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Organizations: New Development Bank (NDB) - Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) - Nordic Council (Norden) - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - NATO Parliamentary Assembly - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) - Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) - Organization of American States (OAS) - Organization of Central American States (ODECA) - Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) - Pacific Community - Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) - Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM) - Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) - Red Cross and Red Crescent - Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) - Southern African Development Community (SADC) - Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) - Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) - Union State - United Nations (UN) - United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) - United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) - United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) - Universal Postal Union (UPU) - Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) - Warsaw Treaty Organization - Western European Union (WEU) - World Bank (IBRD) - World Customs Organization (WCO) - World Food Programme (WFP) - World Health Organization (WHO)  - World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) - World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - Word Tourism Organization (UN Tourism) - World Trade Organization (WTO) -


New Development Bank (NDB)

[New Development Bank
                      (NDB)]

NDB website
Headquarters: Shanghai
(China)

 3 Jul 2015                New Development Bank (NDB)(formerly referred to as the "BRICS
                             Development Bank") established.
Feb 2016                   NDB becomes operational.

Presidents
21 Jul 2015 - 
7 Jul 2020  Kundapur Vaman Kamath (India)   (b. 1947)
 7 Jul 2020 - 24 Mar 2023  Marcos Prado Troyjo (Brazil)    (b. 1966)
24 Mar 2023 -              Dilma Vana Rousseff (f)(Brazil) (b. 1947)

NDB membership (8)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 3 Jul 2015 Brazil, China, India, Russia, South Africa
16 Sep 2021
Bangladesh
 4 Oct 2021
United Arab Emirates
20 Feb 2023
Egypt


Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
 
NAM website
Coordinating Bureau:
United Nations H.Q.
(New York City, U.S);
NAM CSSTC
: Jakarta

(Indonesia)

 1 Sep 1961                Non-Aligned Movement founded as the Summit Conference of Heads of
                             State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement.
20 Oct 1995                Center for South-South Technical Cooperation (CSSTC)
                             established in
Indonesia.

Chairmen of the Non-Aligned Movement
 1 Sep 1961 - 10 Oct 1964  Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)    (b. 1892 - d. 1980) 
10 Oct 1964 - 10 Sep 1970  Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)      (b. 1918 - d. 1970) 
10 Sep 1970 -  9 Sep 1973  Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia)         (b. 1924 - d. 2021)
 
9 Sep 1973 - 19 Aug 1976  Houari Boumedienne (Algeria)    (b. 1932 - d. 1978) 
19 Aug 1976 - 23 Jul 1977  Sirimavo Bandaranaike (f)       (b. 1916 - d. 2000)
                            
(Sri Lanka)
23 Jul 1977 -  6 Feb 1978  Junius Richard Jayawardene      (b. 1906 - d. 1996)
                             (Sri Lanka)
 6 Feb 1978 -  9 Sep 1979  Ranasinghe Premadasa            (b. 1924 - d. 1993)
                             (Sri Lanka) 
 
9
Sep 1979 - 12 Mar 1983  Fidel Castro (Cuba)(1st time)   (b. 1926 - d. 2016) 
12
Mar 1983 - 31 Oct 1984  Indira Gandhi (f) (India)       (b. 1917 - d. 1984)
31 Oct 1984 -  6 Sep 1986  Rajiv Gandhi (India)            (b. 1944 - d. 1991)
 
6 Sep 1986 -  7 Sep 1989  Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe)        (b. 1924 - d. 2019) 
 
7 Sep 1989 - 15 May 1990  Janez Drnovšek (Yugoslavia)     (b. 1950 - d. 2008) 
16 May 1990 - 15 May 1991  Borisav Jović (Yugoslavia)      (b. 1928 - d. 2021) 
16 May 1991 -  1 Jul 1991  Sejdo Bajramović (Yugoslavia)   (b. 1927 - d. 1994)
 1 Jul 1991 -  5 Dec 1991  Stjepan "Stipe" Mesi
ć           (b. 1934)
                             (Yugoslavia) 
 
5 Dec 1991 - 15 Jun 1992  Branko Kostić (Yugoslavia)      (b. 1939 - d. 2020) 
15 Jun 1992 -  6 Sep 1992  Dobrica Ćosić (Yugoslavia)      (b. 1921 - d. 2014) 
 
6 Sep 1992 - 20 Oct 1995  Suharto (Indonesia)             (b. 1921 - d. 2008)
20 Oct 1995 -  7 Aug 1998  Ernesto Samper Pizano (Colombia)(b. 1950) 
 7 Aug 1998 -  3 Sep 1998  Andrés Pastrana Arango          (b. 1954)
                             (Colombia)
 
