Indonesia

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Indonesia

[National flag of the Netherlands]
            20 Mar 1602 - 8 Mar 1942;
29 Sep 1945 - 27 Dec 1949

[Japan]
             8 Mar 1942 - 17 Aug 1945

[National flag of Indonesia]
               Adopted 17 Aug 1945

Map of Indonesia Hear National Anthem
"Indonesia Raya"
(Great Indonesia) Text of National Anthem
Adopted 17 Aug 1945 Constitution
(Aug 1945 - 5 Jul 1949;
from 5 Jul 1959)

Map of Administrative
Divisions Historical Netherlands
East Indies Map Map of situation
on 1 Dec 1948 Provisional Constitution
(17 Aug 1950- 5 Jul 1959)

Capital: Jakarta
(Djakarta 17 Aug 1945 - 1971;
republic- Yogyakarta
Jan 1946 - Aug 1950;
Batavia 1619 - 17 Aug 1945
and 1947 - Dec 1949) Currency: Indonesian
Rupiah (IDR) National Holiday: 17 Aug (1945)
Independence Day Population: 234,693,997 (2007)

GDP: $935 billion (2006) Exports: $102 billion (2006)
Imports: $77.7 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: Javanese 36.4%, Sundanese 13.7%,
Malay 9.4%, Madurese 7.2%, Chinese 4%,
Minangkabau 3.6% (2000)

Total Armed Forces: 302,000 (2003)
Merchant marine: 824 ships (2006) Religions: Muslim 76.5%, Christian 13.1% (of which
Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 2.7%, independent
Christian 4%), Hindu 3.4%, traditional beliefs 2.5%,
non-religious 1.9%, other 2.6% (2000)

International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, APEC, APM, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, BTWC, CP, CTBT (signatory), D-8, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Indonesia Index Chronology
5 Jun 1596                First Dutch arrival in the East Indies.
20 Mar 1602                Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische
                             Compagnie [VOC]) begins settlements.
1603 - Aug 1682            English settlement at Bantam (Banten) Bay.
19 Dec 1610                Netherlands East Indies (under Dutch East India
                             Company rule).
28 May 1619                Jakarta mostly burned and remnants renamed
                             Batavia.
1 Jan 1801                Dutch colony, VOC is dissolved.
18 Feb 1811 - 18 Sep 1811 Organized the French colony of Indes-Orientales,
                             de jure from 7 Sep 1810.
18 Sep 1811 - 19 Aug 1816 British occupy Java and dependencies (British East
                             India Company rule).
19 Aug 1816                Netherlands East Indies (restored to the
                             Netherlands).
8 Mar 1942 - 29 Sep 1945 Japanese occupation (Tarakan from 11 Jan 1942,
                             Balikpapan from 23 Jan 1942, Ambon 31 Jan, Bali
                             14 Feb, and Timor 23 Feb, Batavia from 5 Mar
                             1942, from 19 Apr in Hollandia, Dutch surrender
                             8 Mar 1942).
17 Aug 1945                Independence proclaimed (Republic of Indonesia).
29 Sep 1945 - 30 Nov 1946 Allied occupation (from 31 Aug 1945 on Sumatra;
                             29 Sep 1945 Batavia and, Riau; 10 Oct 1945 in
                             Medan; 24 Oct 1945 Palemabang, Padang).
1 Jul 1946                Allies turn over all of Indonesia to the Dutch,
                             except Java and Sumatra, which they hand over
                             29 Nov 1946.
20 Sep 1948                Netherlands East Indies renamed Indonesia.
27 Dec 1949                Independence of Republic of the United States of
                             Indonesia, comprising the Republic of Indonesia
                            (covering parts of Java and Sumatra) and various
                             states and autonomous territories that had been
                             established since 1946.
17 Aug 1950                Dissolution of Republic of the United States of
                             Indonesia together with its remaining
                             components other than the Republic of Indonesia
                             which then becomes the successor to the entire
                             state.
15 Feb 1958                Provisional Government of the Republic of
                             Indonesia declared in rebellion (concentrated on
                             central Sumatra, but allied to other opposition
                             movements in Atjeh, Celebes, etc.). On 15 Feb
                             1960 the United Indonesian Republic proclaimed.
                             The head of rebel government surrenders 28 Aug
                             1961.
24 Jun 1976 - 19 Oct 1999 Annexation of East Timor.

