Cameroon
 

14 Jul 1884 - 26 Sep 1914	26 Sep 1914 - 1 Jan 1960	29 Oct 1957 - 1 Oct 1961
1 Oct 1961 - 20 May 1975	Adopted 20 May 1975

Map of Cameroon Hear National Anthem "O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres" (O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers) Text of National Anthem Adopted 10 May 1957 Constitution (2 Jun 1972) Capital: Yaoundé (E. Cameroon 1961-72 Yaoundé; W. Cameroon 1961-72 Buea; Douala 1940-1946; Yaoundé 1921-1940; Douala 1916-1921) Currency: Communauté Financière Africaine Franc (XAF) National Holiday: 20 May (1972) Fête Nationale (National Day) (Fête de l'unité [Unification Day]) Population: 25,640,965 (2018) GDP: $89.54 billion (2017) Exports: $4.73 billion (2017) Imports: $4.81 billion (2017) Ethnic groups: Fang 19.6%, Bamileke and Bamum 18.5%, Duala, Luanda and Basa 14.7%, Fulani 9.6%, Tikar 7.4%, Mandara 5.7%, Maka 4.9%, Chamba 2.4%, Mbum 1.3%, Hausa 1.2%, French 0.2%, other 14.5% (1983) Total Active Armed Forces: 23,100 (2010) Merchant marine: 19 ships (2017) Religions: Roman Catholic 24%, traditional beliefs 19.3%, Protestant 20.7%, Sunni Muslim 11.5%, other Muslim 3.3%, other Christian 2.4%, non-religious 1.5%, unknown 17.3% (2015)  International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA, AfDB, APM, AU, BDEAC, BEAC, BTWC, C, CCM, CEEAC, CEMAC, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LCBC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT (signatory), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OST (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Cameroon Index Chronology 10 Aug 1858 - 28 Mar 1887  British missionary settlement at Ambas Bay. 14 Jul 1884                German protectorate of German North-West Africa                              (Deutsch-Nordwestafrika).  1 Jan 1901                Renamed Kamerun.  4 Nov 1911 -  4 Mar 1916  Augmented by a cession of 270,000 sq. km. ceded by                              France from French Equatorial Africa (new regions                              are named Neu Kamerun-Ost and Neu Kamerun-Süd). 26 Sep 1914                French and British occupation begins taking Douala. 15 Feb 1916                Majority of German civil servants and soldiers fled                              to the neutral Spanish territory in Rio Muni. 18 Feb 1916                German forces under Ernst von Raben (b. 1877 - d.                              1924) surrender at Mora (Moraberg). 12 Mar 1916                French Occupied Territories of Former Cameroon                              (Territoires Occupés de l'Ancien Cameroun). 28 Jun 1919                Division into French Cameroons & British Cameroons;                              the latter is administered from Nigeria. 25 May 1921                French Occupied Territories of Former Cameroon                              renamed Cameroon Territories (Territoire du                              Cameroun). 20 Jul 1922                British Cameroons and French Cameroon League of                              Nations Mandates. 13 Dec 1946                British and French United Nations Trust                               Territories. 16 Jun 1940 - 27 Aug 1940  French Cameroons administration loyal to "Vichy"                               France (from 27 Aug 1940, under "Free" French). 15 May 1957 -  1 Jan 1960  État du Cameroun (State of Cameroon), also styled                              République Autonome du Cameroun (Autonomous                              Republic of Cameron), under United Nations                              trusteeship of France.  1 Oct 1954                British Cameroons an autonomous part of Nigeria.  1 Jan 1960                French Cameroon independent as Republic of                               Cameroon (République du Cameroun).  1 Oct 1961                Federal Republic of Cameroon (République Fédérale du                              Cameroun), after unification with southern part of                              British Cameroons (northern part united with                              Nigeria 1 Jun 1961); (the Federal Republic of                              Cameroon consisted of two parts, francophone East                              Cameroon and anglophone West Cameroon).  2 Jun 1972                United Republic of Cameroon (République Unie du                              Cameroun), regional autonomy ends.  4 Feb 1984                Republic of Cameroon (République du Cameroun). Cameroon (since 1960) Traditional States German Kamerun (1884-1916)  Ambas Bay (1858-1887)  British Cameroons (1914-1961) French Cameroons (1914-1960)  Historical Maps of Cameroon

