce Gonzalez
2004 - 12 Nov 2006         Edgar L. French (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Dec 2006 - 21 Jun 2012     Kerry Holton (1st time)           (b. 1949)
21 Jun 2012 - 2014         Cleanan J. Watkins
2014 - Jul 2015            Clifford Peacock
Jul 2015 - Jul 2017        Kerry Holton (2nd time)           (s.a.) 
Jul 2017 -                 Deborah Dotson (f)



Delaware Tribe


[Delaware
              Tribe (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

1614 – c.1630              Allied with the Dutch.
1638 – 1655                Swedish ally.
1677 - 1755                Under the "Covenant Chain" with the Five (latter Six) Nations
                             of Iroquois (a dependent nation from 1711/12).
1682                       Also allied to the English (interrupted 1755-1761).
1747                       Majority relocated from Pennsylvania to Ohio.
1778                       Treaty with the U.S., the first U.S.-native treaty (discontinued
                             1780).
1789                       Group of Delaware arrived to Missouri (during the 1780's there
                             was also relocation by small groups to Ontario, Canada: modern
                             Delaware of the Grand River, Moravian of the Thames, Munsee-
                             Delaware).
1793                       Spanish land grant at Cap Girardeau, Missouri, jointly to Shawnee
                             and Delaware (ceded to the U.S. in 1825).
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Delaware Nation), majority relocated
                             from Ohio to the Miami country in eastern Indiana.
1807                       Small reservation in Ohio established (ceded to the U.S. in 1829).
1808                       Miami formally shared their country with Delaware.           
1818                       Exchanged for temporary reservation in Missouri (relocated in
                             1821).
1824 – 1869                Delaware (1837-1851 Fort Leavenworth) Indian Agency established
                             (closed 1851-1855).
1825                       Group of Delaware (latter Absentee-Delaware, modern Delaware
                             Nation) absented from the reservation in Missouri and traveled
                             southwards to Texas.
1829                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1830).
18 Dec 1862                Laws of Delaware Nation adopted (contain some constitutional
                             provisions).
1867                       Incorporated into the Cherokee Nation (relocated to Oklahoma in
                             1868), reservation ceded to the U.S. (by the treaty of 1866),
                             the incorporation was rejected by the Absentee-Delaware.
1974 – 1979                Listed as federally recognized tribe (Cherokee Delaware Tribe).
1996 – 2004                Again listed as federally recognized tribe (Delaware Tribe).
2009                       Recognition restored, and the incorporation reversed by agreement
                             with the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.
 
Grand chiefs (title Kitakima)
(chiefs' names seem to be Anglicized versions, except 1759-1776)
bf.1683 - af.1697          Tamenend
bf.1698 - af.1709          Owechela
c.1712                     Skalitchy
bf.1715 - 1747             Sasoonan                          (b. c.1670 - d. 1747)
c.1751                     Temakwe "The Beaver" -Speaker     (b. c.1705 - d. 1771)
1752 – 1759                Shingas                           (b. c.1700 - d. 1763)
1759 – 1765                Temakwe "The Beaver"              (s.a.)
1765 – 1776                Netewatewes "Newcomer"            (b. c.1678 - d. 1776)
1773 – 1776                Koquetakeghton "White             (b. c.1730 - d. 1778)
                             Eyes" -Speaker 
                             (representative of grand chief)
1776 – 1778                Gelelemend "Killbuck"             (b. c.1737 - d. 1811)
1778 – 1806                Tetepachksit                      (d. 1806)
1806 – 1831                William Anderson (Kikthawenund)   (b. c.1757 - d. 1831)
1831 – 1835                William Patterson (Memshaquaowha) (d. 1835)
1835 – 1848                Nakkomin                          (d. 1848)
1848 – 1857                Ketchum                           (b. c.1780 - d. 1857)
1857 – 1858                James Conner (not installed)      (b. 1817 - d. 1877)
                             (1st time)
1856 - 1872                John Conner                       (b. 1802 - d. 1872)
1872 - 1873                James Ketchum                     (b. 1818 - d. 1890)
1873 - 1877                James Conner (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1877 - 1894                Charles Journeycake               (b. 1817 - d. 1894)
Chairmen
1895 - 1921                George Bullette
1921                       John Young
1922 - 1951                Joseph A. Bartles                 (b. 1875 - d. 1956)
1951 - 28 Dec 1970         Horace L. McCracken               (d. 1970)
1971 - 1979                Bruce M. Townsend
1979 - 1982                Henry A. Secondine                (b. 1905 - d. 1983)
Chiefs
1982 – 1983                Henry A. Secondine                (s.a.)
1983 - 1994                Lewis B. Ketchum                  (b. 1935 - d. 1995)
1994 - 1998                Curtis Zunigha
1998 - 2002                Dee Ketchum
2002 – Oct 2005            Larry Joe Brooks
Oct 2005 – Nov 2010        Jerry L. Douglas
Nov 2010 – Nov 2014        Paula Pechonick (f)
Nov 2014 - 29 Aug 2021     Chester "Chet" L. Brooks          (b. 1943 - d. 2021)
Aug 2021 -                 Brad Kills Crow

Eastern Shawnee of Oklahoma

[Eastern Shawnee
                        Tribe of Oklahoma (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 1976

1817                       Shawnee of Lewistown granted one of the tracts of the Shawnee
                             reservation in western Ohio.
1831                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1832),
                             became a formally separate tribe.
1832 – 1867                Shared the reservation with Seneca of Sandusky (modern Seneca-
                             Cayuga), jointly known as United Seneca and Shawnee.
1861 - 1862                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862 – 1865 in
                             Kansas exile).
1867                       Renamed as Eastern Shawnee, entitled to acquire the U.S.
                             citizenship (by 1906, all were citizens).
1891                       Allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening
                             of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
22 Dec 1939                Eastern Shawnee Tribe, constitution adopted.
1996                       Self-governance agreement.
2002                       Gaming compact.

Chiefs
1817 – 1826                Quatawepea "John Lewis"           (b. c.1766 - d. 1826)
bf.1830 - af.1845          Methomea "Civil John"
18.. – 1852                John Jackson                      (b. 1799 - d. 1852)
bf.1861 - 1868             Lewis Davis                       (b. c.1810 - d. 1868)
bf.1870 - af.1872          William Jackson
187. – 1874                Thomas Captain                    (b. c.1850 - d. 1920)
1874 – 1876                James Choctaw
1876 – 1882                John Jackson, Jr.                 (b. 1842 - d. 1882)
1882 - af.1891             George Beaver                     (b. 1853 - d. 189.)
c.189.                     Thomas Stand
bf.1893 - af.1898          Andrew Dushane                    (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
1928 – 1940                Walter L. Bluejacket              (b. 1885 - d. 1941)
1940 – 1941                David Dushane                     (b. 1878 - d. 1954)
1941 - 1966                Thomas A. Captain                 (b. 1884 - d. 1980)
1966 - 1970                Julian B. Bluejacket              (b. 1910 - d. 1970)
1970 - 1974                Clyde Leroy Bluejacket            (b. 1903 - d. 1985)
1974 - 1978                James "Jim" Greenfeather          (b. 1920 - d. 1983)
1978 - 1996                George J. "Buck" Captain          (b. 1922 - d. 1997)
1996 - Oct 1997            Nelis "Sandy" Captain             (b. 1948 - d. 2000)
Oct 1997 - Sep 1998        Glen Brock              
1998 - Dec 2006            Charles D. Enyart 
 6 Dec 2006 -              Glenna J. Wallace (f)


Fort Sill Apache

[Fort Sill Apache
                (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

 1 Jul 1852                Treaty with the U.S. by the (Southern) Apache Nation.
1852 – 1877                Southern Apache Indian agency (1872 – 1876 there was separate
                             Chiricahua Indian agency in Arizona).
1860 – 1877                Several reservations established in New Mexico (1872 – 1876
                             also the Chiricahua Reservation in Arizona).
1876 – 1885                Settled on the San Carlos Reservation.
1886                       Displaced to Florida, then to Alabama and finally (in 1894)
                             to Oklahoma.
1913                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
c.1952                     Fort Sill Apache Tribe.
2005                       Gaming compact, self-governance agreement.
28 Nov 2011                Reservation in New Mexico re-established.

Head chiefs of Warm Springs Apache (originally in New Mexico)
bf.1821 - 1863             Mangas Coloradas (to c.1840 Fuerte)(b. c.1790 – d. 1863)
                            (from 1832, titled as general; c.1840 – 1861
                             overall leader of Southern Apache; from 1851, titled
                             himself as head chief of all the Apaches)
bf.1846 - 1857             Cuchillo Negro                     (b. c.1816 - d. 1857)
                            (deputy of Mangas Coloradas, but occasionally referred
                             to as head chief)
1863 – 1864                Delgadito                          (d. 1864)
1864 – 1905                Loco                               (b. c.1823 – d. 1905)
1864 – 1880                Victorio                           (b. c.1825 – d. 1880)
                            (deputy of Loco, but referred to as head chief)
Head chiefs of Chiricahua Apache (originally in Arizona)
bf.1821 - 1842             Pisago Cabezon                     (b. c.1770 – d. 1846)
                            (1831 – c.1840 overall leader of Southern Apache;
                             from 1832, titled as general)

1842 – 1851                Yrigollen                          (d. 1851)
1851 – 1856                Miguel Narbona                     (d. 1856)
1856 – 1858                Esquinaline                        (b. c.1800 – d. 186.)
1858 – 1874                Cochise                            (b. c.1815 – d. 1874)
                             (from 1861, overall leader of Southern Apache)
1874 – 1876                Taza                               (b. 1842 – d. 1876)
1876 – 1913                Naiche                             (b. 1856 – d. 1919)
                             (from 1900, Christian Naiche)
Chairmen

1930's - 1940's            John Loco (de facto leader)        (b. 1876 - d. 1945)
bf.1950 – 1974             Benedict Jozhe                     (b. 1908 – d. 2005)

1974 – 1976                Talbert A. Gooday

1976 - 1995                Mildred I. Cleghorn (f)            (b. 1910 - d. 1997)
1995 - 30 Sep 2002         Ruey Haozous-Darrow (f)            (b. 1926 - d. 2002)
Oct 2002 - 2019            Jeffrey "Jeff" Houser
                             (from 2012, Jeffrey Haozous)
2019 - 2024                Lori Gooday-Ware (f)
2024 -                     Jennifer Heminokeky (f)


Iowa of Oklahoma

[Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma
                (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

1878                       Part of Iowa tribe (see Iowa of Kansas and Nebraska) relocated from
                             Kansas to Oklahoma, settled on the Sac and Fox reservation.
1883                       Iowa Reservation set aside, recognized as separate tribe.
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were 
                            citizens), the reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
22 Sep 1937                Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
1997                       Gaming compact.

Head chiefs (formerly the Summer chiefs of Iowa)
1882 - af.1891             William Tohee                      (b. c.1847 - d. 189.)
189. - 1930                Charles Tohee                      (b. 1865 - d. 1930)
Chairmen
1930 - 193.                ....
bf.1935 - af.1937          Robert Small
bf.1938 - af.1939          Jack Lincoln
1941 - af.1967             Solomon N. Kent (1st time)         (b. 1898 - d. 1994)
bf.1970 - af.1972          Elsie Ross Sine (f)
197. - 1974                Solomon N. Kent (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Sep 1974 - 197.            Lawrence P. Murray (1st time)      (b. 1927 – d. 2006)
bf.1976 - af.1977          Charles Morris
c.1979 - af.1980           Lawrence P. Murray (2nd time)      (s.a.)
bf.1983 - c.1984           Wallace C. Murray (1st time)       (b. 1923 - d. 2001)
bf.1985 - af.1989          Lawrence P. Murray (3rd time)      (s.a.)
1991 - 199.                Howard L. Springer                 (b. 1924 - d. 2001)
199. - Jul 1995            Wallace C. Murray (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jul 1995 - Jul 2003        Lawrence P. Murray (4th time)      (s.a.)
Jul 2003 - Jul 2005        Phoebe O'Dell (f)                  (b. 1933 - d. 2006)
Jul 2005 - Jul 2007        Emily Bernadette Huber (f)
Jul 2007 - 17 Jul 2009     Christie L. Modlin (f)
17 Jul 2009 - Jul 2013     Janice Rowe-Kurak (f)
Jul 2013 - Jul 2015        Gary Pratt
15 Jul 2015 - 2018         Bobby Walkup
2018 - Jun 2022            Edgar B. Kent
Jun 2022 – Jun 2023        Perri Ahhaitty
Jul 2023 -                 Jacob Keyes



Kaw Nation

[Kaw Nation (Oklahoma,
              U.S.)]

1815                       Under the U.S. protection (Kansa Tribe), by then governed by
                             council of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Left-Side
                             /Sky (Yata)
chief formally sharing with the Right-Side/Earth
                             chief, but a
single head chief was eventually recognized by the
                             U.S.

1825                       Kansa Reservation established.
1851 - 1912                Kansas (from 1904, Kaw) Indian Agency established (closed 1874-
                             1904).

1872                       Reservation in Kansas exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma
                             (relocated in 1873). 
1883 - 1902                Kaw Nation, the tribe governed by constitution.
1902                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens), the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without
                             formal opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
23 Jul 1959                Kaw Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
31 Jul 1990                Renamed Kaw Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal names from 1996).
1995                       Self-governance agreement.
2001                       Gaming compact.
 
Head chiefs (Anglicized names in parentheses) (the Side affiliation unknown)
bf.1821 - 1838             Nonpewaye "White Plume"            (b. 1765 - d. 1838)
1838 - 1845                Gahige Wadayinga "Fool Chief I"    (d. 1845)
1845 - c.1860              Gahige Wachexe "Hard Chief"        (d. c.1860)
c.1860 - 1865              "Speckled Eye" (Ish-tah-lesh-yeh)  (d. 1865)
1865 - 1867                Gahige Wadayinga "Fool Chief II"
1867 - 1875                Alink’awaho (Allegawaho)           (b. c.1820 - d. c.1897)
1875 - 1883                Wazhanga "The Bird" (Washungah)    (b. c.1837 - d. 1908)
Principal chiefs
1883 - Mar 1885            Kebothliku
Mar 1885 - 1908            Wazhanga                (s.a.)
c.1916                     Tribal Council [7 elected councilors]
Chiefs           
Nov 1922 - 1934            Lucy Tayiah-Eads "Little Dear" (f) (b. 1888 - d. 1961)
1934 - 1935                Ernest E. Thompson
c.1939                     Joe Cross
c.1950                     Tribal Council [elected]
Chairmen
1958 - 1975                Tom W. Dennison
1975 - af.1981             Jesse Mehojah                      (b. 1913 - d. 1995)
1982 - af.1984             Maurice M. Chouteau
1986 - 1990                William A. Mehojah                 (b. 1917 - d. 2000)
1990 - 2002                Wanda Stone (f)
2002 - 2014                Guy G. Munroe
2014 - Jul 2016            Elaine Huch (f)
Jul 2016 - May 2018        Jacque Hensley (f)
May 2018 - Sep 2022        Lynn Williams-Dunson (f)
Sep 2022 -                 Kimberly Jenkins (f)


Kialegee Tribal Town

[Kialegee Tribal Town (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

1941                        A constituent town of the Creek Nation (present Muscogee)
                              recognized by U.S. as tribe by its own (Kialegee Tribal Town).
1974/78 - 1998              Kialegee Tribal Town of Creek Indians, from 1982 Kialegee
                              Tribal Town of the Creek Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal
                              names).


Kings (title in Muskogee: Mekko; female rulers also styled King)
c.1941                      Albert Coachman (chairman)
c.1942                      Daniel Scott
c.1983 (16 yrs.)            James Wesley                      (b. 1924 - d. 1999)
c.1989 - c.1992             Johnny Billy
1992 - 1995                 Tony Martin                       (b. 1953)
1995 - 1999                 June Fixico (f)
1999 – 2001                 Mary Givens (f)
2001 - 2005                 Lowell Wesley
2003 – 2005                 Evelyn Bucktrot (f)
2005 – 2007                 Gary Bucktrot
2007 – Jun 2009             Jennie Lillard (f)
Jun 2009 – Jun 2013         Tiger Hobia
Jun 2013 - 2019             Jeremiah Hobia
2019 - 2023                 Brian Givens
2023 -                      Stephanie Yahola (f)


Kickapoo of Oklahoma


[Kickapoo of Oklahoma
              (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

1763                       Part of Kickapoo moved from Illinois (see Kickapoo in Kansas) to
                             Missouri, by 1775 reached Texas.
1825 – 1839                Part of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (see under Cherokee
                             of Oklahoma).
1839                       Displaced from Texas to the Creek Nation in Oklahoma or to Mexico
                            (Mexican land grant in 1852 at El Nacimiento in state of
                             Coahuila).
1864                       Formerly Creek-allied Kickapoo (from 1862 in exile in Kansas)
                             relocated to Mexico.
1873                       Part of Kickapoo returned by the U.S. troops from Mexico to the
                             Creek Nation.
1874                       Reservation set aside in Oklahoma, tribe referred to as the Mexican
                             Kickapoo.
1895                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens), the reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1899 – 1901                Mexican Kickapoo Indian Agency established.
1937                       Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
1997                       Self-governance agreement.
2006                       Gaming compact.

Principal chiefs
bf.1832 - af.1864          Pacana "Pecan"

1873 - 1884                Thahpequah                         (d. 1884)
c.1891                     Ockquanocasey
c.1994                     Wahnahkethahah
1901 - 1908                Wahpecatqua
Chairmen
bf.1929 – 19..             ....
19.. – 1937                George Kishketon
1937 - c.1938              Francis Allen (1st time)
c.1939                     Francis Adams
c.1950 - c.1952            Francis Allen (2nd time)
bf.1967 - af.1972          James Wahpepah (1st time)
c.1979 - c.1982            Herbert White
bf.1983 - af.1985          James Wahpepah (2nd time)
c.1989 - 1991              John Kaskaske
1991 - 1993                Ricardo Salazar
1993 - 1999                Kendall Scott

1999 – 2001                Thomas Garza
2001 - 2003                Danny Kaskaske (1st time)
2003                       Tony Salazar (1st time)
2003 - 2004                Patrick Suke (acting)
2004 - Jul 2006            Tony Salazar (2nd time)
Jul 2006 - 2009            Marlon Frye
2009 - May 2010            Marilyn Winsea (f)
2010 - 2015                Gilbert Salazar
Jun 2015 - Jun 2021        David Pacheco
Jun 2021 -                 Darwin Kaskaske


Kiowa of Oklahoma

[Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma
              (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

1806                       Allied with the Comanche (see there), by then included Kiowa-
                             Apache (modern  Apache of Oklahoma) as one of 6 Kiowa divisions.
1837                       Friendship treaty with the U.S.
1853                       Under the U.S. protection.
1864 - 1948                Kiowa Indian Agency established.
1865 - 1867                Comanche-Kiowa Reservation established in Texas and Oklahoma
                             (in 1865 Apache recognized as separate tribe).
1867                       Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation established in Oklahoma, equally
                             shared by the three tribes.
1899 – Jan 1963            Kiowa, Comanche and Apache Tribes, remaining individual tribes,
                             governed by joint Business Committee.
1900                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens).
1901                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1932                       Constitution of the joint Business Committee adopted.
1970                       Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
2006                       Gaming compact.


Principal chiefs of Kiowa (title of Kiowa chief: K’ataik’i)
18.. - 1833                Autaute "The Island"
1833 - 1866                Tohausan "Little Bluff"           (b. c.1790 - d. 1866)
1866 - 1874                Kuipagaui "Lone Wolf I"           (b. c.1820 - d. 1879)
1874 - 1875                T’eneaungepte "Kicking Bird”      (b. c.1835 - d. 1875)
1875 - 1883                Tribal Council
                            [as of 1878, 33 band leaders]
1883 - 1901                Kuipagaui "Lone Wolf II"          (b. c.1855 - d. 1923)
1901 - af.1915             Apitau "Wooden Lance"             (b. 1856 - d. 1931)
Chairmen of Kiowa, Comanche and Apache (tribal affiliation in parentheses)
1899 - 19..                ....
bf.1928 - 1931             Ned E. Brace (Kiowa)
1931 - af.1934             Jasper Saunkeah (Kiowa) (1st time)(b. 1888 - d. 1962)
c.1936                     Delos K. Lone Wolf (Kiowa)        (b. 1870 - d. 1945)
c.1942                     William Karty (Comanche)
c.1944                     Guy Quetone (Kiowa)               (b. c.1885 - d. 19..)
c.1948                     Lee Motah (Comanche)              (b. 1911 -  d. 1981)
c.1950                     Jasper Saunkeah (Kiowa) (2nd time)(s.a.)
c.1954                     Robert Goombi (Kiowa) (1st time)  (b. 1908 - d. 1963)
c.1957                     Philemon Berry (Apache)
c.1959                     Robert Goombi (Kiowa) (2nd time)  (s.a.)
19.. - 1963                ....
Chairmen of Kiowa
1963 - 196.                ....
bf.1967 - af.1968          Vincent H. Bointy                 (b. 1925 - d. 2003)
1969 - 1972                Gus Palmer                        (b. 1916 - d. 2006)
1972 - 1976                Robert "Bob" Gene Cannon
1976 - 1978                Presley Ware
1978 - 1982                Jacob Ahtone                      (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
1982 - 1986                Billy Evans Horse (1st time)      (b. 1934 - d. 2014)
1986 - 1988                Glen Hamilton
Jun 1988 - Oct 1988        Herschel "Ace" Sahmaunt (1st time)(b. 1933)
1988 - 1992                Joseph "J.T." Goombi              (b. 1937)
Jun 1992 - 1994            Herschel "Ace" Sahmaunt (2nd time)(s.a.)
1994 - 1998                Billy Evans Horse (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1998 - Jun 2000            Earl Yeahquo
Jun 2000 - Jun 2002        Billy Evans Horse (3rd time)      (s.a.)
Jun 2002 - Jun 2004        Clifford McKenzie
Jun 2004 - Jun 2008        Billy Evans Horse (4th time)      (s.a.)
Jun 2008 - Jun 2010        Donald G. Tofpi                   (b. 1943)
Jun 2010 - Jul 2011        Ronald "Dawes" Twohatchet
Jul 2011 - Sep 2016        Amber C. Toppah (f) (acting)
                             (from 2014 not recognized by U.S.)
Sep 2016 - Jun 2022        Matthew M. Komalty
                             (in opposition from Dec 2013)

Jun 2022 –                 Lawrence SpottedBird

Miami Tribe of Oklahoma

[Miami Tribe of
                          Oklahoma former flag (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Miami Tribe of
                          Oklahoma (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Current Flag

1682 - 1760                French ally.
1760 - 1795                Allied with the British (by then consisted of 4 sub-tribes:
                             Miami [proper], Eel River, Wea, Piankeshaw).
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (interrupted by the British alliance
                             1812-1814).
1802 - 1835                Fort Wayne (from 1828, Indiana) Indian Agency established.
1805 - 1846                Miami Nation, the sub-tribes formally a single entity.
1808 - 1818                Shared their country with Delaware (see Delaware Tribe).
1818                       Reservation established in central Indiana, the Wea and Piankeshaw
                             became a separate tribe (resided to 1820 in Indiana, 1820-1832
                             in Missouri, from 1832 in Kansas; in 1854 merged into
                             Confederated Peoria Tribes [see Peoria]).
1840                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated in 1846), except
                             the Meshingomesia band (later known as Eastern Miami), allowed
                             to keep their tract in Indiana as reservation (dissolved in 1872,
                             federal recognition withdrawn in 1897).
1867                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1873 to share
                             the reservation with Confederated Peoria Tribes [see Peoria];
                             sale of reservation in Kansas completed by 1882).
1893                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
16 Aug 1939                Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
1995                       Gaming compact.
2002                       Self-governance agreement.

Principal chiefs (title: Kihci-Akima)
(native spellings, if known, in parentheses)
c.1671                     Tetinchoua
bf.1733 - 1752             "Cold Foot"                        (d. 1752)
bf.1764 - 1815             Pacanne "The Nut"                  (b. 1737 - d. 1815)
                             (
in exile in Missouri 1788 - 1803)
1788 - 1795                "The (Little) Gray" (acting)       (d. 1795)
1795 - 1803                Jean-Baptiste Richardville         (b. 1761 - d. 1841)
                             (Pinshiwa)(1st time)(acting)
1815 - 1841                Jean-Baptiste Richardville         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1841 - 1846                Francis LaFontaine (Toopia)        (b. 1810 - d. 1847)
1846 - 1848                Ozandiah "The Owl" (Oonseentia)    (d. 1848)
1848 - 1857                "Big Legs"
(Neewilenkwanka)        (b. c.1800 - d. 1858)
1857 - 1860                John Ozandiah
1860 - 1866                Nopshingah (Naapihshanka)
1866 - 1867                John B. Big Leg
(Awansaapia)       (d. 1867)
1867 - 1869                Peter Lafalier                     (d. 1884)
1869 - 1871                John B. Roubidoux (Eencipoonkwia)  (b. 1828 - d. 1879)
c.1874                     Thomas Miller (1st time)           (b. 1834 - d. 1886)
187. - 1878                David Geboe (1st time)             (b. 1830 - d. 1899)
1878 - 1886                Thomas Miller (2nd time)           (s.a.) 
1886 - 1888                David Geboe (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1888 - 1890                Charles S. Welch                   (b. 1853 - d. 1897)
Chiefs of Eastern Miami (in Indiana; not recognized by the U.S. from 1897)
1846 - 1879                Meshingomesia (Mihshiinkweemisha)  (b. 1781 - d. 1879)
1879 - 1916                William Peconga                    (b. 1846 - d. 1916)
Chiefs
1890 - 1910                Thomas F. Richardville             (b. 1847 - d. 1912)
1910 - 1963                Harley T. Palmer                   (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
Sep 1963 -  4 Aug 1974     Forest D. Olds                     (b. 1911 - d. 1974)
1974 - 1982                Floyd E. Leonard (1st time)        (b. 1925 - d. 2008)
1982 - af.1984             Lewis I. Moore
c.1988                     Edward Leonard
1989                       Judy C. Davis (f)
1989 -  7 Mar 2008         Floyd E. Leonard (2nd time)        (s.a.)
2008 - Jun 2013            Thomas E. Gamble                   (b. 1950)
Jun 2013 -                 Douglas Lankford


Modoc Nation

[Modoc Nation
                          (Oklahoma, U.S.)] Adopted 1978

Nov 1873                   Displaced from Oregon to Oklahoma (formerly a part of Klamath).
23 Jun 1874                Reservation set aside.
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
13 Aug 1954 – 15 May 1978  Tribe terminated by the U.S.
15 May 1978                Modoc Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, federal recognition restored.
1995                       Gaming compact.
1999                       Self-governance agreement.
2019                       Renamed Modoc Nation.

Chiefs
1870 – 1873                Kintpuash "Captain Jack"           (b. c.1837 – d. 1873)
1873 – 1874                Scarface Charley (1st time)        (b. c.1851 – d. 1896)
1874 – 1880                Bogus Charley                      (d. 1880)
bf.1890 - 1896             Scarface Charley (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1896 - af.1902             Benjamin Lawvor                    (b. c.1850 – d. 1915)
bf.1907 – 1954             General Council
1954 – c.1961              abolished
Chairmen
c.1961 – af.1967           Bert Hayman
bf.1972- 1973              Vernon Walker
1973 – 1978                Bill G. Follis                     (b. 1933 - d. 2022)
Chiefs
1978 - 14 Oct 2022         Bill G. Follis                     (s.a.)
2022 -                     Robert Burkybile                   (b. 1986?)
2022 –                     Kirk Miller (in opposition)



Muscogee (Creek) Nation 

[Muscogee
                            reported pro-Confederate flag 1861-1865
                            (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Reported Pro-Confederate Flag 1861-65?
[Muscogee (Creek) Nation (Oklahoma,
                            U.S.)]
Adopted 1970's

c.1000                     First towns founded by the latter Muscogee (Creek).
1540                       Recorded (as Coosa; this is name of one of four Muscogee "mother"
                             towns) for the first time by the Spanish.
c.1690 - 1783              Muscogee (named as the Creek by the British), by then organized
                             into two divisions: Upper Towns (in the north-west) and Lower
                             Towns (in the south-east), in alliance with the British.
1715 - 1733                Alliance with the British disrupted (Upper Towns after 1717 allied
                             with the French), formally renewed in 1733 by the Lower Towns,
                             in 1757 by the Upper Towns.
1783                       First attempt to establish overall leadership (next attempts in
                             1796 and 1811), the Seminole of Florida cease to participate in
                             the Muscogee affairs.
1784 - 1795                Alliance with the Spanish (the Lower Towns mostly not involved).
1785                       Under U.S. protection (Creek Nation), originally only the Lower
                             Towns (the Upper Towns begun to join in 1790).
1792 - 1948                Creek (Union 1874-1914; from 1914 Five Civilized Tribes) Indian
                             Agency established.
1813 - 1814                Majority of the Upper Towns (called "Red Sticks") in rebellion
                             against the U.S., allied with the British.
Feb 1828                   Part of the Lower Towns (known as the Western Creek versus east-
                             remaining Eastern Creek) moved to Oklahoma under the Treaty of
                             24 Jan 1826 (Creek in the West Indian Agency established there
                             1826 - 1834).
24 Mar 1832                All Creek country in the east ceded to the U.S. (on 14 Feb 1833
                             the Creek Reservation in Oklahoma formally patented).
1836                       Majority moved from Alabama to Oklahoma, some avoid the removal
                             (latter the Poarch Band of Creek).
1839 - 1856                Seminole (moved from Florida) settled within the Creek Nation
                             (from Jun 1839, nominally a constituent part of the Creek Nation;
                             on 7 Aug 1856 independence restored to the Seminole by treaty).
1840                       First constitution (Code of Laws) adopted, the nation to Dec 1867
                             is governed by the principal chiefs of two districts, the chiefs
                             of Lower Towns (Arkansas District) having precedence.
10 Jul 1861 - May 1865     Treaty of alliance (by Lower Towns and minority of Upper Towns)
                             with the Confederate States of America; the pro-U.S. Creeks go
                             into Kansas exile.
14 Jun 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
12 Oct 1867                Muskogee Nation, the constitution adopted (until 1979
                             formally remains a confederation of 46 towns).
Jun 1898 - 1906            Gradual opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement
                             (by 3 Mar 1901 all the tribal citizens were granted the U.S.
                             citizenship).
24 Apr 1906                End of national self-government (Creek Nation), the principal
                             chiefs to be appointed by the U.S. president.
Aug 1971                   Restoration of tribal self-government (Creek Nation of Oklahoma).
 6 Oct 1979                Muscogee (Creek) Nation (until 1993 listed by the U.S. under
                             the previous name), the constitution adopted.
2003                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
2005                       Gaming compact with the state.

