Congo
(Kinshasa)
-
- 21 Jun 1877 - 30 Jun 1960
|
-
- 1 Jul 1960 - 1 Jul 1963
|
-
- 1 Jul 1963 - 1 Dec 1966
|
-
- 1 Dec 1966 - 21 Nov 1971
|
-
- 21 Nov 1971 - 17 May 1997
|
-
- 17 May 1997 - 18 Feb 2006
|
Adopted 18 Feb 2006
|
|
Map
of Congo (Kinshasa)
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Debout Congolaise"
(Arise Congolese)
30 Jun 1960 - 27 Oct
1971;
re-adopted 17 May 1997
|
Former
National Anthem
"La Zaïroise"
(The Zairian)
(27 Oct 1971-17 May 1997)
--------------------------------------
Belgian
Congo Anthem
"Naar Wijd en Zijd"/"Vers
l'Avenir" (To Far and wide/
To the Future) (1905-1960)
|
Constitution
(18 Feb 2006; in
French)
----------------------------------
Zaire
Constitution
(19 Nov 1971 - 17 May 1997;
in French)
|
Capital:
Kinshasa
(Léopoldville 1926-1 Jul
1966;
Boma 1 May 1886 - 1 Nov
1929; Vivi Jul 1885-1 May 1886)
|
Currency:
Congolese Franc
(CDF); 1993-98
New Zaïre
(ZRN); 1967-93 Zaïre (ZRZ);
1960-67 Congolese Franc (CDG);
1885-1960 Belgian Congo
Franc (CBEF)
|
National
Holiday: 30 Jun (1960)
Fête de l'Indépendance
(Independence Day)
--------------------------------------
Holiday 1885-1908:
1 Jul (1885)
State Declaration Day
|
Population:
85,281,024 (2018)
|
GDP: $68.6
billion (2017)
|
Exports:
$10.9 billion (2017)
Imports: $10.8
billion (2017)
|
Ethnic groups:
Luba 18%, Kongo (all Bantu) 16.1%,
Mongo 13.5%, and the
Mangbetu-Azande
(Hamitic) 6.1%, Rwanda
10.3%, Bangi and Ngale 5.8%,
Rundi 3.8%, Teke 2.7%,
Boa 2.3%, Chokwe 1.8%,
Lugbara 1.6%, Banda
1.4%, other 16.6% (1983)
|
Total Armed
Forces: 151,251 (2010)
MONUSCO UN Force: 17,753
(2023)
Merchant marine:
33 ships (2017)
|
Religions:
Roman Catholic 55.8%, Pentecostal
15.5%,
Protestant 12.4%, other Christian
10.4%, traditional
beliefs 2.5%, Muslim 1.5%, Anglican
0.8%, other and
none 1% (2015)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: 1885
- 1960: ICRM, IUOTO, ITU, UPU, WMO
(associate); from 1960: ACP,
AfCFTA, AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC, CCM
(signatory), CEEAC, CEPGL, COMESA, CTBT,
CWC, EAC, EITI, ENMOD (signatory), ESCR,
FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISO,
ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LCBC (observer), MIGA,
NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIF, OPCW, OST
(signatory), PCA, SADC, UN, UNCLOS,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP,
UNFCC-PA,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
Congo
Index
|
Chronology
19 Sep
1876
International Association for
the Exploration and
Civilization of Central Africa
(Association
Internationale pour l'exploration
et la
Civilisation de l'Afrique Centrale)
founded.
25 Nov
1878
Congo colonization, funded by the King
of Belgium,
begins. Committee for Studies of the
Upper Congo
(Comité
d'études du Haut-Congo)(CEHC)
established.
17 Nov
1879
International Association of the Congo
(Association
Internationale
du Congo)(AIC) founded replacing
the
CEHC.
1 Dec
1881
Léopoldville,
later named Kinshasa, founded by
explorer Henry Morton Stanley (b. 1841
- d. 1904).
23 Feb
1885
Sovereign status of the International
Association
of the Congo recognized by the Berlin
Conference.
29 May
1885
Independent State of the Congo (L'État
Indépendant
du
Congo)("Congo Free State"), with
the King of
Belgium
Leopold II as sovereign).
1892 - 25 Feb 1895
Ubangui-Bomu
territory claimed by the
Congo
Free State.
15 Nov
1908
Annexation by Belgium (Belgian Congo).
28 May 1940 - 8 Sep
1944 Administration loyal to the
Belgian government
in exile during German occupation of
Belgium.
30 Jun
1960
Independence (Republic of the
Congo [République du
Congo][the
Constitution of 1960 referred to the
polity exclusively as the Congo]).