Provinces
(from 1945)

States
1946-1950

Princely States
Part 1 - Part 2

Bencoolen
(1685-1825)

Netherlands
New Guinea
(1945-1963)

South Moluccas
(1950)

South Moluccas
Govt in Exile

Dutch Spice Islands
(1600-1814)

Historical Maps
of Indonesia

Governors-general (of the Dutch East India Company to 1801)
19 Dec 1610 - 6 Nov 1614 Pieter Both                        (b. 1568 - d. 1615)
6 Nov 1614 - 7 Dec 1615 Gerard Reynst                      (d. 1615)
19 Jun 1616 - 21 Mar 1619 Laurens Reael                      (b. 1583 - d. 1635)
30 Apr 1618 - 1 Feb 1623 Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1st time)    (b. 1587 - d. 1629)
1 Feb 1623 - 30 Sep 1627 Pieter de Carpentier               (b. 1588 - d. 1659)
30 Sep 1627 - 21 Sep 1629 Jan Pieterszoon Coen (2nd time)    (s.a.)
25 Sep 1629 - 27 Sep 1632 Jacques Specx                      (b. 1585 - d. 16..)
27 Sep 1632 - 1 Jan 1636 Hendrik Brouwer                    (b. 1581 - d. 1643)
1 Jan 1636 - 19 Apr 1645 Antonio van Diemen                 (b. 1593 - d. 1645)
19 Apr 1645 - 26 Apr 1650 Cornelis van der Lijn              (b. 1608 - d. 1679)
26 Apr 1650 - 19 May 1653 Carel Reyniersz                    (b. 1604 - d. 1653)
19 May 1653 - 4 Jan 1678 Joan Maetsuyker                    (b. 1606 - d. 1678)
4 Jan 1678 - 25 Nov 1681 Rijcklof van Goens                 (b. 1619 - d. 1682)
25 Nov 1681 - 11 Jan 1684 Cornelis Speelman                  (b. 1628 - d. 1684)
11 Jan 1684 - 24 Nov 1691 Joannes Camphuys                   (b. 1634 - d. 1695)
24 Sep 1691 - 15 Aug 1704 Willem van Outhoorn                (b. 1635 - d. 1720)
15 Aug 1704 - 30 Oct 1709 Johan van Hoorn                    (b. 1653 - d. 1711)
30 Oct 1709 - 17 Nov 1713 Abraham van Riebeeck               (b. 1653 - d. 1713)
17 Nov 1713 - 12 Nov 1718 Christoffel van Swoll              (b. 1663 - d. 1718)
13 Nov 1718 - 8 Jul 1725 Henricus Zwaardecroon              (b. 1667 - d. 1728)
8 Jul 1725 - 1 Jun 1729 Matthaeus de Haan                  (b. 1663 - d. 1729)
1 Jun 1729 - 9 Oct 1731 Diederik Durven                    (b. 1676 - d. 1740)
28 May 1732 - 10 Mar 1735 Dirk van Cloon                     (b. 1688 - d. 1735)
11 Mar 1735 - 3 May 1737 Abraham Patras                     (b. 1671 - d. 1737)
3 May 1737 - 6 Nov 1741 Adriaan Valckenier                 (b. 1695 - d. 1751)
6 Nov 1741 - 28 May 1743 Johannes Thedens (acting)          (b. 1680 - d. 1748)
28 May 1743 - 1 Nov 1750 Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff    (b. 1705 - d. 1750)
1 Nov 1750 - 15 May 1761 Jacob Mossel (acting to 1752)      (b. 1720 - d. 1761)
15 May 1761 - 28 Dec 1775 Petrus Albertus van der Parra      (b. 1714 - d. 1775)
28 Dec 1775 - 3 Oct 1777 Jeremias van Riemsdijk             (b. 1712 - d. 1777)
4 Oct 1777 - 1 Sep 1780 Reinier de Klerk                   (b. 1710 - d. 1780)
                             (acting to 9 Oct 1778)
2 Sep 1780 - 16 Aug 1796 Willem Arnold Alting               (b. 1724 - d. 1800)
16 Aug 1796 - 22 Aug 1801 Peter Gerhardus van Overstraten    (b. 1755 - d. 1801)
22 Aug 1801 - 19 Oct 1804 Johannes Siberg (arrived Apr 1802) (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
19 Oct 1804 - 14 Jan 1808 Albertus Henricus Wiese            (b. 1761 - d. 1810)
14 Jan 1808 - 16 May 1811 Herman Willem Daendels             (b. 1762 - d. 1818)
16 May 1811 - 18 Sep 1811 Jan Willem Janssens                (b. 1762 - d. 1838)
Lieutenant governors
18 Sep 1811 - Mar 1816     Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles    (b. 1781 - d. 1826)
Mar 1816 - 19 Aug 1816     John Fendall                       (b. 1762 - d. 1825)
Commissioner-general
19 Aug 1816 - 16 Jan 1819 Godert Alexander Gerard Philip     (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
                             van der Capellen
Governors-general
16 Jan 1819 - 1 Jan 1826 Godert Alexander Gerard Philip     (s.a.)
                             van der Capellen
                            (from 28 Apr 1822, Godert Alexander
                             Gerard Philip baron van der Capellen)
3 Feb 1826 - 16 Jan 1830 Leonard P.J. burggraaf Du Bis de   (b. 1780 - d. 1849)
                             Gisignies
4 Feb 1826 - 16 Jan 1830 Hendrik Merkus de Kock             (b. 1779 - d. 1845)
                             (lieutenant governor; acting for de Gisignies)
16 Jan 1830 - 2 Jul 1833 Johannes van den Bosch             (b. 1780 - d. 1844)
2 Jul 1833 - 29 Feb 1836 Jean Chrétien Baud (acting)        (b. 1789 - d. 1859)
29 Feb 1836 - 30 May 1840 Dominique Jacques de Eerens        (b. 1781 - d. 1840)
30 May 1840 - 6 Jan 1841 Carel Sirardus Willem graaf        (b. 1788 - d. 1856)
                             van Hogendorp (acting)
6 Jan 1841 - 2 Aug 1844 Pieter Merkus                      (b. 1787 - d. 1844)
                             (acting to 14 Feb 1843)
2 Aug 1844 - 30 Sep 1845 Jan Cornelis van Reijnst (acting) (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