Speakers of the Lower Towns
bf.1715 – 1733             Brims                              (d. 1733)
bf.1735 - 1746             Chigili                            (d. af.1752)
1746 – 1756                Malatchi                           (b. c.1710 – d. 1756)
1756 – 1763                Togulki (nominal)                  (b. c.1740 – d. 17..)
bf.1765 - af.1774          Tallachea
bf.1783 - af.1786          Neha Mekko "Fat King"
Speakers of the Upper Towns
bf.1726 - af.1738          Hobohatchey
1746 – 1756                .... "Gun Merchant"                (d. af.1773)
1756 – 1765                Yvhv Mekko "Wolf King"
1765 – 1774                Yvhv Tvstvnvke "Wolf Warrior"      (d. 1774)
                             ("Mortar")
1774 – 1782                Emistisiguo "Big Fellow"           (b. c.1718 – d. 1782)
Great Beloved Man of the Nation (title: Este Acakvlke Rakki)
[first attempt of overall leadership]

1783 – 1793                Alexander McGillivray              (b. c.1750 – d. 1793)
                             (Hopue Hele Yvholv) 
Speaker of the Lower Towns
bf.1790 - af.1799          Fus Hvce Mekko "Bird Tail King"
Speaker of the Upper Towns
1783 – af.1796             Hopore Mekko "Tame King"           (b. 17.. - d. 1813)
                             (recognized by part of the Upper Towns to at least 1810)
                             (1st time)
Principal chiefs of the Nation (title: Mekko Cvpke)[second attempt of overall leadership]
1796 – 1802                Efv Haco "Mad Dog"                 (b. c.1715 – d. 1812)
1802 – 1806                Hopvye Mekko "Far Off King"        (d. 1806)
Speakers of the Lower Towns
c.1802                     Kvwetv Mekko
                             (known only by title meaning 'the chief of Coweta town')
bf.1807 - 1814             Tvstvnvke Hopvye "Little Prince"   (b. c.1760 – d. 1829)
Speakers of the Upper Towns
bf.1802 - 1814             Tvstvnvke Rakki "Big Warrior"      (b. c.1760 – d. 1825)
1813                       Hopore Mekko "Tame King"           (s.a.)
                             (in rebellion; of the "Red Sticks")
                             (2nd time)
Speaker of the National Council (title: Ohliketv)[third attempt of overall leadership]
1811 – 1813                Tvstvnvke Rakki "Big Warrior"      (s.a.)
Principal chiefs of the Lower Towns
1814 – 1829                Tvstvnvke Hopvye "Little Prince"   (s.a.)
1830 – 1836                Neha Mekko "Fat King"              (b. c.1780 – d. 1836)
Principal chiefs of the Upper Towns (titular position from 1827/28)
1814 – 1825                Tvstvnvke Rakki "Big Warrior"      (s.a.)
1825 – 1827                Taskeneha Rakki "Big Fellow"       (b. 1787 – d. 18..)
                             (1st time)
1827 – 1828                Neha Rakki Hopvye "Little Doctor"
                             (1st time)
1828 – 1830                Taskeneha Rakki "Big Fellow"       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1830 – 1831                Neha Rakki Hopvye "Little Doctor"
                             (2nd time)
1831 – 1836                Taskeneha Rakki "Big Fellow"       (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
Principal chief of the Western Creek
(in Oklahoma)
1828 – 1836                Roderick "Roley" McIntosh          (b. 1783 - d. 1863)
Principal chiefs of the Lower Towns (from 1840, Arkansas District)
1836 - 1837                Henehv Mekko
                             (Anglicized: Heneha Micco)
1837 - 1859                Roderick "Roley" McIntosh          (s.a.)
1859 - 1863                Motey Canard                       (b. c.1790 - d. 1865)
1863 - Dec 1867            Samuel Checote                     (b. 1819 - d. 1884)
                             (in exile in Choctaw county 1863 – Sep 1865)
Principal chiefs of the Upper Towns (from 1840, Canadian District)
1836 - af.1838             Neha Rakki Hopvye "Little Doctor"
                             (Anglicized: Nehathlucco Hopoie)
                             (3rd time)
c.1845                     Tvm Emarv Mekko
                             (Anglicized: Tamarthla Micco)
bf.1854 - 1859             Tokepahce Mekko (1st time)         (d. 1865)
                             (Anglicized: Tuckabatchee Micco)                        
                             (known only by title meaning 'the chief of Tuckabatchee town')
1859 - 1863                Eco Haco "Crazy Deer"
                             (Anglicized: Echo Harjo)
 5 Aug 1861 - Dec 1867     Oktahvsas Haco "Sands"             (d. 1872)
                             (Anglicized: Oktarharsars Harjo)
                             (pro-U.S. chief; in Kansas exile Nov 1861 - Feb 1865)
1861 - 27 Mar 1863         Hopuere Yvholv                     (b. c.1798 - d. 1863)
                             (Anglicized: Opothle Yahola)
                             (often acting for "Sands"; from Dec 1861 in Kansas exile)
1863 - 1865                Tokepahce Mekko (2nd time)         (s.a.)
                             (in exile in Choctaw county 1863 – Sep 1865)
Principal chiefs

Dec 1867 - Dec 1875        Samuel Checote (1st time)          (s.a.)               CP
Oct 1871                   Kaccv Ce "Little Tiger"            (d. 1871)            LP
                             (Anglicized: Cotchoche)
                             (in opposition, briefly occupying the capital)
Dec 1875 -  5 Dec 1876     Lucv Haco                          (d. 1879)            LP
                             (Anglicized: Lochar Harjo)    
 5 Dec 1876 -  6 Dec 1879  Ward Coachman                      (b. 1823 - d. 1884)  MP
 6 Dec 1879 -  5 Dec 1883  Samuel Checote (2nd time)          (s.a.)               NP
Jul 1882 – Dec 1882        Espahehcv (Anglicized: Isparhecher)(b. 1828 - d. 1902)  LP
                             (1st time)(in opposition)
 5 Dec 1883 –  5 Dec 1887  Joseph Moses Perryman              (b. 1833 - d. 1896)  MP
Dec 1883                   Espahehcv (2nd time)               (s.a.)               LP
                             (in opposition; briefly in control of the capital,
                             resigned Feb 1884)
 5 Dec 1887 - 25 Nov 1895  Legus C. Perryman                  (b. 1838 - d. 1922)  NP
Jul 1895 -  5 Dec 1895     Hotvlke Emarv "Edward Bullet"      (b. c.1835 – d. ....)NP
                             (Anglicized: Hotulke Emarthla)
                             (acting [for Perryman to 25 Nov 1895])
 5 Dec 1895 - Dec 1899     Espahehcv (3rd time)               (s.a.)               NP
Dec 1899 –  3 Sep 1907     Pleasant Porter                    (b. 1840 - d. 1907)  NP to 1906
Sep 1907 - 1917            Moty Tiger                         (b. 1840 - d. 1921)
Nov 1917 -  2 Dec 1920     George Washington Grayson          (b. 1843 - d. 1920)
                             "Wolf Warrior"
Feb 1921 - 1923            Washington Grayson                 (b. 1883 - d. 19..)
Jun 1923 - 1928            George W. Hill                     (d. 1928)
1928 – Jan 1935            Vacant [except so-called 'one-day chiefs' in 1930 & 1931]
1930  (1 day)              Henry Harjo                        (b. 1862 - d. 1932)
May 1931  (1 day)          Peter R. Ewing                     (b. 1860 – d. 1932)
Jan 1935 – Jan 1939        Roley E. Canard (1st time)         (b. 1885 – d. 1950)
Jan 1939 – Jan 1943        Alex Noon                          (b. 1900 – d. 1967)
Jan 1943 – Oct 1950        Roley E. Canard (2nd time)         (s.a.)
Jan 1951 – Jun 1955        John F. Davis
Aug 1955 - 1957            Roley Buck
Oct 1957 - 1961            Turner Bear                        (b. 1904 - d. 1972)
Oct 1961 - 1971            Waldo E. "Dode" McIntosh           (b. 1891 - d. 1992) 
1971 – Jan 1992            Claude A. Cox                      (b. 1913 - d. 1997)
Jan 1992 – Jan 1996        Bill Sunday Fife 
Jan 1996 – Jan 2004        R. Perry Beaver                    (b. 1938 - d. 2014)
Jan 2004 – 7 Jan 2012      A.D. Ellis
 7 Jan 2012 – Jan 2016     George Philip Tiger                (b. 1950)
Jan 2016 - Jan 2020        James R. Floyd
Jan 2020 -                 David Hill

British Commissaries to the Lower Creeks
1765 – 1771                Roderick McIntosh
1772 – 1783                William McIntosh
British Commissaries to the Upper Creeks
1765 – 17..                John W. Struthers
1772 – 1780                David Taitt                        (b. c.1740 – d. 1834)
1780 – 1783                Alexander McGillivray              (s.a.)
Spanish Commissaries to the Creeks
1784 – 1791                Alexander McGillivray              (s.a.)
1791 – 1795                Pierre Olivier                     (b. c.1754 – d. 1805)
                            (resided in the Upper Towns)
U.S. Creek Indian Agents (from 1826, only for the Eastern Creek)

Jan 1792 - 1796            James Seagrove                     (b. 1747 – d. 1812)
                            (resided in the Lower Towns)
Jun 1796 - Jun 1816        Benjamin Hawkins                   (b. 1754 – d. 1816)
1814                       George Woodbine                    (d. 1833)
                            (British Agent to the Creeks, in Apalachicola, Florida)
1816 - 1821                David Brady Mitchell               (b. 1766 – d. 1837)
1821 – 1833                John Crowell                       (b. 1780 – d. 1846)
U.S. Creek in the West Indian Agents
1826 - 1830                David Brearley                     (b. 1786 – d. 1837)
1830 - 1834                John Campbell  
Creek Indian Agents
1834 – 1836                Leonard Tarrant                    (b. 1785 – d. 1862)
29 Aug 1836 -  8 Mar 1837  Francis Audrain
 8 Mar 1837 - 23 Feb 1838  John W.A. Sandford
23 Feb 1838 - 16 May 1842  James Logan (1st time)             (b. 1791 – d. 1859)
16 May 1842 -  8 Jun 1844  James L. Dawson 
 8 Jun 1844 -  5 Apr 1849  James Logan (2nd time)             (s.a.)
 5 Apr 1849 – 18 Apr 1854  Philip H. Raiford
18 Apr 1853 - Jul 1861     William H. Garrett                 (d. 1863)
                             (for the Confederate States Jul 1861 - 1863)
Apr 1861 - Jul 1861        William Quesenbury
                             (did not take the office)
16 Jul 1861 - 1865         George A. Cutler                   (b. 1832 – d. af.1907)
                             (in Kansas exile)
May 1863 - 1865            Israel G. Vore                     (b. 1824 - d. 1877)
                             (for the Confederate States)
 9 Jun 1865 - 1869         James W. Dunn (acting to May 1866)
15 Jul 1869 - 1871         F.A. Field
23 Jan 1871 - Apr 1873     Francis S. Lyons
 9 Apr 1873 - 1874         Edward S. Roberts (acting) 
Union Agency Agents (in Muskogee, Oklahoma)
1874                       John Buttrick Jones (acting)       (b. 1824 - d. 1876)
1874 - 1876                George W. Ingalls                  (b. 1838 - d. 1920)
1876                       John J. Upham                      (b. 1837 - d. 1898)
1876 - 1879                Sylvester W. Marston               (b. 1826 – d. 1887)
1879 - 1885                John Q. Tufts                      (b. 1840 – d. 1902)
1885 - 1889                Robert Latham Owen                 (b. 1856 - d. 1947)
1889 - 1893                Leo E. Bennet                      (b. 1857 - d. 1917)
1893 - 1899                Dew Moore Wisdom                   (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
1899 - 1905                J. Blair Shoenfelt                 (b. 1859 - d. 1905)
1905 - 1914                Dana H. Kelsey                     (b. 1875 – d. 1954)
Five Civilized Tribes Superintendents
1914 – 1921                Gabe E. Parker                     (b. 1878 – d. 1952)
1921 – 1923                Victor M. Locke                    (b. 1876 - d. 1929)
1923 – 1926                Shade E. Wallen                    (b. 1876 – d. 1951)
1926                       H.H. Fiske (special inspector)
1926 – 1929                Charles L. Ellis
1929 – 1931                Albert G. McMillan (acting)
1931 – 1947                Adrian M. Landman                  (b. 1879 - d. 1958)
1947 – 1949                William O. Roberts

Party abbreviations (to 1906): CP = Constitutional Party (informal, former Southerners, c.1867-1877, becomes NP); LP = Loyal Party (informal, former Northerners, c.1867-1883; afterwards as traditionalist); MP = Muskogee Party (progressive, 1876-1891, succeeded by Union Party); NP = National Party (conservative, former CP, to 1883 also known as "Pin" Party, 1877 – 1906)



Osage Nation

[Osage Nation (Oklahoma,
              U.S.)]

1804                       Osage (Upper Louisiana to 1807, 1871-1874 Neosho) Indian Agency
                             established (closed 1812-1821, 1834-1847).
1808                       Under the U.S. protection (Great and Little Osage Nation), by then
                             governed by council of chiefs ("Little Old Men"), including two
                             principal chiefs, the Sky/Peace (Tsi’zhu) chief formally sharing
                             with the Earth/Warrior (Hunka) chief, but a single head chief
                             was eventually recognized by the U.S.
1825                       Reservation established in Kansas, the tribe relocated from
                             Missouri.
31 Aug 1861                Osage Nation, the first constitution adopted.
Oct 1861 – 1862            Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862-1865 the pro-
                             Confederate minority in exile in the Creek Nation).
1870                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1872).
31 Dec 1881                Second constitution adopted (suspended in 1900).
28 Jun 1906                Osage Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, entitled to become the U.S.
                             citizens (completed by 1921), the allotment led to Indians
                             becoming minority without formal opening of the reservation to
                             non-Indian settlement, the subsurface rights ("mineral estate")
                             retained by the entire tribe.
1994                       Renamed Osage Nation.
2005                       Gaming compact.
2016                       Self-governance agreement.
 
Head chiefs (all the Sky/Peace chiefs, affiliation of "Black Dog" unknown)
bf.1767 - 1794             Lamo’n "Arrow Going Home"          (b. c.1745 - d. 1794)

                             (Claremore I)
1794 - 1796                Lam’on "Town Maker" (Claremore II) (d. 1828)
1796 - 1808                Pahuska "White Hair I the Older"   (d. 1808)
1808 - 1809                Pahuska "White Hair II"
1809 - 1833                Pahuska "White Hair III the Great" (b. c.1765 - d. 1833)

1833 - Jan 1852            Pahuska "George White Hair IV the  (b. c.1802 - d.1852)

                             Younger"
1853 - 12 Mar 1861         Pahuska "White Hair V"             (b. 1813 - d. 1861)
                             (personal name Letamaze "Iron Hawk")
1861 - 24 Dec 1869         Pahuska "White Hair VI the LittLe" (d. 1869)

                             (personal name Wasape "Black Bear")
1862 - 1865                Shonke Sape "Black Dog" (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1910)
                             (pro-Confederate, in exile in the Creek Nation)

Governor
Dec 1869 - 1882            Joseph "Joe" Paw-nee-no-pah-she    (b. 1837 - d. 1883)
                             "Not Afraid of the Longhairs", "Star Chief"

Principal Chiefs
(the ones with native names known by Anglicized native names, except 2 chiefs)
1882 - Feb 1883            Joseph "Joe" Paw-nee-no-pah-she    (s.a.) 
Feb 1883 - Aug 1884        "Strike Axe"
Aug 1884 - Aug 1886        Shonke Sape "Black Dog" (2nd time) (s.a.)
Aug 1886 - Aug 1888        Ne-kah-ke-pon-ah
Aug 1888 - Jun 1892        Eu-tsa-tah Wah-tah-in-kah          (b. c.1846 - d. 1892)
Aug 1892 - Aug 1896        James Bigheart (1st time)          (b. 1838 - d. 1908)  FP
Aug 1896 - Aug 1898        Gahige Wadayinga "Saucy Chief"     (b. c.1827 - d. 1901)PP
Aug 1898 - May 1900        Shonke Sape "Black Dog" (3rd time) (s.a.)               FP
May 1900 - Aug 1902        Ne-kah-wah-she-tun-kah (1st time)  (b. 1839 - d. 1923)  PP
Aug 1902 - Aug 1904        James Bigheart (2nd time)          (s.a.)               FP
Aug 1904 - Jun 1906        O-lo-ho-wal-la                                          PP
28 Jun 1906 - 1908         Ne-kah-wah-she-tun-kah (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Jun 1908 - 1910            Peter Cassidy Bigheart             (b. 1838 - d. 1915)
Jun 1910 - 1912            A.H. Brown                         (b. 1859 - d. 19..)
Jun 1912 - 1913            Bacon Rind (Wah-tse-mon-in)        (b. 1860 - d. 1932)
1913 - 1914                Fred Lookout (1st time)            (b. 1865 - d. 1949)
Jun 1914 - 1916            Robert A. She-gah-hre              (b. 1851 - d. 1930)
Jun 1916 - 1918            Fred Lookout (2nd time)            (s.a.)
Jun 1918 - 1920            Charles W. Brown                   (b. 1861 - d. 1942)
Jun 1920 - 1922            Arthur Bonnicastle                 (b. 1877 - d. 1923)
Jun 1922 -  3 Aug 1923     Ne-kah-wah-she-tun-kah (3rd time)  (s.a.)
Aug 1923 - Jun 1924        Paul Red Eagle                     (b. 1880 – d. 1941)
Jun 1924 - 28 Aug 1949     Fred Lookout (3rd time)            (s.a.)
1949 - 1951                John Oberly                        (b. 1880 - d. 1951)
1951 - 1970                Paul Warren Pitts                  (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
1970                       Edward Red Eagle (acting)          (b. 1918 - d. 1999)
1970 - 1982                Sylvester J. Tinker                (b. 1903 - d. 1991)
1982 - 1990                George E. Tallchief                (b. 1916 - d. 2003)
1990 - 2002                Charles O. Tillman, Jr             (b. 1937 - d. 2022)
2002 - Aug 2010            James Roan "Jim" Gray              (b. 1961?)
 4 Aug 2010 - 21 Jan 2014  John D. Red Eagle (= Tzi Zho Zi)   (b. 19.. - d. 2024)
21 Jan 2014 - Jul 2014     Scott N. Bighorse                  (b. 1956)
 2 Jul 2014 -              Geoffrey M. Standing Bear          (b. 1953)

Party abbreviations
(189.- c.1906): FP = Full-Blood Party (conservative, informal), PP = Progressive Party (progressive)


Otoe-Missouria

[Otoe-Missouria
                Tribe (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

1817                       Under the U.S. protection (Otoe-Missouria Tribe), by then governed
                             by  council of chiefs, including 2 principal chiefs, the Summer
                            (Sky) chief formally alternating with the Winter (Earth) chief,
                             but a single head chief was eventually recognized by the U.S.
1854                       Otoe-Missouria Reservation established in Nebraska.
1856 - 1919                Otoe Indian Agency established (closed 1882-1901).
1876                       Reservation set aside in Oklahoma (formally in 1881 after purchase
                             from the Cherokee; relocated in 1881).
1904                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens), the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without
                             formal opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
1984                       First constitution adopted.
1997                       Gaming compact.

Head chiefs (Winter chiefs to 1837/54 and 1871-1874, others the Summer chiefs)
bf.1805 - af.1817          Sunge Xanje "Big Horse"
bf.1830 - 1837             Sumanyi Kathi "Prairie Wolf" (Itan)(b. c.1785 - d. 1837)
bf.1854 - 1871             Akikida "Stay By It” (1st time)
1871 - 1874                "Medicine Horse"                   (b. c.1821 - d. 1894)
1874 - af.1878             Akikida ? (2nd time)
bf.1891 - af.1899          George Arkeketah                   (b. c.1843 - d. bf.1903)
                             (Che Wanegihi "Buffalo Chief" ?)
c.1903                     James Arkeketah                    (b. c.1844 - d. 1912)
                             (Chedo Nayi "Standing Buffalo")
Chairmen
bf.1922 - 19..             ....
c.1930                     Grant Cleghorn                     (b. 1889 - d. 19..)
c.1935                     Henry Jackson                      (b. 1892 - d. 1947)
c.1939                     Bert Brown-Stanley
c.1949 - c.1963            Francis Pipestem  (1st time)       (b. 1907 - d. 1977)
c.1964                     Emmett Cleghorn                    (b. 1902 - d. 1975)
c.1967                     Francis Pipestem (2nd time)        (s.a.)
c.1970 - c.1976            Kenneth Ernest Black (1st time)    (b. 1923 - d. 2001)
c.1979                     Kenneth Harragara                  (b. 1920 - d. 1993)
bf.1980 - Jan 1981         James "Jim" G. Cleghorn            (b. 1916 - d. 1997)
1981 - af.1982             Dewey L. Dailey (1st time)
c.1983                     Reuben DeRoin
c.1984                     Charles Owen Tillman               (b. 1916 - d. 2010)

c.1986                     Raymond L. Butler (1st time)       (b. 1928 - d. 2001)
198. - 1989                William L. Grant                   (b. 1931 - d. 2009)       
1989 - May 1992            Della Cheryl Warrior (f)           (b. 1946)
1992 - 1995                Kenneth Ernest Black (2nd time)    (s.a.)  
1995 - 1998                Raymond L. Butler (2nd time)       (s.a.)    
1998 - 2001                James E. Grant (1st time)
2001 - 200.                Dewey L. Dailey
c.2002                     Donald Butler
bf.2003 - 2004             James E. Grant (2nd time)
Nov 2004 - 2007            Charles Michael Harwell
Nov 2007 -                 John R. Shotton


Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma

[Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma (Oklahoma,
                        U.S.)]
Adopted 1978

c.1706 – 1761              Allied with the French.
1761 – 1795                Allied with the British.
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Ottawa Bands of Detroit),
                             interrupted by the British alliance 1812-1813.
1807                       Reservation (several tracts) established in north-western
                             Ohio.
1831                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (moved in 1837).
1862                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (moved in 1867),
                             granted the U.S. citizenship (effective in 1867).
1863 – 1867                Ottawa Indian Agency established.
1891                       Allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without
                             opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
30 Nov 1938                Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma. 
 3 Aug 1956 - 15 May 1978  Federal recognition terminated (effected in 1959).
2002                       Self-governance agreement.
2005                       Gaming compact.
 
First chiefs
c.1761                     Makade-binesi "Black Bird"
bf.1774 - 1796             Agwazhewaa "Flat Button"          (b. c.1730 – d. 1796)
1796 – 1806                Nigig "Little Otter"              (b. c.1749 – d. 1806)
1806 – 1825/28             Watusson (Anglicized spelling)    (b. c.1768 – d. 1825/28)
1825/28 – 1840             Waasaanakwad "Cloud Far Off"      (b. c.1779 – d. 1840)
1840                       Ottawakee (Anglicized spelling)   (b. c.1780 – d. 1840)
1840 – 1846                Anwaatin "The Calm"               (b. c.1781 – d. 1846)
Chiefs
c.18..                     John Holmes                       (b. c.1825 – d. 1861)
c.1862                     Pem-ach-wung (Anglicized spelling)(d. 1864)
c.1864                     James Wind (1st time)             (b. 1818 – d. 1875)
c.1865                     John Tecumseh Jones               (b. 1808 – d. 1873)
bf.1867 - 1870             John Wilson                       (b. 1813 – d. 1870)
1870 – 187.                John Wind                         (b. 1819 – d. 18..)
1872 – 1873                James Wind (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1873 – af.1879             Joseph Badger King (1st time)     (b. 1822 – d. 1915)
1881 – 1883                John W. Early (1st time)          (b. 1824 – d. 1907)
1883                       Joseph Badger King (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1883 – 1885                John W. Early (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1885 – 1887                Moses E. Pooler                   (b. 1833 – d. 1908)
1887 – af.1888             John W. Early (3rd time)          (s.a.)
bf.1891 - 1929             Manford B. Pooler                 (b. 1862 – d. 1930)
1929 – af.1961             Guy A. Jennison                   (b. 1886 - d. 1967)
c.1965 -  8 Jan 1972       Clarence E. King                  (b. 1896 - d. 1972)
1972 - 199.                Lewis H. Barlow                   (b. 1905 - d. 1996)
bf.1992 - 1999             Charles Edward Dawes              (b. 1923 - d. 2001)
1999 - 2008                Charles A. Todd                   (b. 19.. - d. 2014)
2008 - May 2011            John R. Ballard
May 2011 - Oct 2023        Ethel E. Cook (f)
Oct 2023 -                 Kalisha Dixon (f)

British (to 1794, Deputy) Superintendents and Agents for Detroit Tribes
1774 - 1779                Jehu Hay (agent)                 (d. 1785)
1779 – 1794                Alexander McKee                  (b. 1735 - d. 1799)
1812 – 1813                Matthew Elliott                  (b. 1739 - d. 1814)

Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma

[Pawnee Nation of
                      Oklahoma first flag (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 1977
[Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma (Oklahoma,
                            U.S.)]
Current Flag

17..                       Pawnee confederacy, consisting of 4 bands, the Grand (Chawi)
                           Pawnees being the leading ("middle") band.
1818                       Under the U.S. protection (referred to as the Confederated Bands
                             of Pawnee to 1857).
1857                       Pawnee Reservation established.
1859                       Pawnee Indian Agency established.
1875                       Pawnee are moved from Nebraska to Oklahoma (reservation set aside
                             in 1876, formally in 1883 after purchase from the Cherokee).
1893                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens), reservation opened to non-Indian settlement.
26 Nov 1937                Pawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
Jul 1998                   Renamed the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma.
2005                       Gaming compact.
2022                       Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs of the Grand (Chawi) Pawnee (title: Riisaahkitawi’u’ ["Leading Chief"])
c.180.                     Riisaar Ichari’is "Angry Chief I" (d. 1812)
                             (common Anglicized version: Sharitarish)
                             (1st time)
bf.1805 - af.1809          Tarika Wahu’ "Long Hair"          (d. 1822)
                             (1st time)
bf.1811 - 1812             Riisaar Ichari’is (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1812 - 1822                Tarika Wahu’ (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1822                       Riisaar Ichari’is "Angry Chief II"(b. c.1792 – d. 1822)
1822 - 1826                Iskatappe "Rich Man"              (d. 1826)
                             (only Anglicized name known)
bf.1833 - af.1844          Asaa Kuchu’ "Big Horse"
bf.1848 - af.1859          Riisaar Ichari’is "Angry Chief III"
1864 - 1874                Piita Riisaaru’ "Man Chief"       (b. c.1795 – d. 1874)
1874 - 1895                Sakuuru’ Riisaaru’ "Sun Chief”    (d. 1895)
1895 - af.1910             "Roam Chief"
Presidents
bf.1930 - af.1938          George H. Roberts (1st time)      (b. c.1895 – d. 19..)
c.1939                     Stephen Gover
bf.1950 - af.1957          George H. Roberts (2nd time)      (s.a.)
bf.1963 - af.1964          Delbert Horsechief (1st time)     (b. 1926) 
c.1967                     Samuel Osborne
bf.1976 - af.1977          Thomas Chapman
c.1979                     Duane Pratt
c.1980                     Teddy Eppler                      (b. 1936 - d. 2006)
198. - 1983                Delbert Horsechief (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1983 - 1985                Lawrence Goodfox, Jr. (1st time)  (b. 1924 - d. 1994)
1985 - 1987                Robert L. Chapman (1st time)
1987 - 1989                Lawrence Goodfox, Jr. (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1989 - 1993                Robert L. Chapman (2nd time)
1993 - 1995                Alexander Harold "Alex" Matthews  (b. 1929 - d. 2008)
1995 - 1997                Elizabeth Blackowl (f)            (b. 1933 - d. 2015)
c.1998                     Marshall R. Gover (1st time)
c.2000 - 2003              Robert L. Chapman (3rd time)
2003 - 2005                George E. Howell (1st time)
2005 - 2007                Ronald J. Rice
2007 - 2011                George E. Howell (2nd time)
21 May 2011 - 16 May 2015  Marshall R. Gover (2nd time)
16 May 2015 -  4 Nov 2015  Misty Maria Nuttle (f) (1st time) (b. 1976)
 4 Nov 2015 - May 2019     W. Bruce Pratt
                             (acting to Jan 2016)
May 2019 - 16 Apr 2020    James E. Whiteshirt
Apr 2020 -  6 Jul 2020    Timothy Allen
 6 Jul 2020 - May 2023    Walter R. Echo-Hawk
May 2023 –                Misty Maria Nuttle (f) (2nd time)  (s.a.)


Peoria of Oklahoma

[Peoria Tribe of
                        Indians of Oklahoma, (U.S.)]
Adopted 1978

bf.1630 - 1769             Illinois confederacy, a confederacy of Kaskaskia (leading tribe),
                           Peoria and 3-4 other tribes.
1680 - 1765                French ally.
1765 - 1778                Allied with the British.
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (allied from 1778), by then only
                             Kaskaskia and Peoria tribes remained (jointly known as the
                             Illinois Nation).
1803                       Reservation established for Kaskaskia in south-western Illinois,
                             Peoria agreed to remove to the west.
1818                       Reservation established for Peoria in Missouri, joined there by
                             Kaskaskia.
1832                       Both reservations exchanged for reservation in Kansas (relocated
                             there), both tribes merged as Confederated Kaskaskia and Peoria
                             Tribes.
30 May 1854                Kaskaskia and Peoria, and Piankeshaw and Wea Indians (formerly
                             part of Miami) united into a single tribe (Confederated Peoria
                             Tribes).
1867                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1868).
1873                       Shared the reservation with Miami, jointly known as United Peoria
                             and Miami.
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens). The allotment led to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
16 Aug 1939                Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
 2 Aug 1956 - 15 May 1978  Federal recognition terminated (with effect from 1959).
2002                       Self-governance agreement.
2004                       Gaming compact.

Grand chiefs of Illinois (chiefs of Kaskaskia)
bf.1673 - af.1680          Chassogac
bf.1694 - 1725             François Xavier Rouensa             (b. c.1650 – d. 1725)
bf.1733 - af.1751          Louis Rouensa
bf.1765 - d. 1774          Gabriel Tomera                      (d. 1774)
Chiefs of Kaskaskia

1774 - 1811                Jean Baptiste Ducoigne              (b. 1750 - d. 1811)
                             (in exile in Missouri 1775-1778)
1811 - af.1818             Louis Jefferson Ducoigne            (b. 177. - d. bf.1832)
Head chiefs

c.1843 - 1873              Samuel Baptiste Peoria              (b. 1793 - d. 1873)
1873 - af.1879             James Charley                       (d. 1887)
c.1886                     Edward H. Black                     (d. 1892)
Chiefs
1887 - 1901                Frank Beaver                        (b. 1856 – d. 19..)
c.19..                     George W. Finley                    (b. 1858 – d. 1932)
c.1934                     Willis McNaughton                   (b. 1882 – d. 1969)
c.1939 - 1947              George W. Skye                      (d. 1947)
1947 - 1972                Guy Willis Froman                   (b. 1902 - d. 1994)
bf.1976 - Sep 1986         Rodney P. Arnette                   (d. 1986)
Sep 1986 - Mar 1987        Wallis O. McNaughton                (b. 1922 - d. 2006)
                             (interim)
Mar 1987 - 1994            Louis E. Myers                      (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
                             (acting to 1988)
1994 - 1998                Donald E. Giles                     (b. 1948 - d. 2015)
1998 - Jun 2000            Ronald "Ron" Froman                 (b. 1940 - d. 2006)
Jun 2000 – Aug 2000        Joe Goforth (acting)
 2 Sep 2000 –  1 Dec 2000  Robbie Hedges (f)
2001 - 2018                John P. Froman

Mar 2018 -                 Craig Harper


Ponca of Oklahoma

[Ponca of
                            Oklahoma former flag (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Ponca of Oklahoma (Oklahoma,
                          U.S.)]
Current Flag
1817                       Under the U.S. protection (Ponca Tribe), by then governed by council
                             of chiefs, including two principal chiefs, the Sky chief formally
                             sharing with the Earth chief, but a single head chief was
                             eventually recognized by the U.S.
1858                       Ponca Reservation established in Nebraska.
1859 - 1927                Ponca Indian Agency established (closed 1882-1901, 1919-1921).
1868                       Reservation annexed to the Great Sioux Reservation.
1877                       Relocated from Nebraska to Oklahoma, temporarily settled on the
                             Quapaw reservation.
1878                       Reservation set aside (formally in 1881 after purchase from the
                             Cherokee).
1879                       Part of tribe (see Ponca of Nebraska) returned to Nebraska.
1904                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens), the allotment led to Indians becoming minority without
                             formal opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
1950                       Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
1999                       Self-governance agreement.
2002                       Gaming compact.

Head chiefs (all likely the Sky chiefs)
c.18..                     Zhinga’ Gahi’ge "Little Chief"
bf.1843 -1846              Watha’be Zhinga "Little Bear"      (d. 1846)
c.1846/47                  Tenu’ga Nonba "Two Buffalo Bulls"  (d. 1846/47)   
bf.1852 - 1865/69          We’ga Thapi "Iron Whip"            (b. c.1802 - d. 1865/69)
1865/69 - 1914             Xita’ Thka "White Eagle"           (b. c.1836 - d. 1914)         
1914 - 1940                "Horse Chief Eagle"                (b. c.1863 - d. 1940)
Chairmen
bf.1939 - af.1941          McKinley Eagle (1st time)
c.1950                     William Overland
c.1953                     McKinley Eagle (2nd time)
bf.1954 - af.1959          Perry LeClair
19.. - 1962                McKinley Eagle (3rd time)
c.1967                     Thurman Rhodd
c.1969 - af.1970           John Williams                      (b. 1915 - d. ....)
c.1971 - af.1973           Leonard Biggoose (1st time)        (b. 1923 - d. 2004)
c.1974 - af.1975           Felix Allen                        (b. 1919 - d. 2002)
c.1976 - Dec 1980          Leonard Biggoose (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1981 - Dec 1983            Sylvester Kemble
1983 - 1985                Leland Pappan                      (b. 1947 - d. 2009)
bf.1987 - 1989             Cynthia Stoner (f)
Aug 1989 – Jan 1991        Delbert Cole
1991 - 1992                Leonard Biggoose (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1992 - 1995                Genevieve W. Pollack (f)           (b. 1929 - d. 2000)
1995 - 1997                Douglas G. Rhodd (1st time)
1997 - 1999                Alexander Lionel LeClair           (b. 1942 – d. 2007)
1999 - 2003                Bennett Arkeketa
2003 - 2005                Dwight D. Buffalo Head
Jun 2005 - Jan 2007        Daniel C. Jones
2007 - 2009                Earl S. "Trey" Howe III (1st time)
2009 - Dec 2011            Douglas G. Rhodd (2nd time)
2012 - 2018                Earl S. "Trey" Howe III (2nd time)
2018 - 2020                Douglas G. Rhodd (3rd time)
2020 - 2024                Oliver Little Cook
Aug 2024 -                 Earl S. "Trey" Howe III (3rd time)

Quapaw Nation

[Quapaw Nation
                        (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 1970's

1686 - 1763                French ally.
1763 - 1803                Spanish ally.
1818                       Under the U.S. protection (Quapaw Tribe), the Quapaw reservation
                             established in Arkansas, by then governed by council of chiefs,
                             including 2 principal chiefs, the Sky (Tiju) chief formally
                             sharing with the Earth chief, but a single head chief was
                             eventually
recognized by the U.S.
1818 - 1824                Arkansas Indian Agency established.
1825 - 1830                Temporarily relocated to the Caddo reservation in Louisiana.
1833                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1834).
1851 - 1947                Quapaw (to 1871, Neosho) Indian Agency established (closed
                             1902-1921).
1861 - 1862                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862 - 1865
                             in Kansas exile).
1867                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens).
1895                       Allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without formal opening
                             of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
19 Aug 1956                Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma, governing resolution adopted.
2002                       Gaming compact.
2007                       Self-governance agreement.
18 Aug 2018                Renamed Quapaw Nation.