11 Jul 1960 - 14 Jan
1963 Secession of Katanga.
13 Dec
1960 - 5 Aug 1961 Antoine
Gizenga proclaims a government in
rebellion
at
Stanleyville.
9 Aug 1960 - 30 Dec 1961 South Kasai
declares itself sovereign.
1
Aug 1964
Democratic Republic of the Congo
(République
Démocratique
du Congo).
7
Sep 1964 - Dec
1965 People's
Republic of the Congo is proclaimed in
dissidence
at Stanleyville.
29 Oct
1971
Republic of Zaire (République
du Zaïre)
17 May
1997
Democratic Republic of the Congo (République
Démocratique
du Congo).
2 Aug 1998 - 2
Apr 2003 Rebellion in eastern
Congo led by RDC (see below).
|
Provinces
|
Traditional
States
|
UN
Operations
(1960-1964,
from 2000)
|
Rebel
Government
at
Stanleyville
(1964-1965)
|
Rebel
Governments
(1998-2003)
|
Arab
Military
Territory
(1887-1894)
|
Historical
Maps
of
Congo
|
Map of Congo
Crisis 1960 - 1964
|
Map
of Zaire (1997)
|
Map
of 2006
Proposed
Provinces
|
|
Secretaries-general of the International
African Association (in Brussels)
19 Sep 1876 - 15 Nov
1878 Jules Xavier Charles
Joseph (b.
1835 - d. 1917)
Léonard, graaf Greindl
15 Nov 1878 - 17 Nov
1879 Maximilien Charles
Ferdinand (b. 1819 -
d. 1911)
Strauch
Chairman (from 23 Feb 1885, President) of the
International Association
of the Congo (in Brussels)
17 Nov 1879 - 29 May 1885
Maximilien Charles
Ferdinand (s.a.)
Strauch
Sovereign¹
29 May 1885 - 15 Nov 1908
Léopold II
(b. 1835 - d. 1909)
(also in Belgium
17 Dec 1865 - 17 Dec 1909)
Plenipotentiary of the International
African Association
1879 -
1884
Henry Morton
Stanley
(b. 1841 - d. 1904)
Commandants of the Station at
Karema (leading station)
12 Aug 1879 - Dec
1880 Ernest François
Cambier
(b. 1844 - d. 1909)
5 Dec 1880 - 25 Feb 1882
Guillaume Jules Arthur Ramaeckers (b. 1848 -
d. 1882)
25 Feb 1882 - 19 Sep 1882
Jérôme
Becker
(b. 1850 - d. 1912)
19 Sep 1882 - Dec 1885
Émile Pierre Joseph
Storms
(b. 1846 - d. 1918)
23 Apr 1883 - Sep 1883
Richard Böhm (acting for Storms) (b. 1854 - d.
1884)
Administrators-general
22 Apr 1884 - Apr 1886 Sir
Francis Walter de
Winton (b. 1835 - d.
1901)
22 Apr 1884 - Jun
1884 Sir Frederic John
Goldsmid
(b. 1818 - d. 1908)
(acting for de Winton)
25 Sep 1885 - Apr
1886 Camille
Janssen
(b. 1837 - d. 1926)
(acting for de Winton)
30 Jul 1886 - 17 Apr 1887 Camille
Janssen
(s.a.)
Governors-general
17 Apr 1887 - 1 Jul 1892
Camille
Janssen
(s.a.)
31 Jan 1888 - Jan
1889 Herman Ledeganck
(b. 1841 - d. 1908)
(acting for Janssen)
Jan 1889 - 18 May
1889 Henri Ernest Gondry
(b. 1845
- d. 1889)
(acting for Janssen)
20 Apr 1890 - 24 Mar 1891
Camille Aimé Coquilhat
(b. 1853 - d. 1891)
(acting for Janssen)
15 Apr 1891 - 20 May 1912 Théophile
Théodore Joseph Antoine (b. 1844 - d. 1921)
Wahis, (from 24 Dec 1901) baron Wahis
(acting for Janssen to 1 Jul 1892)
4 Sep 1896 -
1897
Francis Ernest Joseph Marie Dhanis (b. 1861 - d. 1909)
(acting for Wahis)
11 Apr 1897 - 1 Dec 1897 Émile
Wangermée (acting for Wahis) (b. 1855 - d. 1924)
1 Dec 1897 - 25 Oct 1898 Alphonse
Van
Gele
(b. 1848 - d. 1939)
(acting for Wahis)
25 Dec 1902 - 4 Mar 1904 Félix
Alexandre
Fuchs
(b. 1858 - d. 1928)
(interim, acting for Wahis)
13 Feb 1904 - 9 Mar 1905 Paul Marie
Costermans
(b. 1860 - d. 1905)
(acting for Wahis)
Nov 1905 - Jan 1907
Albert Bruno Amédée Lantonnois van (b. 1852 - d. 1934)
Rode (acting for Wahis)
20 May 1912 - 5 Jan 1916 Félix Alexandre
Fuchs
(s.a.)