German Kamerun
 

Map of German Kamerun

Capital: Jaunde (Buea 1901-1909; Duala 1885-1901; Kamerunstadt 1884-1885)

Population: 4,645,000 (1912)

Reichskommissare
14 Jul 1884 - 19 Jul 1884  Gustav Nachtigal                   (b. 1834 - d. 1885)
                             (Reichskommissar für Deutsch-Westafrika)
19 Jul 1884 -  1 Apr 1885  Maximilian Buchner (acting)        (b. 1846 - d. 1921)
 1 Apr 1885 -  4 Jul 1885  Eduard von Knorr (acting)          (b. 1840 - d. 1920)
Governors
 4 Jul 1885 - 14 Feb 1891  Julius Freiherr von Soden          (b. 1846 - d. 1921)
13 May 1887 -  4 Oct 1887  Jesco von Puttkamer (1st time)     (b. 1855 - d. 1917)
                             (acting for Soden)
 4 Oct 1887 - 17 Jan 1888  Eugen von Zimmerer (1st time)      (b. 1843 - d. 1918)
                             (acting for Soden)
26 Dec 1889 - 17 Apr 1890  Eugen von Zimmerer (2nd time)      (s.a.)
                             (acting for Soden)
17 Apr 1890 -  3 Aug 1890  Markus Graf von Pfeil und Klein-   (b. 1860 - d. 1920)
                             Ellguth (acting for Soden)
 3 Aug 1890 - 14 Aug 1890  Kurz (acting for Soden)
14 Aug 1890 -  2 Dec 1890  Jesko von Puttkamer (2nd time)     (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Soden)
 2 Dec 1890 - 15 Apr 1891  Karl Theodor Heinrich Leist        (b. 1859 - d. 1895) 
                             (1st time)(acting [for Soden to 14 Feb 1891])
15 Apr 1891 - 13 Aug 1895  Eugen von Zimmerer                 (s.a.)
 7 Aug 1891 -  5 Jan 1892  Bruno von Schuckmann               (b. 1857 - d. 1919) 
                            (acting for Zimmerer)
27 Jun 1893 - 24 Feb 1894  Karl Theodor Heinrich Leist        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting for Zimmerer)
31 Dec 1894 - 27 Mar 1895  Jesko von Puttkamer (3rd time)     (s.a.)
                             (acting for Zimmerer)
28 Mar 1895 -  4 May 1895  von Lucke (acting for Zimmerer)    (d. 1895)
13 Aug 1895 -  9 May 1907  Jesko von Puttkamer                (s.a.)
27 Oct 1895 - 10 Sep 1897  Theodor Seitz (1st time)           (b. 1863 - d. 1949)
                             (acting for Puttkamer) 
12 Jan 1898 - 13 Oct 1898  Theodor Seitz (2nd time)           (s.a.)
                             (acting for Puttkamer) 
17 Jan 1900 - 31 Jul 1900  August Walter Köhler               (b. 1858 - d. 1902) 
                             (acting for Puttkamer) 
 1 Aug 1900 -  6 Sep 1900  Emil Diehl (acting for Puttkamer)  (b. 18.. - d. 1903) 
 6 Sep 1900 - 15 Nov 1900  Oltwig Wilhelm Adolf von Kamptz    (b. 1857 - d. 1921)
                             (acting for Puttkamer) 
 3 Feb 1902 -  3 Oct 1902  Albert Plehn (acting for Puttkamer)(b. 1861 - d. 1935) 
 9 May 1904 -  8 Nov 1904  Karl Ebermaier                     (b. 1862 - d. 1943)
                             (acting for Puttkamer) 
 9 Nov 1904 - 31 Jan 1905  Otto Gleim (1st time)              (b. 1836 - d. 1929)
                             (acting for Puttkamer) 
Jan 1906 - Nov 1906        Franz Ludwig Wilhelm Müller        (b. 1850 - d. 1921) 
                             (acting for Puttkamer) 
Nov 1906 -  9 May 1907     Otto Gleim (2nd time)              (s.a.)
                             (acting for Puttkamer) 
 9 May 1907 - 27 Aug 1910  Theodor Seitz                      (s.a.)
10 Feb 1909 - Oct 1909     Wilhelm Peter Hansen (1st time)    (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
                             (acting for Seitz)
28 Aug 1910 - 29 Jan 1912  Otto Gleim                         (s.a.)
Aug 1910 - Sep 1910        Theodor Steinhausen                (b. 1870 - d. af.1933) 
                             (acting for Gleim)
Sep 1910 - 25 Oct 1910     Wilhelm Peter Hansen (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting for Gleim)
Oct 1911 - 29 Jan 1912     Wilhelm Peter Hansen (3rd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting for Gleim)
29 Jan 1912 - 15 Feb 1916  Karl Ebermaier                     (s.a.)
 9 Oct 1913 - 1914         August Full (acting for Ebermaier) (b. 18.. - d. 1934)