3 Sep 1998 - 16 Jun 1999  Nelson Mandela (South Africa)   (b. 1918 - d. 2013)
16 Jun 1999 - 25 Feb 2003  Thabo Mbeki (South Africa)      (b. 1942)
25 Feb 2003 - 31 Oct 2003  Datuk Seri Mahathir bin Mohamad (b. 1925)
                             (Malaysia)
31 Oct 2003 - 16 Sep 2006  Datuk Abdullah Ahmad Badawi     (b. 1939 - d. 2025)
                             (Malaysia)
16 Sep 2006 - 24 Feb 2008  Fidel Castro (Cuba)(2nd time)   (s.a.)
24 Feb 2008 - 16 Jul 2009  Raúl Castro (Cuba)              (b. 1931)
16 Jul 2009 - 
11 Feb 2011  Hosni Mubarak (Egypt)           (b. 1928 - d. 2020)
11 Feb 2011 - 30 Jun 2012  Muhammad Hussein Tantawi (Egypt)(b. 1931 - d. 2021)
30 Jun 2012 - 31 Aug 2012  Muhammad Morsi (Egypt)          (b. 1951 - d. 2019) 
31 Aug 2012 -  3 Aug 2013 
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Iran)      (b. 1956)
 3 Aug 2013 - 18 Sep 2016  Hassan Rouhani (Iran)           (b. 1948)
18 Sep 2016 -
25 Oct 2019  Nicolás Maduro (Venezuela)      (b. 1962)
25 Oct 2019 -
17 Jan 2024  Ilham Aliyev (Azerbaijan)       (b. 1961)
17 Jan 2024 -              Yoweri Museveni (Uganda)        (b. 1944) 

NAM membership (121)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 1 Sep 1961
Afghanistan, Algeria, Burma1, Cambodia, Ceylon2, Congo (Kinshasa)3, Cuba, Cyprus4, Egypt5, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Mali, Morocco, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, The Sudan, Tunisia, Yemen (Sana)6, Yugoslavia7
 5 Oct 1964
Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey8, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Tanganyika9, Togo, Uganda, Zambia
 8 Sep 1970
Botswana, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guyana, Jamaica, Lesotho, Malaysia, Rwanda, Singapore, Swaziland10, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, Yemen (Aden)6
 5 Sep 1973
Argentina11, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Chile, The Gambia, Ivory Coast12, Madagascar13, Malta14, Mauritius, Niger, Oman, Peru, Qatar, South Vietnam15, Upper Volta16
15 Aug 1976
Belize17, Cape Verde18, Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Maldives, Mozambique, North Korea, Palestine, Panama, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Vietnam
 3 Sep 1979
Bolivia, Grenada, Iran, Namibia19, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Zimbabwe
 7 Mar 1983
The Bahamas, Barbados, Colombia, Djibouti, Ecuador, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Vanuatu
 4 Sep 1989
Venezuela
 2 Sep 1991
Mongolia
 1 Sep 1992
Brunei Darussalam, Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Uzbekistan
 4 Oct 1993
Eritrea, Honduras, Thailand
31 May 1994
South Africa
18 Oct 1995
Turkmenistan
 2 Sep 1998
Belarus
 8 Apr 2000
Dominican Republic
20 Feb 2003
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Timor-Leste
29 May 2006
Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica
16 Sep 2006
Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis
25 May 2011
Azerbaijan, Fiji
17 Jan 2024
South Sudan
1from 1989 Myanmar. 2from 1972 Sri Lanka. 3Congo (Léopoldville) to 1966; 1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 4Cyprus ceased to be a member 1 May 2004. 51958 - 1961 Syria part of the United Arab Republic, union of Egypt and Syria; in 1961 Syria left the union. 6Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990 as Yemen. 7Yugoslavia suspended from 30 Sep 1992; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro, dissolved 5 Jun 2006. 8from 1975 Benin. 9United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 10from 2018 Eswatini. 11Argentina withdrew 19 Sep 1991. 12from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 13to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic. 14Malta ceased to be a member 1 May 2004. 15Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam was represented by National Liberation Front (NLF), from 30 Apr 1975 Republic of South Vietnam; from 2 Jul 1976 united with North Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 16from 1984 Burkina Faso. 17Belize a special member to 25 Sep 1981. 18from 2013 Cabo Verde. 19Namibia was represented by South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) 3 Sep 1979 - 21 Mar 1990 (this not recognized by South Africa).


Nordic Council (Norden)

[former Nordic
                          Council flag, 1984-2004]
Nov 1984 - 2004
[Former Flag of
                          Nordic Council, 2004-2016]
2004 - 1 Nov 2016
[Flag of Nordic
                          Council]
Adopted 1 Nov 2016
Nordic Council website
Headquarters: Copenhagen (Denmark)

12 Feb 1953                Nordic Council (Norden) inaugurated.
 1 Jul 1962                "Treaty of Nordic Cooperation of Helsinki"
                             (23 Mar 1962 signed) in force.
Jul 1971                   Secretariat inaugurated.

Secretaries-general
Jul 1971 - Jun 1973        Emil Kristian Vindsetmo (Norway)   (b. 1916 - d. 1983)
Dec 1973 - Aug 1977        Helge Seip (Norway)                (b. 1919 - d. 2004)
Aug 1977 - Aug 1982        Gudmund Saxrud (Norway)            (b. 1920 - d. 2003)
Sep 1982 - Jan 1987        Ilkka-Christian Björklund          (b. 1947)
                             (Finland)
Feb 1987 - 31 Aug 1989     Cay Gerhard af Schultén (Finland)  (b. 1938)
 1 Sep 1989 - 31 Aug 1994  Jostein Osnes (Norway)             (b. 1942)
                             (interim to 1 Jan 1990)
 1 Sep 1994 - 31 Jul 1996  Anders Wenström (Sweden)           (b. 1946)
 1 Aug 1996 - 31 Aug 1999  Berglind Ásgeirsdóttir (f)         (b. 1955)
                             (Iceland)
 1 Sep 1999 - 31 Jul 2007  Frida Nokken (f) (Norway)          (b. 1948)
 1 Aug 2007 - 31 Dec 2013  Jan-Erik Enestam (Finland)         (b. 1947)
 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Jan 2021  Britt Bohlin Olsson (f)(Sweden)    (b. 1956)
 1 Feb 2021 -              Kristina Háfoss (f)(Faroe Islands) (b. 1975)