5 Jan 1916 - 30 Jan 1921
Eugène Joseph Marie
Henry
(b. 1862 - d. 1930)
30 Jan 1921 - 24 Jan 1923
Maurice Eugène Auguste Lippens
(b. 1875 - d. 1956)
24 Jan 1923 - 27 Dec 1927 Martin
Joseph Marie René Rutten (b. 1876 - d.
1944)
27 Dec 1927 - 14 Sep 1934
Auguste Constant
Tilkens
(b. 1869 - d. 1949)
12 Nov 1929 - 24 Jul 1930
Charles Marie Nestor
Duchesne (b. 1881 - d.
1945)
(acting for Tilkens)
14 Sep 1934 - 31 Dec 1946 Pierre
Marie Joseph
Ryckmans (b. 1891 -
d. 1959)
18 Jun 1940 - 29 Apr 1942 Jozef
Albert de
Vleeschauwer (b.
1897 - d. 1971)
(administrator-general of Belgian Congo and
Ruanda-Urundi;
in Congo
5 Dec 1940-22 Feb 1941, Jul 1941-29 Oct 1942)
1 Jan 1947 - 1 Jan 1952 Eugène Jacques
Pierre
(b. 1888 - d. 1958)
Louis Jungers
1 Jan 1952 - 12 Jul 1958
Léon Antoine Marie
Pétillon (b.
1903 - d. 1996)
12 Jul 1958 - 30 Jun 1960 Henri
Arthur Adolf
Marie
(b. 1910 - d. 1999)
Christopher Cornélis
Presidents
27 Jun 1960 - 25 Nov 1965 Joseph
Kasa-Vubu (Kasavubu)
(b. 1910? - d.
1969) ABAKO
(style Head of State also used to 1 Aug 1964)
31 Mar 1961 - 5 Aug 1961
Antoine
Gizenga
(b. 1925 - d. 2019) MNC-L
(Head of State, in rebellion, at Stanleyville)
25 Nov 1965 - 17 May 1997 Joseph
Désiré Mobutu
(b. 1930 - d. 1997) Mil;1967 MRP
(from 10 Jan 1972, Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za
Banga)
17 May 1997 - 16 Jan 2001
Laurent Désiré
Kabila
(b. 1939 - d. 2001) AFDL
17 Jan 2001 - 24 Jan
2019 Joseph Kabila
Kabange
(b.
1971)
AFDL;2002 PPRD
(interim to 26 Jan 2001)
24 Jan 2019 -
Félix Antoine Tshisekedi
Tshilombo (b.
1963)
UDPS
Chief ministers (administrators-general
of the Department of the Interior to
20 Oct 1891, secretary of state of the
Departments of Foreign Affairs and Interior;
18 Feb 1901, secretary general of Department of the
Interior)(in Brussels)
6 May 1885 - 30 Aug
1888 Maximilien Charles
Ferdinand (s.a.)
Non-party
Strauch (acting to 30 Oct 1885)
30 Aug 1888 - 19 Jun 1890
Camille Aimé
Coquilhat
(s.a.)
Non-party
19 Jun 1890 - 18 Feb 1901
Stanislas Marie Léon Édmond van (b. 1852 -
d. 1925) Non-party
Eetvelde, (from 31 Dec 1897,
baron van Eetvelde)
18 Feb 1901 - 14 Nov
1908 Charles Liebrechts
(b. 1858 - d.
1938) Non-party
Secretary of State for the Interior (in
Brussels)
18 Feb 1901 - 22 May 1906 Stanislas Marie Léon
Édmond,
(s.a.)
Non-party
baron van Eetvelde
Prime ministers
24 Jun 1960 - 5 Sep 1960²
Patrice Emery
Lumumba
(b. 1925 - d. 1961) MNC-L
5 Sep 1960 - 20 Sep 1960
Joseph Iléo (1st
time)
(b. 1921 - d. 1994) MNC-K
Chairmen of the Board of
Commissioners-general
20 Sep 1960 - 3 Oct 1960
Albert Ndele Mbamu
(b. 1930)
ABAKO
4 Oct 1960 - 9 Feb
1961 Justin Marie
Bomboko
(b. 1928 - d. 2014) UNIMO
Prime ministers
13 Dec 1960 - 5 Aug 1961
Antoine
Gizenga
(s.a.)