30 Sep 1845 - 12 May 1851 Jan Jacob Rochussen                (b. 1797 - d. 1871)
15 May 1851 - 22 May 1856 Albertus Jacobus Duymaer van Twist (b. 1809 - d. 1887)
22 May 1856 - 2 Sep 1861 Charles Ferdinand Pahud            (b. 1803 - d. 1873)
2 Sep 1861 - 19 Oct 1861 Ary Prins (1st time) (acting)      (b. 1816 - d. 1867)
19 Oct 1861 - 25 Oct 1866 Ludolph Anne Jan Wilt baron Sloet (b. 1806 - d. 1890)
                             van de Beele
25 Oct 1866 - 28 Dec 1866 Ary Prins (2nd time) (acting)      (s.a.)
28 Dec 1866 - 1 Jan 1872 Pieter Mijer                       (b. 1812 - d. 1881)
1 Jan 1872 - 26 Mar 1875 James Loudon                       (b. 1824 - d. 1900)
26 Mar 1875 - 12 Apr 1881 Johan Wilhelm van Lansberge        (b. 1830 - d. 1905)
12 Apr 1881 - 20 Jan 1884 Frederik s'Jacob                   (b. 1822 - d. 1901)
11 Apr 1884 - 29 Sep 1888 Otto van Rees                      (b. 1823 - d. 1892)
29 Sep 1888 - 15 Jul 1893 Cornelis Pijnacker Hordijk         (b. 1847 - d. 1908)
17 Oct 1893 - 3 Oct 1899 Carel Herman Aart van der Wijck    (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
3 Oct 1899 - 1 Oct 1904 Willem Rooseboom                   (b. 1843 - d. 1920)
1 Oct 1904 - 18 Dec 1909 Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz      (b. 1851 - d. 1924)
18 Dec 1909 - 21 Mar 1916 Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg (b. 1861 - d. 1935)
21 Mar 1916 - 24 Mar 1921 Johan Paul graaf van Limburg       (b. 1873 - d. 1948)
                             Stirum
24 Mar 1921 - 6 Sep 1926 Dirk Fock                          (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
7 Sep 1926 - 11 Sep 1931 Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff    (b. 1872 - d. 1957)
12 Sep 1931 - 16 Sep 1936 Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge       (b. 1875 - d. 1958)
16 Sep 1936 - 16 Oct 1945 Alidius Warmoldus Lambertus Tjarda (b. 1888 - d. 1978)
                             van Starkenbrogh Stachouwer
                           (8 Mar 1942 - Sep 1945, Japanese prisoner)
Japanese Military governors
- on Java (Commanders of Japanese 16th Army) -
8 Mar 1942 - 9 Nov 1942 Hitoshi Imamura                    (b. 1886 - d. 1968)
9 Nov 1942 - 7 Apr 1945 Kumakichi Harada (b. 1888 - d. 1947)
7 Apr 1945 - Sep 1945 Yuichiro Nagano
- on Sumatra (Commanders of Japanese 25th Army)-
Mar 1942 - 1 Jul 1942    Tomoyuki Yamashita                 (b. 1888 - d. 1946)
1 Jul 1942 - 8 Apr 1943 Masatoshi Saito
8 Apr 1943 - 1944       Moritake Tanabe (b. 1889 - d. 1949)
1944 - 1945 Takuma Nishimura                   (b. 1899 - d. 1951)Commanders of British Forces
(on Java, Sumatra, Celebes, and islands east of Lombok)
29 Sep 1945 - 30 Jan 1946 Sir Philip Christison              (b. 1893 - d. 1993)
30 Jan 1946 - 19 Apr 1946 Sir Montagu Stopford               (b. 1892 - d. 1971)
19 Apr 1946 - 30 Nov 1946 E.C. Mansergh                      (b. 1900 - d. 1970)
Commander of Australian Forces
(on Ambon, Borneo, Dutch New Guinea, and islands west of Lombok)
9 Sep 1945 - 1 Dec 1946 Sir Thomas A. Blamey (Australia)   (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
Lieutenant governor
8 Mar 1942 - 15 Oct 1948 Hubertus Johannes van Mook         (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
                            (acting for Tjarda 14 Sep 1944 - 16 Oct 1945;
                             in Brisbane, Australia exile to 4 Oct 1945)
High Commissioners
29 Oct 1948 - 18 May 1949 Louis Joseph Maria Beel            (b. 1902 - d. 1977)
18 May 1949 - 27 Dec 1949 Antonius Hermanus Johannes Lovink (b. 1902 - d. 1995)
Presidents
17 Aug 1945 - 12 Mar 1967 Soekarno (from 1950, Sukarno)      (b. 1901 - d. 1970) PNI
                            (Dutch prisoner 19 Dec 1948 - 13 Jul 1949)
19 Dec 1948 - 13 Jul 1949 Sjarfuddin Prawiraranegara         (b. 1911 - d. 1989) PNI
                            (head of emergency government acting for Soekarno)
27 Dec 1949 - 17 Aug 1950 Assaat Datuk Mudo    (b. 1904 - d. 1976) Non-party (acting president of Republic of Indonesia)15 Feb 1958 - 28 Aug 1961 Sjafruddin Prawiranegara           (s.a.)               Mas
                            (head of provisional government, in rebellion;
                            United Indonesian Republic proclaimed 15 Feb 1960)
12 Mar 1967 - 21 May 1998 Suharto                            (b. 1921 - d. 2008) Golkar
                            (acting to 27 Mar 1968)
21 May 1998 - 20 Oct 1999 Bacharuddin Jusef ("B.J.") Habibie (b. 1936)            Golkar
20 Oct 1999 - 23 Jul 2001 Abdurrahman Wahid "Gus Dur"        (b. 1940)            PKB
23 Jul 2001 - 20 Oct 2004 Dyah Permata Megawati Setyawati    (b. 1947)            PDI-P
                             Sukarnoputri (f)
20 Oct 2004 -              Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono           (b. 1949)            PD