Presidents
12 Feb 1953 - 31 Dec 1953  Hans Hedtoft (Denmark)             (b. 1903 - d. 1955)
 1 Jan 1954 - 31 Dec 1954  Einar Henry Gerhardsen (Norway)    (b. 1897 - d. 1987)
 1 Jan 1955 - 31 Dec 1955  Nils Herlitz (Sweden)              (b. 1888 - d. 1978)
 1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956  Erik Eriksen (Denmark) (1st time)  (b. 1902 - d. 1972)
 1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957  Lennart Heljas (Finland)           (b. 1896 - d. 1972)
 1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1958  Nils Hønsvald (Norway) (1st time)  (b. 1899 - d. 1971)
 1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959  Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) (1st time)   (b. 1899 - d. 1979)
 1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960  Gísli Jónsson (Iceland)            (b. 1889 - d. 1970)
 1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961  Erik Eriksen (Denmark) (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962  Karl August Fagerholm (Finland)    (b. 1901 - d. 1984)
 1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963  Nils Hønsvald (Norway) (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1964  Bertil Ohlin (Sweden) (2nd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1965  Sigurdur Bjarnason (Iceland)       (b. 1915 - d. 2012)
 1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966  Harald Nielsen (Denmark)           (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
 1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967  Eino Armas Sirén (Finland)         (b. 1909 - d. 1981)
 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968  Svenn Thorkild Stray (Norway)      (b. 1922 - d. 2012)
 1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969  Leif Cassel (Sweden)               (b. 1906 - d. 1988)
 1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970  Matthías Árnason Mathiesen      
  (b. 1931 - d. 2011)
                             (1st time) (Iceland)                 
 1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971  Jens Otto Krag (Denmark)           (b. 1914 - d. 1978)
 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972  Vieno Johannes Sukselainen
         (b. 1906 - d. 1995)
                             (Finland) (1st time)   
 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973  Kåre Isaachsen Willoch (Norway)    (b. 1928 - d. 2021)
 1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974  Johannes Antonsson (Sweden)        (b. 1921 - d. 1995)
 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1975  Ragnhildur Helgadóttir (f)
         (b. 1930 - d. 2016)
                             (Iceland)               
 1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1976  Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 2024)
 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977  Vieno Johannes Sukselainen
         (s.a.)
                             (Finland) (2nd time)   
 1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1978  Trygve Bratteli (Norway)           (b. 1910 - d. 1984)
 1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1979  Olof Palme (Sweden)                (b. 1927 - d. 1986)
 1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1980  Matthías Árnason Mathiesen         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (Iceland)
 1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981  Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982  Elsi Hetemäki-Olander (f)(1st time)(b. 1927 - d. 2023)
                             (Finland)
 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983  Jo Benkow (Norway)                 (b. 1924 - d. 2013)
 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1984  Karin Söder (f) (Sweden)(1st time)
(b. 1928 - d. 2015)
 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1985  Páll Pétursson (Iceland)(1st time)
(b. 1937 - d. 2020)
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986  Anker Jørgensen (Denmark)(1st time)(b. 1922 - d. 2016)
 1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1987  Elsi Hetemäki-Olander (f)          (s.a.)
                             (Finland)
(2nd time)
 1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1988  Jan Peder Syse (Norway) (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 1997)
 1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1989  Karin Söder (f) (Sweden)(2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990  Páll Pétursson (Iceland)(2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991  Anker Jørgensen (Denmark)(2nd time)(s.a.)
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Ilkka Olavi Suominen (Finland)     (b. 1939 - d. 2022)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Jan Peder Syse (Norway) (2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1994 -  1 Oct 1994  Sten Andersson (Sweden)            (b. 1923 - d. 2006)
 1 Oct 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Per Olof Håkansson (Sweden)        (b. 1941 - d. 2000)
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  Geir Hilmar Haarde (Iceland)       (b. 1951)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Knud Enggaard (Denmark) (3rd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Olof Salmén (Finland)              (b. 1927 - d. 2011)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Berit Brørby Larsen (f) (Norway)   (b. 1950)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Gun Hellsvik (f) (Sweden)          (b. 1942 - d. 2016)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Sigrídur Anna Thórdardóttir (f)
    (b. 1946)
                             (Iceland)                   
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Svend Erik Hovmand (Denmark)       (b. 1945)
 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Outi Ojala (f)(Finland)            (b. 1946 - d. 2017)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Inge Lønning (Norway)              (b. 1938 - d. 2013)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Lars Gabriel Romanus (Sweden)      (b. 1939)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Rannveig Gudmundsdóttir (f)
        (b. 1940)
                             (Iceland)               
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Ole Stavad (Denmark)               (b. 1949)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Dagfinn Høybråten (Norway)         (b. 1957)
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Erkki Tuomioja (Finland)           (b. 1946)
                             (1st time)  
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Sinikka Bohlin (f)(Sweden)         (b. 1947)
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  
Helgi Hjörvar (Iceland)            (b. 1967)
 1 Jan 2011 - 21 Oct 2011  Henrik Dam Kristensen (Denmark)    (b. 1957)