MNC-L
(in rebellion, at Stanleyville)
9 Feb 1961 - 2 Aug
1961 Joseph Iléo (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
MNC-K
2 Aug 1961 - 30 Jun 1964
Cyrille
Adoula
(b. 1921 - d. 1978) Non-party
10 Jul 1964 - 13 Oct 1965 Moïse
Kapenda Tshombe
(b. 1919 - d. 1969) CONAKAT
18 Oct 1965 - 14 Nov 1965
Évariste
Kimba
(b. 1926 - d. 1966) BALUBAKAT
25 Nov 1965 - 26 Oct 1966
Léonard
Mulumba
(b. 1928 - d. 1986) Mil
First state commissioners (prime
ministers)
6 Jul 1977 - 6 Mar
1979 Mpinga
Kasenga
(b. 1937 - d. 1994) MPR
6 Mar 1979 - 27 Aug 1980
Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambo (b.
1934 - d. 2018) MPR
27 Aug 1980 - 23 Apr 1981 Nguza
Karl-I-Bond (1st time) (b.
1938 - d. 2003) MPR
23 Apr 1981 - 5 Nov 1982
N'singa Udjuu Ongwabeki Untubu
(b. 1934 - d. 2021) MPR
5 Nov 1982 - 31 Oct 1986
Kengo Wa Dondo (1st
time)
(b.
1935)
MPR
(Joseph-Léon Lubicz)
31 Oct 1986 - 22 Jan 1987 Vacant
22 Jan 1987 - 7 Mar 1988 Mabi
Mulumba
(b.
1941)
MPR
7 Mar 1988 - 26 Nov 1988
Sambwa Pida
Nbagui
(b. 1940 - d. 1998) MPR
26 Nov 1988 - 4 May 1990
Kengo Wa Dondo (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
MPR
4 May 1990 - 1 Apr
1991 Lunda
Bululu
(b.
1942)
MPR
1 Apr 1991 - 29 Sep 1991
Mulumba
Lukoji
(b. 1943 - d. 1997) MPR
29 Sep 1991 - 1 Nov 1991
Étienne Tshisekedi wa
Mulumba (b. 1932 - d.
2017) UDPS
(1st time)
1 Nov 1991 - 25 Nov 1991
Bernardin Mungul
Diaka
(b. 1933 - d. 1999) RDR
25 Nov 1991 - 15 Aug 1992 Nguza
Karl-I-Bond (2nd time)
(s.a.)
UFERI
15 Aug 1992 - 18 Mar 1993³
Étienne Tshisekedi wa
Mulumba
(s.a.)
UDPS
(2nd time)
18 Mar 1993 - 14 Jan 1994
Faustin
Birindwa
(b. 1943 - d. 1999) UDPS
6 Jul 1994 - 2 Apr
1997 Kengo Wa Dondo (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
UDI
2 Apr 1997 - 9 Apr
1997 Étienne Tshisekedi wa
Mulumba
(s.a.)
UDPS
(3rd time)
9 Apr 1997 - 16 May 1997
Likulia
Bolongo
(b. 1939)
Non-party
16 May 1997 - 30 Dec
2006 Post abolished
Prime ministers
30 Dec 2006 - 10 Oct 2008
Antoine
Gizenga
(s.a.)
PALU
10 Oct 2008 - 6 Mar 2012 Adolphe
Muzito
(b. 1957)
PALU
6 Mar 2012 - 18 Apr 2012
Louis Koyagialo (acting)
(b. 1947 - d. 2014) PPRD
18 Apr 2012 - 20 Dec 2016 Augustin Matata
Ponyo Mapon
(b. 1964)
PPRD
20 Dec 2016 - 18 May 2017 Samy Badibanga Ntita
(b. 1962)
IPDD
18 May 2017 - 7 Sep 2019
Bruno Tshibala
Nzenze
(b. 1956) UDPS
7 Sep 2019 - 27 Apr 2021 Sylvestre
Ilunga Ilunkamba
(b.
1947)
PPRD
27 Apr 2021 - 12 Jun 2024
Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde Kyenge (b.
1977)
ACO
12 Jun 2024
-
Judith Suminwa Tuluka
(f)
(b. 1967)
UPDS
U.N. Operations in
the Congo
Officers-in-charge (to
25 May 1961, Special
Representatives of the
Secretary-General)
of the United Nations
Operation in the Congo (ONUC)
13 Jul 1960 - 27 Aug 1960 Ralph Johnson
Bunche (U.S.)
(b. 1904 - d. 1971)
27 Aug 1960 - 6 Sep 1960 Andrew
Wellington Cordier (U.S.) (b. 1901 - d.
1975)
8 Sep 1960 - 25 May 1961 Rajeshwar
Dayal (India)
(b. 1909 - d. 1999)
3 Nov 1960 - 23 Nov 1960 Indar Jit
Rikhye (India) (b.