 

Map of Ambas Bay

Capital: Victoria

Population: N/A

10 Aug 1858                Victoria settlement for freed slaves founded by the British
                             Baptist Missionary Society at Ambas Bay.
19 Jul 1884                British declare Ambas Bay Protectorate (subordinated to the Oil
                             Rivers Protectorate [see Nigeria]). 
1886                       Baptist Missionary Society agrees to turn over its posts to the
                             Basel Evangelical Missionary Society.
28 Mar 1887                Ambas Bay ceded to Germany by U.K., part of German Kamerun.

Administrators (Senior Missionaries)
1858 - 1876                Alfred Saker                           (b. 1814 - d. 1880)
1877 - 1878                George Grenfell                        (b. 1849 - d. 1906)
1878 - 27 Dec 1883         Quintin W. Thomson                     (b. 1840 - d. 1883)
28 Dec 1883 - 19 Jul 1884  Thomas Lewis                           (b. 1859 - d. 1929)
British Consul
19 Jul 1884 - 28 Mar 1887  Edward Hyde Hewett                     (b. 1830 - d. 1891)
                            (consul at Oil Rivers Protectorate)

26 Sep 1914 - 1 Oct 1954

1922 - 1930 Unofficial Flag

Oct 1954 - 1 Oct 1961 Unofficial Flag Southern Cameroons

26 Sep 1914                French and British occupation of German Kamerun.
28 Jun 1919                Formal division into French Cameroun and British Cameroons.
20 Jul 1920                British Cameroons a League of Nations mandate.
1930                       Renamed Cameroons under British Mandate.
 2 Aug 1946                British Order in Council joins the UN Trust Territory of Northern
                             Cameroons administratively, but not politically, to the
                             Northern Region of Nigerian protectorate.
13 Dec 1946                Cameroons a British United Nations trust territory.
1949                       British Cameroons divided into two provinces: Northern (capital 
                             Bamenda) and Southern (capital Buea).
 1 Oct 1954                An autonomous part of Nigeria.
 7 Nov 1959                Northern British Cameroons plebiscite votes to reject a union
                             with Cameroun for independence with Nigeria.
11-12 Feb 1961             Plebiscites vote in Northern Cameroons for union with Nigeria and
                             Southern Cameroons for union with Cameroun.
 1 Jun 1961                Northern British Cameroons unites with Nigeria (as Sardauna
                             province within Northern Nigeria region).
 1 Oct 1961                Southern British Cameroons incorporated into Republic of
                             Cameroon (as West Cameroon region).
 1 Oct 2017                Federal Republic of Ambazonia declared by the Southern Cameroons
                             Ambazonia Consortium United Front (not recognized by Cameroon).