                             (1st time) 
21 Oct 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Bertel Haarder
(Denmark)(1st time) (b. 1944)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Kimmo Sasi (Finland)               (b. 1952 - d. 2025)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Marit Nybakk (f)(Norway)           (b. 1947)
 1 Jan 2014 - 30 Sep 2014  Karin Åström (f) (Sweden)          (b. 1953)
22 Oct 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Hans Wallmark (Sweden)(1st time)   (b. 1965)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  Höskuldur Thórhallsson (Iceland)   (b. 1973)
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016  Henrik Dam Kristensen (Denmark)    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Britt Lundberg (f) (Finland)       (b. 1963)
 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018  Michael Tetzschner (Norway)        (b. 1954)
 1 Jan 2019 - 26 Jun 2019  Jessica Polfjärd (f)(Sweden)       (b. 1971)
26 Jun 2019 - 31 Dec 2019  Hans Wallmark (Sweden)(2nd time)   (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020  Silja Dögg Gunnarsdóttir (f)       (b. 1973)
                             (Iceland)
 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021  Bertel Haarder (Denmark)(2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Erkki Tuomioja (Finland)           (s.a.)

                             (2nd time)
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Jorodd Asphjell (Norway)           (b. 1960)
 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024  Bryndís Haraldsdóttir (f)          (b. 1976)
                             (Iceland) 
 1 Jan 2025 -              Heléne Björklund (f) (Sweden)      (b. 1972)                 

Nordic Council Membership (5)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
12 Feb 1953 Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
27 Jan 1956 Finland

Date of 
Participation
Member Territories (3)
 1 Jan 1970 Aland Islands, Faroe Islands
15 Jul 1983 Greenland



North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 

[Flag of North
                          Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)]
Adopted 14 Oct 1953

NATO website
North Atlantic Treaty
(4 Apr 1949)
Hear Anthem
"NATO Hymn"
Headquarters: Brussels
(Belgium)

 4 Apr 1949                "The North Atlantic Treaty" is signed in Washington, D.C.
24 Aug 1949                North Atlantic Treaty Organization established.
11 Jan 1994                Partnership for Peace (PFP) with former Soviet states 
                             and Eastern European nations created.

Secretaries-general
 4 Apr 1952 - 16 May 1957  Hastings Ismay, Baron Ismay (U.K.) (b. 1887 - d. 1965)
16 May 1957 -  4 Mar 1961  Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (Belgium) (b. 1899 - d. 1972)
 4 Mar 1961 - 21 Apr 1961  Alberico Casardi (Italy)(acting)   (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
21 Apr 1961 -  1 Aug 1964  Dirk Uipko Stikker                 (b. 1897 - d. 1979)
                            
(The Netherlands)
 1 Aug 1964 -  1 Oct 1971  Manlio Brosio (Italy)              (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
 1 Oct 1971 - 25 Jun 1984  Joseph Marie Antoine Hubert Luns   (b. 1911 - d. 2002)
                             (The Netherlands)
25 Jun 1984 -  1 Jul 1988  Peter Alexander Rupert Carington,  (b. 1919 - d. 2018)
                             Baron Carrington of Upton (U.K.) 
 1 Jul 1988 - 13 Aug 1994  Manfred Wörner (Germany)           (b. 1934 - d. 1994)
13 Aug 1994 - 17 Oct 1994  Sergio Balanzino (Italy) (1st time)(b. 1934 - d. 2018) 
                             (acting)
17 Oct 1994 - 20 Oct 1995  Willem "Willy" Werner Hubert Claes (b. 1938)
                            
(Belgium) 
20 Oct 1995 -  5 Dec 1995  Sergio Balanzino (Italy) (2nd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting)
 5 Dec 1995 -  6 Oct 1999  Javier Solana Madariaga (Spain)    (b. 1942)
14 Oct 1999 - 17 Dec 2003  George Islay Macneill Robertson,   (b. 1946)
                             Baron Robertson of Port Ellen (U.K.) 
17 Dec 2003 -  5 Jan 2004  Alessandro Minuto Rizzo (Italy)    (b. 1940)
                             (acting)
 5 Jan 2004 -  1 Aug 2009  Jakob "Jaap" Gijsbert de Hoop      (b. 1948)
                             Scheffer (The Netherlands)
 1 Aug 2009 -  1 Oct 2014  Anders Fogh Rasmussen (Denmark)    (b. 1953)
 1 Oct 2014 -  1 Oct 2024  Jens Stoltenberg (Norway)          (b. 1959)
 1 Oct 2024 -              Mark Rutte
(The Netherlands)       (b. 1967)