1920 - d. 2007)
(acting for Daya)
10 Mar 1961 - 20 May 1961 Mekki Abbas (The
Sudan)
(b. 1911 - d. 1979)
(acting for Daya)
20 May 1961 - 10 Feb 1962 Carl Sture
Linnér (Sweden)
(b. 1917 - d. 2010)
10 Feb 1962 - 1 May 1963
Robert Kweku Atta Gardiner (Ghana) (b. 1914 - d. 1994)
1 May 1963 - 30 Apr 1964
Max H. Dorsinville (Haiti)
(b. 1910 - d. 2005)
30 Apr 1964 - 30 Jun 1964 Bibiano
Fernández Osorio-Tafall (b. 1902 -
d. 1990)
(Mexico)
Secretary General's Special
Envoy for the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Peace Process
5
Apr 1999 - 11 Dec 1999 Moustapha Niasse
(Senegal) (b. 1939)
Special Representatives of the
Secretary-General and Chiefs of Mission of
the United Nations Mission in the Democratic
Republic of Congo (MONUC)
11 Dec 1999 - Aug 2001 Kamel Morjane
(Tunisia) (b.
1948)
Sep 2001 - 1 Jul 2003 Amos
Namanga Ngongi (Cameroon) (b.
1945)
1 Jul 2003 - 9 Jan 2008 William Lacy
Swing (U.S.) (b.
1934 - d. 2021)
9 Jan 2008 - 30 Jun 2010 Alan Claude Doss
(U.K.) (b.
1945)
Special Representatives of
the Secretary-General and Heads of the United
Nations
Stabilization Mission in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)
17 Jul 2010 - 26 Jun 2013
Roger Allen Meece
(U.S.)
(b. 1949)
27 Jun 2013 - 13 Aug 2013 Moustapha Soumaré
(Mali)(acting) (b. 1952)
13 Aug 2013 - 31 Oct 2015 Martin Kobler
(Germany)
(b. 1953)
31 Oct 2015 - 16 Nov 2015 David Gressly
(U.S.)(acting) (b.
1956)
16 Nov 2015 - Jan 2018 Maman Sambo
Sidikou (Niger) (b. 1949)
11 Feb 2018 - Feb 2021 Leila
Zerrougui (f) (Algeria) (b. 1956)
Feb 2021
-
Bintou Keita
(f)(Guinea)
(b. 1958)
Force Commanders of the United
Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC)
Aug 1960 - Dec
1960 Carl
Carlsson von Horn (Sweden) (b. 1903 - d.
1989)
Jan 1961 - Mar 1962 Seán
MacEoin (Ireland)
(b. 1893 - d. 1973)
Apr 1962 - Jul 1963
Kebede Gebre (Ethiopia)
(d. 1974)
Aug 1963 - Dec 1963
Christian Roy Kaldager (Norway)
(b. 1908 - d. 2005)
Jan 1964 - Jun
1964 Johnson
Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi- (b. 1924 - d. 1966)
Ironsi (Nigeria)
Force Commanders UN Mission
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)
(from 1 Jul 2010, UN Stabilization Mission in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo [MONUSCO])
1 Mar 2000 - 1 Jan
2004 Mountaga Diallo (Senegal)
(b. 1942 - d. 2017)
1 Jan 2004 - 28 Feb 2005
Samaila Iliya
(Nigeria)
(b. 1952)
4 Apr 2005 - Oct 2008
Babacar Gaye (1st time)(Senegal) (b.
1951)
Oct 2008 - Nov 2008
Vicente Díaz de Villegas (Spain) (b. 1948)
Nov 2008 - 9 Jul 2010
Babacar Gaye (2nd time)(Senegal) (s.a.)
9 Jul 2010 - 31 Mar 2013 Chander
Prakash Wadhwa (India) (b. 1953)
4 Jun 2013 - 2 Dec 2015 Carlos Alberto
dos Santos Cruz (b. 1952)
(Brazil)
29 Dec 2015 - 31 Jan 2018 Derrick Mbuyiselo Mgwebi
(b. 1956)
(South Africa)
31 Jan 2018 - 14 May 2018 Bernard Commins
(France)(acting)
14 May 2018 - 31 Oct 2019 Elias Rodrigues Martins
Filho (b. 1960)
(Brazil)
31 Oct 2019 - 28 Jan 2020 Thierry Lion
(France)(1st time) (b. 1960)
(acting)
28 Jan 2020 - 2 Apr 2021 Ricardo Augusto
Ferreira Costa (b. 1963)
Neves (Brazil)
2 Apr 2021 - 28 May 2021 Thierry Lion
(France)(2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
28 May 2021 - 28 Feb 2023 Marcos de Sá Affonso da
Costa
(Brazil)
28 Feb 2023
-
Otávio Rodrigues de Miranda Filho
(Brazil)
East Africa Community Force in eastern Congo
Commander of the East Africa Community
Regional Force (EACRF)(in Goma)
16 Nov 2022 - 27 Apr 2023 Jeff Nyagah (Kenya)
¹Style of the ruler 29
May 1885 - 15 Nov 1908: Souverain de l'État
Indépendant du Congo ("Sovereign of the
Independent State of the Congo"). Normally
as part of the executive formula: Léopold II, Roi
de Belges, Souverain de l'État Indépendant du Congo
("Léopold II, King of the
Belgians, Sovereign of the Independent
State of the Congo"); also in official use as
a term of reference to the holder of the office: Roi-Souverain.