Head chiefs (interim chiefs and J. Lane known by Europeanized native names)
(all likely the Sky chiefs, affiliation of interim and acting chiefs unknown)
175. - 1773                Kahike Nanpate "Two Buffalo Chief" (b. c.1730 - d. 1773)
1773 - 1779                Guatanika (interim)
1779 - 1781                Wapatesa "Black Wrap Around"       (1763-c.1810)

                             (1st time)
1781 - 1784                Angaska (interim)                  (d. 1785)
1784 - 1807                Wapatesa (2nd time)                (s.a.)
1807 - 1842                Xeka Tan "Dry Man"                 (c.1780-1842)
1842 - 1865                War-te-she (Joseph Lane)           (c.1800-1865)
1865 - 1874                Kahike Tide "Lame Chief"           (b. c.1800 - d. 1874)
1874 - 1918                Kahike Stete "Tall Chie"           (b. c.1840 - d. 1918)
                             (
Louis Angel)(1875-1894 in self-imposed exile in Osage Nation)
Acting chiefs (for absent "Tall Chief")
bf.1877 - af.1878          John Hotel
1879 - 1892                Charles Quapaw                     (b. 1835 - d. af.1906)
1892 - 1894                John Medicine                      (b. c.1842 - d. 19..)
1894                       Peter Clabber                      (b. 1854 - d. 1926)
Chiefs
1918 - 1926                Peter Clabber                      (s.a.)
1927 - 1929                John Quapaw                        (b. 1872 - d. 1929)
Apr 1929 - Aug 1956        William Victor Griffin             (b. 1873 - d. 1958)
Chairmen
Aug 1956 - 1968            Robert A. Whitebird, Sr.           (b. 1913 - d. 2005)
1968 - 1972                John McKibben                      (b. 1914 - d. 1992)
24 Jan 1972 - 1972         Jake L. Whitecrow
1972 - 1974                John D. Redeagle
1974 -  1980               Jesse C. McKibben (1st time)       (b. 1927 - d. 2009)
1980 - 1982                George A. Romick                   (b. 1930 - d. 2007)
1982 - 1986                Jesse C. McKibben (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1986 - 1990                Harry F. Gilmore                   (b. 1916 - d. 2008)
1990 - 1992                J.R. Mathews
1992 - 1994                Lloyd Buffalo
1994 - 1996                Grace M. Goodeagle (f)
1996 - 1998                Leonard M. Smith                   (b. 1954 - d. 2012)
1998 - 2000                Edgar L. "Ed" Rodgers              (b. 1946 - d. 2004)
2000 - 2002                Tamara R. Martin-Summerfield (f)   (b. 1971)
2002 - 15 Aug 2020         John L. Berrey                     (b. 1959?)
15 Aug 2020 - 15 Apr 2023  Joseph Tali Byrd                   (b. 1985?)
2023 -                     Wena Supernaw (f)

Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma

[Sac and Fox
                        Nation of Oklahoma (U.S.)]
Adopted 1976

1735                       Sac and Fox tribes confederated.
1753 - 1761                French ally.
1761 - 1792                Allied with the British (in 1764 relocated from Wisconsin to
                            
western Illinois and Iowa).
1804                       Under the U.S. protection (Confederated Sac and Fox Tribes), ceded
                             land in Illinois to the U.S. (refused to leave until 1832), part
                             of tribes separated to become Sac and Fox of Missouri.
1812 - 1814                Allied with the British.
1824 - 1919                Sac and Fox Indian Agency established (closed 1847-1851).
1825 - 1836                Formally shared their country with Iowa (modern Iowa of Kansas and
                             Nebraska).
1842                       Exchanged land in Iowa for reservation in Kansas (relocated in
                            
1845), by then known as Sac and Fox of Mississippi.
1857                       Part of the tribes (modern Sac and Fox of Mississippi in Iowa)
                             returned to Iowa.
1867                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (relocated in 1869).
26 Mar 1885 - 1891         Renamed Sac and Fox Nation, tribe governed by constitution.
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                            
citizens), reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1934                       By-laws adopted.
27 Oct 1937                Sac and Fox Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
1987                       Renamed Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma (on the U.S. list of tribal
                             names from 1995).
1993                       Self-governance agreement.
2005                       Gaming compact.

Head chiefs of Sac
c.1805                     Washekone
c.1814                     "The Moist"
c.1820                     Nanaqui   
bf.1821 - 1832             Pashepaho "Stabber"               (b. c.1760 – d. 1845)
1832 - 1848                Keokuk "Watchful Fox"             (b. c.1783 – d. 1848)
1848 - 1869                Wunagisa (Keokuk Jr.)             (b. c.1822 – d. 1903)
Head chiefs of Fox
c.1805                     Olopier
bf.1812 - af.1819          Makata-Nanamaki "Black Thunder"
bf.1820 - 1832             Wapello "Playing Fox"             (b. c.1787 – d. 1842)
1832 - 1852                Poweshiek "Roused Bear"           (b. c.1797 – d. 1852)
bf.1855 - af.1859          Kershemana
bf.1860 - 1861             Mamiwanige                        (d. 1881)
1862 - 1869                Chekuskuk                         (d. 1889)
Principal chiefs (title: Kehchi-Okimawa)
1869 - 1886                Ukquahoko "Grey Eyes"             (d. 1886)
188. - 1891                Mahkosahtoe                       (d. af.1909)
Chiefs of Sac
1891 - 1903                Moses Keokuk Jr.                  (s.a.)
1903 - 1909                ....
Chief of Fox
1891 - 1909                Mahkosahtoe                       (s.a.)
Chairmen
1909 - 1934                ....
1934 - 1937                Frank O. Jones

Principal Chiefs
1937 - 1951                Don Whistler                      (b. 1894 - d. 1951)
1951 - 1954                Amos Black                        (d. 1954)

1954 - 1957                Emery Foster
1957 - 1963/65             Rex Whistler                      (b. 1903 - d. 1971)
1963/65 - 1973             Elmer Manatowa (1st time)         (b. 1933 - d. 2012)
Aug 1973 - Aug 1975        Dora S. Schexnider (f)(1st time)  (b. 1939)

1975                       John B. McClelland
1975 - May 1977            Mary F. McCormick (1st time)      (b. 1932)
1977 - 1980                Elmer H. Grant

1980 - 1984                John "Jack" R. Thorpe (1st time)  (b. 1937 - d. 2011)
1984 - Sep 1985            Alvin Sanachee Falls              (b. 1914)

Sep 1985 - 1987            John "Jack" R. Thorpe (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1987                       Mary F. McCormick (2nd time)      (s.a.)
                             (acting)

1987 - 1995                Elmer Manatowa (2nd time)         (s.a.)

1995 - 1997                Dora S. Young (f)(2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (= Dora S. Schexnider)
Mar 1997 - Nov 1997        Merle Boyd (acting)
Nov 1997 - 2003            Don W. Abney (1st time)

2003 - 2007                Elisabeth Kay Rhoads (f)(1st time)
14 Sep 2007 - Sep 2015     George Thurman
Sep 2015 – Jun 2019        Elisabeth Kay Rhoads (f)(2nd time)
Jun 2019 -
Jul 2022        Justin F. Wood
Jul 2022 -
Jul 2024        Don W. Abney (2nd time)
Jul 2024 -                 Randle Carter


Seminole Nation of Oklahoma

[Seminole
                          reported Confederate flag 1861-1865
                          (Oklahoma)]
Reported Pro-Confederate Flag 1861-65
[Seminole Nation of Oklahoma (Oklahoma,
                          U.S.)]
Adopted 1970's

c.1715                     Creeks (present Muskogee) begin to establish towns in Florida
                             (by 1750, there were 3 groups of towns: Alachua, Miccosukee,
                             Apalachicola).
1763                       Alachua Creeks (the dominant group and first to be named the
                             Seminole) have ceased to participate in the Creek Nation
                             affairs (by 1785, followed by other 2 groups; by 1814,
                             independence of Seminole accepted by the Creeks).
1822 – 1874                Seminole Indian Agency established (1837 – 1842 closed,
                             1842 – 1855 reduced to sub-agency under the Creek Agency).
18 Sep 1823                Under the U.S. protection by the Treaty of Moultrie Creek
                             (Seminole Nation; in the treaty referred yet to as the Florida
                             Tribes), the Seminole Indian Reservation established.
 9 May 1832                Reservation ceded to the U.S. by the Treaty of Payne's Landing in
                             return for settlement area in the Creek country in Oklahoma (in
                             14 Feb 1833, consented to by the Creeks).
23 Dec 1835 - 14 Aug 1842  Second Seminole War.
1839                       Majority moved from Florida to Oklahoma, some avoid the removal
                             (latter Seminole of Florida and Miccosukee). 
Jun 1839 -  7 Aug 1856     Component part of the Creek Nation (present Muskogee), but
                             practically remains separate tribe (to 4 Jan 1845 separate
                             settlement area, subsequently participation in the Creek Nation
                             government specified, but never exercised).
 7 Aug 1856                Independence (Seminole Nation) and acquisition of land from the
                             Creek Nation.
 1 Jul 1861 - 1865         Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States of America
                             divided the Seminole nation (pro-U.S. Seminole in exile in
                             Kansas).
23 Jun 1865                Surrender to the U.S. by the pro-Confederate Seminole.
21 Mar 1866                "Reconstruction" Treaty with U.S.
 3 Mar 1901                Granted the U.S. citizenship (the allotment leads to Indians
                             becoming minority without formal opening of the reservation to
                             the non-Indian settlement).
24 Apr 1906                End of national-self government, the principal chiefs to be
                             appointed by the U.S. president (from 1954, the U.S. ceased to
                             interfere in election of chiefs).
15 Apr 1969                Renamed the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, the first constitution
                             adopted.
Aug 1971                   Restoration of tribal self-government.
2001                       Gaming compact with the state.
2017                       Self-governance agreement.

Leading chiefs of Alachua Seminole (from 1802, title: Mekko Nvpv)
c.1750 - 1785              Wakv Pocase "Cowkeeper"           (b. c.1710 - d. 1785)
1785 - 1812                "King Payne"                      (d. 1812)
1812 - 1819                Horre Hopoy "King Bowlegs"        (d. 1819) 
1819 - 1826                Hvlputv Haco                      (b. c.1780 - d. 1849)
                             (by Americans usually named Micanopy)
Speakers of Seminole (title: Este Acakvlke)
1822 – Jul 1824            Henehv Emarv                      (d. 1841)
                             (Anglicized: Neamathla) 
Jul 1824 – Jul 1826        Tvkos Emarv (John Hicks)          (b. c.1774 – d. 1833)
                             (Anglicized: Tuckose Emarthla)
Principal chiefs (title: Tvlwv-Vlke em Mekko)
Jul 1826 – Nov 1833        Tvkos Emarv                       (s.a.)
1833 –  2 Jan 1849         Hvlputv Haco                      (s.a.)
Jan 1849 - 1853            Mekko Mocvse "Jim Jumper"         (d. 1853)
1853 - 1865                Henehv Mekko (1st time)           (b. c.1820 - d. 1896)
                             (from 1857, John Jumper)    
                             (pro-Confederate chief 1861 - 1865; continues as
                             chief of so-called Southern Party to 1875, in opposition)
1862 – 1864                Sonvk Mekko "Billy Bowlegs"       (b. c.1810 - d. 1864)
                             (pro-U.S. chief, in Kansas exile)
1864 – 17 Mar 1881         John Chupco                       (b. c.1821 - d. 1881)
                             (pro-U.S. chief in Kansas exile to 1865)
Mar 1881 - 1882            Hvlputv Ce                        (d. 1882)
                             (Anglicized: Hulputta Che)
Jul 1882 – Jul 1885        John Jumper (2nd time)            (s.a.)
Jul 1885 – Jul 1901        John Frippo Brown (1st time)      (b. 1842 - d. 1919)
                             (informal courtesy title Governor)
Jul 1901 – 25 Mar 1905     Hvlputv Mekko                     (b. c.1830 - d. 1905)
                             (Anglicized: Hulputta Micco)
Mar 1905 – May 1905        Jacob Harrison (acting)
Jul 1905 – 21 Oct 1919     John Frippo Brown (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1919 – 1932                Vacant
                             (except so-called "one day chiefs" 1922 – 1931)
1922 – 1923(several times) Alice Brown-Davis (f)             (b. 1852 - d. 1935)
1925 (one or few days)     George Jones (1st time)
13 Jul 1927                Harry H. Tiger
1931 (one or few days)     Chili Fish
1932 - 1942                George Jones (2nd time)
1942 - 1944                Willie Haney
1944 - 1948                Jeffie Brown 
Jun 1948 – Aug 1948        Wattie Gibbs
1948 - Dec 1952            George Harjo                      (b. 1886 - d. 1952) 
Dec 1952 - Jul 1954        Marci Cully                       (b. 1910 - d. 1954)
1955 - 1959                Phillip Walker
1960 - 1969                John A. Brown 
Chiefs
1969 - 1972                Terry Walker                      (b. 1902 – d. 1988)
1972 - 1973                Floyd L. Harjo                    (b. 1911 - d. 2001)
1973 – Sep 1977            Edwin Tanyan (1st time)           (b. 1925 - d. 1996)
Sep 1977 - 1978            Richmond Tiger                    (b. 1928 – d. 2009)
1978 – Sep 1981            Tom Palmer
Sep 1981 – Sep 1985        James N. Milam                    (b. 1929 - d. 2005)
                             (refused to transfer office to Tanyan to Apr 1986)
Sep 1985 – Sep 1989        Edwin Tanyan (2nd time)           (s.a.)
Sep 1989 –  1 Sep 2001     Jerry G. Haney                    (b. 1939 – d. 1998)
 1 Sep 2001 - Sep 2005     Kenneth Edward "Foley" Chambers   (b. 1950 - d. 2016)
                             (unrecognized by the U.S. to Feb 2003)
Sep 2005 - Sep 2009        Enoch Kelley Haney                (b. 1940 - d. 2022)
 5 Sep 2009 - 2017         Leonard M. Harjo                  (b. 1958)
Sep 2017 -
Jul 2021        Gregory P. Chilcoat               (b. 1968)
Jul 2021 -                 Lewis J. Johnson


British Commissaries to the Seminole
(temporary position)
1766 – 1768                Pierce Acton Sinnott              (d. 1794)
1777 – 1779                Moses Kirkland                    (b. c.1730 – d. 1787)
U.S. Seminole Indian Agents
 3 Mar 1821 - Sep 1821     Jean Penières (acting)            (b. 1762 – d. 1821)
28 Sep 1821 - May 1822     John R. Bell (acting)
 8 May 1822 - 1830         Gad Humphreys                     (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
Mar 1830 - 1833            John Phagan                       (b. 1782 - d. 1858)
29 Aug 1833 - 28 Dec 1835  Wiley Thompson                    (b. 1781 - d. 1835)
1836 – 1837                William S. Pope (acting)          (b. 1789 – d. 1837)
1837 - 1842                Abolished
                             (Seminoles under the Creek Agency)
Seminole Indian Sub-Agents
19 Jan 1842 - Oct 1842     John McKee
29 Oct 1842 - Jun 1845     Thomas L. Judge
Jun 1845 – Dec 1852        Marcellus M. Duval 
Dec 1852 – 26 Apr 1853     Vacant
26 Apr 1853 – 15 Apr 1854  Bryant H. Smithson 
20 Apr 1854 – 8 Jun 1855   Josiah W. Washbourne              (b. 1819 – d. 1871)
Seminole Indian Agents
 8 Jun 1855 – Nov 1857     Josiah W. Washbourne              (s.a.)
 5 Nov 1857 - 1861         Samuel Morton Rutherford          (b. 1797 – d. 1867)
                             (for the Confederate States 1861 - 1862)
13 Jul 1861 - 1862         William P. Davis (did not serve)
 7 Jan 1862 - 1865         George C. Snow 
                             (in exile in Kansas)
Sep 1862 - 1865            Joseph Samuel Murrow              (b. 1835 - d. 1929)
                             (for the Confederate States)
18 Mar 1865 - Jun 1869     George A. Reynolds
23 Jun 1869 - Oct 1870     Theodor A. Baldwin
24 Oct 1870 - 1874         Henry F. Breiner
1874 - 1914                the Union Agency Agents



Seneca-Cayuga

[Seneca-Cayuga
                          of Oklahoma old flag (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Seneca-Cayuga flag (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Current Flag

c.1748                     Some Cayuga, Seneca and other Iroquois settled in Ohio.
late 18th cent.            Mainly resided among Wyandotte.
1814                       Under the U.S. protection (Seneca Tribe of Sandusky).
1817                       Reservation established in northern Ohio.
1831                       Exchanged for reservation in Oklahoma (moved in 1832).
1832 – 1867                Shared the reservation with Shawnee of Lewistown
                             (modern Eastern Shawnee), jointly known as United Seneca
                             and Shawnee.
1861 - 1862                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1862 - 1865
                             in Kansas exile).
1867                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens).
1891                       Allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening
                             of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
1900 – 1921                Seneca Indian Agency established.
Oct 1934                   Seneca-Cayuga Tribe (confirmed by constitution of 26 Apr 1937).
2002                       Gaming compact, self-governance agreement.
15 May 2014                Renamed Seneca-Cayuga Nation.


First chief

bf.1825 - af.1832          "Cornstick"
Chiefs
bf.1858 - af.1862          "Little Town" Spicer
bf.1864 - af.1865          Isaac Warrior
bf.1867 - af.1868          George Spicer
bf.1881 - af.1882          Joseph Spicer (1st time)
c.1886                     William Spicer
bf.1889 - 1890             Joseph Spicer (2nd time)
1890 – 1897                Mathias Splitlog                  (b. c.1812 - d. 1897)
bf.1913 - af.1915          Edward Mingo
19.. – 1934                John H. Logan
1934 - 1939                Thomas J. Armstrong (1st time)    (b. 1884 - d. 1957)
1939 - 1941                Grover C. Splitlog                (d. 1963)
1941 – Jun 1947            Thomas J. Armstrong (2nd time)    (s.a.)
Jun 1947 -  6 Apr 1957     David J. Charloe                  (b. 1899 - d. 1959)
1955                       Chester Armstrong
                             (elected, unable to take office)

Apr 1957 – 1958            Peter J. Buck                     (b. 1888 - d. 1968)
1958 – Jun 1961 1963       Clem Hayden Spicer                (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
Jun 1961 – 1963            Richard Whitetree                 (d. 1978)
1963 – 1973                Vernon Crow                       (b. 1914 - d. 1991)
1973 - 1991                James H. Allen                    (b. 1922 - d. 2007)
1991 – 1992                Terry L. Whitetree (1st time)
1992 – 1993                Mark R. Daniels
1993 – 1997                Terry L. Whitetree (2nd time)
1997 – Jun 2001            Jerry R. Dilliner                 (b. 1940)
Jun 2001 – Jun 2005        Leroy Howard (1st time)
Jun 2005 - Jun 2008        Paul Spicer
 7 Jun 2008 - Jun 2013     Leroy Howard (2nd time)
Jun 2013 - Sep 2020        William L. Fisher
Sep 2020 - Apr 2021        Sarah S. Channing (f)
Apr 2021 -                 Charles Diebold


Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma

[Shawnee Tribe of
                        Oklahoma (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Adopted 1986

1677 - 1755                Under the "Covenant Chain" with the Five (latter Six) Nations of
                             Iroquois (a dependent nation from 1711/12), consists of five
                             divisions.
1743                       Majority relocated from Pennsylvania to Ohio.
1761                       Allied to the British.
1787                       Group of Shawnee arrived to Missouri, the Shawnee leadership
                             split between Ohio and Missouri.
1793                       Spanish land grant at Cap Girardeau, Missouri, jointly to
                             Shawnee and Delaware (ceded to the U.S. in 1825).
1795                       Under the U.S. protection (Shawnee Nation).
1812 – 1832                Piqua (from 1831, Ohio) Indian Agency established.
1815                       Temporary reservation established in Missouri.
1817                       Reservation (several tracts) established in western Ohio.
1825                       Reservation in Missouri exchanged for reservation in Kansas
                             (relocated in 1826).
1825                       Majority of Missouri Shawnee absented from the reservation
                             in Missouri and traveled southwards to Texas (latter
                             Absentee-Shawnee).
1831                       Reservation in Ohio exchanged for reservation in Kansas
                             (relocated in 1832, except the Shawnee of Lewistown, latter
                             Eastern Shawnee).
 8 Feb 1854                Laws of Shawnee Tribe adopted (contain some constitutional
                             provisions).
1855 – 1871                Shawnee Indian Agency established.
1869                       Incorporated into the Cherokee Nation (relocated to Oklahoma in
                             1870), reservation ceded to the U.S. (later known as Loyal
                             Shawnee or Cherokee Shawnee), the incorporation was rejected
                             by the Absentee-Shawnee.
 3 Jan 2001                Granted separate federal recognition from Cherokee (Shawnee Tribe).

Grand chiefs (leading chiefs of Chalakatha division)
bf.1707 - 1758             Okawela                           (b. c.1674 - d. 1758)
                             (c.1725 and c.1755 for several years
                             resided among the Creeks in Alabama)
1758 – 1777                Hokoleskwa "Cornstalk"            (b. c.1710 - d. 1777)
1777 – 1779                Mkatawikasha "Black Fish"         (b. c.1725 - d. 1779)
1779 – 1786                Moluntha                          (b. c.1710 - d. 1786)
Head chiefs of Ohio Shawnee  
1786 – 1831                Peethatha "Black Hoof"            (b. c.1740 - d. 1831)
1831 – 1845                John Perry (Lahtowah)             (b. c.1775 - d. 1845)
1845 – 1848                John Francis (Tapatakatha)        (b. c.1780 - d. 1848)
1848 – 1851                Joseph Parks                      (b. 1794 - d. 1859)
Head chiefs of Missouri Shawnee
1787 – 1810                Kekewepelethee "Tame Hawk"        (b. c.1726 - d. 1810)
1810 – 1820                Kikusgowlawa "Deer Hoof"          (b. c.1722 - d. 1820)
1820 – 1826                Kishkalwa "Tiger Tail"            (b. c.1736 - d. 1826)
Principal chiefs (1854-1870 terms were 1 Jan – 31 Dec)
1851 – 1857                Joseph Parks                      (s.a.)
1858                       Paschal Fish                      (b. 1805 - d. 1894)
1859 – 1860                Graham Rogers (1st time)          (b. 1821 - d. 1871)
1861 – 1865                Charles Bluejacket                (b. 1817 - d. 1897)
1863 – 1864                "Black Bob" (in opposition)       (b. c.1775 - d. 1864)
1866 – 1871                Graham Rogers (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1871 - af.1884             Charles Tucker
bf.1887 - af.1892          Jonathan Blackfeather
c.1900 – 1960              None
Chairmen
bf.1964 - af.1979          Jerome Shawnee
1982 – 19..                Pamela Chibitty (f) (?)           (b. 1949? - d. 1991)
bf.1992 - 1999             Don Greenfeather                  (b. 1946)
Sep 1999 - Feb 2001        James Squirrel
Feb 2001 - 2011            Ron Sparkman
Chiefs
2011 -
Sep 2019            Ron Sparkman
Sep 2019 -                 Benjamin J. Barnes


British Deputy Superintendents and Agents for Ohio tribes
1756 – 1771                George Croghan                    (b. 1718 - d. 1782)
1772 – 1777                Alexander McKee                   (b. 1735 - d. 1799)
1779 – 1794                Matthew Elliott (agent)           (b. 1739 - d. 1814)


Thlopthlocco Tribal Town

[Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
              (Oklahoma, U.S.)]

1938                       A constituent town of the Creek Nation (present Muscogee)
                             recognized by the U.S. as tribe by its own (Thlopthlocco
                             Tribal Town).
1974/78 - 1998             Thlopthlocco Creek Tribal Town, from 1982 Thlopthlocco
                             Tribal Town of the Creek Nation (on U.S. list of tribal names).


Kings (female ruler also styled King)
1933 - 193.                Roley E. Canard (1st time)         (b. 1885 – d. 1950)
c.1938                    
Governing Committee
c.1939                     Roley E. Canard (2nd time)         (s.a.)
c.1976 - 198.              Curtis L. Canard                   (b. 1932 - d. 2010)
c.1980
                     Fred Long (1st time)               (b. 1929 - d. 2010)
1981 - 19..                Robert Lee Canard                  (b. 1942 - d. 2002)
c.1983                     Fred Long (2nd time)               (s.a.)
bf.1991 - 1995             Charlie McGertt

1995 – 2002                Grace Bunner (f)
2002 – 2004                Bryan McGertt
2004 - 2005                Louis McGertt
2005 – 2007                George D. Scott (1st time)         (b. 1955 - d. 2015)
2007                       Nathan E. Anderson
2007 – 2009                Vernon Yarholar
2009 – 2015                George D. Scott (2nd time)         (s.a.)
2015 -                     Ryan Morrow

Tonkawa

[Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma
              (U.S.)]

1837                       Allied with the Republic of Texas.
1854 - 1859                Settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation.
1859                       Relocated to the Wichita Reservation in Oklahoma.
1861 - 1865                Allied with the Confederate States (in 1863 returned to Texas).
1884                       Relocated to Oklahoma (to 1885 settled on the Sac and Fox
                             reservation).
1885                       Settled on the Oakland Reservation (former reservation of Joseph
                             band of Nez Perce).
1893                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens), reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1901 - 1921                Oakland Indian Agency established.
1938                       Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma, constitution adopted.
1994                       Gaming compact.


Principal chiefs
bf.1758 - 1779             Neques                            (d. 1779)
1779 - 1784                El Mocho                          (d. 1784)
1784 - af.1785             Yaculchen
bf.1821 - 1823             Carita                            (d. 1823)
1823 - 1862                Placido (Hashukana)               (b. c.1788 – d. 1862)
1863 - af.1872             Castile          
Presidents
1938 - 1940                John Rush Buffalo
1940 - 1965                Walter Jefferson                  (b. 1911 - d. 1976)
1965 - 1967                Melvin S. Allen, Sr.              (b. 1927 - d. 2004)
1967 - 1987                Henry Lemar "Corky" Allen         (b. 1929 - d. 1989)
1987 - 1989                Charles F. "Erney" Norman         (b. 1954 - d. 2008)
Apr 1989 - Oct 1995        Virginia Combrink-Swanson (f)
Oct 1995 - 1997            Richard L. Cornell, Sr.           (b. 1958 - d. 2017)
                            (in opposition to 10 Dec 1994 - 11 Jan 1995, recognized by U.S.)
1997 - 2003                Donald "Don" L. Patterson (1st time)
2003 - 2005                Carl E. Martin                    (b. 1939 - d. 2017)
Apr 2005 - Apr 2008        Anthony E. Street
2008 - 2015                Donald "Don" L. Patterson (2nd time)
2015 -                     Russell Martin


United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee 

[United Keetoowah
                        Band of Cherokee (Oklahoma U.S.)]
Adopted 1968

29 Apr 1859                Keetoowah Society in the Cherokee Nation organized by the
                             Cherokee full-bloods.
 9 Jun 1939                Society reorganized as the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee
                             Indians.
10 Aug 1946                Federal recognition granted, becomes a tribe by its own.
 3 Oct 1950                Constitution ratified.
2011                       Self-governance agreement.

Head Captains
1859 - 1887                Bud Gritts
                             (secretary to 14 Feb 1876)
1887 - 1905                Rabbit Bunch
Presidents
1905 - 1920                Richard Wolf
1920 - 1928                Price Cochran
1928 - 1934                Levi B. Gritts
1934 - 1939                Gabriel Terrapin
Chiefs

1939 - 1946                John Hitcher                      (d. 1946)
1946 - 1954                Jim Pickup (1st time)             (d. 1967)
1954 – 1956                Jeff Tindle (1st time)
1956 - 1957                Jim Pickup (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1957 – 1960                Jeff Tindle (2nd time)
1960 - 1967                Jim Pickup (3rd time)             (s.a.)
1967 - 1979                William Glory
1979 - 1983                James L. Gordon
1983 - 1991                John Hair
1991 - 1996                John Ross, Jr.
1996 – Dec 2000            Jim Henson
Dec 2000 – Dec 2004        Dallas Proctor
Dec 2004 - May 2016        George G. Wickliffe
May 2016 - 2024            Joe Bunch
2024 -                     Jeffrey Wacoche


Wichita and Affiliated Tribes

[Wichita and
                          Affiliated Tribes former flag (Oklahoma,
                          U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Wichita and
                          Affiliated Tribes (Oklahoma, U.S.)]
Current Flag

1541                       Recorded (as Tabas) for the first time by the Spanish (legendary
                             "Quivira").
c.1740                     A loose confederacy, then consisting of 9 tribes in Texas and
                             Oklahoma, the Taovaya and Tawakoni (both in Texas) being the
                             largest tribes.
1771 - 1821                Taovaya and Tawakoni (by 1790 other tribes as well) allied with
                             the Spanish (after 1821 the alliance continued with Mexico).
1835                       Friendship treaty with the U.S. (referred to as the Wichita and
                             Associated Bands), by then only 4 tribes (Tawakoni, Waco,
                             Wichita proper, Keechi) remained.
1838                       Tawakoni friendship treaty (from 1843, alliance) with the
                             Republic of Texas.
1846                       Under the U.S. protection.
1854 - 1859                Tawakoni, Waco and Keechi settled on the Lower Brazos Reservation
                             in Texas (1855 – 1859 Brazos Indian Agency established there).
1857                       Wichita Indian Agency established in Oklahoma (closed in 1878) for
                             Wichita proper, the area known as the Wichita Reservation
                             informally (remained part of the Chickasaw reservation to 1866).
1859                       Tawakoni, Waco and Keechi relocated from Texas to the Wichita
                             Reservation.
1861 - 1862                Treaty of alliance with the Confederate States (1863 – 1867 in
                            Kansas exile).
1872                       Wichita Reservation officially established, equally shared by the
                             Wichita and Affiliated Bands, a nominal entity composed of the
                             Confederated Wichita Tribes (4 tribes), Caddo (see there) and
                             Absentee-Delaware (modern Delaware Nation).
1895                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1906, all were
                             citizens).
1901                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
bf.1939                    Wichita Tribe (this name was retained on the U.S. list of tribal
                             names to 1988).
1961                       Renamed Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, the governing resolution
                             adopted.
2006                       Gaming compact.
2022                       Self-governance agreement.

Principal chiefs of Taovaya
bf.1764 - af.1767          Eyasiquiche
c.1780                     Quitesain
bf.1804 - 1811             Awahakei                          (d. 1811)
Principal chiefs of Tawakoni
bf.1772 - 1805             Quiscat                           (d. 1805)
1805 - af.1807             Daguariscara
c.1812                     Concha
c.1838                     Tocarawate
bf.1842 - af.1845          Kechikaroqua
bf.1857 - 1865             Ocherash                          (d. 1865)
bf.1872  af.1874           Tawakoni Dave
Principal chiefs of Confederated Wichita Tribes (tribal affiliation in parentheses)
1867 - af.1875             "Buffalo Good" (Waco)
187. - af.1891             Tsodiako "Shaved Head Boy"
                             (Wichita proper)
bf.1892 - af.1904          Tawakoni Jim (Tawakoni)
Chairmen
c.1922                     John W. Haddon (president)        (b. c.1882 – d. 19..)
c.1939                     William "Bill" Collins
bf.1950 - 1961             Frank Miller
Presidents
1961 - c.1969              Lewis L. Zadoka                   (b. 1918 - d. 1985)
196. - 1974                Myles Stephenson                  (b. 1929)
1974 - 1978?               Newton Lamar (1st time)           (b. 1928 - d. 1989)
1978 - c.1981              Margaret "Joyce" Bell (f)         (b. 1935 - d. 2013)
c.1982 - 1986              Newton Lamar (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1986 - c.1989              Vernon Haddon                     (b. 1927 - d. 2006)
198. - 1990                Stuart Owings
1990 - 2008                Gary McAdams
2008 - 11 Sep 2010         Leslie Standing (1st time)
Sep 2010 - Jun 2011        Stratford Williams (acting)       (b. 1950 – d. 2013)
 6 Jun 2011 - Jul 2012     Leslie Standing (2nd time)
Jul 2012 - Jul 2024        Terri Parton (f)
Jul 2024 -                 Amber Silverhorn-Wolfe (f)

Wyandotte Nation

[Wyandotte Tribe of
                Oklahoma (U.S.)]