Prime ministers
14 Nov 1945 - 20 Jun 1947 Sutan Sjahrir                      (b. 1909 - d. 1966) PS
3 Jul 1947 - 29 Jan 1948 Amir Sjarifoeddin                  (b. 1903 - d. 1948) PNI
29 Jan 1948 - 16 Jan 1950 Muhammad Hatta                     (b. 1902 - d. 1980) PNI
                            (Dutch prisoner 19 Dec 1948 - 13 Jul 1949)
16 Jan 1950 - 5 Sep 1950 Abdul Halim                        (b. 1911 - d. 1988) Non-party
5 Sep 1950 - 26 Apr 1951 Muhammad Natsir                    (b. 1908 - d. 1993) Mas
26 Apr 1951 - 1 Apr 1952 Sukiman Wirjosandjojo              (b. 1898 - d. 1974) Mas
1 Apr 1952 - 30 Jul 1953 Wilopo                             (b. 1908 - d. 1981) PNI
30 Jul 1953 - 11 Aug 1955 Ali Sastroamidjojo (1st time)      (b. 1903 - d. 1975) PNI
11 Aug 1955 - 20 Mar 1956 Burhanuddin Harahap                (b. 1917 - d. 1987) Mas
20 Mar 1956 - 9 Apr 1957 Ali Sastroamidjojo (2nd time)      (s.a.)               PNI
9 Apr 1957 - 9 Jul 1959 Raden Djuanda Kartawidjaja         (b. 1911 - d. 1963) PNI


20 Mar 1602 - 1 Jan 1801
Dutch East India Company flag

Territorial Disputes: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but a small portion of the land boundary, but discussions on maritime boundaries are stalemated over sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and alignment with Australian claims in the south; many East Timorese refugees who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches.

Party abbreviations: Golkar = Golongan Karya (Functional Groups, authoritarian, military backed -only legal party 1967-1998); PD = Partai Demokrat (Democrat Party); PDI-P = Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (Struggling Indonesian Democratic Party); PKB = Parti Kebangkitan Bangsa (National Awakening Party, islamist, Wahid personalist); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Mas = Masyumi Party (Indonesian, islamist, 1945-1967); PNI = Parti Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Party, indonesian nationalist, est. 1917 as Perserikata Nasional Indonesia, renamed 1922, dissolved 1931-46, ruling party 1959-67, merged into PDI 1973);PS = Parti Sosiaslis

Bantam

[Union flag of 1606]

1603                       English station established by East India Company.
Mar 1609                   Station becomes a Factory.
1617                       Presidency of Bantam
1621 - 1628                Expelled by the Dutch, government at Batavia.
1630 - 1634                Subordinated to Surat (see India).
1634 - 1652                Presidency of Batam
Aug 1682                   Expelled by the Dutch.