²President Kasa-Vubu dismissed Prime
Minister Lumumba on 5 Sep 1960 and appointed Iléo in his
place, but this was not recognized by parliament and
Lumumba continued as prime minister of a rival
government until 14 Sep 1960.
3Regarding
the
appointment of Birindwa as illegal, Tshisekedi continued
as prime minister of a rival government into 1994.
Tshisekedi had already been effectively suspended on 11
Dec 1992, when President Mobutu named Nicolas Zushi
Mupiemina as chairman of a Board of Secretaries-General
to take over coordination of the government.
Territorial Disputes: Heads of the
Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate
tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region,
including northeast Congo, where the UN Organization
Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC),
organized in 1999, maintains over 16,500 uniformed
peacekeepers; members of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army
forces continue to seek refuge in Congo's Garamba
National Park as peace talks with the Uganda government
evolve; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo
River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite
except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area; Uganda and
DRC dispute Rukwanzi Island in Lake Albert and other
areas on the Semliki River with hydrocarbon potential;
boundary commission continues discussions over
Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right
bank of the Lunkinda River claimed by Zambia near the
DRC village of Pweto; DRC accuses Angola of shifting
monuments.
Party abbreviations: ACO = Avenir du Congo
(Future of Congo, liberal, est.28 Nov 2009); IPDD =
Initiative Panafricaine pour la Défense de la
Démocratie (Pan-African Initiative for the Defense of
Democracy, christian-democratic, est.9 Jan 2015);
PALU = Parti Lumumbiste
Unifié (Unified Lumumbist Party, socialist, nationalist,
est.22 Aug 1964); PPRD = Parti
du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la Démocratie
(People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy, social
democratic, center-left, pro-Joseph Kabila, est.31 Mar
2002); UDPS = Union pour la
Démocratie et le Progrès Social (Democratic
Union for the Social Progress, social-democratic, est.15
Feb 1982); UFERI = Union des
Fédéralistes et des Républicains Indépendants (Union of
Independent Federalists and Republicans, liberal,
populist, est.Aug 1990); Mil =
Military;
- Former parties (parties
banned 23 Dec 1970 - 25 Nov 1990, 25 May
1997-17 May 2001):
ABAKO = Association des Bakongo
pour l'Unification, la Conservation et l'Cxpansion de la
Langue Kikongo (Bakongo Association for the
Unification, Conservation and Expansion of the Kikongo
Language, conservative, federalist, ethnic Kongo
dominated, 1951-1965); AFDL =
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du
Congo (Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation
of Congo, anti-Mobutu coalition of Tutsi, Rwandan,
Ugandan, Burundian, and selected Congolese dissidents
and disgruntled minority groups, only legal party 25
May 1997-17 May 2001, L. Kablia
personalist, Oct 1996-2002); BALUBAKAT =
Association des Baluba du Katanga (Association of Baluba
of Katanga, ethnic Luba of Katanga and Kasai,
1957-1965); CONAKAT
= Confédération des Associations Tribales
du Katanga (Confederation of Tribal
Associations of Katanga, Katangan
autonomist, mainly ethnic Lunda, 11 Oct 1958-1963);
MNC-L = Mouvement National
Congolais-Lumumba (National Congolese Movement-Lumumba
faction, left-wing, nationalist, Oct 1958-1966); MNC-K
= Mouvement National Congolais-Kalonji (National
Congolese Movement-Kalonji faction,
Albert Kalonji personalist, ethnic Luba, moderate, split
from MNC, 1959-1962); MPR
= Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution (Popular Movement
of the Revolution, Zairian nationalist,
Mobutism, Mobutu Sese Seko personalist,
anti-Communist, cultural conservative, 20 May 1967-16
May 1997, only legal party 23 Dec 1970 - 24 Apr 1990);
RDR = Rassemblement Démocratique
pour la République (Democratic Rally for the
Republic); UNIMO = Union des
Mongo (Union of Mongo, Mongo ethnic, 1960-1965)
Rebel government
(People's Republic of Congo)
(at Stanleyville; from Nov 1964 in exile)
7 Sep 1964 - Dec 1965
People's Republic of the Congo (République Populaire
du Congo)
proclaimed at Stanleyvile in eastern
provinces.