Supreme Allied Commanders Europe (SACEUR)(all from U.S.)
 2 Apr 1951 - 30 May 1952  Dwight D. Eisenhower               (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
30 May 1952 - 11 Jul 1953  Matthew B. Ridgway                 (b. 1895 - d. 1993)
11 Jul 1953 - 20 Nov 1956  Alfred M. Gruenther                (b. 1899 - d. 1983)
20 Nov 1956 -  1 Jan 1963  Lauris Norstad                     (b. 1907 - d. 1988)
 1 Jan 1963 -  1 Jul 1969  Lyman L. Lemnitzer                 (b. 1899 - d. 1988)
 1 Jul 1969 - 15 Dec 1974  Andrew J. Goodpaster               (b. 1915 - d. 2005)
15 Dec 1974 -  1 Jul 1979  Alexander M. Haig                  (b. 1924 - d. 2010)
 1 Jul 1979 - 26 Jun 1987  Bernard Rogers                     (b. 1921 - d. 2008)
26 Jun 1987 - 23 Jun 1992  John R. Galvin                     (b. 1929 - d. 2015)
23 Jun 1992 - 22 Oct 1993  John M. Shalikashvili              (b. 1936 - d. 2011)
22 Oct 1993 - 11 Jul 1997  George A. Joulwan                  (b. 1939)
11 Jul 1997 -  3 May 2000  Wesley K. Clark                    (b. 1944)
 3 May 2000 - 17 Jan 2003  Joseph W. Ralston                  (b. 1943)
17 Jan 2003 -  7 Dec 2006  James L. Jones                     (b. 1943)
 7 Dec 2006 -  2 Jul 2009  Bantz J. Craddock                  (b. 1949)
 2 Jul 2009 - 13 May 2013  James G. Stavridis                 (b. 1955)
13 May 2013 -  4 May 2016  Philip M. Breedlove                (b. 1955)
 4 May 2016 -  3 May 2019  Curtis M. Scaparrotti              (b. 1956)
 3 May 2019 -  4 Jul 2022  Tod D. Wolters                     (b. 1960)
 4 Jul 2022 -              Christopher G. Cavoli              (b. 1964) 

NATO Membership (32)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
24 Aug 1949  Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France1, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg,
The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States
18 Feb 1952 Greece2, Turkey3
 5 May 1955 (West) Germany
30 May 1982 Spain4
12 Mar 1999 Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland
29 Mar 2004 Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
 1 Apr 2009
Albania, Croatia
 5 Jun 2017
Montenegro
27 Mar 2020
North Macedonia
 4 Apr 2023
Finland
 7 Mar 2024
Sweden
¹France withdrew from integrated military structure 1 Jul 1966, rejoined 3 Apr 2009. 2Greece withdrew from integrated military structure 14 Aug 1974, rejoined 20 Oct 1980. 3from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 4Spain outside integrated military structure until 1 Jan 1999.


NATO Parliamentary Assembly
(institutionally independent from NATO)

[former NATO
                        Parliamentary Assembly flag 1999-2012]
1999 - 2012
[NATO Parliamentary
                        Assembly flag]
Adopted 2012
 

NATO Parliamentary
Assembly website
Headquarters: Brussels (Belgium)
(Paris, France 1960-1968;
London, UK 1955-1960)

18 Jul 1955                NATO Parliamentarians' Conference
Nov 1966                   North Atlantic Assembly (NAA)
 1 Jun 1999                NATO Parliamentary Assembly (NATO-PA)

Executive Secretary

1955 - 1960                Douglas Robinson (U.K.)            (b. 1929?)
Secretaries-general
1960 - 31 Dec 1967         Otto van Hinloopen Labberton       (b. 1913 - d. 1982)
                             (The Netherlands)              
 1 Jan 1968 - Dec 1986     Philippe Deshormes (Belgium)       (b. 1921 - d. 1993)
Jan 1987 - May 1997        Peter Corterier ([West] Germany)   (b. 1936 - d. 2017)
31 May 1997 - 31 Dec 2007  Simon Lunn (U.K.)                  (b. 1941)
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2019  David Hobbs (U.K.)                 (b. 1956)
 1 Jan 2020 -              Ruxandra Popa (f)(
France)          (b. 1964)


Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT)

Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty
(1 Jul 1968)
Place of Adoption:
New York City
 (United States)

 1 Jul 1968                "Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" signed.
 5 Mar 1970                Treaty enters into force.
 