1649                       Huron confederacy (in modern Ontario, Canada), allied with
                             the French, is destroyed by the Five Nations; remaining
                             Hurons moved to Quebec (modern Huronne-Wendat) or Wisconsin.
1671                       Moved to Michigan (originally at St. Ignace, from 1701 at Detroit),
                             governed by the Council of Chiefs (10 lineages of titled/named
                             life chiefs).
1760 – 1795                Allied with the British (named Wyandot by the British).
1795                       Under the U.S. protection.
1802 – 1805                Detroit Indian Agency established.
1817                       Reservation (several tracts in northern Ohio and at Detroit)

                             established.
1842                       Exchanged for reservation in Kansas (moved in 1843).
 9 Jun 1846                First constitution adopted (Wyandot Nation), further constitutions
                             20 Oct 1851 and 23 Sep 1873.
1855                       Granted the U.S. citizenship and reservation dissolved (effective
                             1859).
1857                       Settled among Seneca in Oklahoma (1862 – 1864 in Kansas exile).
1867                       Reservation established in Oklahoma, spelling "Wyandotte" adopted.
1893                       Allotment leads to Indians becoming minority without opening of
                             the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
17 Jul 1937                Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma
 1 Aug 1956 - 15 May 1978  Federal recognition terminated (formally not effected).
1995                       Self-governance agreement.
1999                       Renamed Wyandotte Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal names
                             from 2003).
2006                       Gaming compact.


First chiefs
(by precedence)
c.1661                     Sastaretsi I (an office title/name)
bf.1682 - af.1701          Sastaretsi II
bf.1721 - 1747             Mathias Sastaretsi III            (b. c.1697 - d. 1747)
bf.1758 - 1765             Sastaretsi IV                     (d. 1765)
bf.1778 - 1783             Ignace Oatsenon Sastaretsi V      (b. c.1753 - d. 1783)
bf.1786 - af.1790          Sastaretsi VI
Principal chiefs
1788 – 1816                Tarhe "The Crane"                 (b. 1742 - d. 1816)
1817 – 1825                Deunquot (Anglicized name)        (d. 1825)
                             (formally installed in 1820)
1825 – 1828                Matthew Sarahess                  (b. 1786 - d. 1846)
                             (formally not installed)
1828 – 1833                Orontondi "Warpole"               (b. 1775 - d. 1843)
1833 – 1834                Henry Jacquis (1st time)          (b. 1789 - d. 1848)
1834 – 1835                Summundewat (1st time)            (b. 1781 - d. 1840)
1835                       Thomas Long                       (d. 1835)
1835 – 1836                William Walker (1st time)         (b. 1799 - d. 1874)
1836 – 1837                .... (not recorded)
1837 – 1838                John Barnett
1838 – 1839                Francis A. Hicks (1st time)       (b. 1800 - d. 1855)
1839 – 1840                William Walker (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1840                       Summundewat (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1840 – 1841                .... (not recorded)
1841 – 1842                Francis A. Hicks (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1842 – 1845                Henry Jacquis (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1845 – 1848                James Washington                  (b. 1787 - d. 1852)
1848 – 1850                Francis A. Hicks (3rd time)       (s.a.)
Aug 1850 – 1852            George I. Clarke (1st time)       (b. 1802 - d. 1858)
Aug 1852 - 1853            John D. Brown
Aug 1853 – 1856            Tauromee "John Hat" (1st time)    (b. 1810 - d. 1870)
Aug 1856 – Jan 1858        George I. Clarke (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jan 1858 – Aug 1858        Silas Armstrong (1st time)        (b. 1810 - d. 1865)
Aug 1858 - 1859            John Sarahess (1st time)
1859 – 1865                Matthew Mudeater (1st time)       (b. 1813 - d. 1878)
Aug 1865 - Dec 1865        Silas Armstrong (2nd time)        (s.a.)
Dec 1865 – 1866            Matthew Mudeater (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1866 - 15 Jan 1870         Tauromee (2nd time)               (s.a.)
                             (in opposition already from Dec 1862)
Jan 1870 - 1871            John W. Greyeyes
May 1871 – 1872            John Kayrahoo
Jul 1872 - 1873            Thomas Punch
1873 – 1874                John Sarahess (2nd time)
1874 – 1875                Silas W. Armstrong                (b. 1843 - d. 1907)
1875 - 1876                Matthew Mudeater (3rd time)       (s.a.)
1876 - 1880                Irvin P. Long (1st time)          (d. 1889)
1880 - 1882                Nicholas Cotter                   (b. 1822 - d. 1887)
1882 – af.1883             Irvin P. Long (2nd time)          (s.a.)
c.1898                     Allen Johnson, Jr.
bf.1912 - af.1913          Silas Armstrong II
Chiefs
19.. - 1936                Allen Johnson, Jr.
1936 - 1942                Leonard N. Cotter (1st time)      (b. 1906 - d. 1976)
1942 – 1944                ....
1944 - 1947                Sam Long
1947 - 1948                Mont Cotter (1st time)            (b. 1905 – d. 1986)
1948 - 1954                Leonard N. Cotter (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1954 - 1962                Lawrence Zane
1963 - 1976                Leonard N. Cotter (3rd time)      (s.a.)
1976 - 1978                Mont Cotter (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1978 - 1983                Phillip Peacock
Sep 1983 - 31 May 2011     Leaford Bearskin                  (b. 1921 - d. 2012)
 1 Jun 2011 -              Billy Friend



Oregon

Burns Paiute

[Burns Paiute
                Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony (Oregon, U.S.)]
 
1937                       Reservation set aside.
1953 – 1978                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
16 Nov 1967                Burns Paiute Indian Colony, recognition by the U.S. confirmed.
1988/1993                  Burns Paiute Tribe of the Burns Paiute Indian Colony of Oregon.
1997                       Gaming compact.

Chief
1884 – 1935                "Captain Louie"                  (b. c.1845 – d. 1935)
Chairmen
1937 – 19..                ....
c.1967 - 197.              Truman Teeman                    (b. 1940 – d. 2011)
c.1972                     Alma Kennedy (f)
c.1976 - Mar 1981          Herbert W. Hawley (1st time)
c.1983                     Minerva Soucie (f)
bf.1984 - af.1987         
Vernon Shake Spear
bf.1990 - af.1992          Larry Richards
bf.1993 - 1995             Herbert W. Hawley (2nd time)
1995 – 1996                Albert Teeman (1st time)
1996 – 2001                Wanda Johnson (f) (1st time)
2001 – 2003                Albert Teeman (2nd time)
2003 – 2004                Dean Adams (1st time)
2004 – 2006                Barbara Sam (f)
2006 – 2007                Dean Adams (2nd time)
2007 – 2009                Wanda Johnson (f) (2nd time)
2009 – 2011                Diane L. Teeman (f) (1st time)
2011 – 2013                Charisse Soucie (f)
2013 - 2016                Charlotte Roderique (f)
2016 - 2017                Joe DeLaRosa
2017 - 2019                Eric Hawley
2019 - 2020                Cecil Dick
2020 - 2021                Jody Richards (f)
2021 - 2024                Diane L. Teeman (f) (2nd time)
2024 -                     Tracy Kennedy (f)


Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Confederated

[Coos, Lower
                        Umpqua and Siuslaw Confederated (Oregon, U.S.)]
Adopted 2009

[Coos,
                                Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Confederated
                                variant (Oregon, U.S.)]
Alternate

13 Aug 1956                 Terminated by the U.S. as a part of Siletz.
17 Oct 1984                 Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians
                              of Oregon, recognized by the U.S., remains under jurisdiction
                              of state courts and law enforcement.
2003                        Gaming compact.
2005                        Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
c.1929                      George B. Wasson                 (b. 1880 - d. 1949)
1936 – 19..                 Howard Barrett, Sr. (1st time)   (d. 1957)
c.1941                      James Siestreem
bf.1947 - 1957              Howard Barrett, Sr. (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1957 – 1971                 George Barton
1971 – 197.                 William P. Brainard (1st time)   (b. 1932 – d. 2003)
bf.1977 - af.1978           Russell Jordan Anderson          (d. 1981)
                              (1st time)
c.1980                      Richard E. Jordan, Jr. (1st time)

198. - 1981                 Russell Jordan Anderson          (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)
198. – 1984                 Richard E. Jordan, Jr. (2nd time)
1984 – 1985                 William P. Brainard (2nd time)   (s.a.)
c.1987                      Edgar Allen Bowen                (b. 1926 – d. 2011)
bf.1989 - af.1990           Richard E. Jordan, Jr. (3rd time)

bf.1992 - 1994              Henry Stephen Brainard
1994 – 1998                 Gregory A. Norton
1998 – 2000                 Richard Clarkson
2000 – 2001                 Wanda Williford (f)
2001 – 2007                 Ronald Brainard
2007 – 2015                 Robert Garcia
2015 - 2018                 Mark D. Ingersoll

2018 - 2019                 Debbie Bossley (f) (1st time)
2019 - 2020                 Donald "Doc" Slyter
2020 - 2022                 Debbie Bossley (f) (2nd time)
2022 -                      Brad Kneaper


Coquille
 

[Coquille Indian Tribe
                (Oregon, U.S.)]

13 Aug 1956                Terminated by the U.S. as a part of Siletz.
28 Jun 1989                Coquille Indian Tribe, recognized by the U.S., remains under
                             jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1995                       Gaming compact.
1998                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
c.1978                     Leland "Bud" Chase               (b. 1926)
c.1984                     James I. Metcalf (1st time)
c.1988/89                  Wilfred Carlisle Wasson          (b. 1924 - d. 1990)
bf.1991 - 1992             James I. Metcalf (2nd time)
1992 – 2012                Edward L. Metcalf
2012 -                     Brenda Meade (f)



Cow Creek Umpqua
 
[Cow Creek
                            Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians former flag
                            (Oregon, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Cow Creek
                          Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians (Oregon,
                          U.S.)]
Current Flag
1910 – 1918                 Roseburg agency.
13 Aug 1956                 Terminated by the U.S as a part of Grand Ronde.
29 Dec 1982                 Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians, recognized by the U.S.;
                              remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1992                        Gaming compact.
2015                        Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
c.1979                      Ellis Buschmann
c.1981 – 1983               Charles "Chuck" Jackson
1983 – 2010                 Sue M. Shaffer (f)
2010 - 2022                 Daniel Courtney
2022 -                      Carla Keen (f)


Grand Ronde Confederated Tribes

[Confederated Tribes of
              the Grand Ronde Community (Oregon, U.S.)]

1850 – 1956                Grand Ronde (to 1856, Rogue River; from 1909, Salem) agency.
1853 - 1855                Treaties with the U.S.
30 Jun 1857                Grand Ronde Reservation established.
13 May 1936                Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community (consisting of
                             24 tribes).
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
13 Aug 1956 – 22 Nov 1983  Tribe terminated by the U.S.

1995                       Self-governance agreement, gaming compact.

Chairmen
bf.1934 - 193.             ....
c.1936                     Abraham J. Hudson
bf.1937 - af.1940          Edgar Simmons
c.1951                     Celia Smith (f)
c.1954                     Vernon Reibach                   (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
1956 – 1975                abolished
1975 – af.1978             Margaret J. Provost (f)          (b. 1930 - d. 2018)
bf.1979 - Feb 1982         Marvin Kimsey (1st time)
Feb 1982 - 11 Nov 1982     Merle Holmes
Nov 1982 - af.Mar 1983     Harold "Dean" Mercier (1st time) (b. 1930 – d. 2011)
c.May 1983                 Marvin Kimsey (2nd time)
c.Dec 1983 - Mar 1984      Harold "Dean" Mercier (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1984 - Mar 1985        Kathryn Harrison (f) (1st time)  (b. 1924)
Mar 1985 - Oct 1985        Henry Petite
Oct 1985 - 1996            Mark A. Mercier

1996 – 2001                Kathryn Harrison (f) (2nd time)  (s.a.)
2001 – 2006                Cheryle A. Kennedy (f)(1st time) (b. 1948)
2006 – 2007                Christopher Mercier
2007 – 2012                Cheryle A. Kennedy (f)(2nd time) (s.a.)
2012 - 2017                Reynold L. Leno                  (b. 1950)
2017 -                     Cheryle A. Kennedy (f)(3rd time) (s.a.)


Klamath

[Klamath Tribes (Oregon,
                U.S.)]

1854 – 1961                Klamath (to 1856, Southeastern) agency (1856–1861 closed).

14 Oct 1864                Treaty with the U.S. (ratified 2 Jul 1866), Klamath Reservation
                             established.
23 Dec 1929                Klamaths, Modoc, and Yahooskin Band of Snake Indians, Klamath
                             Reservation, Oregon - first constitution adopted.
15 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.

1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
13 Aug 1961 – 27 Aug 1986  Tribe terminated by the U.S.

27 Aug 1986                Klamath Indian Tribe of Oregon
1994                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Klamath Tribes
2019                       Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs of Klamath (largest tribe of the reservation)
bf.1850 - 1869             Lileks (La Lakes)
1869 – 1874                Allen David (Boos-ki-you)           (b. c1825 – d. af1904)
1874 – 1904                Henry Blow (Lol-to-bux)             (b. 1824 – d. 1904)
Head chief of Modoc (second largest tribe of the reservation)
bf.1846 - 1892             Schonchin                           (b. c.1797 – d. 1892)

Chairmen

18.. – 1908                General Council
1908 – 19..                ....
c.1911                     Eugene Isaacs
c.1922                     Seldon E. Kirk (1st time)
c.1929                     Wade Crawford
bf.1946 - c.1947           Jesse Lee Kirk, Sr.                  (b. 1894 – d. 1962)
c.1955 - c.1958            Delford Lang
                             (leads a 'withdrawn' group 1960-1965)
c.1958                     Joe Hall
1958 – 1961                Seldon E. Kirk (2nd time)

1961 – 1975                abolished
1975 – 197.                Elnathan Ulysses Davis (1st time)    (b. 1922 – d. 1991)
c.1978                     Chick Ruff
c.1982                     Elnathan Ulysses Davis (2nd time)    (s.a.)
198. - Nov 1982            Lynn Schonchin (1st time)
Nov 1982 - 198.            LouJean Herrera (acting)
c.1984                     Elwood Miller (1st time)
c.1986 - c.1989            Charles E. Kimbol, Sr. (1st time)    (b. 1934)

c.1989                     Lynn Schonchin (2nd time)
c.1990                     Elwood Miller (2nd time)
19.. – 1992                Charles E. Kimbol, Sr. (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1992 – 1994                Tom J. Ball

1994 – 1996                Marvin Garcia
1996 – 2000                Jeff C. Mitchell
2000 – 2007                Allen Foreman
2007 – 2010                Joseph S. Kirk
2010 - 2013               
Gary D. Frost, Sr.
2013 - 2022                Don Gentry
2022 - 2024                Clayton Dumont
2024 -                     William E. Ray


Siletz Confederated Tribes


[Confederated
                        Tribes of Siletz Indians (Oregon, U.S.)]
Adopted 1995/96

1853 - 1855                 Treaties with the U.S.
1854 – 1925                 Siletz (to 1856, Port Orford) agency.
 9 Nov 1855                 Coast Reservation established (in 1865 divided into Siletz and
                              Alsea Reservations).
1894                        Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                              were citizens).
1895                        Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
30 Jun 1933                 Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Reservation (consisting of 27
                              tribes), first constitution adopted.
 6 Apr 1935                 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1953                        Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
13 Aug 1956 – 18 Nov 1977   Tribe terminated by the U.S.
18 Nov 1977                 Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Indians of Oregon, federal
                              recognition restored.
1994                        Self-governance agreement.
2000                        Gaming compact.

Head chief of the Confederated Tribes
1870 – 1900                 George Harney (Ohlatha)             (b. 1837 – d. 1900)

Chairmen
1921 – 19..                 ....
c.1940                      Coquelle Thompson, Jr.      
bf.1950 – 1956              Elmer Logan
1956 – 1973                 abolished
1973 – c.1975               Joseph Lane
1975 - 1980                 Arthur S. Bensell
(1st time)        (b. 1909 - d. 1988)
c.1983                      Mary Fisher (f)                     (b. 1928 – d. 2006)
198. – 1985
                Arthur S. Bensell (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1985 -  1 Feb 1997          Delores A. Pigsley (f)
(1st time)
1997 -  1 Aug 1998          Pat Duncan
 1 Aug 1998 -              
Delores A. Pigsley (f)(2nd time)

Umatilla Confederated Tribes

[Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation
                (Oregon, U.S.)]

1851                        Eastern Oregon (from 1861, Umatilla) Indian Agency established.
  9 Jun 1855                Three confederated tribes under the U.S protection; the Umatilla
                              Indian Reservation established.
1887                        Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                              were citizens).
15 Jun 1935                 Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
 4 Nov 1949                 Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation.
1953 – 1981                 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1994                        Gaming compact with the state.
2005                        Self-governance agreement with the U.S.

Head chiefs of Cayuse (largest tribe of the confederacy)
1835 – 1843                 Tawatoy "Young Chief I" (1st time)  (b. c.1805 - d. 1853)
1843 – 1848                 Hezekiah
                             (Pahkatos Qohqoh "Five Crows")     (b. c.1800 – d. af.1857)
1848 – 1853                 Tawatoy "Young Chief I” (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1853 – 1859                 Weatenatenamy "Young Chief II"      (d. 1859)
1859 – 1861                 "Young Chief III"
1861 – 1862                 Howlish Wampo (1st time)            (d. 1880)
1862 – 1868                 Tintinemetsa                        (d. 1868)
1868 – 1880                 Howlish Wampo (2nd time)            (s.a.)
c.1890                      "Young Chief IV"
Head chiefs of Walla Walla (2nd largest tribe of the confederacy)
bf.1834 – 1856              Pyopyo Maqsmaqs "Yellow Bird"       (b. c.1790 – d. 1856)
185. – 1863                 Pierre (1st time)
1863 – 18..                 Xumlay (1st time)                   (b. c.1820 – d. 1891)
c.1871                      Pierre (2nd time)
bf.1873 - 1891              Xumlay (2nd time)                   (s.a.)
Chairmen

c.1929                      General Council
19.. - 1949                 ....
1949 - 1955                 Louis McFarland                     (b. 1901 - d. 1971)
1955 – 196.                 Elias J. Quaempts
c.1963                      Gibert E. Conner
c.1966 - af.1967            David S. Hall
c.1969                      Roy McIntyre                        (b. 1897 - d. 1979)
1974 – 1980                 Les Minthorn (1st time)
1980 – af.1981              Ronald T. Halfmoon  
bf.1982 - Dec 1984          Elwood H. Patawa (1st time)
1985 – 1987                 Ken Hall
1987 – 1993                 Elwood H. Patawa (2nd time)
1993 – 1997                 Donald G. Sampson
1997 – 2001                 Antone C. Minthorn (1st time)
2001 – 2003                 Gary I. Burke (1st time)
2003 - 2009                 Antone C. Minthorn (2nd time)
2009 – 2011                 Elwood H. Patawa (3rd time)
2011 – 2013                 Les Minthorn (2nd time)
2013 - 2019                 Gary I. Burke (2nd time)
2019 - Nov 2023    
        Kathryn Brigham (f)
Nov 2023 -                  Gary I. Burke (3rd time)


Warm Springs Confederated Tribes

[Confederated Tribes of
                  the Warm Springs Reservation (Oregon, U.S.)]

25 Jun 1855                Under the U.S. protection (Confederated Tribes of the Middle
                             Oregon); the Warm Springs Indian Reservation established.
1861                       Warm Springs Indian Agency established.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
23 Apr 1938                Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation.
1995                       Gaming compact with the state. 
2013                       Self-governance agreement. 


Head chiefs of Tenino
(largest tribe of the confederacy, title of chief: Miyuux)
c.1855                     Alexis
bf.1873 - af.1890          Lee Queahpama
1931 – 1942                Frank Queahpama                  (d. 1942)
                             [not the last head chief]
Head chiefs of Wasco
((2nd largest tribe of the confederacy, title of chief: Icta'mx)
bf.1855 - af.1875          Mark
c.1890                     Philip Pianoose
bf.1937 - 1942             George Meachem                   (d. 1942)
                             [not the last head chief]
Chairmen
bf.1929 - 19..             ....
bf.1937 – 1938             Jerry Brunoe
1938 – 18 Jul 1942         George Meachem                   (s.a.)
 3 Aug 1942 – 1944         Isaac McKinley
1944 – 1947                Charles Jackson (1st time)
1947 – 1953                Alex Miller, Sr. (1st time)
1953 – 1956                Sam Jackson
1956 – 1959                Alex Miller, Sr. (2nd time)
1959 – 1962                Charles Jackson (2nd time)
1962 – 1965                Edwin Scott 
1965 – 1968                Olney Patt, Sr. (1st time)
1968 – 1971                Grant Waheneka 
1971 – 1974                Olney Patt, Sr. (2nd time)
1974 – 1977                Zane Jackson (1st time)
1977 – 1980                Eugene Greene, Sr. 
1980 – 1983                Delbert Frank, Sr. 
1983 – 1992                Zane Jackson (2nd time)
1992 – 1995                Raymond Calica, Sr. 
1995 – 1996                Bruce Brunoe, Sr. 
1996 – 1998                Joseph Moses
1998 – 13 Jun 2003         Olney Patt, Jr.
13 Jun 2003 – 2004         Garland Brunoe
2004 – 2010                Ronald Suppah, Sr. 
2010 – 2013                Stanley B. Smith, Jr.
2013 - 2019                Eugene Greene, Jr.
2019 -
2022                Raymond Tsumpti
May 2022 -                 Jonathan W. Smith



Pennsylvania

None Recognized

Rhode Island

Narragansett Indian Tribe

[Narragansett Indian Tribe
                (Rhode Island, U.S.)]

1636                       Ally (later subject) of the English.
1682                       Reservation set aside.
31 Mar 1880                Narragansett de-tribalized in Rhode Island by Act of the
                             General Assembly.

Dec 1934                   Narragansett Tribe of Indians incorporated.
11 Apr 1983                Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island granted federal
                             recognition, remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law
                             enforcement.


Grand Chiefs
c.1524                     Tashtasuck
c.15..                     Canonicus I
bf.1615 - 1647             Canonicus II                     (b. c.1565 – d. 1647)
1647 – 1676                Canonchet                        (d. 1676)
Chiefs
1676 – 1679                Ninigret I                       (d. 1679)
1679 – 1686                Weunquesh (f)                    (d. 1686)
1686 – 1723                Ninigret II (Anquawas)           (d. 1723)
1723 – 1735                Charles Augustus Ninigret        (d. 1735)
1735 – 1746                George Augustus Ninigret         (d. 1746)
1746 – 1769                Thomas Ninigret                  (b. 1736 – d. 1769)
1746 – 175.                Sarah George-Ninigret (f) -Regent
1769 – 1777                Esther Ninigret-Sachem (f)       (d. 1777)
1777 – 1779                George Sachem                    (b. 1757 – d. 1779)
1779 – 1792                Tribal Council (elected annually)
Governors
1792 – 1850                ....
Presidents     
1850 – 18..                ....
bf.1879 – 1896             Gideon L. Ammons                 (b. 1811 – d. 1899)
1896 – 1901                George Ammons                    (b. 1856 - d. 1923)
1901 – 1934                Abolished
Chief Sachems
1934 – Jun 1955            Philip H. Peckham "Night Hawk"   (d. 1955)
1955 - 1964                ....

1964 – 1986                George Watson                    (b. 1899 – d. 1986)
1986 – 1988                David K. Mars
1988 – 1990                Walter Babcock                   (b. 1933 - d. 2021)
1990 – 1996                George Hopkins                   (b. 1915 - d. 1996)
1997 - 2018                Matthew Thomas "Seventh Hawk"
2018 -                     Anthony Dean Stanton

South Carolina

Catawba Indian Nation

[Catawba Indian Nation (South
              Carolina, U.S.)]

1712 - 1775                Ally (later subject) of the British.
Jul 1760                   Reservation established.
14 Dec 1943                Recognized by the U.S. (Catawba Tribe).
 2 Jul 1960 – 27 Oct 1993  Terminated by the U.S., reverts to state trusteeship (from 1993,
                             remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement).
1997                       Renamed Catawba Indian Nation.

Head chiefs
17.. – 1738                Ozato                            (d. af.1751)
1738 – 1741                Iscountgonita "Wolf King"
1741 – Oct 1750            Yanabe Yalangway "Young Warrior" (d. 1750)
1750 – 30 Aug 1763         Hagler (Arataswa)                (b. c.1700 - d. 1763)
1763 – Feb 1765            David Ayers -Regent              (b. c.1720 – d. 1776)
Feb 1765 – c.1778          Joe Prow                         (d. 1779)
Generals
c.1778 – 1801              "New River" (Scott)              (b. c.1740 – d. 1801)
1801 – 1821                Jacob Scott                      (d. 1821)
1821 – 14 Jul 1837         Jacob Ayers                      (d. 1837)
1837 – Sep 1839            William Harris                   (d. 1839)
1839 – 1847                James Kegg (absent from 1844)    (b. 1783/85 - d. 1852)
Chiefs

1844 – Dec 1851            William Morrison                 (b. 1815/16 – d. af.1853)
                             (acting for Kegg to 1847)
1852 – Jul 1860            Allen Harris                     (b. 1813/14 - d. 1860)
1860 – 1861                John "Jim" Harris (1st time)     (b. 1830/31 – d. 1874)
1861 – 1868                John Scott (1st time)            (b. 1825/26 – d. 18..)
1868 – 1872                John "Jim" Harris (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1872 – 1880                John Scott (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1880 – af.1881             Vacant   
188. – 1884                John Scott (3rd time)            (s.a.)
1884 – 1885                James "Jim" Harris (1st time)    (b. 1858 – d. 1912)
1885 – 1886                Vacant   
1886 – 1889                Thomas "Tom" Morrison            (b. 1836/37 – d. af.1900)
1889 – 1890                James "Jim" Harris (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1890 – 189.                Vacant
1892 – 189.                James "Jim" Harris (3rd time)    (s.a.)
189. – 1894                Vacant
1894 – 1895                James "Jim" Harris (4th time)    (s.a.)
1895 – 1896                Robert Lee Harris (1st time)     (b. 1867 – d. 1954)
1896 – 1898                James "Jim" Harris (5th time)    (s.a.)
1898 – 1903                Lewis B. Gordon                  (b. 1868/69 – d. af.1910)
1903 – 1904                Vacant?
1904 – 1905                William Harris                   (b. 1857/58 – d. 1930)
1905 – 1906                Executive Committee
                           - Lewis B. Gordon (chairman)     (s.a.)
                           - Benjamin Perry Harris          (b. 1869/70 – d. c.1929)
                           - Samuel Taylor Blue             (b. 1872 - d. 1959)
1906 - 1917                David Adam "Toad" Harris         (b. 1872 - d. 1930)
1917 - 1923                Executive Committee
                           - Samuel Taylor Blue (chairman)  (s.a.)
                           - Robert Lee Harris              (s.a.)
                           - John Idle Sanders              (b. 1892 – d. 1973)
1923 - 1927                John William Brown               (b. 1867 - d. 1927)
1927 - 1939                Samuel Taylor Blue (1st time)    (s.a.)
1939 - 1940                Robert Lee Harris (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1940  (months)             Lewis Ervin Gordon               (b. 1900 – d. 1954)
1940 – 1944                Robert Lee Harris (3rd time)     (s.a.)
1944                       Albert Henderson Sanders         (b. 1904 – d. 1994)
                             (1st time)
1944 - 1946                Douglas William Harris           (b. 1905 – d. 1966)
1946 – 1951                Floyd Raymond Harris             (b. 1913 - d. 1952)
1951 – 1952                Ephraim D. George (1st time)     (b. 1902 – d. 1965)
1952                       Fred Nelson Blue (1st time)      (b. 1889 – d. 1980)
1952 - 1955                Ephraim D. George (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1955 – 1956                Samuel Taylor Blue (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1956                       John Idle Sanders                (s.a.)
1956 - 1957                Samuel Taylor Blue (3rd time)    (s.a.)
1957 - 1958                Fred Nelson Blue (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1958 – 1973                Albert Henderson Sanders         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1973 – Mar 2007            Gilbert B. Blue                  (b. 1936 - d. 2016)
Mar 2007 – 23 Jul 2007     Evan "Buck" George (acting)      (b. 1932 – d. 2013)
23 Jul 2007 – 23 Jul 2011  Donald Rodgers
23 Jul 2011 - Jul 2023     William Harris
Jul 2023 -                 Brian Harris


South Dakota

Cheyenne River Sioux 

[Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (South
                          Dakota, U.S.)]
Adopted 1975

1825                       Minniconjou (Mnikowozhu) sub-tribe of Teton (Lakota) Sioux tribe
                             under the U.S. protection (details under Oglala Sioux), led by
                             a committee of six chiefs (in Lakota: Wicasha Itancan, the
                             "Chief Men").
29 Apr 1868                Part of the Great Sioux Reservation.
1869                       Cheyenne River Indian Agency established (also small Sans Arc
                             [Itazipco] and Two Kettle [Oohenunpa] sub-tribes of Lakota are
                             attached to this agency).
 2 Mar 1889                Cheyenne River Indian Reservation established upon division of the
                             Great Sioux.
25 May 1925                First constitution adopted.
27 Dec 1935                Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs of Minniconjou (Mnikowozhu) Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan)
1854 – Dec 1875            He Wanzhica "Lone Horn"               (b. c.1804 - d. 1875)
1876 – Dec 1890            Si Tanka "Big Foot"                   (b. c.1825 – d. 1890)
Head chief of Two Kettle (Oohenunpa) Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan)
1851 – af.1876             Mawatani Hanska "Tall Mandan"         (b. c.1804 – d. bf.1886)
Head chiefs of Sans Arc (Itazipco) Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan)
1856 – 1858                Kangi Wiyaka "Crow Feather I"         (d. 1858)
1858 – 1865                Committee of chiefs (8 chiefs)
1865 – af.1876             Kangi Wiyaka "Crow Feather II"        (b. 1840 – d. 18..)

Chairmen
1889 – 1903                General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni)
1903 – af.1904             Edward Swan                           (b. 1872 – d. 1934)
bf.1908 - af.1911          James Crow Feather
bf.1934 - 1942             Luke Gilbert
1942 – 194.                Samuel Charger
bf.1944 – 1946             Grant Iron Lightning
1946 - 1950                Albert LeBeau, Sr.
1950 - 1958                Frank Ducheneaux (1st time)           (d. 1976)      
1958 - 1962                Anthony A. Rivers II
1962                       Andrew LeBeau 
1962 - 1970                Frank Ducheneaux (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1970 - 1974                Theophile O. Traversie                (b. 1934 - d. 2007)
1974 - 1978                Wayne L. Ducheneaux (1st time)        (b. 1936 - d. 2012)
1978 – 1980                Melvin Garreau, Sr. 
1980                       Kenneth West
1980                       Lanny LaPlant
1980 - 1982                Robert Chasing Hawk
1982 - 1986                Morgan Garreau
1986 - 1990                Wayne L. Ducheneaux (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1990 -  7 Dec 2002         Gregg Bourland                        (b. c.1957)
 
7 Dec 2002 - 2006         Harold C. Frazier (1st time)          (b. 1966)
2006 -  7 Dec 2010         Joseph Brings Plenty, Sr.             (b. c.1970)
 7 Dec 2010 - Dec 2014     Kevin C. Keckler
Dec 2014 - Dec 2022        Harold C. Frazier (2nd time)          (s.a.)
Dec 2022 -                 Ryman LeBeau


Crow Creek Sioux

[Crow Creek Sioux
              Tribe (South Dakota, U.S.)]

c.1750                     Yanktonai tribe of Nakota Sioux a part of the Seven Fires
                             confederacy (details under Santee Sioux).
1825                       Yanktonai tribe under the US protection.
1837                       Upper Missouri (from 1874, Crow Creek) Indian Agency
                             established.
1856                       Yanktonai tribe divided into the Lower Yanktonai sub-tribe (in
                             1865 majority moved to Standing Rock) and Upper Yanktonai
                             sub-tribe (in 1865 moved to Fort Peck and Standing Rock).
 1 Jul 1863 – 1865         Crow Creek Reservation temporarily set aside for the displaced
                             Santee Sioux and Winnebago en route their removal from
                             Minnesota to Nebraska.
29 Apr 1868                Crow Creek Reservation re-established for the Lower Yanktonai.
1923                       First constitution adopted.
15 Dec 1934                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
26 Apr 1949                Crow Creek Sioux Tribe, the constitution adopted.
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Head chief of Upper Yankton Nakota Sioux
1856 – 1865                Howa Sapa "Black Catfish"             (d. af.1885)
                             (continued at Fort Peck)
Head chiefs of Lower Yanktonai Nakota Sioux
1856 – 1865                Mato Nunpa "Two Bears"                (d. 1879)
                             (continued at Standing Rock)
1865 – 1872                Hohu Na’pin "Bone Necklace"           (d. 1872)
1872 - af.1902             Wanagi Ska "White Ghost"              (b. c.1825 – d. 19..)