Chief factors
1603 - 16..                William Starkey
1613 - 1615                John Jourdain (1st time)
1615                       Thomas Elkington
1615 - 1616                John Jourdain (2nd time)
1616 - 1617                George Berkley
Presidents
1617 - 19 Nov 1618         George Ball
19 Nov 1618 - 26 Jul 1619 John Jourdain
26 Jul 1619 - 1600         .... (acting)
1620 - 1623                Richard Fursland
1623 - 1625                Thomas Brockeden
1625 - 1628                Henry Hawley
1628 - 1629                Richard Bix
1629 - 1630                George Muschamps (1st time)
Agents
1630 - 1631                George Willoughby
1631 - 1632                William Hoare
1632 - 1633                Thomas Woodson
1633 - 1634                John Ling
Presidents
1634 - 1636                George Willoughby
1636 - 1637                Robert Coulson
1637 - 1638                William Johnson
1638 - 1639                Gerald Pinson
1639 - 1640                George Muschamps (2nd time)
1640 - 1643                Aaron Baker (1st time)
1643 - 1645                Ralph Cartwright
1645 - 1649                Aaron Baker (2nd time)
1649 - 1650                Thomas Peniston
1650 - 1652                Aaron Baker (3rd time)
Agents
1652 - 1671                ....
1671                       Dacres
16.. - 21 Apr 1677         White
21 Apr 1677 - Aug 1682     ....

Bencoolen (Benkulen)

[Flag of the United Kingdom]

1685                       British rule (Fort York); under the East India Company.
1685 - 1760                Subordinated to Madras (see India).
1714                       Renamed Fort Marlborough.
1760                       British Presidency of Bencoolen.
1785 - 1825                Subordinated to Bengal (see India).
1 Mar 1825                Part of Netherlands East Indies.

Deputy governors
1685                       Ralph Ord
1685 - 1690                Benjamin Bloome
1690 - 1691                James Sowdon
1691 - 1695                Charles Fleetwood
1695 - 1696                Charles Barwell
1696 - 1699                Matthew Mildmay
1699 - 1700                Robert Broughton
1700 - 1705                Richard Watts
1705 - 1708                Matthew Ridley
1708                       James Cross
1708                       Abraham Hoyle
1708                       John Delapie
1708 - 1710                Robert Skingle
1710                       Jeremiah Harrison -Supervisor
1710 - 1711                Anthony Ettricke
1711 - 1712                John Daniell
1712                       John Hunter
1712 - 1716                Joseph Collett
1716 - 1717                Theophilus Shyllinge
1717 - 1718                Richard Farmer
1718 - 1719                Thomas Cooke -Supervisor
1719 - 1723 Isaac Pyke
1723               Thomas Dunster
1723 - 1728                Joseph Walsh
1728 - 1730                Nicholas Morse
1730 - 1731                Stephen Newcome
1731 - 1736                Francis Everest
1736 - 1746                Robert Lennox
1746 - 1752                Joseph Hurlock
1752 - 1754                Robert Hindley
1754 - 1755                John Walsh -Supervisor
1755 - 1757                John Pybus
1757 - 1758                Randolph Marriott
1758 - 1760                Roger Carter
Governors
1760 - 1767                Roger Carter
1767 - 1776                Richard Wyatt
1776                       Robert Hay
1776 - 1780                William Broff
1780 - 1781                Hew Steuart
1781 - 1785                Edward Coles
Deputy governors
1785 - 1786                John Crisp (1st time)
1786 - 1787                Thomas Palmer
1787 - 1789                George Salmon -Supervisor
1789 - 1793                John Crisp (2nd time)
1793 - 1799                Robert Broff
1799                       John Crisp (3rd time)
1799 - 1800                Philip Braham
1800 - 1805                Walter Ewer
Residents
1805 - 1807                Thomas Parr                         (b. 17.. - d. 1807)
1808 - 1810                Richard Parry
1810 - 1812                William Parker
1812 - 22 Mar 1818         George John Siddons
Lieutenant governor
22 Mar 1818 - 1824         Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles   (b. 1781 - d. 1826)
Resident
1824 - 1 Mar 1825         John Prince

Netherlands New Guinea


24 Aug 1828 - 1 Oct 1962


18 Nov 1961 - 1 Oct 1962
(Local Flag)


1 Oct 1962 - 1 May 1963

Map of West Papua	Hear National Anthem "`Hai Tanahku Papua" (O, My Land Papua)	Text of National Anthem (16 Dec 1961 - 1963, from 2003)	Constitution (1 Dec 1961-1963)
Capital: Jayapura (Hollandia 1945 - 10 Jan 1962; Kotabaru 10 Jan 1962 - 1 May 1963; Sukarnopura 1 May 1963 - 1968)	Currency 1950-1963: Netherlands New Guinea Guilder (NNGG)	National Holiday: 1 Dec (1961) National Day	Population: 730,000 (1962)
GDP: $NA (1962)	Exports: $147 million (1962) Imports: $167 million (1962)	Ethnic groups: Papuan, Javanese, Melanesian	Religions: Protestant, Roman Catholic, Muslin, Hindu, Buddhist, traditional beliefs
International Organizations/Treaties 1949-1963: None; OPM: UNPO (from 1991)