Head of the Provisional Government
21 Jul 1964 - 7 Sep 1964 Gaston
Émile Soumialot Ete Tambwe (b. 1922 - d.
2007) CNL
President
of the People's Republic of the Congo
7 Sep 1964 - 27 May 1965 Christophe
Gbenye
(b. 1927 - d. 2015) MNC-L
President of the Supreme Council of the
Congolese Revolution
27 May 1965 - 6 Aug 1965 Gaston
Émile Soumialot Ete Tambwe
(s.a.)
CNL
Chairman of the Revolutionary Government
27 May 1965 - 5 Aug 1965 Christophe
Gbenye
(s.a.)
MNC-L
Chairmen of the Executive Council
6 Aug 1965
- 8 Dec 1965 Abdoulaye Yerodia
Ndombasi
(b. 1933 - d. 2019) CNL
(Singama
Luvila)
Party abbreviations: CNL = Conseil
National de Libération (National Liberation Council,
leftist, nationalist, 1963-1965); MNC-L
= Mouvement National
Congolais-Lumumba (Congolese National Movement-Lumumba
faction, left-wing, nationalist, 1959-1965)
Rebel
governments: 1998-2003
-
- Aug 1998 - 8 Apr 2003
-
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Map of Rebel Held Congo
Territory 2001
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Headquarters: Goma
to 1999, Kisangani 1999,
then Bunia, later Isiro (RCD-K/ML); Goma
(RCD-G); Kisangani to 2000,
then Gbadolite
(MLC)
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2 Aug
1998
Second Congo War begins in Goma as a rebellion against
the Congo
government of Laurent Kabila,
aided by Rwanda and Uganda.
23 Aug 1998
Rebels and Rwandans seize
Kisangani.
Sep
1998
Rebels and Rwandans seize Kitona, and move on
Kinshasa. Zimbabwe
and Angola intervene to save Kabila from
being overthrown, and
beat back the rebels and their allies
from the capital city.
18 Apr
1999
Cease-fire accord in Sirte, Libya by Uganda
and Congo. RCD and
Rwanda refuse to be bound by the
agreement.
16 May
1999
RCD rebel movement is split into two factions RCD-Kisangani
and
RCD-Goma.
10 Jul 1999
Lusaka Agreement signed by Angola,
Congo (Kinshasa), Namibia,
Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe and
later MLC (1 Aug 1999)
and RCD-G (31 Aug 1999), it fails to stop
the war.
5 Nov
1999
Security Council established the United Nations
Mission in the
Democratic Republic of Congo
(MONUC)(deployed in 2000).
16 Jan 2001
Congo President Laurent Kabila
assassinated, his son Joseph
Kabila succeeds him.
17 Jan
2002
Mount Nyiragongo volcano erupts devastating large
swathes of Goma.
25 Apr
2002
RCD-ML signs peace agreement with Congo government
which is
not
supported by RCD-G.
10 Jun
2000
RCD-G takes control of Kisangani, supported by Ugandan
and
Rwandan troops.
6 Sep
2002
Luanda Agreement signed by Uganda and Congo.
Oct 2002
Rwanda forces
withdraw from eastern Congo.
12 Dec
2002
Pretoria Accord is signed by the Congo government,
RCD, MLC,
RCD-K-ML and RCD-N confirming a transitional
government and
demobilization. By the end of 2002,
Zimbabwe, Namibia, and
Angola withdraw from the Congo.
31 Dec
2002
Gbadolite Agreement signed by MLC, RCD-ML and
RCD-N.
2 Apr
2003
Final Act of
Pretoria Accord signed in Sun City
formally ending
the civil war. Ugandan forces withdraw
in May 2003.
Presidents
(Coordinators) of the Congolese Rally for Democracy
- in
Goma to 5 Apr 1999; in Kisangani 5 Apr - 1 Oct 1999;
then Bunia, later Isiro)
12 Aug
1998 - 2 Apr 2003 Ernest Wamba dia
Wamba
(b. 1942 - d. 2020) RCD; May 1999
(in dissidence to RCD-G
from 16 May 1999)
RCD-K;1999 RCD-ML
3 Nov 2000 - 2 Apr 2003
Antipas Mbusa
Nyamwisi
(b. 1959)
RCD-K-ML
(in dissidence to RCD-ML,
in Beni)
- in Goma -
16 May
1999 - 28 Oct 2000 Émile Ilunga Kalambo
(b. 1941)
RCD-G
28 Oct 2000 - 2 Apr 2003 Adolphe
Onusumba
Yemba
(b. 1965)
RCD-G
President and Commander-in-chief of the Movement
for the Liberation of the Congo
- in Kisangani to Jun 2000, then in
Gbadolite -
16 May 1999 - 2 Apr 2003
Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo
(b.