Military Administrators
26 Aug 1914 - 28 Jun 1919  the Administrators of French Cameroun
British Residents, Cameroons Province 
1916                       Kenneth V. Elphinstone           (b. 1878 - d. 1963)
1916 - 1917                E.C. Duff
1917 - 1919                P.V. Young
1919                       W.G. Ambrose 
1919                       John C. Maxwell                  (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
1919 - 13 Feb 1921         John Humphrey Davidson           (b. 1876 - d. 1954)      
                             (from 1 Jan 1919, Sir John Humphrey Davidson)
14 Feb 1921 - 17 Jun 1921  G. Anderson
18 Jun 1921 - 16 Aug 1921  N.C. Duncan (acting)
17 Aug 1921 - 1925         Fitz Herbert Ruxton              (b. 1873 - d. 1954)
                             (senior resident)   
Jul 1923 - 1923            William Edgar Hunt               (b. 1883 - d. 1969)
                             (acting for Ruxton)
1925                       William Edgar Hunt (acting)      (s.a.)
                             (district officer)
1925 - 1926                Edward John Arnett (1st time)    (b. 1876 - d. 1940)
                             (senior resident)
1926 - 1928                Walter Buchanan-Smith            (b. 1879 - d. 1944)
1928 - 1929                Harold Garrison Aveling (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1969)
1929 - 1931                Edward John Arnett (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1931 - 1932                George Sinclair Browne           (b. 1880 - d. 1946)
1932 - 1933                Frederick Bernard Carr           (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
                             (district officer)
1933                       George Hugo Findlay              (b. 1888 - d. 1966)
                             (senior resident)
1933 - 1935                John Wynne Corrie Rutherfoord    (b. 1888 - d. 1954)
1935 - 1938                Owen Watts Firth                 (b. 1884 - d. 1980)
                             (senior resident)
1938 - 1939                Ludlow Sealy-King (1st time)     (b. 1891 - d. 19..)
                             (acting)
1939 - 1942                Arthur Evelyn Francis Murray     (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
                             (senior resident)
1942 - 1943                Ludlow Sealy-King (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1943 - 1944?               James Macrae Simpson             (b. 1906 - d. ....)
1944 - 25 Feb 1945         Percy Graham Harris              (b. 1894 - d. 1945)
20 Mar 1945 - 10 Oct 1945  Alfred Leeming                   (b. 1894 - d. 19..)
                             (senior district officer)
1945                       Reuben John Hook (acting)        (b. 1898 - d. 1981)
1945 - 1946                Frank B. Bridges                 (b. 1895 - d. 1994)
14 Feb 1946 -  4 Aug 1949  Neil Mackenzie                   (b. 1905 - d. ....)
                             (senior district officer)
25 Aug 1949 - 31 Dec 1949  Doyle Arthur Fitz-Roy Shute      (b. 1899 - d. ....)
                             (senior resident; continues to c.1951)
Special Resident
1949 -  1 Oct 1954         Edward John Gibbons              (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
Commissioners
 1 Oct 1954 - 1956         Edward John Gibbons              (s.a.)
1956 -  1 Oct 1961         John Osbaldiston Field           (b. 1913 - d. 1985)

Leader of Government Business
 1 Oct 1954 -  1 Feb 1959  Emmanuel Mbela Lifate Endeley    (b. 1916 - d. 1988)  KNC
Premier
 1 Feb 1959 -  1 Oct 1961  John Ngu Foncha                  (b. 1916 - d. 1999)  KDNP 

Administrator of Northern Cameroons
 1 Oct 1960 -  1 Jun 1961  Sir Percy Wyn-Harris             (b. 1903 - d. 1979)

12 Mar 1916                Occupied Territories of Former Cameroon
                             (Territoires Occupés de l'Ancien Cameroun).
25 May 1921                Occupied Territories of Former Cameroon renamed Cameroon
                             Territories (Territoire du Cameroun).