1546                       Spanish discover New Guinea, naming it Nueva Guinea.
1660                       Dutch East India Company recognizes the sovereignty of
                             the Sultan of Tidore over the "Papuan islands in general"
                             but with exclusive Dutch trading rights.
1793 - Apr 1795            First European settlement, Fort Coronation, founded at Doreri Bay
                             by Britain.
24 Aug 1828                Western New Guinea claimed as part of Netherlands East Indies
                             (Netherlands New Guinea).
1884                       Partition of New Guinea agreed by Netherlands, UK, and Germany
                             along the 141st meridian.
15 Apr 1942 - Aug 1945     Northern Dutch New Guinea areas occupied by Japan (in Hollandia
                             to 22 Apr 1944).
29 Dec 1949                Netherlands New Guinea a separate colony.
16 Aug 1956                Claimed by Indonesia which begins to appoint governors
                             based in Tiodre.
1 Oct 1962                UN Administration (United Nations Temporary Executive
                             Authority [UNTEA]) replaces Dutch rule.
1 May 1963                Part of Indonesia (Irian Barat)(see Indonesia provinces).
28 Jul 1965                "Free Papua Movement" (Organisasi Papua Merdeka [OPM]) founded.
2 Aug 1969                Referendum endorses Indonesian rule.
17 Sep 1969                Formally incorporated into Indonesia (Irian Barat province).
1 Mar 1973                Renamed Irain Jaya.
9 Dec 1975                Separatists proclaim independence as "Republic of West Papua"
                             with no effect.
1 Jan 2000                Renamed Papua.

Japanese Commanders
Apr 1942 - Dec 1942        ....
Dec 1942 - Oct 1943        Nobumasa Tominaga
Oct 1943 - Mar 1945        Kenzo Kitano
Mar 1945 - Aug 1945        Fusataro Teshima
Dutch Senior Officer of Netherlands Indies Civil Affairs
Oct 1944 - Aug 1945        Raden Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo
Resident
Aug 1945 - 29 Dec 1949     J.P.K. van Eechoud     (b. 1904 - d. 1958)
Governors
29 Dec 1949 - 8 Feb 1950 J.P.K. van Eechoud (acting)       (s.a.)
8 Feb 1950 - 24 Apr 1953 Simon Lodewijk Johan van          (b. 1900 - d. 1975)
                             Waardenburg
24 Apr 1953 - 31 Mar 1958 Jan van Baal                      (b. 1909 - d. 1992)
31 Mar 1958 - 1 May 1958 J.C. Baarspul (acting)
1 May 1958 - 28 Sep 1962 Pieter Johannes Platteel          (b. 1911 - d. 1978)
28 Sep 1962 - 1 Oct 1962 H. Veldkamp (acting)
Administrators (of the UN Temporary Executive Authority)
1 Oct 1962 - 19 Oct 1962 José Rolz-Bennett (Guatemala) (b. 1919?)
                             (acting)
19 Oct 1962 - 1 May 1963 Djalal Abdoh (Iran)               (b. 1909 - d. 1992)

Vice-Chairmen of the West New Guinea Council
Apr 1961 - 1962 Nicolaas Jouwe (b. 1921)
1962 - Dec 1962 Markus Wonggor Kaisiepo (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
Chairman of the Board of Delegates
23 Apr 1963 - 1 May 1963 Thontje Meset

West Papua in Exile

Presidents
28 Jul 1965 - 1982    Markus Wonggor Kaisiepo (s.a.)
                            (in Netherlands exile)
1975                      Seth Jafeth Rumkorem                (b. 1933)
Presidents of the Presidium
1982 - 199. Moses Werror
199. - 10 Nov 2001        Theys Hiyo Eluay                    (b. 1934? - d. 2001)
Nov 2001 -                Tom Beanal

South Moluccas

[Flag of the South Moluccas]
Adopted 2 May 1950

Map of the South Moluccas National Anthem 1950
"Hena Masa Waja" National Anthem 1960
"Maluku, Tanah Airku" Constitution
(1950)

Capital: Ambon City Currency: N/A National Holiday: 25 Apr (1950)
Independence Day Population: 1,088,516 (1995)

GDP: $N/A Total Armed Forces: N/A Ethnic Groups: mainly
Melanesian, others Religions: Protestant,
Roman Catholic, Muslim

International Organizations/Treaties: None; Exile: UNPO (from 1991)

25 Apr 1950                Republic of South Moluccas (Republik Maluku Selatan) proclaimed
                             (Amboina, Buru, Ceram and adjoining islands).
Nov 1950                   Indonesian forces occupy Ambon.
17 Oct 1952                Extinguished by Indonesia.