Chairmen

bf.1923 – 19..             ....
c.1934                     Russell Harrison
c.1940                     Joe Irving
1946 – 19..                Vernon L. Ashley (1st time)           (b. 1916 - d. 2015)

bf.1951 - af.1952          Herbert Wounded Knee (1st time)
c.1953 – 1954              Vernon L. Ashley (2nd time)           (s.a.)
195. - 195.                Annie Thompson (f)

bf.1961 - af.1963          Robert Gilbert Philbrick (1st time)   (b. 1911 - d. 1992)
bf.1964 - 1965             William Isburg (1st time)
May 1965 – 1966            Ansel Carpenter                       (b. 1933)
1966 – 1967                Herbert Wounded Knee (2nd time)
1967 – af.1968             Robert Gilbert Philbrick (2nd time)   (s.a.)
c.1969 - c.1970            William Isburg (2nd time)
bf.1971 - 1973             Robert Gilbert Philbrick (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1973 -  1 Jul 1977         Elnita Rank (f)
Jul 1977 - 1977            Ambrose McBride (acting)
1977 – 1978                Robert Gilbert Philbrick (4th time)   (s.a.)
1978 – 1980                Duane Big Eagle (1st time)            (b. 1946)
1980 - c.1984              Robert Gilbert Philbrick (5th time)   (s.a.)
c.1984 - c.1985            Wallace Wells                         (b. 1949 - d. 2008)
Apr 1986 - c.1990          Donald McGhee
c.1990 - c.1992            Nelson Blaine
May 1992 - May 1998        Duane Big Eagle (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1998 - 2000                Harold Miller
2000 - 2002                Roxanne L. Sazue (f) (1st time)       (b. 1961)
2002 - 2006                Duane Big Eagle (3rd time)            (s.a.)
2006 - 2008                Lester Thompson, Jr. (1st time)
2008 - 2010                Brandon J. Sazue (1st time)
May 2010 - Aug 2011        Duane Big Eagle (4th time)            (s.a.)
Aug 2011 - 2012            Wilfred Keeble (acting)
Jun 2012 – May 2014        Brandon J. Sazue (2nd time)
May 2014 - May 2016        Roxanne L. Sazue (f) (2nd time)       (s.a.)
May 2016 - 2018           
Brandon J. Sazue (3rd time)
2018 - Apr 2020            Lester Thompson, Jr. (2nd time)
Apr 2020 -                 Peter Lengkeek


Flandreau Santee Sioux 

[Flandreau
                          Santee Sioux (South Dakota, U.S.)]
Adopted 1994

Mar 1869                   Separated from the Santee Sioux, the reservation set aside.
1873                       Flandreau Indian agency (1879 – 1902 closed).
24 Apr 1936                Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South Dakota
2000                       Gaming compact.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Presidents
1929 – 1934                Owen Lovejoy
1934 – 193.                George Eastman (1st time)
c.1936                     Jess Wakeman (1st time)
bf.1937 – 1938             George Eastman (2nd time)
1938                       John Allen
1938 – 19..                Jess Wakeman (2nd time)
1940 – 1941                Benjamin Jones
1941                       Jess Wakeman (3rd time)
1941 – 194.                Alexander Wakeman
1948 – 1949                Francis Wakeman
c.1950                     Jess Wakeman (4th time)
1953 – 1956                Richard K. Wakeman, Sr. (1st time)
1956 – 19..                George Allen, Sr. (1st time)
c.1962                     Richard K. Wakeman, Sr. (2nd time)
1963                       Felix Heminger

1963 – 1964                Gordon Jones, Sr.
c.1964 - c.1969            Richard K. Wakeman, Sr. (3rd time)
1972 – 1974                Agnes Ross (f)

1974 – 197.                Richard P. Allen (1st time)
c.1977                     George Allen, Sr. (2nd time)
1978 – 1979                Andrew Weston

1979 – 1980                Kenneth Allen (1st time)
1980? – 1981               George Allen, Sr. (3rd time)
1981 - Aug 1982            Kenneth Allen (2nd time)
1982 - Aug 1983           
George Allen, Sr. (4th time)
1983 – 198.                Carolyn Sorensen (f)

1985 – 1987                Elmer Weston
1987 – 1990                Judith L. Peterson (f)
                (b. 1946 - d. 2015)
1990 – 1992                Lee Taylor
1992 – 1996                William Schumacher
1996 - 1998                Richard P. Allen (2nd time)
1998 – Jul 2003            Thomas R. Ranfranz
Jul 2003 – Nov 2004        Leonard Eller
 
1 Dec 2004 – 17 Oct 2006  Mark Allen
Oct 2006 – Aug 2010        Joshua Weston
Aug 2010 -                 Anthony Reider

Lower Brule Sioux

[Lower
                          Brule Sioux Tribe old flag (South Dakota,
                          U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Lower
                          Brule Sioux Tribe (South Dakota, U.S.)]
Current Flag

1851                       A group of Brule (Sicangu) Lakota separates from the main
                             (latter Rosebud Sioux) tribe (formally from 1865).
29 Apr 1868                Part of the Great Sioux Reservation.
1875 – 1924                Lower Brule (to 1876, White River) Indian agency (1882 – 1896
                             closed).
 2 Mar 1889                Lower Brule Reservation established upon division of the Great
                             Sioux.
 5 Oct 1935                Lower Brule Sioux Tribe.
1991                       Gaming compact with the state.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.


Head chief (title of chief: Itancan)
bf.1865 – 1894             Maza Oyate "Iron Nation"              (b. 1815 – d. 1894)
                             (from 1887, Solomon Iron Nation)

Chairmen
1889 - 192.                General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni)
192. – 19..                ....
c.1934                     George Yellow
c.1935                     Daniel Quilt (1st time)
1936 - 1940                Reuben S. Estes
1940 - 1942                Daniel Quilt (2nd time)      
1942 - 1944                Moses DeSmet (1st time)               (b. 1891 - d. 1979)
1944 - 1946                Harvey Big Eagle
1946 - 1948                Thomas Eagle Thunder
1948 - 1952                Richard J. LaRoche, Sr.
1952 - 1954                Moses DeSmet (2nd time)               (s.a.)
1954 - 1955                Clarence R. Thompson
1955 - 1956                Richard LaRoche, Jr. (1st time)   
1956 - 1962                Joseph W. "Jiggs" Thompson            (b. 1920 - d. 1995)
1962 - 1964                Richard LaRoche, Jr. (2nd time)      
1964 - 1968                Richard P. Thompson (1st time)
1968 - 1972                Andrew R. Estes
1972 - 1974                Orville C. Langdeau (1st time)        (b. 1926 - d. 2001)
1974 - 1976                Michael B. Jandreau (1st time)        (b. 1943 - d. 2015)
1976 - 1978                Richard P. Thompson (2nd time)
1978 - 1980                Michael B. Jandreau (2nd time)        (s.a.)    
1980 - 1982                Orville C. Langdeau (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1982 - 1984                Patrick Neil Spears                   (b. 1950 - d. 2012)

1984 -  3 Apr 2015         Michael B. Jandreau (3rd time)        (s.a.)
Apr 2015 - Sep 2015        Kevin Wright (acting)
Sep 2015 - Oct 2016        Lewis Grass Rope
Oct 2016 - Sep 2020        Boyd Gourneau (1st time)
Sep 2020 - Sep 2024        Clyde J.R. Estes
Sep 2024 -                 Boyd Gourneau (2nd time)

Oglala Sioux

[Oglala Sioux
                          (South Dakota, U.S.)]
Adopted 9 Mar 1962

c.1750                     Teton (Lakota) Sioux tribe a part of the Seven Fires confederacy
                             (details under Santee Sioux).
 5 Jul 1825                Teton tribe under U.S. protection (referred to as the Great Sioux
                             Nation), by then divided into 7 sub-tribes (Ti Shakowin "Seven
                             Camps"; present Cheyenne River Sioux, Lower Brule Sioux, Oglala
                             Sioux, Rosebud Sioux and Standing Rock Sioux); the Oglala sub-
                             tribe (senior sub-tribe by precedence) is led by a committee of
                             7 chiefs (in Lakota: Wicasha Itancan, the "Chief Men").
29 Apr 1868                Great Sioux Reservation created by Treaty of Fort Laramie.

1871                       Red Cloud (from 1878, Pine Ridge) Indian Agency established.
 2 Mar 1889                Pine Ridge Reservation established upon division of the Great
                             Sioux.
26 Apr 1921                First constitution adopted (other early constitutions 30 Nov 1928,
                             27 Apr 1933).
15 Jan 1936                Oglala Sioux Tribe of Pine Ridge Reservation.
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
2012                       Reference to reservation officially dropped from the tribal name.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs of Oglala Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan)

Sep 1853 – Apr 1856        Tashunke Kokipapi (1st time)          (b. c.1815 – d. 1889)
                             "Man Afraid of His Horse I"
Apr 1856 – 1865            Opi Shica "Bad Wound"                 (b. c.1805 - d. 1883/85)
1865 – 1871                Tashunke Kokipapi (2nd time)          (s.a.)
                             "Man Afraid of His Horse I"
                             (claimed the position to the late 1870's)
1865 – 1871                Taopi Cikala "Little Wound"           (b. 1830 – d. 1899)
                             (in opposition, refused to move to reservation)
1871 – 1903                Mahpiya Luta "Red Cloud"              (b. 1822 – d. 1909)
                             (Oct 1876 – May 1877, 1881 – Oct 1882 deposed)
1883 – Jul 1887            Tashunke Kokipapi (president)         (b. 1836 – d. 1893)
                            
"Man Afraid of His Horse II"
                             (in opposition; also claimed the position
                             of the head chief from the late 1870's) 
1889                       Washicun Tashunke
"American Horse"    (b. c.1840 – d. 1908)
                            
(did not take the office)

Presidents
1889 – 190.                General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni)
bf.1907 - af.1909          Charles Turning Hawk                  (b. 1856 – d. 19..)
bf.1911 - 1918             Jack Red Cloud                        (b. 1858 – d. 1918)
bf.1921 - Dec 1928         James Henry Red Cloud (1st time)      (b. 1879 – d. 1960)
1929 - Feb 1931            Ivan Star Comes Out                   (b. 1897 – d. 1939)
c.1933                     James Henry Red Cloud (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1934 - 1936                Robert Bad Wound                      (b. 1871 – d. 1940)
Apr 1936 – 1940            Frank G. Wilson (1st time)
1940 – 1942                Henry Jumping Eagle
1942 - 1946                William Fire Thunder
Dec 1942 – 1943            James Henry Red Cloud                 (s.a.)
                             (acting for Fire Thunder)
1946 - 1948                James Roan Eagle 
1948 - 1950                Harry Conroy
1950 - 1952                Chester Red Kettle
1952 - 1954                Charles Under Baggage
1954 - 1956                Moses Two Bulls
1956 – Aug 1956            Frank G. Wilson (2nd time)
Aug 1956 – Apr 1958        James L. Iron Cloud (acting)
Apr 1958 – 1960            Frank G. Wilson (3rd time)
1960 - 1962                Johnson Holy Rock, Sr. (1st time)     (b. 1919 – d. 2012)
1962 - 1964                William Whirlwind Horse
1964 - 1966                Enos Poor Bear, Sr. (1st time)
1966 - 1968                Johnson Holy Rock, Sr. (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1968 - 1970                Enos Poor Bear, Sr. (2nd time)
1970 - 1972                Gerald One Feather                    (b. 1938 – d. 2014)
1972 - 1976                Richard "Dick" Wilson                 (b. 1936 – d. 1990)
1976 - 1978                Albert W. Trimble                     (b. 1925)
1978 - 1980                Elijah Whirlwind Horse
1980 - 1982                Stanley Looking Elk
1982 - 1984                Joseph "Joe" American Horse (1st time)
1984 - 1986                Newton Cummings                       (b. 1937)
1986 - 1988                Joseph "Joe" American Horse (2nd time)
1988 - 1990                Paul Iron Cloud
1990 - 1992                Harold Dean Salway (1st time)
1992 - 1994                John Yellow Bird-Steele (1st time)    (b. 1948)
1994 - 1996                Wilbur Between Lodges (1st time)
1996 - 1998                John Yellow Bird-Steele (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1998 – Jan 2000            Harold Dean Salway (2nd time)
Jan 2000 – Nov 2000        Wilbur Between Lodges (2nd time)
                             (acting)
Nov 2000 -  2 Nov 2004     John Yellow Bird-Steele (3rd time)    (s.a.)
 2 Nov 2004 - 29 Jun 2006  Cecilia J. Fire Thunder (f)           (b. 1946)
                             (suspended from 31 May 2006)
30 Jun 2006 –  6 Dec 2006  Alex White Plume                      (b. 1952)
                             (president pro-tem)
 6 Dec 2006 – 5 Dec 2008   John Yellow Bird-Steele (4th time)    (s.a.)
2008 -  7 Dec 2010         Theresa B. Two Bulls (f)              (b. 1956)
 7 Dec 2010 -  4 Dec 2012  John Yellow Bird-Steele (5th time)    (s.a.)
 
4 Dec 2012 -  2 Dec 2014  Bryan Brewer                          (b. 1947)
 2 Dec 2014 -  6 Dec 2016  John Yellow Bird-Steele (6th time)    (s.a.)
 6 Dec 2016 -  7 Dec 2018  Troy "Scott" Weston
 7 Dec 2018 -  4 Dec 2020  Julian Bear Runner                    (b. 1985?)
 4 Dec 2020 - Dec 2022     Kevin Killer                          (b. 1979)
Dec 2022 –                 Frank Star Comes Out


Rosebud Sioux

[Rosebud Sioux
                        Tribe (South Dakota, U.S.)]
Adopted 1963

 5 Jul 1825                Brule (Sicangu) sub-tribe of Teton (Lakota) Sioux tribe under U.S.
                             protection (details under Oglala Sioux), lead by a committee of
                             10 chiefs (in Lakota: Wicasha Itancan, the "Chief Men").
29 Apr 1868                Part of the Great Sioux Reservation.
1869                       Whetstone (1874 - 1878 Spotted Tail; from 1878, Rosebud) Indian
                             Agency established.
 2 Mar 1889                Rosebud Indian Reservation established upon division of the Great
                             Sioux.
1899                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, majority were
                             citizens).
 1 Mar 1916                First constitution adopted (other early constitutions 20 Dec 1920,
                             5 Dec 1924, 8 Apr 1933).
23 Nov 1935                Rosebud Sioux Tribe
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs of Brule (Sicangu) Lakota Sioux (title of chief: Itancan)
Sep 1851 – Aug 1854        Mato Wayuhi "Scattering Bear"         (b. c.1800 – d. 1854)
1854 – Mar 1866            Wakinyan Cikala "Little Thunder"      (b. c.1820 - d. 1879)
Mar 1866 – Aug 1881        Sinte Gleshka "Spotted Tail"          (b. 1823 – d. 1881)
1881 – May 1884            Wakinyan Ska "White Thunder"          (d. 1884)

Presidents
1884 – 1911                General Council (in Lakota: Okashpe Yamni)
1911 – 191.                Eugene Little                         (b. 1859 – d. 1939)
191. – 1920                ....
Chairmen
c.1924                     Oliver Prue
1933 – 1935                Sam LaPointe
1935 – 1936                Eugene Little                         (s.a.)
Presidents
1936 - 1938                Antoine Roubideaux (1st time)
1938 – 1942                Thomas F. Whiting
1942 - 1944                Dan Hollow Horn Bear
1944 - 1946                Antoine Roubideaux (2nd time)
1946 - 1948                Sam White Horse
1948 - 1950                Isaac Bear Shield
1950 - 1952                Thomas Valandra
1952 - 1954                Alfred Left Hand Bull
1954 – 1962                Robert Burnette (1st time)             (b. 1926 - d. 1984)
1962 - 1969                Cato W. Valandra                       (b. 1921 – d. 1986)
1969 - 1973                Webster Two Hawk (1st time)
1973 - 1975                Robert Burnette (2nd time)             (s.a.)
1975 - 1979                Edward J. Driving Hawk                 (b. 1935 - d. 2021)
1979 - 1981                Norman G. Wilson (1st time)            (b. 1932 - d. 2017)
1981 - 1983                Carl Waln
1983 - 1985                Webster Two Hawk (2nd time)
1985 - 1989                Alex J. Little Soldier-Lunderman, Sr.  (b. 1929 – d. 2000)
                            
(1st time)
1989 - 1991                Ralph Moran
1991 - 1993                Alex J. Little Soldier-Lunderman, Sr.  (s.a.)

                             (2nd time)
1993 - 1997                William Kindle (1st time)
1997 - 1999                Norman G. Wilson (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1999 - 2003                William Kindle (2nd time)
2003 - 2005                Charles Colombe
2005 - 2012                Rodney M. Bordeaux (1st time)
 4 Sep 2012 - 2015         Cyril "Whitey" Scott
Apr 2015 - 2018            William Kindle (3rd time)

Sep 2018 -
Sep 2021        Rodney M. Bordeaux (2nd time)
Sep 2021 - Sep 2024        Scott O. Herman
Sep 2024 -                 Kathleen Wooden Knife (f)


Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate

[Sisseton–Wahpeton
              Oyate (South Dakota, U.S)]

c.1750                     Sisseton and Wahpeton tribes of Dakota Sioux a part of the Seven
                             Fires confederacy (details under Santee Sioux).
1816                       Sisseton and Wahpeton tribes (referred to as the Upper Dakota)
                             under the U.S. protection (then in western Minnesota).
23 Jul 1851                Minnesota River Reservation established for the Dakota tribes
                             (revoked 3 Mar 1863).
Apr 1863                   Displaced from Minnesota to South Dakota.
19 Feb 1867                Lake Traverse Reservation and Sisseton Indian Agency established.
Jan 1884 – 1913            Sisseton-Wahpeton Nation, the tribe is governed by constitution.
1891                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1892                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
Sep 1933                   Second constitution adopted.
 6 Apr 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
16 Oct 1946                Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe, South Dakota, constitution adopted.
1993                       Gaming compact with the state.
19 Dec 2002                Renamed Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Speaker of Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota Sioux (title: Eyapaha)
1862                       Paul Mazakutemani                     (b. 1806 – d. 1887)
Head (from 1884, principal) chiefs (title by the constitution: Wicashta Yatapi Itancan)
1862 – 26 Aug 1892         Gabriel Renville                      (b. 1824 – d. 1892)
1892 – 1913               
Solomon Two Star                      (b. 1827 – d. 1914)

Chairmen
1913 – 1946                Vacant?
c.1934?                    Albert Heminger
1946 – 19..                Hazen Preston Shepherd                (b. 1878 – d. 1968)
c.1949 - c.1950            Melvin Robertson (1st time)
c.1952                     Clifford Thompson
Aug 1953 - 1958            Melvin Robertson (2nd time)
19.. - 1961                Chris Heminger
1961 – c.1962              Hiram Owen
c.1966 - af.1967           Willard LaFromboise
c.1971 - c.1974            Moses D. Gill
c.1974 - c.1975            Harold Barse 
bf.1975 - af.1980          Gerald "Jerry" Flute (1st time)
c.1981 - c.1983            Rollin V. Ryan
1983 – Jan 1993            Russell Hawkins (1st time)
Jan 1993 – 1993            Lorraine Rousseau (f)
1993 – Jan 1995            Arnold Roy Ryan                       (b. 1929 - d. 2007)
Jan 1995 – 1996            Russell Hawkins (2nd time)
1996 – Jan 2003            Andrew J. Grey
Jan 2003 – 10 Mar 2006     James "J.C." Crawford
Apr 2006 - Jan 2007        Gerald "Jerry" Flute (2nd time)
Jan 2007 - 2011            Michael I. Selvage
Jan 2011 - Jan 2015        Robert Shepherd
Jan 2015 -
Nov 2015        Duane "Bruce" Renville
Nov 2015 - Jan 2016        Garryl Rousseau (interim)
Jan 2016 - 2018            Dave Flute
Nov 2018 -
May 2019        Ella Robertson (f)
May 2019 - Nov 2020        Donovan White
Nov 2020 -
Nov 2022        Delbert Hopkins
Nov 2022 –                 J. Garret Renville


Yankton Sioux


[Yankton
                        Sioux Tribe (South Dakota, U.S)] Adopted 1975

c.1750                     Yankton tribe of Nakota Sioux a part of the Seven Fires confederacy
                             (details under Santee Sioux).
19 Jul 1815                Yankton tribe under the U.S. protection.
19 Apr 1858                Yankton Reservation established.
1859 – 1933                Yankton Indian Agency established.
1894                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1895                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1924                       First constitution adopted.
22 Sep 1932                Yankton Sioux Tribe.
2001                       Gaming compact with the state.
2024                       Covered by the Great Plains Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs
c.1837 – 1851              Wanbdi Okicize "War Eagle"            (b. c.1785 – d. 1851)
1851 – 1888                Panani Apapi "Struck by the Ree"      (b. 1804 – d. 1888)

Presidents
1885 – 18..                Magaska Cika "Little White Swan"      (b. 1813 – d. 1898)
1892 – af.1899             Felix T. Brunot                       (b. 1852 – d. 1920)
c.1910?                    Simon Antelope (chairman)             (b. c.1848 – d. af.1936)
1912 – 1924               
General Council
Chairmen (not recognized by the U.S. 1936-1963)
1924 – 1931                David Simmons
1931 – af.1936             Clement A. Smith
1938 – 19..                Clarence Foreman
1958 - 19..                William O'Connor
1963 - 1971?               Percy R. Archambeau (1st time)        (d. 1976)
1971? - Mar 1973           Cecil Provost                         (b. 1921)
Mar 1973 - May 1973        Vacant
May 1973 - 1976            Percy R. Archambeau (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1976 - 1977                Leo O'Connor (acting)
1977 - 1983                Larry D. Cournoyer
1983 - 1987                Alvin R. Zephier                      (b. 1913 - d. 1996)
1987 - 1993                Stephen N. Cournoyer (1st time)
1993 – 1997                Darrell E. Drapeau
1997 – 1999                Stephen N. Cournoyer (2nd time)   
1999 - 2005                Madonna Archambeau (f)
2005 - 2011                Robert N. Cournoyer
2011 - 2013                Thurman Cournoyer
2013 -                     Robert Flying Hawk


Tennessee

None Recognized


Texas

Alabama-Coushatta of Texas

  [Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas (Texas, U.S.)]

1795                       Settlement by the Coushatta (in 1805 also by the Alabama)
                             emigrants from
the Creek Nation (present Muscogee) from Alabama.
 3 Feb 1854                Tribal reservation granted by the state of Texas.
19 Aug 1938                Alabama and Coushatta Tribes of Texas, the U.S. granted federal
 
                           recognition.
 1 Jul 1955                Federal government ends recognition, tribe reverts to the state
                             trusteeship.  

18 Aug 1987                Federal recognition restored, remains under jurisdiction of state
                             courts and law enforcement.

1997                       Renamed Alabama-Coushatta Tribes (from 2012, Tribe) of Texas.

Alabama chief
1806 – c.1870              Antone                          (b. c.1780 – d. c.1870)
Coushatta chiefs
bf.1795 - 1815             "Red Shoes"                     (b. c.1730 – d. 1815)
1815?/bf.1830 - 1838       "Long King"                     (d. 1838)
1838 – 1852                Colita                          (b. c.1752 – d. 1852)
1852 - 1871                Long Tom                        (d. af.1882)
First chiefs (from 1936, traditional leaders)
1871 -  3 Mar 1913         John Scott                      (b. 1805 - d. 1913)
1913 - 1928                Vacant
1928 -  8 Sep 1935         Charles Martin Thompson         (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1936                Clement "Clem" Fain, Jr.        (b. 1903 – d. 1980)
                             (Mikko-Se Hotkas) (acting)
 1 Jan 1936 - 23 Feb 1969  Bronson Cooper Sylestine        (b. 1879 - d. 1969)
                             (Tic-Ca-Che)
23 Feb 1969 -  9 Feb 1994  Robert Fulton Battise (Kina)    (b. 1909 - d. 1994)
                             (acting to 1 Jun 1970)
 9 Feb 1994 – 31 Jan 2013  Clayton M. Sylestine (Oscola)   (b. 1932 – d. 2013)
                             (acting to 1 Jan 1995)
 1 Feb 2013 - 21 May 2019  Colabe III Clem Fain Sylestine  (b. 1927 - d. 2019)
                             (acting to 1 Jan 2014)
21 May 2019 -              Herbert Johnson, Sr.            (b. 1943?)

                             (acting to 1 Jan 2020)

Chairmen
1936 - af.1939             Clenson Sylestine
c.1951                     Andrew J. Battise
c.1954 - c.1968            Matthew Bullock
c.1985 - af.1986           Morris Bullock
c.1989
- af.1990           Frances Battise (f)(1st time)
c.1993                     Amon D. Sylestine
bf.1994 - af.1995          Frances Battise (f)(2nd time)

bf.1996 - af.1998          Roland Poncho
bf.1999 - af.2000          Morris R. Bullock
bf.2001 - 2003             Kevin P. Battise
2003 – 2004                McClamroch Battise
2004 – 2006                Ronnie Thomas (1st time)
2006 – 2009                JoAnn Battise (f) (1st time)
2009 – 2011                Carlos Bullock
2011 – Jun 2013            Kyle Williams
Jun 2013 – Jun 2015        Ronnie Thomas (2nd time)
Jun 2015 - Dec 2015        Nita Battise (f)
Dec 2015 - 2018            JoAnn Battise (f) (2nd time)
2018 -
Jan 2022            Cecilia Flores (f) (1st time)
Jan 2022 - 2025            Ricky Sylestine
2025 -                     Cecilia Flores (f) (2nd time)

Kickapoo of Texas

1977                       Texas Band of Kickapoo, originally Kickapoo from Mexico having
                             settled in Texas, recognized by the state.
1983                       Recognized by the U.S. as subgroup of Kickapoo of Oklahoma
                             (see there), remains under the jurisdiction of state courts
                             and law enforcement.
18 Aug 1987                Texas Band of Traditional Kickapoo.
11 Jul 1989                Became a separate tribe, renamed Kickapoo Traditional Tribe
                             of Texas.

Chairmen
c.1985 - Oct 2002          Raul Garza 
2002 - 2015                Juan Garza (1st time)   
Dec 2015 - Nov 2019        Estavio Elizondo
Nov 2019 -                 Juan Garza (2nd time)


Ysleta del Sur Pueblo

[Ysleta del Sur
                Pueblo (Texas, U.S.)]

1682                       Pueblo founded by the Tiwa emigrants from the Pueblo
                             of Isleta.
1751                       Spanish land grant is issued.
12 Apr 1968                Reservation established by the state.
18 Aug 1987                Recognized by the U.S. (Ysleta del Sur Pueblo), remains
                             under the jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
2013                       Self-governance agreement.
 
Governors (office established 1682)
1682 – 1684                Francisco Tilagua
1684 – 1685                Juan Moro
1711                       Tomas de la Cruz
1764 – 1766                Lorenzo Piarote
1781 – 1787                Miguel Francisco
1834                       Ignacio Duran (1st time)
1834                       Mariano Tapia
1835                       Ignacio Duran (2nd time)
1841                       Juan Rey Pais
1841                       Buenaventura Alejo
1863                       Domingo Marquez
1881 – 1882                Jose Maria Duran
1890                       Jose Duran (1st time)
1897                       Benigno Telles
1898                       Jose Duran (2nd time)
1901                       Mariano Colmenero
1952                       Tomas Granillo
1953                       Lorenzo Granillo
1960                       Salvador Granillo
1967                       Antonio Silvas
1971 – 1972                Miguel Pedraza                  (b. 1904 – d. 1988)
1973                       Pedro Silvas
1976 – 1978                Joe Sierra
1979 – 1981                Antonio Silvas
1982                       Johnny R. Hisa
1984                       Raymond D. Apodaca (1st time)
1985                       Manny Silvas
1986                       Miguel Pedraza                  (b. 1932)
1991                       Raymond D. Apodaca (2nd time)
1993                       Julian Granillo
1994 – 1995                Elias Torres
1996                       Raymond D. Apodaca (3rd time)
1997 – 1999                Vince Munoz
1999                       Filbert Candelaria (acting)
2000 – 2002                Albert Alvidrez
2003 – 2007                Arturo Senclair
2008 –  1 Jan 2015         Frank Kengie Paiz
 1 Jan 2015 - 
1 Jan 2019  Carlos Hisa
 1 Jan 2019 -              E. Michael Silvas



Utah

Goshute Confederated

[Confederated Tribes of the
                  Goshute Reservation (Utah and Nevada, U.S.)]

12 Oct 1863                Treaty with the U.S.
23 Mar 1914                Goshute Reservation established.
1916 – 1924                Goshute Indian agency.
25 Nov 1940                Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation.

Chiefs
c.1874                     Antelope Jake                      (b. c.1830 – d. 1926)
c.1939                     Annie's Tommy                      (d. 1940)
Chairmen
1940 – af.1941             John Syme                          (b. 1872 – d. 19..)
c.1953                     Leo Pete (1st time)
c.1972                     Robert Steele (1st time)
c.1974                     Leo Pete (2nd time)
c.1976                     Robert Steele (2nd time)
c.1978                     Henry Pete
bf.1980 - Nov 1983         Dan Murphy
Nov 1983 - c.1984          Chester Steele
c.1987                     Roy Baker
c.1989                     Arthur Johnson
c.1990                     Edmund Steele
bf.1991 - 1996             Harlan Pete
1996 – 2000                David Pete
2000                       Milton J. Hooper
2000 – 2002                Rupert Steele (1st time)
2002 – 2004                Amos D. Murphy (1st time)
2004 – 2010                Rupert Steele (2nd time)
2010 – 2011                Amos D. Murphy (2nd time)
2011 – 2013                Ed Naranjo
2013 - 2016                Madeline Grey Mountain (f)
2016 - 2017                Virgil W. Johnson
2017 - 2023                Rupert Steele (3rd time)
2023 -                     Amos D. Murphy (3rd time)


Northwestern Shoshone

[Northwestern Band of Shoshone Nation (Utah,
                    U.S.)]

1855 – 1861                Provo Indian agency.
30 Jul 1863                Treaty with the U.S. by the Northwestern Band of Shoshone Indians.
1870 – 2010                Also known as the Washakie band, named after their village during
                             1870-1960.
29 Apr 1987                Northwestern Band of Shoshone Nation (on the U.S. list of tribal
                             names from 1995).
2006                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs
bf.1847 - 1863             "Bear Hunter"                      (d. 1863)
1863 – 1887                Sagwitch                           (b. 1822 – d. 1887)
c.1922                     William Ottogary                   (b. 1867 – d. 1929)
c.1929                     George P. Sam
c.1935                     Enos S. Pubigee                    (b. 1887 – d. 1949)
c.1949                     Thomas J. Pabawena                 (b. 1883 – d. 1950)
c.1954                     Lee A. Neaman
Chairmen

1961 - af.1971             Frank L. Timbimboo (1st time)      (b. 1922 – d. 1992)
c.197.                     Mae Timbimboo-Parry (f) (acting)   (b. 1919 - d. 2007)
c.198.                     Jennifer Davis (f)
af.1984 - c.1986           Kenneth L. Neaman
1987 - 1990                Frank L. Timbimboo (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1990 - 1992                Larry L. Neaman
1992 - 1993                Leonard M. Alex (1st time)
1993                       Joe Louis Alex (1st time)          (b. 1940 – d. 1995)
1993 – 1994                Leonard M. Alex (2nd time)
1994                       George Worley (1st time)
1994 – 1995                Joe Louis Alex (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1995 – 1996                George Worley (2nd time)
1996 – 1998                Tommy Pacheco (acting)
1998 – 2005                Gwen T. Davis (f) (1st time)
2005 – 2007                Ivan Wongan
2007 – 2009                Bruce G. Parry
2009 – 2011                Gwen T. Davis (f) (2nd time)
2011 - 2015                Jason S. Walker
2015 - 2017                Shane Warner

2017 - 2019                Darren Parry
2019 -     
               Dennis Alex


Paiute of Utah

[Paiute Indian
                          Tribe of Utah old flag (Utah, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (Utah,
                            U.S.)]
Current Flag

 3 Mar 1891 – 1939         Shivwits (to 1910, Southern Utah; from 1927, Paiute) Indian agency.
1891/1929                  Reservations set aside for 4 bands of Paiute (Shivwits 3 Mar 1891; 
                             Indian Peaks 2 Aug 1915; Koosharem 3 Mar 1928; Kanosh 11 Feb
                             1929), the Cedar City band refuses reservation.
21 Feb 1957 –  3 Apr 1980  Terminated by the U.S.
 3 Apr 1980                Recognition by the U.S. restored (Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah),
                             constituent self-governing bands: Cedar City (from 2009, Cedar),
                             Indian Peaks, Kanosh, Koosharem, Shivwits; remains under
                             jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
2022                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs of Cedar City (principal leaders of the Paiute in Utah)
bf.1907 - 1924             "Captain Pete"                     (d. 1924)
1924 – af.1949             Jimmy Pete                         (b. 1895 – d. 1971)
Chairmen of Shivwits Band of Paiute
1934 – 193.                ....
c.1938                     George McFee                       (b. 1904 – d. 1962)
c.1941                     James Yellow Jacket
bf.1951 - 1952             Tony Tillahash (1st time)          (b. 1884 – d. 1971)
1952 – 195.                Stewart Snow (1st time)
195. – 1955                Tony Tillahash (2nd time)          (s.a.)
1955 – 1957                Stewart Snow (2nd time)
Chairmen of Kanosh Band of Paiute
1943 – 19..                ....
bf.1954 - 1957             Wes Levi
Spokesman of Indian Peaks Band of Paiute
bf.1953 - 1957             Clifford Jake                      (b. 1919 – d. 2005)
Spokesman of Koosharem Band of Paiute
bf.1954 - 1957             Jimmy Timikin
Chairmen
1957 – 1972                Abolished
1972 – 1979                McKay Pikyavit                     (b. 1920 – d. 2004)
1979 – 1984                Travis N. Benioh                   (b. 1954)

                             (from 1983, Travis N. Parashonts)
1984 – 1994                Geneal Anderson (f) (1st time)     (b. 1952)
1994 – 1997                Alex Shepard
1997 – 2001                Geneal Anderson (f) (2nd time)     (s.a.)
2001 – 2009                Lora E. Tom (f)
2009 – 2013                Jeanine Borchardt (f)
2013 - 2015                Gari Lafferty (f)
2015 - 2017                Corinna Bow (f)
(1st time)
2017 - 2021                Tamra Borchardt-Slayton (f)
2021 - 2024
               Corinna Bow (f) (2nd time)
2024 -                     Hope Silvas (f)


Skull Valley Goshute

[Skull Valley
                Band of Goshute Indians (Utah, U.S.)]