NPT state parties (191)
Date of Ratification
Nation Parties
 5 Mar 1970
Afghanistan, Austria, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Republic of China¹, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia2, Denmark, East Germany3, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Laos, Liberia, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Romania, Somalia, Soviet Union4, Swaziland5, Sweden, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, United Kingdom, United States, Upper Volta6, Yugoslavia7
11 Mar 1970
Greece
 7 Apr 1970
Maldives
 4 May 1970
Ghana
20 May 1970
Lesotho
26 May 1970
Bolivia
 2 Jun 1970
Haiti
11 Jun 1970
Kenya
15 Jul 1970
Lebanon
 4 Aug 1970
Zaire8
10 Aug 1970
San Marino
31 Aug 1970
Uruguay
22 Sep 1970
Guatemala
 8 Oct 1970
Madagascar
25 Oct 1970
Central African Republic
27 Nov 1970
Morocco
17 Dec 1970
Senegal
25 Feb 1971
Holy See
10 Mar 1971
Chad
17 Mar 1971
Burundi
 7 Jul 1971
Tonga
24 Jul 1971
Dominican Republic
10 Sep 1971
South Vietnam9
 2 Jun 1972
Cambodia
11 Jul 1972
El Salvador
21 Jul 1972
Fiji
 5 Oct 1972
The Philippines
31 Oct 1972
Dahomey10
 7 Dec 1972
Thailand
23 Jan 1973
Australia
 6 Mar 1973
Ivory Coast11, Nicaragua
16 May 1973
Honduras
31 Oct 1973
The Sudan
19 Feb 1974
Gabon
26 Feb 1975
Sierra Leone
17 Mar 1975
Western Samoa12
23 Apr 1975
South Korea
 2 May 1975
Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, West Germany3
12 May 1975
The Gambia
20 May 1975
Rwanda
26 May 1975
Libya
 2 Sep 1975
Grenada
25 Sep 1975
Venezuela
10 Mar 1976
Singapore
 8 Jun 1976
Japan
30 Jun 1976
Suriname
11 Aug 1976
The Bahamas
20 Aug 1976
Guinea-Bissau
13 Jan 1977
Panama
 9 Mar 1977
Switzerland
15 Dec 1977
Portugal
20 Apr 1978
Liechtenstein
23 Oct 1978
Congo (Brazzaville)
19 Jan 1979
Tuvalu
 5 Mar 1979
Sri Lanka
 1 Jun 1979
Yemen (Aden)13
12 Jul 1979
Indonesia
31 Aug 1979
Bangladesh
24 Oct 1979
Cape Verde14
28 Dec 1979
Saint Lucia
21 Feb 1980
Barbados
17 Apr 1980
Turkey15
26 Feb 1981
Egypt
17 Jun 1981
Solomon Islands
13 Jan 1982
Papua New Guinea
 7 Jun 1982
Nauru
14 Jun 1982
Vietnam
20 Oct 1982
Uganda
20 Jul 1983
São Tomé and Príncipe
10 Aug 1984
Dominica
 1 Nov 1984
Equatorial Guinea
 6 Nov 1984
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
12 Mar 1985
Seychelles
18 Apr 1985
Kiribati
29 Apr 1985
Guinea
26 Mar 1985
Brunei Darussalam
23 May 1985
Bhutan
17 Jun 1985
Antigua and Barbuda
 9 Aug 1985
Belize
12 Dec 1985
North Korea16
18 Feb 1986
Malawi
 8 Apr 1986
Colombia
14 May 1986
Yemen (Sana)13
30 Oct 1986
Trinidad and Tobago
 5 Nov 1987
Spain
 3 Oct 1988
Saudi Arabia
 3 Nov 1988
Bahrain
 3 Apr 1989
Qatar
17 Nov 1989
Kuwait
 4 Sep 1990
Mozambique
12 Sep 1990
Albania
15 May 1991
Zambia
31 May 1991
Tanzania
10 Jul 1991
South Africa
23 Sep 1991
Lithuania
26 Sep 1991
Zimbabwe
 7 Jan 1992
Estonia
31 Jan 1992
Latvia
 9 Mar 1992
People's Republic of China¹
 7 Apr 1992
Slovenia
 7 May 1992
Uzbekistan
29 Jun 1992
Croatia
 2 Aug 1992
France
22 Sep 1992
Azerbaijan
 2 Oct 1992
Namibia
 9 Oct 1992
Niger
 2 Dec 1992
Myanmar
 1 Jan 1993
Czech Republic, Slovakia
 9 Feb 1993
Belarus
21 Jul 1993
Armenia
19 Oct 1993
Guyana
26 Oct 1993
Mauritania
17 Jan 1994
Tajikistan
14 Feb 1994
Kazakhstan
 7 Mar 1994
Georgia
 5 Jul 1994
Kyrgyzstan
15 Aug 1994
Bosnia and Hercegovina
29 Sep 1994
Turkmenistan
11 Oct 1994
Moldova
 5 Dec 1994
Ukraine
12 Jan 1995
Algeria
30 Jan 1995
Marshall Islands
10 Feb 1995
Argentina
13 Mar 1995
Monaco
16 Mar 1995
Eritrea
30 Mar 1995
Macedonia17
14 Apr 1995
Federated States of Micronesia, Palau
25 May 1995
Chile
24 Aug 1995
Vanuatu
26 Sep 1995
United Arab Emirates
 4 Oct 1995
Comoros
 7 Jun 1996
Andorra
14 Oct 1996
Angola
16 Oct 1996
Djibouti
23 Jan 1997
Oman
18 Sep 1998
Brazil
 4 Nov 2002
Cuba
 5 May 2003
Timor-Leste
 3 Jun 2006
Montenegro
10 Feb 2015
Palestine
¹Republic of China (Taiwan) an original NPT signatory on 27 Jan 1970 and represented China until 15 Nov 1971, when the UN voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China (though Taiwan states it will continue to abide by the treaty); the People's Republic of China acceded to the NPT 29 Dec 1991, effective 9 Mar 1992. 2Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 3East Germany and West Germany united 1990. 4Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, succeeded by Russia. 5from 2018 Eswatini. 6from 1984 Burkina Faso. 7succession to the Treaty by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is 27 April 1992; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 8from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 9unification with North Vietnam on 2 Jul 1976 as Socialist Republic of Vietnam; by letters of 1 Aug 1979 and 6 May 1980 Vietnam stated that it did not consider itself bound by treaties previously ratified by South Vietnam; Socialist Republic of Vietnam acceded to NPT on 14 Jun 1982. 10from 1975 Benin. 11from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 12from 1997 Samoa. 13Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990 as Yemen. 14from 2013 Cabo Verde. 15from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 16North Korea withdrew 10 Jan 2003. 17as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia.


Organisation Commune Africaine et Malgache (OCAM): see African and Malagasy Common Organization

Organization of African Unity (OAU): see African Union

Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS)

[Former flag
                          African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
                          (ACP), c.1976-2013 ]c.1976 - 17 Jun 2013
[Organization
                          of African, Caribbean and Pacific States
                          (OACPS) flag]Adopted 17 Jun 2013
OACPS Website
Headquarters: Brussels
(Belgium)

28 Feb 1975                European Communities and ACP States sign First Lomé Convention
                             granting financial, technical assistance and trade concessions.