Presidents
25 Apr 1950 - 3 May 1950 Johanes Herman Manuhutu (acting)
3 May 1950 - 17 Oct 1952 Christopel Robert Stephen Soumokil (b. 1905 - d. 1966)

Prime minister
25 Apr 1950 - 30 Oct 1950 Albert Wairisal (b. 1909)

Republic of South Moluccas in Exile

[Flag of the South Moluccas]

Presidents
17 Oct 1952 - 12 Apr 1966 Christopel Robert Stephen Soumokil (s.a.)
                            (Indonesian prisoner from 2 Dec 1962)
1966 - 10 Apr 1993         Johannes Alvarez Manusama           (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
                            (in Netherlands exile)
10 Apr 1993 -              Frans L.J. Tutuhatunewa             (b. 1923)
                            (in Netherlands exile)

Dutch Spice Islands

1522 - 15 Jul 1575         Portuguese settlements on Ternate Island.
6 Jan 1578 - May 1605     Portuguese colony on Tidore Island.
May 1605                   Dutch seize Portuguese Tidore.
1606 - 1663                Spanish colony on Tidore.
Apr 1606 - 2 May 1663     Spanish occupy Gammalamma and Forts Peter and Paul on Ternate.
Jun 1607                   Fort Oranje is built on Ternate in the Moluccas.
1611 - 1619                Ternate (alternating with Ambon) is the seat of the governor-general
                             of the Dutch East Indies (from 1619 at Batavia).
1801 - 1803                British occupy Ternate.
1810 - 1817                British occupy the Moluccas.

Moluccas

Governors-general
1522 - 1525                Antonio de Brito
1525 - 1527                Garcia Henriques
1527 - 1530                Jorge de Meneses
1530 - 1531                Gonçalo Pereira
1531 - 1534                Vicente da Fonseca
1534 - 1536                Tristão de Ataide
1536 - 1540                Antonio Galvão
1540 - 1544                Jorge de Castro
1544 - 1547                Jordão de Freitas
1547 - 1549                Bernaldim de Sousa (1st time)
1549 - 1550                Cristovão de Sa
1550 - 1552                Bernaldim de Sousa (2nd time)
1552 - 1555                Francisco Lopes de Sousa
1555 - 1559                Duarte d'Eça
1559 - 1561                Manoel de Vasconcellos
1561 - 1564                Henrique de Sa
1564 - 1566                Alvaro de Mendonça
1566 - 1571                Diogo Lopes de Mesquita
1571 - 1574                Alvaro de Ataide
1574 - 1575                Nuno Pereira de Lacerda
Captains-major
1575 - 1599                ....
Governors
1599 - ....                Frank van der Does
1600 - 160.                Steven van der Haghen (1st time)
22 Feb 1605 - 16..         Steven van der Haghen (2nd time)
1607 - 1608?               Kornelis Matelief de Jonge
1608 - 1612                Paulus van Caerden
1612 - 1616?               Pieter Both
1616 - 1619                Laurens Reael
1619 - 1625                Frederik Houtman
1625 - 1629                Jacques le Febre
1629 - 1629                Gillis van Zeist
1629 - 1633                Gysbert van Lodestein
1633 - 1635                Johan Ottens
1635 - 1640                Johan van Broekom
1640 - 1642                Antoni Caan
1642 - 1648                Wouter Seroyen
1648 - 1653                Caspar van den Bogaarde
1653 - 1656                Jacob Hustaart
1656 - 1662                Simon Cos
1662 - 1667                Antoni van Voorst
1667 - 1669                Maximiliaan de Jong
1669 - 1671                Abraham Verspreet
1672 - 1674                Cornelis Francx
1675 - 1675                Willem Corput
1676 - 1676                Willem Harthouwer
1677 - 1682                Robbert Padbrugge
1682 - 1686                Jacob Lobs
1686 - 1689                Johan Henrik Thim
1689 - 1691                Johan Cops
1692 - 1696                Cornelis van der Duin
1696 - 1700                Salomon le Sage
1700 - 1706                Pieter Rooselaar
1706 - 1710                Jacob Claaszen
1710 - 1714                David van Petersom
1714 - 1720                Jacob Bottendorp
1720 - 1723                Anthoni Heinsius
1723 - 1724                Jacob Cloeck
1724 - 1728                Johan Happon
1728 - 1731                Jacob Christiaan Pielat
1731 - 1734                Elias de Haeze
1734 - 1735                Johan Bernard (commissioner)
1735 - 1739                Paulus Rouwenhof
1739 - 1744                Maarten Lelievelt
1744 - 1750                Geerard van Brandwijk van Blokland
1750 - 1754                J.E. van Mijlendonk
1754 - 1758                Abraham Abeleven
1758 - 1766                Jacob van Schoonderwoert
1766 - 1767                Hendrik Breton
1767 - 1771                Hermanus Munnik
1771 - 1778                Paulus Jacob Valckenaer
1778 - 1780                Jacob Roeland Thomaszen
1780 - 1793                Alexander Cornabé
1793 - 1796                J. Ekenholm
1796 - 1799                Johan Godfried Berdach
1799 - 1803                Willem Jacob Cranssen
1803 - 1804                Peter Adrianus Goldbach
1804 - 1809                Carel Lodewijk Wieling
1809 - 1810                R. Coop à Groen
                           + Johan P. von Mittmann (commissioner)
Governors
1810 - 1811                E. Tucker
1811                       Forbes
1811 - 1813                W. Ewer
1813 - 1815                W.G. Mackenzie (1st time)
1815 - 1816                R. Stuart
1816 - 20 Apr 1817         W.G. Mackenzie (2nd time)
British Residents in Ternate
1801 - 1803                K.T. Farqhar
1803                       H. Webber