12 Oct 1863                Treaty with the U.S.
15 Feb 1918                Skull Valley Reservation established.
c.1974                     Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians.

Chiefs
c.1863                     Tabby "The Sun"                    (b. c.1820 – d. 1901)
c.1939                     "Little Moon"                      (b. 1876 – d. 1953)
c.1954                     Enos Moon                          (b. 1922 – d. 1968)
c.1972                     General Council
Chairmen
bf.1975 - af.1978          Richard Bear                       (b. 1926 – d. 1997)
bf.1980 - af.1984          Bert Wash (1st time)
c.1987                     Charles Bear
bf.1990 -  8 Jan 1994      Lawrence Bear (1st time)           (b. 1935 – d. 2010)
 8 Jan 1994 - 31 Jan 1994  Bert Wash (2nd time)
31 Jan 1994 - 1996        
Lawrence Bear (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1996 – 2006                Leon Dale Bear                     (b. 1956 - d. 2015)
2006 – 2010                Lawrence Bear (3rd time)           (s.a.)
2010 – 2011                Marlinda Moon (f) (acting)
2011 - 2015                Lori Bear-Skiby (f)
2015 - 2023                Candace Bear (f)
2023 -                     Daniel Moon


Ute of Uintah & Ouray

[Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah &
                          Ouray Indian Reservation (Utah, U.S.)] Adopted 1980

1849                       Salt Lake (1851-1865 Spanish Fork; 1865-1886 Uintah Valley;
                             from 1886, Uintah & Ouray) Indian Agency established.
1856 – 1864                Spanish Fork and San Pete Reservations set aside for the Western
                             Bands of Ute.
 5 May 1864                Uintah Valley (from 1905, Uintah & Ouray) Reservation set aside for
                             the Indians of Utah (confirmed by the treaty of 2 Mar 1868).
1881                       Northern bands of Ute (see under Southern Ute) moved from Colorado
                            (1881–1886 there was additional Ouray Indian Agency for the
                             Northern bands).
 5 Jan 1882 –  7 Jun 1897  Uncompahgre Reservation (all but unsettled by the Northern bands)
                             added next to the Uintah Valley Reservation.
1904                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
 1 Sep 1905                Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
 7 May 1927                Confederated Bands of Ute of the Uintah & Ouray Reservation.
19 Jan 1937                Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah & Ouray Indian Reservation.


Head chiefs of Western (from 1865, Uintah) Ute (title of chief: Ta’wa-vi)
bf.1848 - 1865             Sowiet                             (d. 1865)
1865 – 1872                Tabby-to-kwana "Child of Sun"      (d. 1872)
1872 – 1902                Taiwi (Anglicized: Tabby)          (d. 1902)
Chiefs of Uncompahgre Ute (largest of two Northern bands)
1880 – 188.                Sapinero
bf.1885 – 1886             Shawano                            (d. 1886)
1886 – af.1899             Charlie Shawano
Presidents
19.. – 1927                General Council
1927 – 1933                Fred Mart
1933 - 1937                Oran F. Curry                      (b. 1891 – d. 1969)
Chairmen
1937 – 1941                Oran F. Curry (1st time)           (s.a.)
1941 - 1943                Francisco Cesspooch
1943 - 194.                Oran F. Curry (2nd time)           (s.a.)
c.1948                     Julius Murray
c.1950                     Reginald "Rex" Oran Curry          (b. 1915 – d. 1973)
                             (1st time)
1951                       Francis McKinley (1st time)        (b. 1920)

1951 - 1955                Reginald "Rex" Oran Curry          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)

1955 - 1959                Jason Cuch                         (b. 1924 - d. 2004)
1959 - 1961                Francis McKinley (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1961 - 1965                Harvey Natchees                    (b. 1920 - d. 1980)
1965 - 1972                Francis Wyasket                    (b. 1926 - d. 1975)
1972 - 1974                Homey J. Secakuku (1st time)       (b. 1928 – d. 2006)
1974 - 1977                Lester M. Chapoose (1st time)      (b. 1937 - d. 1990)
1977 - c.1981              Ruby K. Black (f) (1st time)       (b. 1935 – d. 2011)
c.1981                     Homey J. Secakuku (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1981 - 1984                Lester M. Chapoose (2nd time)      (s.a.) 
1984 - 1985                D. Floyd Wopsock (1st time)

1985 - 1989                Lester M. Chapoose (3rd time)      (s.a.)  
1989 – 1993                Luke J. Duncan (1st time)
1993 – 1995                Stewart Pike
1995 – 1997                Ruby K. Atwine (f) (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1997 – 1999                Roland J. Wopsock
1999 – May 2001            O. Roland McCook
May 2001 – 2003            D. Floyd Wopsock (2nd time)
2003 – May 2007            Maxine Natchees (f)
May 2007 – Oct 2010        Curtis R. Cesspooch
Oct 2010 – May 2011        Richard Jenks
May 2011 – May 2013        Irene C. Cuch (f)
May 2013 - May 2015        Gordon Howell
May 2015 - May 2017        Shaun T. Chapoose
(1st time)
May 2017 -
May 2021        Luke J. Duncan (2nd time)
May 2021 -
May 2023        Shaun T. Chapoose (2nd time)
May 2023 -                 Julius T. Murray


Vermont

None Recognized



Virginia

Chickahominy


[Chickahominy Tribe (Virginia, U.S.)]

c.1650 – 1718              Reservation established (formerly a part of the Powhatan, see
                             under Pamunkey).

29 Jan 2018                Recognized by the U.S. (Chickahominy Tribe), no reservation.

Chiefs
c.1699                     Drammaco
17.. – 1908                None
1908 – 1918                William H. Adkins                  (b. 1850 - d. 1921)
1918 – 1939                O. Westmore Adkins                 (b. 1881 - d. 1939)
1939 – 1940                Peter L. Adkins (acting)           (b. 1883 - d. 1968)
1940 – 1986                O. Oliver Adkins                   (b. 1911 - d. 1987)
1986 – 2001                A. Leonard Adkins                  (b. 1926 - d. 2001)
2001 -                     Stephen R. Adkins

Eastern Chickahominy

[Chickahominy Tribe -
                Eastern Division (Virginia, U.S.)]

1925                       Separated from Chickahominy.

29 Jan 2018                Recognized by the U.S. (Chickahominy Indian Tribe – Eastern
                             Division), no reservation.


Chiefs
1925 – 1958                Edward P. Bradby                   (b. 1882 - d. 1958)
1958 – 1972                Robert W. Adkins
1972 – 2006                Marvin D. Bradby
2006 - 2018                L. Gene Adkins
2018 - 2024                Gerald A. Stewart
2024 -                     Joanne Howard (f)


Monacan

[Monacan Nation
                (Virginia, U.S.)]

1680                       Subject to the English.

29 Jan 2018                Recognized by the U.S. (Monacan Nation), no reservation.

Chiefs
c.1680                     Shurenough
17.. – 198.                None
c.198.                     Harry L. Branham                   (b. 1903 – d. 19..)
bf.1987 - 1994             Ronnie L. Branham                  (b. 1945 - d. 2012)
1994 – 2011                Kenneth W. Branham (1st time)
2011 – 2015                Sharon R. Bryant (f)               (b. 1961 - d. 2015)
2015 - 2019                Dean Branham
2019 - 2023                Kenneth W. Branham (2nd time)
2023 -                     Diane Shields (f)


Nansemond

[Nansemond Indian
                  Nation (Virginia, U.S.)]

c.1650 – 1792              Reservation established (formerly a part of the Powhatan,
                             see under Pamunkey).

29 Jan 2018                Recognized by the U.S. (Nansemond Tribe), no reservation.
2019                       Renamed Nansemond Indian Nation.

Chiefs
c.1711                     "Great" Peter
17.. – 1923                None
1923 – 1960                Jesse L. Bass                      (b. 1875 - d. 1960)
1960 – 1984                Vacant
1984 – 1996                Earl L. Bass                       (b. 1909 - d. 1996)
1996 - 2008                Oliver L. Perry                    (b. 1922 - d. 2010)
2008 - 2016                Barry W. Bass                      (b. 1950)
2016 - 2017                Earl L. Bass, Jr. (1st time)
2017 - 2018                Ronald "Lee" Lockamy
2018 - 2021                Samuel Bass
2021 - 2022                Earl L. Bass, Jr. (2nd time)
2022 -                     Keith F. Anderson



Pamunkey


[Pamunkey Tribe
                (Virginia, U.S.)]

1614                       Powhatans an ally (from 1646, subject) of the English (interrupted

                             1622-32, 1644-46).
1649                       Reservation established.
28 Jan 2016                Recognized by the U.S. (Pamunkey Tribe).

Grand Chiefs of the Powhatan
15.. - 1618                Wahunsonacock                      (b. 1545 - d. 1618)
1618 – 1629                Opitchapam                         (b. c.1550 – d. 1629)
1629 - 1646                Opechancanough                     (b. 1554 - d. 1646)
Chiefs of Pamunkey
1646 - 1649                Necotowance                        (b. c.1600 - d. 1649)
1649 - 1656                Totopotomoi                        (b. c.1625 - d. 1656)
1656 - 1686                Cockacoeske (from 1675, Anne)(f)   (b. c.1630 – d. 1686)
1686 - c.1723              Betty (from 1702/06, Ann)(f)       (b. c.1650 – d. c.1723)
bf.1748 - af.1812          Council (various number of headmen)
c.1818                     Willis Langston                    (d. af.1836)
c.18..                     William Sampson
c.1836                     James H. Langston                  (b. 1796 - d. 1864)
c.1842                     Tazewell H. Langston
c.18..                     Joseph Arnold
c.1858                     Sterling Bradby                    (b. 1825 - d. 1864)
c.1861                     Thomas W. Cook (1st time)          (d. 1882)
c.18..                     Thomas W. Langston                 (b. 1839 - d. 1885)
bf.1873 - af.1877          Thomas W. Cook (2nd time)          (s.a.)
bf.1881 - 1893             William A. Bradby                  (d. 1894)
1893 – 1899                Charles S. Bradby
1899 – 1902                Theophilus T. Dennis
1902 – 16 Dec 1930         George Major Cook                  (b. 1860 – d. 1930)
1930 – 1933                ....
1933 – 1937                Paul Miles                         (b. 1887 – d. 1965)
1937 – 1942                Walter S. Bradby
1942 – 1984                Tecumseh D. Cook                   (b. 1900 – d. 2003)
1984 – 1990                William H. Miles                   (b. 1917 – d. 1990)
1990 – 2008                William P. Miles                   (b. 1944)
2008 – 2010                Kevin Brown (1st time)
2010 – 2011                Robert Gray (1st time)(acting)
2011 - 2015                Kevin Brown (2nd time)
2015 - 2024                Robert Gray (2nd time)
2024 -                     Kevin Brown (3rd time)


Rappahannock


[Rappahannock Tribe (Virginia, U.S.)]

1653 – c.1700              Reservation established (formerly a part of the Powhatan,
                             see under Pamunkey).

29 Jan 2018                Recognized by the U.S. (Rappahannock Tribe), no reservation.

Chiefs
16.. – 1651                Accopatough                        (d. 1651)
1651 – 1654                Taweeren                           (d. 1654)
1654 – 16..                Wachicopa
17.. – 1921                None
1921 – 1924/25             George L. Nelson
1924/25 - 1966             Otho S. Nelson                     (b. 1881 - d. 1967)
1966 – 1998                Captain O. Nelson                  (b. 19.. - d. 2003)
1998 -                     G. Anne Richardson (f)             (b. 1956)


Upper Mattaponi


[Upper Mattaponi
                  Tribe (Virginia, U.S.)]

1923                       Separated from Mattaponi.

29 Jan 2018                Recognized by the U.S. (Upper Mattaponi Tribe), no reservation.

Chiefs
1923 – 1971                Jasper L. Adams                    (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
1971 – 1983                Andrew W. Adams                    (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
1983 – 1985                Malcolm O. Tupponce
1985 – 1988                Linwood Custalow                   (b. 1937 - d. 2014)
1988 – 1994                Raymond S. Adams
1994 – 1999                Edmond S. Adams
1999 – 2014                Kenneth F. Adams
2014 -                     W. Frank Adams


Washington

Chehalis Confederated Tribes


[Confederated Tribes of the
              Chehalis Reservation (Washington, U.S.)]

1860                       Reservation set aside (no treaty).
 6 Apr 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
22 Aug 1939                Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Washington.
1963 - 1989                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1999                       Gaming compact.


Chairmen
bf.1939 - 1956             ....
1956 – 1970                Percy Youckton (1st time)       (b. 1929 - d. 1996)
c.1973                     Percy Youckton (2nd time)       (s.a.)
bf.1975 - af.1977          Melvin Youckton (1st time)
bf.1979 - af.1980          Virginia Canales (f)(1st time)
c.1981                     Percy Youckton (3rd time)       (s.a.)
c.1983                     Virginia Canales (f)(2nd time)
198. – 1992                Percy Youckton (4th time)       (s.a.)
1992 – 1994                Magdelena Medina (f)
1994 - 1998                Melvin Youckton (2nd time)

bf.1998 - 2002             David Youckton
2002 - 2015                David Burnett
2015 - 2017                Don Secena
2017 - 2022                Harry Pickernell
2022 -                     Dustin Klatush


Chinook


[Chinook Indian
                          Tribe (Washington, U.S.)]
Adopted Jan 2003

2001                       Federal recognition (Chinook Indian Tribe), it did not become
                             final, no reservation.

2002                       Federal recognition revoked.

Chairmen
1970 – 1977                Adolph J. Sund
1977 – 1978                Carleton Rhoades
1978 – 1984                Donald E. Mechals (1st time)
1984 - 1985                Ralph Lorton
1985 – 1994                Donald E. Mechals (2nd time)
1994 – 2000                Tim Tarabochia                  (b. 1960)
2000 – 2006                Gary Johnson                    (b. 1941)
2006 - 2014                Ray Gardner                     (b. 1955? - d. 2015)
12 Oct 2013 - 2014         Sam Robinson
                             (acting for Gardner)
2014 -                     Tony Johnson


Colville Confederated Tribes

[Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
              (Washington, U.S.)]

1865                       Colville Indian Agency established for the southern part of
                             Okanagan (for the northern part, see under Okanagan, in Canada)
                             and other tribes.
 
9 Apr 1872                Colville Indian Reservation set aside (1879 – 1884 the Columbia
                             Indian Reservation added next to Colville, all but unsettled by
                             the Columbia).
1885                       Settlement by the Joseph (b. 1840 – d. 1904) band of Nez Perce
                             (see under Nez Perce).
 6 Apr 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
26 Feb 1938                Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation (consisting of 12

                             tribes).
1967 – 1987                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
2002                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chiefs of Okanogan (largest tribe of the reservation; title of chief: Ilmixwm)
c.1859 – 1891              Joseph Tonasket                 (b. c.1822 – d. 1891)
1891 – 19..                Antoine Tonasket
Head chiefs of Columbia (2nd largest tribe of the reservation; title of chief: Yalmixwam)
bf.1850 – 1858             Louis Quiltenenock              (d. 1858)
1859 – 1899                Moses                           (b. c.1829 – d. 1899)
                             (Sulk-stalk-scosum "Split Sun")   
1899 - af.1909             Joe Moses                       (b. 1862 – d. 19..)
Chairmen
bf.1929 – 1938             General Council
Jun 1938 – 1939            Albert Orr

1939 – af.1940             Barney Rickard
c.1943                     Peter J. Gunn (1st time)        (d. 1953)

bf.1945 - c.1947           John B. Cleveland (1st time)    (b. 1893 - d. 1976)
c.1949                     Peter J. Gunn (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1949 - 1950                John B. Cleveland (2nd time)    (s.a.)

1950 - 195.                George Friedlander (1st time)
c.1952                     John B. Cleveland (3rd time)    (s.a.)
c.1953                     George Friedlander (2nd time)
1953 - 1955                James D. White

c.1955                     Harvey Moses, Sr. (1st time)    (b. 1921 - d. 1983)
c.1957                     Louis Wapato
c.1958                     Edward Gorr

c.1960 - 1964              Harvey Moses, Sr. (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1964 - af.1967             Narcisse Nicholson, Jr.

                             (1st time)
c.1968                     Steve Cleveland
bf.1969 - May 1971         Narcisse Nicholson, Jr.
                             (2nd time)
1971 – 1974                Melvin Tonasket (1st time)      (b. 1940)

1974 - 1976                Al Aubertin (1st time)
1976 – 1978                Lucy Covington (f)

1978 - 1986                Al Aubertin (2nd time)
1986 - May 1989            Melvin Tonasket (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1989 – 1991                Jude C. Stensgar, Sr.           (b. 1929 – d. 2006)
1991 – 1995                Eddie A. Palmanteer, Jr.        (b. 1932 – d. 2007)
1995 - 1997                Matthew Dick, Jr.
1997 - 1999                Joseph A. Pakootas (1st time)
1999 - 2002                Colleen F. Cawston (f)          (b. 1960)
2002 - 2004                Joseph A. Pakootas (2nd time)
2004 - 2006                Harvey Moses, Jr.
2006 - 2008                Michael E. Marchand (1st time)
2008 – 2009                Jeanne Jerred (f)
2009 – 2012                Michael O. Finley (1st time)
2012 – 2013                John E. Sirois
2013 - 2014                Michael O. Finley (2nd time)
2014 - 2016                Jim Boyd                        (b. 1956 – d. 2016)
2016 - 2018                Michael E. Marchand (2nd time)
2018 - 2021                Rodney Cawston
Jul 2021 - Jul 2022
       Andrew Joseph
Jul 2022 –                 Jarred M. Erickson

Cowlitz

[Cowlitz Indian Tribe
              (Washington, U.S.)]

1854 – 1858                Columbia River agency (no treaty).
31 Dec 2001                Cowlitz Indian Tribe of Washington; recognition by the U.S.
                             confirmed.
2011                       Self-governance agreement.
2015                       Reservation set aside.

Chiefs
1854 – 1875                Simon Kiskox (head chief)       (d. 1875)
1875 – 1912                Atwin Stockum (acting to 1878)  (b. 18.. - d. 1912)
Presidents
1913 – 1917                Baptiste Kiona                  (b. 1842 – d. 1923)
1917 – 1922                Daniel A. Plamondon
1922 – 1930                John I. Kinswa
1930 – 1936                John B. Sareault                (d. 1936)
1936 – 1950                James E. Sareault               (b. 1895 – d. 1963)
1950 – 1962                Manuel L. Forrest               (b. 1903 – d. 19..)
1962 – 1963                Joseph E. Cloquet               (d. 1988)
1963 – 1964                J. Phillip Simmons
1964 – 1972                Clifford Wilson                 (d. 1972)
1972 – 1973                Roy I. Wilson
Chairmen
1973 – 1982                Roy I. Wilson
1982 – 2008                John Barnett                    (b. 1934 – d. 2008)
2008 - 2020                William B. Iyall (1st time)
2020 - 2021                Philip Harju
Jun 2021 - 2022            David Barnett
2022 - 2024                Patty Kinswa-Gaiser (f)
2024 -                     William B. Iyall (2nd time)


Duwamish


[Duwamish Tribe (Washington,
                U.S.)]

2001                       Federal recognition (Duwamish Tribe), it did not become final,
                             no reservation.
2002                       Federal recognition revoked.

Chairmen
1962 – 1965                Ruth Eley-Scranton (f)
1965 – 1976                Willard E. Bill
1976 -                     Cecile Maxwell (f)
                             (from c.2003, Cecile Hansen)


Hoh


[Hoh Indian Tribe
                (Washington, U.S.)]

 1 Jul 1855                Treaty with the U.S.
11 Sep 1893                Hoh Indian Reservation established.

1969                       Hoh Indian Tribe

Chairmen
bf.1969 – 19..             ....
bf.1977 – af.1980          Johnny Leitka
c.1981 - c.1984            Mary K. Leitka (f) (1st time)
bf.1989 - af.1992          Mary K. Leitka (f) (2nd time)

bf.1993 - af.1996          Vivian Lee (f) (1st time)
c.1998 - c.1999            Rick Horejsi
bf.1999 - 2000             Coleen Lee (f)
2000 – 2001                Mary K. Leitka (f) (3rd time)
2001 – 2002                Alvin Penn
2002 – 2005                Mary K. Leitka (f) (4th time)
2005 – 2008                Vivian Lee (f) (2nd time)
2008 – 2009                Daki L. Fisher
2009 – 2010                Walter Ward, Sr.
2010 – 2017                Maria Lopez (f)
2017 - 2019                Bernard Afterbuffalo
2019 - 2021   
            Dawn Gomez (f) (1st time)
2021 -
2022                Lisa Martinez (f)
2022 - 202                 Dawn Gomez (f) (2nd time)
2023 -                     Darlene Hollum (f)


Jamestown S’Klallam

[Jamestown S'Klallam
                (Washington, U.S.)]

25 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S.

1934                       Recognition by the U.S. confirmed, spelling "Clallam" used in
                             tribal name.

1952 - 10 Feb 1981         Recognition by U.S. withdrawn. 
10 Feb 1981                Jamestown Band of Clallam Indians 
1986                       Jamestown Klallam (from 1997, S'Klallam) Tribe.
1993                       Gaming compact.

1994                       Self-governance agreement.

Head chief of S'Klallam

1854 – 1884                Cheech-ma-ham "Duke of York"    (b. c.1808 – d. 1888)
Chiefs of Jamestown
1874 – 1884                James Balch "Lord Jim"          (d. 1884)
1884 – af.1904             Billy Newton                    (d. af.1928)
Chairmen
c.1924/26                  Joe Allen
c.1934 - 1946              Wilson Johnson                  (d. 1946)
1946 – 1948                David Prince
1948 – 1956                Jacob Hall                      (d. 1964)
1956 – 1966                Lyle Prince
1966 – 1970                Charles Fitzgerald
1970 – 1971                Elaine Grinnell (f)
1971 – 1975                Harris Johnson
1975 – 1977                Harriette Hall-Adams (f)
1977 -                     W. Ron Allen                    (b. 1947)


Kalispel

[Kalispel Indian
              Community (Washington, U.S.)]

23 Mar 1914                Reservation set aside.
1938                       Kalispel Indian Community
1998                       Gaming compact.

2006                       Self-governance agreement.

Chiefs of Lower Kalispel
bf.1844 - 1854             Loyola                          (d. 1854)
1854 – 1884/87             Victor (Nskalta)
1884/87 - af.1894          Marcella
Chairmen
c.1938                     Antoine Peuse
c.195. (for 10 years)      Clarence Campbell
bf.1962 - 1965             Louis Andrews (1st time)
1965 – af.1968             Ray Pierre
c.1970                     Louis Andrews (2nd time)

bf.1972 - af.1975          Stanley Bluff                   (b. 1942)
c.1976                     Louis Andrews (3rd time)

1978 -                     Glen Nenema


Lower Elwha


[Lower Elwha Tribal
                        Community (Washington, U.S.)]Adopted 1995

25 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S.
1936                       Lower Elwha Reservation established.
1968                       Lower Elwha Tribal Community

1993                       Gaming compact.

2002                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
c.1967 - c.1971            Gilbert Charles
1972 - 197.                Floyd Jones ?      

1974 - Jun 1976            Gerald W. Charles (1st time)    (b. 1938 - d. 2016)
Jun 1976 – c.1977          Patti Elofson
c.1979 - c.1980            Frank Bennett 
bf.1983 – May 1984         Gerald W. Charles (2nd time)    (s.a.)
c.1984                     Allen Charles
c.1989                     Carla J. Elofson (f) (1st time)
c.1989 - c.1990           
Gerald W. Charles (3rd time)    (s.a.)
199. - 1993                Carla J. Elofson (f)
(2nd time)
1993 – 1994                Beverly J. Bennett (f)
1994 – 1996                Frances G. Charles (f)(1st time)
1996 – 2002                Russell N. Hepfer
2002 – 2004                Dennis R. Sullivan
2004 -                     Frances G. Charles (f)(2nd time)

Lummi

[Lummi Nation
              (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Jan 1855                Under the U.S. protection (Lummi Tribe); the Lummi Indian
                             Reservation established.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                             were citizens).
30 Mar 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1994                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
1995                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chief of Lummi and Nooksack
1854 - c.1860              Chowitsuit "Strong Man"         (d. c.1860)
Chiefs of Lummi
c.1871                     David Crockett
c.1929                     Council (headmen)
Chairmen
bf.1935 - 1943             ....
1943 – 1944                George A. James
c.1961                     Forrest Kinley
c.1967 - 1972?             Vernon Lane
c.1972                     John McKay
1972 - 1974?               Samuel M. Cagey (1st time)
     (b. 1924 - d. 1993)
c.1974 - 1976?             Larry G. Kinley (1st time)
1976? - c.1978             Samuel M. Cagey (2nd time)      (s.a.)
c.1980                     William E. Jones, Sr. (1st time)
c.1982 - c.1989            Larry G. Kinley (2nd time)
bf.1989 – af.1990          Samuel M. Cagey (3rd time)      (s.a.)
1991 – 1999                Henry M. Cagey (1st time)
1999 – 2000                Timothy Ballew, Sr.
2000 – 2002                William E. Jones, Sr. (2nd time)
2000 – 2007                Darrell Hillaire                (b. 1953)
2007 – 2008                Evelyn Jefferson (f)
2008 – 2010                Henry M. Cagey (2nd time)
2010 – 2012                Clifford A. Cultee
2012 - 2017                Timothy Ballew, Jr.             (b. 1980)
2017 - 2019                Jeremiah Johnson
2019 - 2021    
           Lawrence Solomon
2021 - 2022                William Jones, Jr.
2022 -                     Anthony Hillaire


Makah

[Makah Indian Tribe
                        (Washington, U.S.)]
Adopted 1968

31 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S., Makah Indian Reservation established.
1861 – 1933                Neah Bay agency.
1910                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1936                       Makah Indian Tribe
1994                       Self-governance agreement.


Head chiefs
1854 – af.1855             Sekowt'hl
c.1863                     Council (3 village chiefs)
1870 – 1878                Peter Brown                     (b. c.1835 – d. 1908)
1879 – af.1883             John Claplanhoo
c.1894                     Council (3 village chiefs)

Chairmen
c.1931                     Mack Colby                      (b. 1888 - d. 1964)
c.1936                     Jerry McCarty
c.1937                     Frank Smith
1937 - 195.                Maquinna Jongie Claplanhoo      (b. 1876 - d. 1957)
bf.1954 - af.1956          Kenneth Ward
1959 - Mar 1968            Quentin Markishtum              (d. 1968)
1968                       Luke Markishtum (acting)
bf.1969 - 197.             Edward Eugene Claplanhoo        (b. 1928 - d. 2010)
c.1973                     Eugene O. Parker (1st time)
c.1974                     Joseph Lawrence, Jr.            (b. 1937 - d. 2008)
c.1976                     Eugene O. Parker (2nd time)
c.1977 - 1981              Dale Johnson
c.1983
                     Donald Johnson (1st time)
c.1984 - 1988              George C. Bowechop (1st time)   (b. 1921 - d. 2006)

1988 - 198.                Greig W. Arnold (1st time)
c.1989                     Dan Green
19.. – 1990                Vivian C. Lawrence (f)
1990 - 1992                Donald Johnson (2nd time)
1992 – 1993                George C. Bowechop (2nd time)
   (s.a.)
1993 – 1996                Hubert Markishtum
1996 – 2000                Ben Johnson, Jr. (1st time)
2000 – 2001                Greg W. Arnold (2nd time)
2001 – 2002                Gordon M. Smith
2002 – 2003                Nathan Tyler (1st time)
2003 – 2008                Ben Johnson, Jr. (2nd time)
2008 – 2009                Micah McCarty, Jr. (1st time)
2009 – 2010                Michael J. Lawrence
2010 – 2013                Micah McCarty, Jr. (2nd time)
2013 - 2016                Timothy J. Greene, Sr. (1st time)
2016 - 2017                Marla Tolliver (f)

2017 - 2018                Nathan Tyler (2nd time)
2018 - 2019                John Ides
2019 -     
               Timothy J. Greene, Sr. (2nd time)


Muckleshoot

[Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
                      (Washington, U.S.)]
Adopted 1993
26 Dec 1854                Treaty with the U.S.
20 Jan 1857                Muckleshoot Indian Reservation established.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                             were citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
1936                       Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
1957                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1993                       Gaming compact.

2003                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
c.1936                     Morris Lobehan
c.1967                     Bertha McJoe (f)
c.1970 - af.1973           Florence Harnden (f)
c.1979                     Cliff Keline

c.1980                     Marie Starr (f)
c.1981 - 1984?             Gilbert D. King George
c.1984 - c.1989            Sony Bargala
bf.1989 - 1996             Virginia Cross (f) (1st time)

1996 – 2007                John Daniels, Jr.
2007 – 2010                Charlotte Williams (f)
2010 - 2019                Virginia Cross (f) (2nd time)
2019 -                     Jaison Elkins


Nisqually

[Nisqually Indian Tribe
                (Washington, U.S.)]

26 Dec 1854                Treaty with the U.S.,
Nisqually Indian Reservation created.
 
9 Apr 1946                Nisqually Indian Community.
1957                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1995                       Nisqually Indian Tribe
1997                       Self-governance agreement.
1998                       Gaming compact.


Chairmen
bf.1934 - 19..             ....
c.1967 - c.1969            Mildred Ikebe (f)              (b. 1922 - d. 2001)
c.1971                     Zelma McCloud (f) (1st time)
c.1972                     Harold Ikebe
c.1976                     Zelma McCloud (f) (2nd time)
bf.1977 – 1978             Georgiana Kautz (f)
1978 – af.1980             Dorian S. Sanchez (1st time)
bf.1983 - c.1984           Richard Wells
bf.1989 - 1995             Dorian S. Sanchez (1st time)

1995 – 1998                Michael L. Stepetin
1998 – 2000                Stephanie J. Scott (f)
2000 – 2003                John Simmons
2003 – 2006                Dorian S. Sanchez (2nd time)
2006 - 2015                Cynthia Iyall (f)
2015 - 2018                Farron McCould
2018 - 2021                Ellory "Ken" Choke (1st time)
2021 - 2024                William Frank
2024 -                     Ellory "Ken" Choke (2nd time)


Nooksack


[Nooksack Indian Tribe former flag
                            (Washington, U.S.)]
Former  Flag
[Nooksack Indian
                          Tribe (Washington, U.S.)]
Current Flag

22 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S.

1934                       Nooksack Indian Tribe, recognition by the U.S. confirmed.
1952 - 17 Sep 1971         Federal recognition withdrawn.
1971                       Nooksack Reservation established.
1994                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1920 - 1926                George Swanaset
1926 - c.1934              Sam George
c.1943
                    Thomas H. Williams (1st time)
c.1951/52                  Thomas H. Williams (2nd time)
c.1958                     Joseph Louis (1st time)
c.1961                     Daniel Swanset
c.1967                     Joseph Louis (2nd time)
c.1967 - af.1970           Roy S. George
197. - Oct 1981            Roy Alec Roberts                (b. 1930)
1981? - Nov 1983           James P. Kelly

c.1984/85                  Harry E. Cooper                 (b. 1953 - d. 2010)
c.1986/89                  Joseph Johnson (1st time)
bf.1990 - af.1993          Hubert Williams
199. – 1994                Joseph Johnson (2nd time)

1994 – 1996                Roswell "Ross" Cline (1st time)
1996 – 1998                Sherri L. Johnny (f)
1998 – 2004                Art George
2004 – 2010                Narciso Cunanan
2010 - 2018                Robert J. Kelly, Jr.
2018 - 2022                Roswell "Ross" Cline (2nd time)
2022 -                     RoseMary LaClair (f)


P
ort Gamble S’Klallam


[Port
                Gamble S'Klallam Tribe (Washington, U.S.)]