French Military Commander
26 Sep 1914 -  7 Apr 1916  Joseph Gaudérique Aymérich         (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
Administrators
 7 Apr 1916 -  8 Oct 1916  Joseph Gaudérique Aymérich         (s.a.)
 8 Oct 1916 -  6 Mar 1919  Lucien Louis Fourneau              (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
Commissioners
 6 Mar 1919 - Mar 1923     Jules Gaston Henri Carde           (b. 1874 - d. 1949)
                             (acting to 7 Dec 1919)
Sep 1920 - Jun 1921        Auguste François Bonnecarrère      (b. 1875 - d. 1966)
                             (acting for Carde)
Mar 1923 - 29 Apr 1923     Albéric Auguste Fournier (acting)  (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
29 Apr 1923 - 31 Aug 1932  Théodore Paul Marchand (1st time)
27 Dec 1924 - 11 May 1925  Ernest Augustin Bleu (1st time)    (b. 1876 - d. 1937)
                             (acting for Marchand) 
 2 Mar 1926 - 31 Oct 1926  Ernest Augustin Bleu (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting for Marchand)
26 Apr 1929 - 26 Oct 1929  Ernest Augustin Bleu (3rd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting for Marchand)
19 Jun 1931 -  6 Feb 1932  Ernest Augustin Bleu (4th time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting for Marchand)
31 Aug 1932 -  7 Jul 1934  Paul Auguste François Bonnecarrère (s.a.)
                             (acting to 22 Sep 1932)
 7 Jul 1934 - 1936         Jules Vincent Repiquet             (b. 1874 - d. 1960)
1936 - Jan 1937            Gaston Camille Guibet (acting)     (b. 1881 - d. 1973)
Jan 1937 - 16 Nov 1938     Pierre François Boisson            (b. 1894 - d. 1948)
 7 Oct 1937 -  9 Mar 1938  Pierre Émile Aubert                (b. 1888 - d. 1972)
                             (acting for Boisson)
16 Nov 1938 - 27 Aug 1940  Richard Edmond Maurice Édouard     (b. 1883 - d. 1958)
                             Brunot
Governors
27 Aug 1940 - 20 Nov 1940  Jacques Philippe Leclerc de        (b. 1902 - d. 1947)
                             Hauteclocque
20 Nov 1940 - 20 Jul 1943  Pierre Charles Albert Cournarie    (b. 1895 - d. 1968)
20 Jul 1943 - 15 Nov 1944  Hubert Eugène Paul Carras          (b. 1890 - d. 1947) 
15 Nov 1944 - 16 Jan 1946  Henri Pierre Nicolas               (b. 1896 - d. 1986)
16 Jan 1946 - 16 Mar 1946  Adrien Émile Amédée Léger (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1948)
High Commissioners
16 Mar 1946 - 25 Mar 1947  Robert Delavignette                (b. 1897 - d. 1976)
25 Mar 1947 - Apr 1947     Fernand Gaston Georges Émile       (b. 1896 - d. 1985)
                             Robert Casimir (1st time)(acting)
Apr 1947 -  7 Jul 1949     René Hoffherr                      (b. 1893 - d. 1982)
 7 Jul 1949 - 10 Jan 1950  Fernand Gaston Georges Émile       (s.a.)
                             Robert Casimir (2nd time)(acting)
10 Jan 1950 -  2 Dec 1954  Jean Louis Marie André Soucadoux   (b. 1904 - d. 2001)
 2 Dec 1954 - 17 Apr 1956  Roland Joanes Louis Pré            (b. 1907 - d. 1980)
17 Apr 1956 - 29 Jan 1958  Pierre Messmer                     (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
29 Jan 1958 - 19 Feb 1958  Jean Paul Ramadier                 (b. 1913 - d. 1968)
19 Feb 1958 -  1 Jan 1960  Xavier Antoine Torre               (b. 1910 - d. 2003) 