1962)
MLC
Party abbreviations: MLC
= Mouvement pour la Libération du
Congo (Movement for the Liberation of Congo,
anti-Kabila, Jean-Pierre Bemba
faction, Ugandan backed, est.Nov 1998);
RCD = Rassemblement
Congolais pour la Démocratie (Congolese Rally for
Democracy, Rwandan backed, split into RCD-G
and RCD-K, 12 Aug 1998-May 1999); RCD-G
= Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie -
Goma (Congolese Rally for Democracy-Goma,
anti-Kabila, backed by Rwanda; est.May 1999); RCD-K
= Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie - Kisangani
(Congolese Rally for Democracy -
Kisangani, anti-Kabila, est. by Ernest
Wamba dia Wamba, est.May 1999);
RCD-K-ML = Rassemblement
Congolais pour la Démocratie - Kisangani - Mouvement
de Libération (Congolese Rally for
Democracy-Kisangani- Movement
of Liberation, split from RCD-K by
Mbusa Nyamwisi, controlling Beni area,
1999-2003, renamed Forces
du Renouveau); RCD-ML
= Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie-Mouvement
de Libération (Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation
Movement, Ugandan backed, est.Sep
1999); RDC-N
= Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie -
National (Congolese Rally for Democracy -
RCD-ML splinter faction under Roger Lumbala,
supported MLC, controlling Isrio area, est.Oct 2000)
Arab Military Territory
c.1870
Zanzibar Arab traders establish their trading posts (in
the course
of the following years - through a network of
fortified
trading posts and alliances with local leaders - they
succeed
in imposing their power in large parts of eastern
Congo).
1884 -
1887
"Tippo Tip" claims the Eastern Congo for himself and for
the
Sultan of Zanzibar.
24 Feb
1887
"Tippo Tip" recognized as wali (governor)
of the eastern Stanley
Falls district (district des Stanley-Falls) of
the Congo Free
State.
Mar
1892
Belgian authorities begin the conquest of the region,
temporary
creation of the Arab Military Territory (Territoire
militaire
arabe).
Jan
1894
Belgian conquest completed, area is fully incorporated
into
the Belgian Congo.
Wali (governors)¹
24 Feb 1887 - 6 Apr 1892 Hamed bin
Mohammed "Tippo-Tip" (b. 1837 -
d. 1905)
(overlord² of the Arab community from
1874)
6 Apr 1892 - 20 Oct 1893 Sefu bin
Hamid
(b. 1860 - d. 1893)
Congo Free State Residents in Stanley Falls (with
"Tippo-Tip")
1887 - Sep
1889
Louis Albert Marie Joseph Haneuse (b. 1853 - d.
1938)
1889
Oscar
Bodson (acting)
(b. 1856 - d. 1891)
1889
Lucien
Bia
(acting)
(b. 1852 - d. 1892)
1889
Dragutin
Lerman
(b. 1863 - d. 1918)
1889 - 1893
Nicholas Isidore Tobback
(b. 1859 - d. 1905)
Congo Free State Residents in
Kasongo (with Sefu)
1889 - 1890
Philippe Maurice Gustave Le
(b. 1860 - d. 1907)
Clément de Saint-Marcq
1890 -
1892
Joseph François Lippens
(b. 1855 - d. 1892)
Congo Free State Commander of the Arab
Military Territory
Mar 1892 - Jan
1894 Francis
Ernest Joseph Marie
(b. 1862 - d. 1909)
Dhanis
¹the
term
"Arab" was used by Belgian colonial historiography to
designate these eastern communities, but this is not
fully correct, although there were some Arabs among
their members -and even some Indians -most were of East
African Swahili origin.
The most
important vassals of "Tippo-Tip" in c.1892 were: Bwana
N'Zige ("brother" of "Tippo-Tip") in Kabambare, Ngongo
Lutete in Ngandu (b. 1860 - d. 1892), Kibonga-Longo ain
Mawambe, Kibonge in Kirundu, Mohammed bin Khalfan bin
Khamis "Rumaliza" in Ujiji (b. c.1855 - d. af.1894),
Mserera in Riba-Riba, Munia Muhara in Nyangwe, Sefu
("son" of Tippo-Tip) in Kasongo (s.a.).
²although "Tippo-Tip" sometimes
recognized the authority of Zanzibar - using the flag
of
the Sultanate - he acted mostly independently.
© Ben Cahoon
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