26 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S.
16 Jun 1938                Port Gamble Indians Reservation established.
1939                       Port Gamble Indian Community
1994                       Self-governance agreement.
1995                       Gaming compact.
2013                       Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe

Chairmen
c.1941                     Lester Jackson
c.1947                     James Webster
c.197.                     Ronald G. Charles (1st time)
c.1973 - c.1975            Betty Roberts (f)

197. - 1987                Ronald G. Charles (2nd time)
1987 - 1989                Gerald "Jake" Jones (1st time)
1989 - 1990                ....
1990 - 1999                Gerald "Jake" Jones (2nd time)

Jul 1999 – 2009            Ronald G. Charles (3rd time)
2009 - 30 Jun 2023         Jeromy C. Sullivan                 (b. 1973 - d. 2023)
Oct 2023 -                 Amber Caldera (f)


Puyallup

[Puyallup Tribe
                  (Washington, U.S.)]

1851 – 1920                Puget Sound (1856 – 1910 Puyallup; from 1910, Cushman) Indian
                             Agency established.
16 Dec 1854                Under the U.S. protection (Puyallup Tribe); the Puyallup Indian
                             Reservation established.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, majority were
                             citizens).
1893                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1996                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chief of Nisqually and Puyallup
1854 – 1856                Leschi                             (b. 1808 – d. 1858)
Chairmen
c.1929                     James Goudy
bf.1933 - af.1936          Silas Cross
c.1937 - c.1953            Frank Wrolson
c.1964 - c.1971            Frank Wright, Sr.

1971 – 1979                Ramona C. Bennett (f)              (b. 1938)

1979 – 1982                Robert Satiacum                    (b. 1929 – d. 1991)
1982 – 1987                Frank G. Wright, Jr.
1987 – 1988                Bertha J. Turnipseed (f)
1988 – 1989                William Sterud (1st time)
1989 – 1990                Henry John                         (b. 1941)
1990 – 1992/93             Roleen Hargrove (f) (1st time)
1992/93- 1995              Roberta  M. Young (f)
1995 – 1996                Roleen Hargrove (f) (2nd time)
1996 – 1997                Herman Dillon, Sr. (1st time)      (b. 1931 - d. 2014)
1997 – 1998                William Sterud (2nd time)
1998 – 2000                Lawrence W. LaPointe
2000 – 2002                Herman Dillon, Sr. (2nd time)      (s.a.)
2002 – 2004                William Sterud (3rd time)
2004 - 23 May 2014         Herman Dillon, Sr. (3rd time)      (s.a.)
May 2014 - Jun 2019        William Sterud (4th time)
                             (acting to Jul 2014)
Jun 2019 -
Aug 2020        David Z. Bean
Aug 2020 -                 William Sterud (5th time)



Quileute


[Quileute Tribe
                      (Washington, U.S.)]
Adopted 1989
 1 Jul 1855                Treaty with the U.S.
19 Feb 1889                Quileute Indian Reservation established.
1936                       Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation.
1963 - 1988                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.

Head chief
c.1855                     Howiyat'l
Chairmen
c.1937 - c.1950            Morton Penn                        (b. 1882 - d. 19..)
1959 - 1967                Frederick Richard Woodruff, Sr.    (b. 1904 - d. 1977)
c.1968 - c.1971            Kenneth Payne
c.1973 - c.1974            Pearl Penn Conlow
c.1977                     Christian Penn
c.1978 - Dec 1983          Russell Woodruff, Sr. (1st time)

c.1984 - c.1986            Walter Jackson
bf.Mar 1988 - 1993         James R. Jaime
1993 – 1998                Douglas "Oly" Woodruff, Sr.         (b. 1945 - d. 1998)
1998 – 1999                Christian Penn, Jr. (acting)
1999 – 2008                Russell Woodruff, Sr. (2nd time)
2008 – 2010                Carol Hatch (f)
2010 – 2011                Anna R. Counsell-Geyer (f)
2011 – 2012                Bonita Cleveland (f)
2012 - 2014                Tony Foster
2014 - 2015                Charles Woodruff (1st time)
2015 - 2016                Naomi Jacobson (f)
2016 - 2018                Charles Woodruff (2nd time)
2018 -                     Douglas Woodruff, Jr.


Quinault

[Quinault Indian Nation
              (Washington, U.S.)]

 1 Jul 1855                Treaty with the U.S.; Quinault Indian Reservation established.
1884 – 1950                Taholah (to 1888, Quinault) agency (1888 – 1914 closed).
24 Aug 1922                Quinault Tribe, first by-laws adopted.
1958 – 1969                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1995                       Self-governance agreement.
1996                       Gaming compact.
2012                       Quinault Indian Nation


Head chiefs
c.1855                     Taxola (= Taholah)
c.1903                     Mason (San-le-tum)
Presidents
1921 - c.1936              Harry Shale, Sr.
c.1941 – Nov 1960          Cleveland Jackson                  (d. 1960)
1960 – 1963                Horton Capoeman
Apr 1963 - 1971            James Jackson

1971 – 1993                Joseph B. DeLaCruz                 (b. 1937 - d. 2000)
1993 – 2005                Pearl Capoeman-Baller (f)
2005 - 2021                Fawn R. Sharp (f)                  (b. 1970)
2021 -                     Guy Capoeman


Samish


[Samish Indian Nation
                (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S.

26 Apr 1996                Samish Indian Tribe; recognition by the U.S. confirmed,
                             no reservation as of 2024.
2012                       Samish Indian Nation
2018                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1951 – 1964                Alfred "Buddy" Edwards
1964 – 1966                Harold C. Hatch
1966 – 1971                Thomas McDowell
1971 – 1974                Margaret Greene (f) (1st time)
1974 – 1979                Robert Wooten, Sr.
1979 – 1987                Kenneth C. Hansen (1st time)       (b. 1952 – d. 2006)
1987 – 1997                Margaret Greene (f) (2nd time)
1997 – 2006                Kenneth C. Hansen (2nd time)       (s.a.)
2006 -                     Thomas Wooten


Sauk-Suiattle

[Sauk-Suiattle Indian
              Tribe (Washington, U.S.)]

1946                       Separated from Upper Skagit;
Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
                             a separate tribal entity.
1952 –  9 Jun 1972         Recognition by the U.S. withdrawn.


Chairmen
1946 - 196.                ....
c.1967 – af.1973           Paul Harvey, Sr.
c.1979                     James Lawrence Joseph (1st time)   (b. 1940 – d. 2010)
1979 - 1983                Jean Fish (f)
1983 - Nov 1984            James Lawrence Joseph (2nd time)   (s.a.)
bf.1989 – Mar 1993         James Lawrence Joseph (3rd time)   (s.a.)
Mar 1993 - 1994            James D. Roberts (1st time)

1994 – 1996                James Lawrence Joseph (4th time)   (s.a.)
1996 - af.1997             James D. Roberts (2nd time)
c.1998                     Jason L. Joseph (1st time)
c.1999                     James Lawrence Joseph (5th time) (s.a.)

.... - 2001                Jason L. Joseph (2nd time)
2001 – 2002                Norma A. Joseph (f) (1st time)
2002 – 2005                Jason L. Joseph (3rd time)
2005 – 2006                Gloria Y. Green (f)
2006 – 2007                Janice W. Mabee (f) (1st time)     (b. 1946)
2007 – 2008                James D. Roberts (3rd time)
2008 – 2009                Cynthia M. Harris (f)
2009 – 2011                Janice W. Mabee (f) (2nd time)     (s.a.)
2011 – 2012                Michael Hoffman
2012 - 2018                Norma A. Joseph (f) (2nd time)
2018 - 2019                Benjamin Joseph
2019 - 2021  
             Norma A. Joseph (f) (3rd time)
2021 -                     Nino Maltos


Shoalwater Bay

[Shoalwater Bay Tribe
              (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Sep 1866                Shoalwater Bay Indian Reservation set aside (no treaty).
13 Apr 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
1971                       Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay Reservation
1999                       Self-governance agreement.
2002                       Gaming compact.


Chiefs

1876 – 1889                Charley Matote                      (d. 1889)
1889 – 1935                George A. Charley                   (b. 1864 – d. 1935)

Chairmen

1935 – 1971                General Council
1971 – 1975                Earl G. Davis                       (b. 1928 - d. 1975)
1975 - 1978?               Rachel Whitish (f) (1st time)       (b. 1911 - d. 1998)
1978? - 1980?              Douglas "Doug" M. Davis (1st time)
1980 - Jan 1982            Rachel Whitish (f) (2nd time)       (s.a.)
Jan 1982 - Jan 1984        Gordon Shipman
c.1984                     Rachel Whitish (f) (3rd time)       (s.a.)
1985 - 1986                Elizabeth "Libby" Fanning (f)       (b. 1940)
                             (1st time)(=
Elizabeth Shipman)
c.1987/88                  Douglas "Doug" M. Davis (2nd time)
c.1989                     Elizabeth "Libby" Fanning (f)       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
bf.Aug 1990 – 1992         Douglas "Doug" M. Davis (3rd time)

1992 – 2002                Herbert "Ike" M. Whitish            (b. 1955 - d. 2005)
2002 – 2004                Carl S. Johnson, Sr.
2004 – 2014                Charlene Nelson (f) (1st time)
2014 - 2016                Douglas "Doug" M. Davis (4th time)
2016 - 2024                Charlene Nelson (f) (2nd time)
2024 -                     Quintin Swanson


Skokomish

[Skokomish
                Indian Tribe Flag (Washington, U.S.)]

26 Jan 1855                 Treaty with the U.S., Skokomish Reservation established (by the
                              Treaty of Point-No-Point).

 
3 May 1938                 Skokomish Indian Tribe (of the Skokomish Reservation, Washington)
1957 - 2024                 Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
25 May 1995                 Gaming compact.
2002                        Self-governance agreement.

Head chief
c.1855                      Dah-whil-luk
Chairmen
c.1930                      George N. Adams (1st time)
c.1938                      Ben John
c.1939                      Leonard Hawk
c.1954                      George N. Adams (2nd time)
c.1972                      Edward Miller
c.1974 - c.1977             William L. Smith

c.1978                      Charles B. Curtis
197.                        Anna Pavel (f)
c.1980                      Steve Johns
c.1980                      James Byrd (1st time)
c.1981                      Diane Gouley (f)
c.1982 - 1983               James Byrd (2nd time)
1983 - 198.                 Lucy Schaefer (f)
198. - c.1986               Gary Peterson
bf.1989 - 1993              Denny S. Hurtado (1st time)        (b. 1947)
1993 – 1994                 Joseph Pavel (1st time)
199. – 1995                 Patrick J. LaClair
1995 – 1996                 Francis Twiddy
1996 – 2000                 Gordon James (1st time)
2000 – 2002                 Denny S. Hurtado (2nd time)        (s.a.)

2002 – 2006                 Gordon James (2nd time)
2006 – 2008                 Denese LaClair (f)
2008 – 2009                 Joseph Pavel (2nd time)
2009 -                      Charles G. Miller


Snoqualmie

[Snoqualmie Tribe
                (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Jan 1855                 Treaty with the U.S., majority of the tribe moved to Tulalip.
 6 Oct 1999                 Snoqualmie Tribe, recognition by the U.S. confirmed.

2002                        Gaming compact.

Presidents
1916 - 1939                 Jerry Kanim                        (b. 1869 – d. 1956)
                              (also chief and chairman of Snoqualmie at Tulalip)
1939 - 1955                 William Martin                     (d. 1967)
1955 - 1967                 Emil Williams                      (b. c.1886 – d. 1968)

Chairmen

1967 – 1980                 Robert Comenout
1981 – 1984                 Karen Boney (f)
1984 – 1990                 Andy de Los Angeles (1st time)
1990 – 1994                 Ronald Lauzon (in opposition to 1995)
1994 – 1999                 Andy de Los Angeles (2nd time)
1999 – 2007                 Joseph O. Mullen (1st time)
2007 – 2008                 Bill T. Sweet
2008                        Katherine Barker (f) (acting)
2008 – 2010                 Joseph O. Mullen (2nd time)

2010 – 2013                 Shelley Burch (f)
2013 - 2017                 Carolyn Lubenau (f)
2017 - 2018                 Sunny Clean (f)
2018                        Jolene Williams (f)
2018 -                      Robert De Los Angeles


Spokane Tribe


[Spokane Tribe
                      (Washington, U.S.)]
Adopted 1981
1872                       Briefly (3 months) part of the Colville Indian Reservation.
18 Jan 1881                Spokane Indian Reservation set aside.
1912 – 1925                Spokane Indian Agency established.
 6 Apr 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
May 1951                   Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation 
2007                       Gaming compact.

Head chiefs
bf.1830 – 1855             "Big Head" (from 1838, Cornelius)  (d. 1855)
1855 – af.1881             Hustl-pusimn "Big Star" ("Elder Lot")
bf.1888 – 1902             "Younger Lot"                      (d. 1902)
1902 – 1909                Oliver Lot                         (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
1909 – 1925                Jim Sam                            (d. 1925)
1925 - af.1938             Sam Boyd
Chairmen
1940 – 1947                ....
1947 – 1973                Alex Sherwood                      (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
c.1976                     Alfred E. McCoy (1st time)
c.1978                     John W. Samuels (1st time)
1979? – Aug 1981           Alfred E. McCoy (2nd time)
Aug 1981 – 1983?           John W. Samuels
(2nd time)
c.1984                     James W. Hill                      (d. 2000)
bf.1987 - 1990             Joe Vernon Flett
                   (b. 1948 - d. 2012)
1990 – 1994                Bruce Wynne (1st time)             (b. 1945 – d. 2003)
1994 – 1997                Warren J. Seyler (1st time)
1997 – 2000                Bruce Wynne (2nd time)             (s.a.)
2000 – 2003                Alfred Peone
2003 – 2004                Warren J. Seyler (2nd time)
2004 – 2006                Gregory J. Abrahamson (1st time)
2006 – 2008                Richard L. Sherwood
2008 – 2012                Gregory J. Abrahamson (2nd time)
2012 - 2015                Rudy Peone
2015 - 2023                Carol Evans (f)
Jun 2023 -                 Gregory J. Abrahamson (3rd time)


Squaxin Island


[Squaxin
                          Island Tribe former flag to 2007 (Washington,
                          U.S.)]
to 2007
[Squaxin
                            Island Tribe (Washington, U.S.)]
Adopted 2007
26 Dec 1854                Treaty with the U.S., reservation established
1957                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1965                       Squaxin Island Tribe of the Squaxin Island Reservation
1993                       Gaming compact.
1995                       Self-governance agreement.

Chairmen
1952 - 1955                Ralph Krise
1955 - 1959                Bennett Cooper
1959 - 1961                Wes Whitener
1961 - Jun 1976            Florence Sigo (f)
1976 - 1980                Calvin J. Peters (1st time)
1980 - 1981                Bryan Johnson
1981 - 1982                Calvin J. Peters (2nd time)
1982 - 1987                David W. Whitener, Sr. (1st time)   (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
1987 - 1996                David Lopeman (1st time)
1996 - 1999                David W. Whitener, Sr. (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1999 - 2005                David Lopeman (2nd time)
2005 - 2008                James L. Peters
2008 - 2017                David Lopeman (3rd time)
2017 - Aug 2020            Arnold Cooper
Aug 2020 -                 Kristopher Peters

Stillaguamish


[Stillaguamish Tribe of
                  Indians (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S. (spelled "Stoluckwamish").
1934                       Stillaguamish Tribe, recognition by the U.S. confirmed.
1952 – 27 Oct 1976         Recognition withdrawn by U.S.
2001                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
1926 – 1945                Jimmy Dorsey                       (b. c.1850 - d. 1945)
1946 – 1950                Llewellyn Goodridge
1950 – 1970                John Silva
1970 – 1980                Esther Ross (f)                    (b. 1904 – d. 1988)
1980 – af.1984             Marie A. MacCurdy (f)
bf.1988 - af.1995          Gail Greger (f)
c.1996                     Donna Soholt (f)
bf.1997 - 2000             Priscilla A. Shipley (f)           (b. 1963 - d. 2015)
2000 – 2004                Edward L. Goodridge, Sr.
2004 – 2009                Shawn E. Yanity (1st time)
2009 – 2010                Sandra Klineburger (f)             (b. 1982)
2010 - 2021                Shawn E. Yanity (2nd time)
2021 -
                    Eric White


Suquamish of Port Madison
 

[Suquamish Indian Tribe
                of the Port Madison Reservation (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S., Port Madison Reservation established.
1864                       Existing reservation was two times enlarged.
1877                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                             were citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
1963 - 1972                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1965                       Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation
1995                       Gaming compact.
1998                       Self-governance compact.

Head chief of Duwamish and Suquamish
1854 – 1866                Si'ahl (= Seattle)                 (b. c.1780 – d. 1866)
Chairmen
1929 – 1942                Martha C. George (1st time)        (b. 1892 – d. 1987)
1942 – 19..                ....
19.. – 1962                Charles Lawrence                   (d. 1962)
c.1968                     Martha C. George (2nd time)        (s.a.)
c.1972 - c.1978            Richard Belmont, Jr.
1979 - 1985                Lawrence Webster                   (b. 1899 - d. 1991)
bf.1989 - 1994             Georgia C. George (f)

1994 – 1998                Lyle E. George (1st time)
1998 – 1999                Bennie J. Armstrong (1st time)     (b. 1951)
1999 – 2000                Lyle E. George (2nd time)
2000 – 2009                Bennie J. Armstrong (2nd time)     (s.a.)
2009 -                     Leonard Forsman


S
winomish

[Swinomish Indian
                Tribal Community (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S.; Swinomish Reservation established.
1877                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                             were citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
1936                       Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
1963 - 1989                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1982 - 2013                Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation (on the U.S. list
                             of tribal names).
1993                       Gaming compact.

1997                       Self-governance compact.

Head chief of Skagit and Swinomish
1854 – 1857                sGolaia (= Goliah)                 (d. 1857)
Chairmen
bf.1929 - 193.             ....
c.1935                     George Alexander
c.1936                     Sam Kadim
1938 - 1940                Martin J. Sampson (1st time)       (b. 1888 - d. 1980)
c.1941 - c.1944            Tandy Wilbur                       (d. 1975)
c.1950                     Joseph Joe

c.1954 - af.1955           Martin J. Sampson (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1962 - 1971                Dewey Mitchell                     (b. 1898 - d. 1981)
c.1972                     Tandy Wilbur, Jr.
c.1972                     Martin J. Sampson (3rd time)       (s.a.)

c.1980                     Robert S. Joe, Sr. (1st time)
1982 – 1997                Robert S. Joe, Sr. (2nd time)

1997 - 2020                M. Brian Cladoosby
                 (b. 1958?)
Mar 2020 - 
                Steve Edwards


Tulalip

[Tulalip Tribes
                (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Jan 1855                Under the U.S. protection; the Tulalip Indian Reservation
                             established.
1861                       Tulalip (from 1950, Western Washington) Indian Agency established.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                             were citizens). The allotment leads to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservation to the non-Indian settlement.
24 Jan 1936                Tulalip Tribes.
1958 – 2000                Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1991                       Gaming compact with the state.
 6 Oct 1999                Off-reservation Snoqualmie recognized by the U.S. as separate
                             tribe (see Snoqulamie).
2002                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.


Head chief of Snoqualmie and Snohomish
(title of chief: Si'ab)
1854 – 1858                Patkedib (=Pat Kanim)              (b. 1818 - d. 1858)
Chiefs of Snohomish (largest tribe on the reservation)
c.1862                     Shelton (Whea-kadim)
186. – 1874                Napoleon Bonaparte (Snah-tulc)     (b. 180. – d. 1874)
1874 – 1905                ....
1905 – 1935                Charles Jules                      (b. 1846 – d. 1935)
                            (1923-30 also chairman of Snohomish Committee)
Chiefs of Snoqualmie (second largest tribe on the reservation)
1858 – 1875                Sanawa                             (d. 1875)
1875 – 1914                ....
1914 – 1956                Jerry Kanim                        (b. 1869 – d. 1956)
                            (1928-30 also chairman of Snoqualmie Committee)
Chairmen
1930 – Mar 1940            Wilfred Steve (1st time)           (b. 1894 - d. 1956)
Mar 1940 - c.1941          Lawrence Williams
c.1943 - af.1944           Sebastian Williams (1st time)
1945 - 1946                Harriet Shelton-Dover (f)

bf.1948 - af.1954          Wilfred Steve (2nd time)           (s.a.)
c.1955                     Sebastian Williams (2nd time)
c.1956 - 1963              George S. Williams (1st time)
1963 - 1965                Charles Sheldon
1965 – 196.                George S. Williams (2nd time)
c.1967                     Herman Williams, Sr. (1st time)    (b. 1929)
c.1968 - c.1970            Bernie Gobin                       (b. 1930 – d. 2009)

c.1971/72                  Herman Williams, Sr. (2nd time)    (s.a.)
c.1972/78
                  George S. Williams (3rd time)
bf.1980 – af.1984          Stanley G. Jones, Sr. (1st time)   (b. 1927)

1985 - 1987?               Donald Hatch
1987? – 1999               Stanley G. Jones, Sr. (2nd time)   (s.a.)

1999 – 2000                Herman A. Williams, Jr. (1st time)
2000 – 2001                Stanley G. Jones, Sr. (3rd time)   (s.a.)
2001 – 2004                Herman A. Williams, Jr. (2nd time)
2004 – 2007                Stanley G. Jones, Sr. (4th time)   (s.a.)
2007 – 2014                Melvin R. Sheldon, Jr. (1st time)  (b. 1952)
2014 - 2015                Herman Williams, Sr. (3rd time)    (s.a.)
2015 - 2017                Melvin R. Sheldon, Jr. (2nd time)  (s.a.)
2017 - 2019                Marie Zackuse (f)
2019 -                     Teri Gobin (f)



Upper Skagit

[Upper Skagit Indian
              Tribe (Washington, U.S.)]

22 Jan 1855                Treaty with the U.S.
1934                       Upper Skagit Indian Tribe, recognition by the U.S confirmed.
1952 – 1972                Recognition withdrawn by the U.S 
1993                       Gaming compact.

Chairmen
c.1948 - c.1968            Charlie Boome
c.197.                     Floyd Williams (1st time)           (b. 1923 – d. 2007)
c.1980                     Lawrence Boome
198. – 1981                Floyd Williams (2nd time)           (s.a.)
1981 – af.1983             Andreas "Andy" Fernando             (b. 1952/53)
bf.1984 - 2000             Floyd Williams (3rd time)           (s.a.)
2000 – 2007                Marilyn M. Scott (f) (1st time)

2007 – 2008                Jennifer Washington (f) (1st time)
2008 – 2010                Marilyn M. Scott (f) (2nd time)
2010 - 2022                Jennifer Washington (f) (2nd time)
2022 - 2024                Marilyn M. Scott (f) (3rd time)
2024 -                     Jennifer Washington (f) (3rd time)

Yakama Nation Confederated Bands and Tribes

[Confederated Tribes and
                Bands of the Yakama Nation (Washington, U.S.)]

 9 Jun 1855                By Treaty of Camp Stevens the Yakima cede all lands to U.S. in
                             exchange for a reservation.
1858                       Yakima Indian Agency established.
18 Apr 1859                Yakima Indian Reservation established for group of tribes and
                             bands (Yakama, Palouse, Pisquose, Wenatchapam, Klickitat,
                             Klinquit, Kow wa sayee, Li aywas, Sk'in pah, Wis ham, Shyiks,
                             Oche Chotes, Kah-miltpah and the See-ap-cat) jointly called the
                             Confederated Tribes and Bands of the "Yakima."
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1906                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
 
1 Mar 1933                Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Nation organized,
                             governed by the Resolution (18 Feb 1944), in 1979 still formally
                             listed by the U.S. as the Yakima Tribes of the Yakima Reservation

20 Apr 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.  
1994                       Original native spelling "Yakama" re-introduced.
1996                       Gaming compact with the state.

Head chiefs of the Confederated Tribes (title of Yakama chief: Miyawax)
1854 – 1858                Kamayaqin (= Kamiakin)            (b. c.1800 – d. 1877)

1859 – 1868                Spencer (Tah-pa-shah) (acting)
1868 – 1910                Joe Stwire "White Swan"           (d. 1910)
1910 – 1923                George Waters (Stwire)
1923 – 1933                General Council
1933 – 194.                Tribal Council (14 band chiefs or headmen)
Chairmen
c.1943                     Wilson Shuster                    (b. 1913 - d. ....)
bf.1948                    Eagle Seelatsee (1st time)        (b. 1895 - d. 1976)
c.1948                     Alex Saluskin (1st time)
c.1949                     Martin Hannigan

c.1952 - af.1953           Alex Saluskin (2nd time)
c.1955 - af.1959           Eagle Seelatsee (2nd time)        (s.a.)
c.1961 - af.1962           Alex Saluskin (3rd time)
c.1964 - af.1966           Eagle Seelatsee (3rd time)        (s.a.)
c.1968                     Robert B. Jim (1st time)          (d. 1973)
1970 – Oct 1973            Robert B. Jim
(2nd time)          (s.a.)
1973 – 1979                Watson Totus                      (b. 1906 - d. 1988)
1979 – 1984                Johnson Meninick
1984 – 1985                Roger R. Jim, Sr.                 (b. 1931 - d. 1988)
1985 – 1989                Melvin R. Sampson
1989 – 1991                Levi George                       (b. 1929 - d. 1991)
1991                       Ray Olney (acting)
1991 – 1994                Wilferd Yallup                    (b. 1931 - d. 2004)
1994 - 1996                Jerry Meninick (1st time)
1996 - 1998                Ross K. Sockzehigh (1st time)
1998 - 2000                William F. Yallup, Sr.            (b. 1926 – d. 2006)
2000 - 2002                Lonnie Selam, Sr.
2002                       Robert N. Wahpat
2002 - 2004                Ross K. Sockzehigh (2nd time)
2004 - 2005                Jerry Meninick (2nd time)
2005 - 2006                Louis Cloud                       (b. 1920 – d. 2007)
2006 - 2008                Lavina Washines (f)               (b. 1940 - d. 2011)
2008 - 2010                Ralph Sampson, Jr.
2010 - 2014                Harry J. Smiskin                  (b. 1952)
2014 - 2020                JoDe L. Goudy
2020 - Oct 2022
           Delano Saluskin
Oct 2022 -                 Gerald Lewis


West Virginia

None Recognized

Wisconsin

Bad River Band of Chippewa

[Bad River Band of Lake
                Superior Tribe of Chippewa (Wisconsin, U.S.)]
 

1854                       La Pointe (from the 1920's, Bad River) Reservation established,
                             for the majority of the La Pointe Band (minority becomes Red
                             Cliff).
1858 – 1927                La Pointe (to 1865, Lake Superior) Indian Agency established.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                             were citizens).
1936                       Bad River Band of Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1992                       Gaming compact.

First chiefs

1854 – 1870                Makade-bineshii "Black Bird"      (d. 1870)
1870 – 1920                James Blackbird                   (b. c.1837 – d. 1920)
c.1929                     General Council
Chairmen
c.1934                     William Denomie
1934 - 1942                George P. Parker
1942 - 194.                John Condecon                     (b. 1862 - d. 1952)
c.1944                     Carl Maday
c.1947 - c.1948            Gus Whitebird
bf.1950 - af.1952          Al Arbuckle
c.1962
                     Donald Ames (1st time)
1967 - 1968                Albert L. Whitebird               (b. 1929 - d. 1975)
c.1969                     Sam Livingston (1st time)
c.1973
                     Donald Ames (2nd time)
bf.1976 - af.1978          Raymond F. Maday
c.1980
                     Sam Livingston (2nd time)
bf.1982 - af.1983          Vernon Stone   
bf.1984 - af.1986          Josephine "Joe" Corbine (f)
c.1987 - 1993              Donald W. Moore (1st time)
1993 - Aug 1995            Elizabeth "Betty" Drake (f)
Aug 1995 - Oct 1995        Donald W. Moore (2nd time)
Oct 1995 - 1997            John A. Wilmer
1997 – af.1999             Donald W. Moore (3rd time)
bf.2000 – 2003             Eugene Bigboy (1st time)
2003 – 2005                Donald W. Moore (4th time)
2005 – Nov 2007            Eugene Bigboy (2nd time)
Nov 2007 – Mar 2008        Loretta Livingston (f)
Mar 2008 – Nov 2009        Eugene Bigboy (3rd time)
Nov 2009 – Nov 2015        Michael "Mike" Wiggins (1st time)
Nov 2015 -
Nov 2017        Robert Blanchard (1st time)
Nov 2017 - Nov 2023        M
ichael "Mike" Wiggins (2nd time)
Nov 2023 -                 Robert Blanchard (2nd time)


Forest County Potawatomi

[Forest County Potawatomi
              Community (Wisconsin, U.S.)]

176. - 1779                Allied with the British.
1816                       Under the U.S. protection (Wisconsin Bands of Potawatomi).
1833                       Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to
                             Missouri (in 1834 some bands joined the Prairie Bands
                             [see Prairie Potawatomi]), some bands avoided the removal.
1911 - 1927                Carter (from 1916, Laona) Indian Agency established.
23 Jun 1913                Wisconsin Potawatomi Reservation established by land purchases
                             (
23 Jun 1913 and 30 Jun 1913).
1937                       Forest County Potawatomi Community.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1982 - 2000                Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin Potawatomi
                             (on the U.S. list of tribal names).
1992                       Gaming compact.
2005                       Self-governance agreement.

First chief
bf.1778 - af.1781          Siggenauk "Blackbird"  
Chiefs
183. - 1844                Waumegesako                        (b. c.1789 - d. 1844)
1844 - 1869                Ketoose                            (d. 1869)
bf.1894 - 1914             Charles Keshick                    (b. c.1843 - d. 1914)
Presidents
c.1913                     Charles Keshick                    (s.a.)
19.. - 1937                ....
Chairmen
Apr 1937 - Nov 1937        Henry Shawano
Nov 1937 - 1942            Ben Ellick
1942 - 1945                William Keshick
c.1951                     Max Keshick
c.1967                     Arthur Crawford
c.1974                     Harvey L. Tucker
1975 - 197.                Lois Crowe (f)
bf.1979 - af.1983          James "Jim" Thunder
bf.1984 - af.1985          Kenneth "Ken" George, Sr.
May 1987 - Nov 1990        Hartford Shegonee (1st time)
1990 - 17 Oct 1992         James "Jim" Crawford
Oct 1992 - Nov 1992        Al Milham (1st time)(acting)
Nov 1992 - 1993            Hartford Shegonee (2nd time)
1993 - 1995                Al Milham (2nd time)
c.1996 - Jul 2000          Philip Shopodock (1st time)
Jul 2000 - 2007            Harold "Gus" Frank (1st time)
Nov 2007 - 2009            Philip Shopodock (2nd time)
Nov 2009 - Feb 2018        Harold "Gus" Frank (2nd time)
Feb 2018 - Feb 2023        Ned Daniels
Feb 2023 –                 James A. Crawford



Ho-Chunk Nation

[Ho-Chunk Nation (Wisconsin,
              U.S.)]

1840                       Part of Winnebago tribe (see Winnebago of Nebraska) avoided
                            
relocation from Wisconsin to Iowa.
1864 - 1870                Winnebago Indian Agency established.
1881                       Recognized by the U.S. as separate tribe (Winnebago in Wisconsin),
                            
the U.S. citizenship granted, no formal reservation created then.
1905 - 1949                Tomah (to 1911 Wittenberg, 1916-1927 Grand Rapids) Indian Agency
                             established.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
19 Mar 1963                Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe, constitution adopted.
1992                       Gaming compact.
25 Nov 1994                Renamed Ho-Chunk Nation (Ho-Chunk-Gra).
2017                       Self-governance agreement.