 6 Jun 1975                Georgetown Agreement formally creating the ACP Group signed
                            (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States)(ACP).
23 Jun 2000                Cotonou Agreement signed (effective 1 Apr 2003).
19 Dec 2019                Revised Georgetown Agreement signed (effective 5 Apr 2020).
 5 Apr 2020                Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS)
                            (Organisation des États d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique).

Secretaries-general 
1976 - 1979                Tieoulé Konaté (Mali)              (b. 1933 - d. 1995)
1979 - 1984                Tom Okelo-Odongo (Kenya)           (b. 1927 - d. 1991)
1984 - 1989                Edwin Wilberforce Carrington       (b. 1938)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
1989 - 1994                Ghebray Berhane (Ethiopia)         (b. 1938)
1994 - 1996                Carl Barrington Greenidge (Guyana) (b. 1949)
                             (interim)
16 Jul 1996 - 29 Feb 2000  Ng'andu Peter Magande (Zambia)     (b. 1947)
 1 Mar 2000 - 28 Feb 2005  Jean-Robert Goulongana (Gabon)     (b. 1953)
 1 Mar 2005 - 28 Feb 2010  Sir John Kaputin                   (b. 1941)
                             (Papua New Guinea)
 1 Mar 2010 - 31 Mar 2013  Mohamed Ibn Chambas (Ghana)        (b. 1950)
 1 Apr 2013 - 28 Feb 2015  Alhaji Muhammad Mumuni (Ghana)     (b. 1949)
 1 Mar 2015 - 29 Feb 2020  Patrick Ignatius Gomes (Guyana)    (b. 1941)
 
1 Mar 2020 - 28 Feb 2025  Georges Rebelo Pinto Chikoti       (b. 1955)
                            
(Angola)
 1 Mar 2025 -              Moussa Natal Saleh Batraki (Chad)  (b. 1982)

OACPS membership (79)
Date of Admission Member Nations
 6 Jun 1975 The Bahamas, Barbados, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey1, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Ivory Coast2, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, The Sudan, Swaziland3, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Upper Volta4, Western Samoa5, Zaire6, Zambia
 8 Dec 1984 Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Cape Verde7, Comoros, Djibouti, Dominica, Kiribati, Liberia, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Zimbabwe
 4 Nov 1995 Angola, Dominican Republic, Haiti
23 Jun 2000 Cook Islands, Eritrea, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Namibia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, South Africa8
14 Dec 2000 Cuba
16 May 2003 Timor-Leste
19 Dec 2022
Maldives
1from 1975 Benin. 2from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 3from 2018 Eswatini. 4from 1984 Burkina Faso. 5from 1997 Samoa. 6from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 7from 2013 Cabo Verde. 8South Africa withdrew 2 Sep 2022.


Organization of American States (OAS)
 
[Pan American Union flag,
                        1910-1948]
1910 - 1948
 
[Organization of American
                        States (OAS)]
Adopted Apr 1961
 
OAS website
OAS Charter
 (2 May 1948)
Headquarters:
 Washington, D.C.

(United States)
OAS Day: 14 Apr (1890)
Pan American Day

 2 Oct 1889                First Pan-American Conference meets in Washington, D.C.
14 Apr 1890                Commercial Bureau of the American Republics
26 Aug 1890                Secretariat established.
29 Jan 1902                International Bureau of the American Republics
11 Aug 1910                Pan-American Union
30 Apr 1948                Organization of American States (OAS)(Organización de los Estados
                            
Americanos/Organização dos Estados Americanos/Organisation
                             des États Américains).

Directors (all from the U.S.)
26 Aug 1890 - 18 May 1893  William Eleroy Curtis              (b. 1850 - d. 1911)
18 May 1893 - 29 Mar 1897  Clinton Furbish                    (b. 1838 - d. 1904)
29 Mar 1897 -  5 Feb 1898  Joseph Patterson Smith             (b. 1856 - d. 1898)
 5 Feb 1898 - 20 May 1899  Frederic Emory                     (b. 1853 - d. 1908)
                             (acting to 28 Feb 1898, then provisional)
20 May 1899 -  6 Mar 1905  William Woodville Rockhill         (b. 1854 - d. 1914)
 6 Mar 1905 -  1 Jan 1907  Williams Carlton Fox               (b. 1855 - d. 1924)
                             (acting to 5 Apr 1905)
Directors-general