Prime ministers
16 May 1957 - 18 Feb 1958  André-Marie Mbida                  (b. 1917 - d. 1980)  PDC
18 Feb 1958 -  1 Jan 1960  Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo           (b. 1924 - d. 1989)  UC

Cameroon

Head of state
 1 Jan 1960 -  5 May 1960  Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo           (b. 1924 - d. 1989)  UC
Presidents
 5 May 1960 -  6 Nov 1982  Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo           (s.a.)              UC;1966 UNC
 6 Nov 1982 -              Paul Biya                          (b. 1933)          UNC;1985 RDPC
                             (Paul Barthélemy Biya'a Bi Mvondo)

Prime ministers
 1 Jan 1960 -  5 May 1960  Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo           (s.a.)               UC
15 May 1960 -  1 Oct 1961  Charles Assalé                     (b. 1911 - d. 1999)  UC
Prime ministers of East Cameroon
 1 Oct 1961 - 19 Jun 1965  Charles Assalé                     (s.a.)               UC
19 Jun 1965 - 20 Nov 1965  Vincent de Paul Ahanda             (b. 1918 - d. 1975)  UC
20 Nov 1965 -  2 Jun 1972  Simon Pierre Tchoungui             (b. 1916 - d. 1997)  UC;1966 UNC
Prime ministers of West Cameroon
 1 Oct 1961 - 13 May 1965  John Ngu Foncha                    (s.a.)               KNDP
13 May 1965 - 11 Jan 1968  Augustine Ngom Jua                 (b. 1929 - d. 1977)KNDP;1966 UNC
11 Jan 1968 -  2 Jun 1972  Salomon Tandeng Muna               (b. 1912 - d. 2002)  UNC
Prime ministers
30 Jun 1975 -  6 Nov 1982  Paul Biya                          (s.a.)               UNC 
 6 Nov 1982 - 22 Aug 1983  Bello Bouba Maigari                (b. 1947)            UNC 
22 Aug 1983 - 25 Jan 1984  Luc Ayang                          (b. 1947)            UNC 
25 Jan 1984 - 26 Apr 1991  Post abolished
26 Apr 1991 -  9 Apr 1992  Sadou Hayatou                      (b. 1942 - d. 2019)  RDPC
 9 Apr 1992 - 19 Sep 1996  Simon Achidi Achu                  (b. 1934 - d. 2021)  RDPC 
19 Sep 1996 -  8 Dec 2004  Peter Mafany Musonge               (b. 1942)            RDPC 
 8 Dec 2004 - 30 Jun 2009  Ephraïm Inoni                      (b. 1947)            RDPC 
30 Jun 2009 -  4 Jan 2019  Philemon Yunji Yang                (b. 1947)            RDPC
 4 Jan 2019 -              Joseph Dion Ngute                  (b. 1954)            RDPC

Territorial Disputes: Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including Jun 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and repatriation of residents on 14 Aug 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agreed on maritime delimitation in Mar 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries.

Party abbreviations: RDPC = Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Camerounais/Cameroon
People's Democratic Movement (conservative, only legal party 1985-90, former UNC, est.1985); 
- Former parties: KNC = Kamerun National Convention (supported separation of Northern and Southern Cameroons from Nigeria, 1953-1960, merged with Kamerun People's Party as Cameroons Peoples' National Convention); KNDP = Kamerun National Democratic Party (pro-independence, Southern Cameroon-based, 1955-1966, merged into UNC); PDC = Parti des Démocrates Camerounais (Cameroonian Party of Democrats, liberal-democratic, 1957-1966, re-est.1991); UC = Union Camerounaise (Cameroon Union, pro-independence, Francophone Cameroon, 1958-1966, merged into UNC); UNC = Union Nationale Camerounaise/Cameroon National Union (nationalist, only legal party, 1966-1985, renamed RDPC)