Chairmen
1949 - 19..                Nathaniel Decorah                  (b. 1914 - d. 1985)
c.1951                     James Smoke                        (b. 1900 – d. 1970)
1963 - 1964                Helen Miner Miller (f)             (b. 1925 - d. 2022)
1964 - 1967                Mitchell Whiterabbit (1st time)    (b. 1914 - d. 1986)
1967 - 1968                Wilbur Blackdeer                   (b. 1913 - d. 1993)
1968                       Chauncey Hopinkah (1st time)       (b. 1929 - d. 2002)
1968 - 1971                C. Myron Lowe
1971                       Chauncey Hopinkah (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1971 - 1975                Arnold Garvin
1975 - 1978                Mitchell Whiterabbit (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1978 - 1979                Calvin Whiteagle                   (b. 1926 - d. 1982)
1979 - 1981                Conroy Greendeer                   (b. 1951 - d. 2014)
1981 - 1982                Chloris A. Lowe, Jr.
1982 - 1982                Gilman Lincoln                     (b. 1927 - d. 2008)
1983 - 1984                Kenneth Funmaker, Sr.              (b. 1932 - d. 2008)
1984 - 1985                George Whitewing, Sr.              (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
1985 - 1986                Merlin Redcloud, Jr.               (b. 1948 - d. 2003)
1986 - 1987                Charles Kingswan                   (b. 1944 - d. 1997)
1987 - 1991                Gordon Thunder
1991 - 1994                JoAnn Jones (f)
Presidents
1994 - 1995                JoAnn Jones (f)
1995 - 1997                Chloris A. Lowe, Jr.
1997                       Byron Thundercloud                 (b. 1963)
1997 - 2000                Jacob H. Lonetree
2000 - 2001                Clarence P. Pettibone              (b. 1959?)
2001 - 2003                Troy Swallow                       (b. 1964 - d. 2013)
2003 - 11 Nov 2006
         George Lewis (1st time)
11 Nov 2006 - Dec 2006    
Wade Blackdeer (1st time)
Dec 2006 - 2007            George Lewis (2nd time)
2007                       Wade Blackdeer (2nd time)
2007 - 2011                Wilfred Cleveland (1st time)
2011 - 2015                Jon Greendeer (1st time)           (b. 1972)
2015 - 2019                Wilfred Cleveland (2nd time)
2019 - 2023                Marlon E. White Eagle              (b. 1973)
2023 -                     Jon Greendeer (2nd time)           (s.a.)


Lac du Flambeau Chippewa


[Lac du Flambeau Band
              of Lake Superior Chippewa (Wisconsin, U.S.)]

1826                       Under the U.S. protection (Lac du Flambeau Band of Chippewa).
1842 – 1854                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota.
30 Sep 1854                Lac du Flambeau Reservation established.
1907                       Lac du Flambeau (from 1936, Great Lakes) Indian Agency established.
1936                       Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.

First chiefs
bf.1804 - 1827             Giishkimon "Sharpened Stone"      (b. bf.1758 – d. 1827)
c.1831                     Mozobodo                          (d. 1832)
1832 – 1847                Waabishkaagaagi "White Crow"      (b. c.1765 – d. 1847)
1847 – af.1864             Aamoons "Little Bee"
bf.1910 - 1929             George Amose                      (b. c.1850 – d. 1929)
1929 – 1936                General Council
Presidents
c.1937                     George W. Brown
c.1941                     Charles Sunn
c.1943                     Ben Chosa (1st time)              (b. 1894 - d. 19..)
c.1951                     George Thompson
c.1954                     Ben Chosa (2nd time)              (s.a.)
c.1957                     Alex M. Bobidosh (1st time)       (b. 1890 - d. 1981)
bf.1959 - af.1961          Peter Christiansen
c.1967                     Alex M. Bobidosh (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1971 - 1984                William Wildcat, Sr.              (b. 1926 - d. 1994)
1984 - 1992                Michael W. "Mike" Allen
1992 - 2000                Thomas "Tom" Maulson (1st time)   (b. 1941)
2000 - 2004                Henry "Butch" St. Germaine
                             (1st time)
2004 – Oct 2008            Victoria A. Doud (f)
Oct 2008 – Nov 2009        Carl W. Edwards
Nov 2009 – Feb 2010        Dee A. Mayo (f) (acting)
Feb 2010 – Oct 2010        Jerome B. Big John
Oct 2010 - Oct 2014        Thomas "Tom" Maulson (2nd time)   (s.a.)
13 Oct 2014 – Oct 2016     Henry "Butch" St.Germaine
                             (2nd time)
Oct 2016 - Oct 2020        Joseph Wildcat
Oct 2020 -                 John D. Johnson


Lac Courte Oreilles Chippewa

[Lac Courte
                Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Wisconsin,
                U.S.)]

1826                       Under the U.S. protection (Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Chippewa).
1837 – 1854                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota.
1854                       Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation established.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
1911 - 1933                Hayward Indian Agency established.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1966                       Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.


First chiefs
bf.1826 - 1837             Moozojiid "Moose Tail"            (d. 1839)
1837 – af.1884             Akiwenzii "Old Man"               (b. c.1807 – d. 1891)
18.. – 1907                George Sheff                      (b. 1852 – d. 1907)
bf.1910 – af.1920          Stephen A. Grover                 (d. 192.)
Chairmen

c.1923                     Ira O. Isham                      (b. 1855 – d. 1928)
c.1929                     General Council
bf.1935 – 19..             ....
c.1951                     Norman Guibord (1st time)
c.1967                     Joseph Trepania
196. – 1971                Norman Guibord (2nd time)
1971 – May 1978            Odric "Rick" Baker (1st time)     (b. 1931 – d. 2001)
 1 Sep 1978 – 1980         Richard "Rick" St.Germaine
                             (1st time)
1980 – 1984                Gordon C. Thayer (1st time)
1984 – 1985                Richard "Rick" St.Germaine
                             (2nd time)
1985 – 1987                Odric "Rick" Baker (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1987 – af.1988             Gaiashkibos "Gosh" (1st time)     (b. c.1951)
c.1989                     Bruce Taylor
bf.1990 – 1995             Gaiashkibos "Gosh" (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1995 – 1996                Alfred L. Trepania (1st time)
1996 – 1997                Margaret Diamond (f)
1997 – 2001                Gaiashkibos "Gosh" (3rd time)     (s.a.)
2001 – 2002                Alfred L. Trepania (2nd time)   
2002 – Jul 2011            Louis D. Taylor (1st time)
Jul 2011 – Jul 2013        Gordon C. Thayer (2nd time)
Jul 2013 -
Jul 2017        Michael J. "Mic" Isham
Jul 2017 -                 Louis D. Tayor (2nd time)


Menominee 

[Menominee Tribe
                  (Wisconsin, U.S.)]

c.1667 – 1759              French ally.
1761 – 1815                Allied with the British.
1815                       Green Bay (1909-1943 Keshena, from 1943 Menominee) Indian Agency
                             established (1836-1855 closed).
1817                       Under the U.S. protection (Menominee Tribe).
1848 – 1854                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota.
1854                       Menominee Reservation established.
21 Nov 1904                First constitution adopted (followed by constitutions of 25 Feb
                             1924 and 11 Feb 1928) - Menominee Tribe of Indians of the State
                             of Wisconsin.
11 Feb 1928                Menominee Indians of the Menominee Agency, Wisconsin.
30 Apr 1961                Recognition terminated (by act of 17 Jun 1954), tribal assets
                             transferred to Menominee Enterprises Inc.
22 Dec 1973                Federal recognition restored (effective 23 Apr 1975), to 1976
                             remains under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement
                             (Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin).
1992                       Gaming compact.

Grand Head chiefs (title Kaeqc-Oke’maw)

bf.1761 - 1821             Sekatsokemau "Southerner"         (b. c.1725 – d. 1821)
                             (often represented by speakers)
1780 - 1804                Glode (= Claude Carron) –Speaker  (b. c.1739 - d. 1804)
1804 - 1818                Tomau (or Tomah) -Speaker         (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
                             (= Thomas Carron) 
1818 – 1827                Kaushkannaniew "Grizzly           (b. 1782 – d. 1834)
                             Bear" -Speaker
1827 - 1858                Oshkosh                           (b. 1795 - d. 1858)
1858 – 1871                A’kwine'mi                        (b. 1822 - d. 1875)
1871 - 1890                Ni’opit                           (b. 1831 - d. 1913)
Chairmen
1890 – 1904                General Council
c.1907                     Moses Tucker
1908 – 1913                General Council
c.1925                     J.H. Tourtillot (president)
c.1929
                     Mitchell Oshkenaniew
c.1932
                     Ralph Fredenburg
c.1935                     Aloysius Dodge
19.. – 1941                Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (1st time)  (b. 1912 - d. 1995)
1941 – 1946                ....
1946 – af.1950             Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (2nd time)  (s.a.)
c.1951                     Rollean Gauthier
c.1952                     Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (3rd time)  (s.a.)
bf.1953 - 1954             Antoine Waupochick
1954 – af.1959             James G. Frechette
bf.1960 - 1961             Jerome A. Grignon
1961                       James Dickey
1961 – 1974                Abolished
1974 – 1976                Ada E. Deer (f)                   (b. 1935)
1976 – 1977                Sylvia Walker (f) (acting)
1977 - 1979                Shirley Daly (f)
1979 - 1980                Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (4th time)  (s.a.)
1980 - 1981                Lucille B. Chapman (f)(1st time)  (b. 1929 - d. 1999)
1981 - 1982                Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (5th time)  (s.a.)
1982 - 1983                Lucille B. Chapman (f)(2nd time)  (s.a.)
1983 - 1984                Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (6th time)  (s.a.)
1984 - 1985                Apesanahkwat (1st time)
1985 - 1986                Lynn Skenadore (f)
1986 - 1987                Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (7th time)  (s.a.)
1987 - 1988                Lucille B. Chapman (f)(4th time)  (s.a.)
1988 – 1990                Apesanahkwat (2nd time)
1990 - 1991                Gordon D. Dickie, Sr. (8th time)  (s.a.)
1991 – 1995                Glen T. Miller                    (b. 1951 - d. 1995)
1995 – 1997                John H. Teller 
1997 – 2002                Apesanahkwat (3rd time)
2002 - 2003                Lisa S. Waukau (f) (1st time)     (b. 1944 - d. 2016)
2003 – 2005                Joan R. Delabreau (f)(1st time)
2005 - 2006                Michael Chapman                   (b. 1959 - d. 2016)
2006 - 2007                Karen Washinawatok (f)
2007 - 2010                Lisa S. Waukau (f) (2nd time)     (s.a.)
2010 - 2011                Laurie Boivin (f)(1st time)
2011 - 2012                Randal Chevalier
2012 - Feb 2014            Craig Corn
Feb 2014 – Feb 2015        Laurie Boivin (f)(2nd time)
Feb 2015 – Feb 2016        Gary Besaw (1st time)
Feb 2016 – Feb 2017        Joan R. Delabreau (f) (2nd time)
Feb 2017 - Feb 2018        Gary Besaw (2nd time)
Feb 2018 -
Feb 2020        Douglas Cox
Feb 2020 - Feb 2021        Joan R. Delabreau (f) (3rd time)
Feb 2021 -
Nov 2021        Gunnar Peters
Nov 2021 -
Feb 2023        Ronald J. Corn
Feb 2023 -                 Gena Kakkak (f)

Oneida Nation

[Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin former flag
                          (Wisconsin, U.S.)]
Former Flag
[Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin to 2017
                          (Wisconsin, U.S.)]
Flag to 2017
[Oneida Nation
                          (Wisconsin, U.S.)]
Adopted 2017

1822                       Majority of Oneida (see Oneida of New York) moved from
                             New York to land granted
(purchased in 1832) from Menominee.
1838                       Oneida Indian Reservation established.
1892                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens). The
allotment leads to Indians becoming minority
                             without opening of the reservatio
n to the non-Indian settlement.
1900 – 1919                Oneida Indian Agency established.
1934                       First constitution (Charter) adopted.
Dec 1936                   Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1992                       Gaming compact with the state.

1997                       Self-governance agreement with the U.S.
2016                       Renamed Oneida Nation.

Chiefs

1828 – 1879                Council of Chiefs (title of chief: Latikwa:ne:se’)
                            (9 lineages, later 12, finally 15 lineages of life chiefs)
1879 - af.1883             Cornelius Hill (sachem)           (b. 1834 - d. 1907)
189. - af.1919             General Council
c.1921                     Martin Archiquette (chairman)     (b. 1871 – d. 19..)
Oct 1925 – 1933            Council of Chiefs (9 lineages of life chiefs)
Presidents
Oct 1934 - 1935            Oscar Archiquette                 (b. 1901 - d. 1971)
1935 – 1936                Mark N. Powless
1936 – Jan 1937            Morris Wheelock                   (b. 1900 – d. 19..)
Chairmen
Jan 1937 – Aug 1939        Morris Wheelock                   (s.a.)
Aug 1939 – Aug 1940        Mark N. Powless
Aug 1940 - 1943            Raymond Parkhurst
1943 - 1946                Hyson D. Cornelius
1946 - 1947                Andrew Beechtree (1st time)
1947 - 1951                Julius Danforth (1st time)
1951 - 1952                Andrew Beechtree (2nd time)
1952 – 1954                Dennison Hill
1954 - 1963                Julius Danforth (2nd time)
1963 - 1964                Irene Moore (f)  
1964 – 1967                Norbert Seabrook Hill
1967 - 1981                Purcell R. Powless (1st time)     (b. 1925 - d. 2010)
1981 - 1982                Gary G. Metoxen
1982 - 1990                Purcell R. Powless (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1990 - 1993                Richard G. Hill (1st time)
1993 - 1999                Deborah J. Doxtator (f)
1999 - 2002                Gerald L. Danforth (1st time)
2002 - 2005                Christina S. Danforth (f)(1st time)
2005 - 2008                Gerald L. Danforth (2nd time)
2008 - 2011                Richard G. Hill (2nd time)
2011 - 2014                Edward Delgado
2014 – Aug 2017            Christina S. Danforth (f)(2nd time)

Aug 2017 -                 Tehassi Hill



Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa


[Red Cliff Band of Lake
              Superior Chippewa (Wisconsin, U.S.)]

c.1660 – 1759              Allied with the French.
c.1765 – 1812              Allied with the British.
1826                       Under the U.S. protection (La Pointe Band of Chippewa).
1842 – 1854                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to
                             Minnesota.
1854                       Red Cliff Reservation established, majority of the La Pointe Band
                             moves to Bad River Reservation.
1887                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, the majority
                             were citizens).
1912 – 1922                Red Cliff Indian Agency established.
 1 Jun 1936                Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa in Wisconsin
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1992                       Gaming compact.

First chiefs (to 1854 also head chiefs of Lake Superior Chippewa, title: Gichi-Ogimaa)
c.17..                     Aandegwiiyaas "Crow’s Meat"
bf.1812 - 1854             Gichi-Weshkiin "Great Renewer"    (b. c.1759 – d. 1855)
                             (also commonly known as Bizhiki "Buffalo")
1854 – 1860                Joseph Buffalo (Jechiikwiio)      (b. c.1788 - d. 1860)
1860 – 1865                Antoine Buffalo                   (b. 1839 – d. 1865)
bf.1871 - af.1876          John Buffalo
bf.1880 - af.1910          Antoine John Buffalo              (b. 1852 – d. 1932)
c.1929                     General Council
Chairmen

1936 - 193.                Martin Buffalo                    (b. 1887 – d. 1957)
bf.1938 – Aug 1939         Alex F. Roye (1st time)
Aug 1939 - Jul 1942        Mike J. Gordon
Jul 1942 - 194.            Stephen "Steve" Butterfield
                             (1st time)
bf.1944 – Feb 1946         Alex F. Roye (2nd time)
Feb 1946 – Dec 1948        Stephen "Steve" Butterfield
                             (2nd time)
Dec 1948 – Apr 1952        Alex F. Roye (3rd time)

Apr 1952 – 195.            George Gurnoe
 7 Jul 1953 -  8 Aug 1958  Alex F. Roye (4th time)
 8 Aug 1958 -  6 Jul 1960  Michael Bresette
 6 Jul 1960 -  6 Jul 1965  Alex F. Roye (5th time)
 6 Jul 1965 -  5 Jul 1966  Henry Daley
 5 Jul 1966 -  2 Jul 1967  Ken Andrews (1st time)
 5 Jul 1967 -  2 Jul 1968  Alex F. Roye (6th time)
 2 Jul 1968 -  7 Jul 1970  Philip Gordon
 7 Jul 1970 -  4 Jul 1972  Victoria Gokee (f)
 4 Jul 1972 -  6 Jul 1976  Ken Andrews (2nd time)
 6 Jul 1976 -  3 Jul 1979  Richard Gurnoe (1st time)
 3 Jul 1979 -  6 Jul 1982  Tom Gordon
 6 Jul 1982 -  5 Jul 1983  Richard Gurnoe (2nd time)
 5 Jul 1983 -  3 Jul 1984  Joe Bresette
 3 Jul 1984 -  5 Jul 1988  Richard Gurnoe (3rd time)
 5 Jul 1988 -  4 Jul 1989  Patricia "Patsy" Ruth DePerry (f)
                             (1st time)
 4 Jul 1989 -  3 Jul 1990  Richard Gurnoe (4th time)
 3 Jul 1990 -  2 Jul 1991  Patricia "Patsy" Ruth DePerry (f)
                             (2nd time)
 2 Jul 1991 - Jul 1993     Richard Gurnoe (5th time)
Jul 1993 – Jul 1997        Rose M. Gurnoe (f)(1st time)
Jul 1997 – Jul 1999        George P. Newago
Jul 1999 – Jul 2001        Jean Buffalo-Reyes (f)
Jul 2001 – Jul 2005        Raymond M. "Ray" DePerry
Jul 2005 - Jul 2007        Patricia "Patsy" Ruth DePerry (f)
                             (3rd time)
Jul 2007 – Jul 2015        Rose M. Gurnoe-Soulier (f)
                             (2nd time)
Jul 2015 - Jul 2017        Bryan Bainbridge
Jul 2017 -
Jul 2021        Richard Peterson
Jul 2021 - Jul 2023        Christopher Boyd
Jul 2023 -                 Nicole L. Boyd (f)


St. Croix Chippewa


[St. Croix Chippewa
              Indians (Wisconsin, U.S.)]

1826                       Under the U.S. protection (St. Croix Band of Chippewa).
1837 – 1854                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota.
1854                       Expected to move to Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation, no own
                             reservation.
28 Nov 1938                St. Croix Reservation established.
29 Aug 1942                St. Croix Chippewa Indians.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1992                       Gaming compact.

First chiefs
bf.1826 - af.1842          Bizhiki "Buffalo"
bf.1844 - af.1847          Gaa-bimabi "Side Sitter"
bf.1852 - 1854             Oshoge                            (d. 1854)
1854 – af.1859             Ayaabens "Little Buck"
c.1910                     John Medweosh
Chairman
c.1937                     John Lonestar
Presidents
1942 – 19..                ....
c.1950/53                  Lee Taylor
c.1967 - af.1983           Eugene W. Taylor (1st time)
c.198.                     Ruth Holmes (f)
c.1984                     William H. Arbuckle
bf.1985 - af.1987          Eugene W. Taylor (2nd time)
c.1988 - c.1989            Lewis Taylor (1st time)
bf.1990 - 1991             Eugene W. Taylor (3rd time)
1991 - c.1993              Donald "Don" Saros
c.1994 – af.1999           Lewis Taylor (2nd time)
bf.2000 – 2001             David Merrill (1st time)
2001 - 2002                Elmer "Jay" Emery
Aug 2002 – Jun 2007        David Merrill (2nd time)
Jun 2007 – Jun 2009        Hazel Hindsley (f)
Jun 2009 – Jun 2011        Lewis Taylor (3rd time)
Jun 2011 - Jun 2013        Stuart Bearheart
Jun 2013 - 2019            Lewis Taylor (4th time)
2019 - 2021                Susan Lowe (f)
2021 - 2023                William Reynolds
2023 -                     Thomas Fowler


Sokaogon Chippewa


[Sokaogon Chippewa Community
              (Wisconsin, U.S.)]

1826                       Under the U.S. protection (Pelican Lake Band of Chippewa).
1842 – 1854                Area ceded to the U.S. in anticipation of the removal to Minnesota.
1854                       Expected to move to Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation, no own
                             reservation (from the 1890's, known as Rice Lake Band).
1938                       Sokaogon Chippewa Community.
1939                       Mole Lake Reservation established.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1979 – 2000                Sokaogon Chippewa Community of Mole Lake Band (on the U.S. list of
                             tribal names).
1992                       Gaming compact.

First chiefs

bf. 1826 - 1854            Gichi-Waabizheshi "Big Martin"    (d. 185.)
1854 – 1857                Migizi "Eagle"                    (d. 1857)
1857 - 1898                Wabishi-binesi "White Eagle"
1899 – 1920                John Seymour
1920 - 1927                Edward Ackley                     (d. 1927)
1927 - 1929                DeWitt Charles Ackley             (b. 1857 – d. 1936)
1929 - 1937                Willard Leroy Ackley              (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
Chairmen
1937 – 1960                Willard Leroy Ackley              (s.a.) 
c.1967                     Peter McGeshick
c.1976                     Charles P. McGeshick
c.1972                     Charles Fox, Sr.
c.1979                     Raymond A. McGeshick (1st time)
bf.1980 - 1981             Daniel J. Poler
1981 – 198.                Raymond A. McGeshick (2nd time)
1983 - 1989                Arlyn David Ackley (1st time)     (b. 1951 - d. 2014)
1989                       Emanual Poler (1st time) (acting)
1989 - 1993                Raymond A. McGeshick (3rd time)
1993                       Emanual Poler (2nd time) (acting)
1993 - Feb 1998            Arlyn David Ackley (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1998 - Jan 1999            Charles Fox (acting)
Jan 1999 - 2001            Roger McGeshick
2001 – Jan 2007            Sandra L. Rachal (f)
Jan 2007 - 26 Mar 2010     Arlyn David Ackley (3rd time)     (s.a.)
2010 – Jan 2013            Garland T. McGeshick (1st time)
Jan 2013 - 2019            Chris McGeshick
2019 - Jan 2021            Garland T. McGeshick (2nd time)
Jan 2021 -                 Robert Van Zile


Stockbridge Munsee


[Stockbridge Munsee
              Community (Wisconsin, U.S.)]

1614                       Mohicans allied with the Dutch.
1664                       Allied (later subject) to the English, moved from New York to
                             Massachusetts.
1677 - 1755                Also under "Covenant Chain" with the Five (latter Six) Nations.
1737 - 1765                Reservation (Indian Town) at Stockbridge set aside by
                             Massachusetts.
1739 - 1763                Mohicans guaranteed 3 positions of 5 at the Board of Selectmen
                             of Town of Stockbridge.
1785                       Returned to New York to land granted in 1784 by the Oneida,
                             "Stockbridge" kept as name of community.
1788                       Reservation established by the state (in 1794, recognized
                             by the U.S.).
1822                       Moved to Wisconsin to land granted (purchased in 1832) from
                             Menominee (in 1833 joined by small group of Munsee Delaware).
 7 Feb 1837                First constitution adopted (Stockbridge Nation).
1843                       Entitled to acquire the U.S. citizenship (by 1920, all were
                             citizens).
 6 Jan 1857                Second constitution (Articles of Union) adopted (Stockbridge and
                             Munsee Tribe).
1871                       Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
Nov 1937                   Stockbridge Munsee Community.
1953                       Under jurisdiction of state courts and law enforcement.
1979 – 2000                Stockbridge-Munsee Community of Mahican (on the U.S. list of

                             tribal names).
1992                       Gaming compact.
2011                       Self-governance agreement.

Chief Sachems of Mohicans
c.1734                     Mtohksin
bf.1756 - 1771             Benjamin Kokhkewaunaunt           (b. c.1677 – d. 1781)
1771 – 1777                Solomon Unhaunauwaunut            (b. c.1727 – d. 1777)
1777                       Joseph Quanaukaunt Quinney        (d. af.1794)
1777 – af.1797             Joseph Shauquethqueat Pye       
bf.1817 - af.1822          Solomon Hendricks
bf.1823 - 1837             John Metoxen                      (b. 1770 – d. 1858)
Sachems (years given when names identified; acting Sachems not included)
1838 - 1840                Austin E. Quinney (1st time)      (b. 1791 - d. 1865)
1843                       John N. Chicks
1846                       John W. Quinney (1st time)        (b. 1797 - d. 1855)
1848                       Austin E. Quinney (2nd time)      (s.a.)
1849                       John W. Quinney (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1850                       Austin E. Quinney (3rd time)      (s.a.)
1851 - 1855                John W. Quinney (3rd time)        (s.a.)
1856                       Ziba T. Peters
1857                       Thomas T. Hendricks
1858 - 1860                John P. Hendricks (1st time)
1864                       Darius Charles (1st time)         (b. 1830 - d. 1876)
1866                       John P. Hendricks (2nd time)
1867 – 1870                Darius Charles (2nd time)         (s.a.)
1871 - 1872                John P. Hendricks (3rd time)
1876 - 1877                Timothy Charles (1st time)
1878                       Dennis T. Turkey (1st time)       (b. 1835 - d. 1904)
1879                       Jeremiah Slingerland
1882                       Albert Miller
1884                       Cornelius Aaron
1886                       Edwin Miller
1891                       Zachariah Miller (1st time)
1893                       Dennis T. Turkey (2nd time)       (s.a.)
1894                       Zachariah Miller (2nd time)
1896                       Timothy Charles (2nd time)
Chairmen
1896 – af.1898             John P. Hendricks
190. – 1931                General Council
Oct 1931 – Jan 1938        Carl L. Miller                    (b. 1882 - d. 1959)
Presidents
Jan 1938 - 1939            Harry A. Chicks
1939 - 1959                Arvid E. Miller (1st time)        (b. 1908 - d. 1969)
1959 - 1961                Bernard Tousey
1961 - 1966                Arvid E. Miller (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1966 - 1967                Lewis Burr (acting)
1967                       Edwin Martin
1967                       Willard Putnam (acting)
1967 - 1969                Leon Miller (1st time)
1969 - 1971                Aught Coyhis
1971 - 1972                Robert Miller, Sr.
1972                       Floyd Tousey
1972 - 1973                Leon Miller (2nd time)
1973 - 1977                Leonard E. "Jack" Miller (1st time)
1977 - 1979                Robert Miller, Jr.
1979 - 1980                Leonard E. "Jack" Miller (2nd time)
1980 - 1981                Dave Besaw (1st time)(acting)
1981 - 1987                Leon Miller (3rd time)
1987 - 1991                Reginald C. "Reggie" Miller
1991 - 1992                Dave Besaw (2nd time)(acting)
1992 - 1994                Leah Miller Heath (f)
1994                       Laura M. Coyhis (f)
1994 - 1997                Virgil Murphy
1997 - 2010                Robert Chicks (1st time)
2010 – Oct 2011            Kimberly Vele (f)
Oct 2011- 27 Apr 2013      Robert Chicks (2nd time)
27 Apr 2013 - Oct 2015     Wallace A. "Wally" Miller
                             (acting to Oct 2013)
Oct 2015 -                 Shannon Holsey (f)



Wyoming

Northern Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River (Arapaho of Wind River)

[Northern Arapaho Tribe
                        of the Wind River Reservation (Wyoming, U.S.)]
Adopted 15 Jun 1956 (designed 1936)
17 Sep 1851                Arapaho under the U.S. protection (details under Cheyenne and
                             Arapaho).

10 May 1868                Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho ceded their land to the U.S. and
                             are moved to the Great Sioux Reservation in South Dakota.

1878                       Northern Arapaho moved to the Wind River Reservation (details under
                             Shoshone of Wind River).

1930                       Shoshone and Arapahoe Indians of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming
                             Joint Business Council established.

15 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
2005                       Gaming compact with the state.
2012                       Spelling "Arapahoe" in the tribal name officially changed to
                             "Arapaho"
Apr 2021                   Northern Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (name changed
                             on the U.S. list of tribal names).
2023                       Self-governance agreement.


Head chiefs of (from c.1855, Northern) Arapaho (title of chief: Neecee)
1851 – 1859                Beetheihokecii "Little Owl"
1859 – 1872                Beteeth "Holy Man"              (d. 1872)
1872 – 1893                Wodoseinee "Black Coal"         (d. 1893)
1893 – 1901                Heenibeet "Sharp Nose"          (b. c.1830 – d. 1901)
1901 – 1920                Woxniisehit "Lone Bear"         (b. 1854 – d. 1920)
Chairmen
1920 - 192.                George Caldwell                 (b. 1860 – d. 1938)
bf.1922 – 1935             Henry L. Tyler                  (b. 1871 – d. 1936)
1935 – 1938                Robert Friday                   (b. 1881 – d. 1947)
1938 – af.1940             Nellie Scott (f) (1st time)     (b. 1888 – d. 1978)
1941 - 1943                Thomas Joe Duran (1st time)
1943 - 1945                Ben Friday (1st time)
1945 – 1952                Nellie Scott (f) (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1952 – 1954                Ben Friday (2nd time)         
1954 – 1958                Nellie Scott (f) (3rd time)     (s.a.)
c.1959                     Thomas Joe Duran (2nd time)
1960 - 1963/64             Martin Underwood                (b. 1917)
c.1967                     Jess Miller (1st time)
c.1967 - c.1969            Arnold Headley (1st time)
c.1969 - 1976              Jess Miller (2nd time)
1976 – 1979                Arnold Headley (2nd time)
1979 – 1981                Joseph Oldman (1st time)
1981 – 1983                Burton Hutchinson (1st time)    (b. 1929 - d. 2013)
c.1983                     Wayne Felter
c.1984                     Joseph Oldman (2nd time)
1984 - 1985                Chester Armajo                  (d. 1985)

1985 - 1986                Burnett L. Whiteplume
1986 - 1990                Gary E. Collins

1990 – 1992                Burton Hutchinson (2nd time)    (s.a.)

1992 – 1995                Harvey Spoonhunter (1st time)   (b. 1968)
1995 – 1998                Richard Brannan (1st time)
1998 – 2002                Anthony "Al" Addison (1st time)
2002 – 2004                Burton Hutchinson (3rd time)    (s.a.)
2004 – 2008                Richard Brannan (2nd time)
2008                       Anthony "Al" Addison (2nd time)
2008 – 2010                Harvey Spoonhunter (2nd time)   (s.a.)
2010 – 2011                Kim Harjo (f)
2011 – 2012                Jim L. Shakespeare
2012 - 2014                Darrell O'Neal

2014 - 2016                Dean Goggles
2016 - 2018                Roy B. Brown
2018 - Dec 2020            Lee Spoonhunter
Dec 2020 - Dec 2022        Jordan Dresser
Dec 2022 – Dec 2024        Lloyd Goggles
Dec 2024 -                 Keenen Groesbeck


Eastern Shoshone

[Eastern Shoshone
              Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (Wyoming, U.S.)]

1861                       Shoshone (to 1879, Fort Bridger; from 1937, Wind River) Indian
                             Agency established.
 2 Jul 1863                Under the U.S. protection (Eastern Band of the Shoshone).
 3 Jul 1868                Wind River Reservation established.
1878                       Northern Arapaho moved to the Wind River Reservation (from 1896,
                             the reservation is equally shared by both tribes).
 2 Jun 1906                Reservation opened to the non-Indian settlement.
1930                       Joint Business Council of the Shoshone and Arapahoe Tribes of the
                             Wind River Reservation established.
15 Jun 1935                Rejected the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 by referendum.
2006                       Gaming compact with the state.
2016                       Eastern Shoshone Tribe of the Wind River Reservation (name changed
                             on the U.S. list of tribal names).
2024                       Self-governance agreement.

Head chiefs of Eastern Shoshone
(title of chief: Dai’gwahni)

bf.1819 - 1825/29          Ohamagwaya "Yellow Hand"       (b. c.1765 – d. 1825/29)
bf.1831 - 1843             Pahdahewakunda "Iron Wristband"(d. 1843)
                           + Mohwoomha "Little Chief"     (d. 1843)
                              (likely a deputy of the above)
1843 – 184.                "Cut Nose"   
bf.1849 - 1851             Gahnacumah "Red Wolf"          (d. 1852)
1851 – 1900                Whoshakik                      (b. c.1804 – d. 1900)
                             (Anglicized: Washakie)
Chairmen 
   

1900 – 1907                George Terry                   (b. 1853 – d. 1907)
c.1908                     John Lajeunesse
1930 – 1936                Charles Driskell (1st time)
bf.1937 - af.1938          Gilbert Day
c.1941                     Charles Driskell (2nd time)
1944/46 – 195.             Robert N. Harris
(1st time)    (d. 1995)
c.1959                     Maud L. Clairmont (f)
196. - 1972?               Robert N. Harris (2nd time)    (s.a.)
c.1974                     Alfred McAdams
1974? – 1986               Robert N. Harris (3rd time)    (s.a.)
1986 – 1990                John R. Washakie (1st time)

1990 – 1992                Alfred Ward (1st time)
1992                       John R. Washakie (2nd time)
1992 – 1994                Darwin St. Clair, Sr.
1994 – 1996                Alfred Ward (2nd time)
1996 – 2000                John R. Washakie (3rd time)
2000 – 2002                Ivan D. Posey (1st time)        (b. 1960)
2002 – 2004                Vernon Hill (1st time)
2004 – 2011                Ivan D. Posey (2nd time)        (s.a.)
2011 – 2012                Mike Lajeunesse
2012 - 2016                Darwin St. Clair, Jr.
2016 - 2018                Clint Wagon
2018 - Nov 2020            Vernon Hill (2nd time)
Nov 2020 - Nov 2024        John R. St.Clair
Nov 2024 -                 Wayland Large

Puerto Rico

None Recognized




© Ben Cahoon