Ambon (Amboina)

25 Mar 1576 - 23 Feb 1605 Portuguese settlements on Ambon.
1600                       First Dutch garrison in Kaitetu near Hila on Ambon.
22 Feb 1605                Second Dutch second Ambon expedition the fort on Hila bay built
                             by the Portuguese in 1575 is renamed Fort Victoria.
1611 - 1619                Ambon (alternating with Ternate) is the seat of the governor-
                             general of the Dutch East Indies (from 1619 at Batavia).
1637                       Fort Amsterdam built in Hila Bay on Ambon.
17 Feb 1796 - 1 Mar 1802 British occupation.
17 Feb 1810 - 25 Mar 1817 British occupation.

Governors
1605 - 1611                Frederik Houtman    (b. 1571 - d. 1627)
1611 - 1615                Caspar Janszoon
1615 - 1618                Adriaan Maartenszoon Blok
1618 - 1625                Herman Speult
1625 - 1628                Jan van Gorcum
1628 - 1631                Philip Lucaszoon
1631 - 1634                Artus Gysels
1634 - 1635                Antoni van den Heuvel
1635 - 1637                Joachim Roelofszoon van Deutekom
1637 - 1641                Johan Ottens
1642                       Antoni Caan
1642 - 1647                Gerard Demmer
1647 - 1651                Arnold de Vlaming van Outshoorn
                             (1st time)
1651 - 1654                Willem Verbeek
1654 - 1656                Arnold de Vlaming van Outshoorn
                             (2nd time)
1656 - 1662                Jacob Hustaart
1662 - 1664                Simon Cos
1664 - 1665                Johan van Dam
1666 - 1667                Pieter Marville
1669 - 1672                Jacob Cos
1672 - 1678                Antoni Hurdt
1678 - 1682                Robbert de Vicq
1682 - 1687                Robbert Padbrugge
1687 - 1691                Dirk de Haas
1691 - 1696                Nicolaas Schaghen
1697 - 1701                Willem van Wijngaarden
1701 - 1706                Balthasar Coyett
1706 - 1720                Simon van der Stel
1720 - 1721                Rochus Hollem (acting)
1721 - 1725                Pieter Gabrij
1725 - 1727                Stephanus Versluys
1727 - 1733                Johannes Bernard
1733 - 1738                David Johan Bake
1738 - 1743                Jacob de Jong
1743 - 1748                Nathaniël Steinmetz
1748 - 1750                Cornelis Roosenboom
1750 - 1752                Nicolaus Jongma
1752                       Goderd Ludolf van Beusechem
                             (1st time)(acting)
1752 - 1757                Gerard Cluysenaar
1757 - 1763                Meyert Johan van Idsinga
1763                       Goderd Ludolf van Beusechem
                             (2nd time)
1763 - 1764                Josias Alexander de Villeneuve
                             (acting)
1764 - 1767                Willem Fockens
1767 - 1770                Hendrik Breton
1770 - 1775                Johan Abraham van der Voort
1775 - 1785                Bernardus van Pleuren
1785 - 1788                Adriaan de Bock
1788 - 1794                Johan Adam Schilling
1794                       Balthasar Smissaerd (acting)
1794 - 1796                Alexander Cornabe
17 Feb 1796 - ....         Rainier
.... - 1 Mar 1803         James Oliver
1803 - 1804                Carel Lodewijk Wieling
1804 - 1808                Willem Jacob Cranssen
1808 - Mar 1809            C.E. von Jelt
Mar 1809 - 17 Feb 1810     Jean-Philippe-François Filz           (b. 1771 - d. 1810)
1810                       E. Tucker
1810 - 1811                M.H. Court
1811 - 25 Mar 1817         W. Byam Martin

Banda Islands

1512                       Discovered and annexed for the Portuguese by Antonio d'Abreu.
17th cent.                 Portuguese expelled by the Dutch.
1608                       English build a factory on Wai, which is demolished by the
                             Dutch as soon as the English vessel left.
23 Dec 1616                English occupy the Banda Island of Run.
6 Jul 1621                Dutch Governor-general John Pieterszoon Coen takes Banda Islands.
21 Jul 1667                England formally cedes claim to the Dutch, by Treaty of Breda.
7 Feb 1796 - 1800         British occupation.
9 Aug 1810                British seize Dutch Fort Belgica, on Neira, gaining control
                             of Banda Islands.
1817                       Islands are restored to the Dutch.

Commanders
23 Dec 1616 - Oct 1620 Nathaniel Courthope (d. 1620)
9 Aug 1810 - 181. Christopher Cole