 
1 Jan 1907 -  1 Sep 1920  John Barrett (U.S.)                (b. 1866 - d. 1938)
 1 Sep 1920 -  5 Dec 1946  Leo Stanton Rowe (U.S.)            (b. 1871 - d. 1946)
 5 Dec 1946 - 27 May 1947  Pedro de Alba Pérez (Mexico)       (b. 1887 - d. 1960)
                             (acting)
27 May 1947 - 30 Apr 1948  Alberto Lleras Camargo (Colombia)  (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
Secretaries-general
30 Apr 1948 - 31 Jul 1954  Alberto Lleras Camargo (Colombia)  (s.a.)
31 Jul 1954 - 19 Oct 1955  Carlos Gregorio Dávila Espinosa    (b. 1887 - d. 1955)
                             (Chile) 
19 Oct 1955 - 16 Jan 1956  William Manger (U.S.) (acting)     (b. 1899 - d. 1994)
16 Jan 1956 - 18 May 1968  José Antonio Mora Otero (Uruguay)  (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
18 May 1968 - 18 May 1975  Galo Plaza Lasso (Ecuador)         (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
18 May 1975 - 31 Mar 1984  Alejandro José Luis Orfila         (b. 1925 - d. 2021)
                             (Argentina)     
31 Mar 1984 - 20 Jun 1984  Valerie "Val" Theodore McComie     (b. 1920 - d. 2007)
                             (Barbados) (acting)
20 Jun 1984 - 20 Jun 1994  João Clemente Baena Soares (Brazil)(b. 1931 - d. 2023)
20 Jun 1994 - 15 Sep 1994  Christopher Ray Thomas (acting)    (b. 1937)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
15 Sep 1994 - 15 Sep 2004  César Gaviria Trujillo (Colombia)  (b. 1947)
15 Sep 2004 - 15 Oct 2004  Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría  (b. 1940)
                             (Costa Rica) 
15 Oct 2004 - 26 May 2005  Luigi Roberto Einaudi (U.S.)       (b. 1936)
                             (acting)
26 May 2005 - 26 May 2015  José Miguel Insulza Salinas        (b. 1943)
                             (Chile)
26 May 2015 -              Luis Leonardo Almagro Lemes        (b. 1963)

                             (Uruguay)

OAS membership (34)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
30 Apr 1948 Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba1, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras2, Mexico, Nicaragua3, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela4
17 Mar 1967 Trinidad and Tobago
15 Nov 1967 Barbados
20 Aug 1969 Jamaica
13 May 1975 Grenada
 8 Jun 1977 Suriname
22 May 1979 Dominica, Saint Lucia
 3 Dec 1981 Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 3 Mar 1982 The Bahamas
12 Mar 1984 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 8 Jan 1990 Canada
 8 Jan 1991 Belize, Guyana
1Cuba suspended 14 Feb 1962 - 3 Jun 2009 has refused to resume membership2Honduras suspended 4 Jul 2009 - 1 Jun 2011. 3Nicaragua initiated withdrawal 19 Nov 2021, officially taking effect 19 Nov 2023 (it declared immediate withdrawal 24 Apr 2022). 4Venezuela initiated withdrawal 27 Apr 2017 (to be effective 27 Apr 2019); OAS recognizes Guaidó government from 9 Apr 2019 which annuls the denunciation.



Organization of Central American States (ODECA)


[Organization of Central
              American States (ODECA) to 1973]

Headquarters: San Salvador
 (El Salvador)
Hear ODECA Anthem
"La Granadera"
Adopted 22 Jun 1971

14 Oct 1951                Organization of Central American States (OCAS)
                             (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos)
(ODECA) formed.
14 Oct 1955                Secretariat inaugurated.
30 Mar 1965                Second charter effective, signed on 12 Dec 1962.
1973                       Functions suspended.

Secretaries-general
14 Oct 1955 - 15 Feb 1960  José Guillermo Trabanino Guerrero  (b. 1914 - d. 2000)
                             (El Salvador)
15 Feb 1960 - 
15 Feb 1964  Marco Tulio Zeledón Matamoros      (b. 1913 - d. 1992)
                             
(Costa Rica)
15 Feb 1964 - 31 Mar 1969  Albino Román y Vega (Nicaragua)    (b. 1922 - d. ....)
                            
(interim)
15 Sep 1970 - 1972         Manuel Francisco Villacorta        (b. 1923 - d. 1988)
                             Vielmann
(Guatemala)
                             (special representative to 1971)
1972 - 1973                Álvaro Fernández Escalante
        (b. 1930 - d. 2021)
                            
(Costa Rica) (interim)

ODECA membership
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
14 Oct 1951
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala1, Honduras2, Nicaragua
1Guatemala withdrew 4 Apr 1953, rejoined 1954. 2Honduras withdrew 1970.



Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
 

[Organization of
                        Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)]
Adopted 21 Jun 2006

OECS website
Headquarters: Castries
(Saint Lucia)
OECS Day: 18 Jun (1981)
Organization of Eastern
 Caribbean States Day

27 Feb 1967                West Indies Associated States Supreme Court established.
18 Jun 1981                Organization of Eastern Caribbean States founded.

10 Aug 2012                OECS assembly inaugurated.

Directors-general
Jul 1982 -  1 Dec 1995     Vaughan A. Lewis (Saint Lucia)     (b. 1940)
Jun 1996 - 31 Jul 2001     Swinburne A.S. Lestrade (Dominica) (b. 1947)
31 Jul 2001 - 12 May 2003  George Goodwin, Jr. (acting)       (b. 194. - d. 2009)
                             (Antigua and Barbuda)
12 May 2003 - 31 Dec 2013  Len Ishmael (f) (Saint Lucia)
 1 Jan 2014 - 30 Apr 2014  Bentley A. Browne (acting)
                             (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
 1 May 2014 -              Didacus Jules (Saint Lucia)        (b. 1956)

Speaker of the OECS Assembly
10 Aug 2012 -              René Mercedes Baptiste (f)         (b. 1951)
                             (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Chief Justices of the West Indies Associated States Supreme Court
1967 - 1972                Allen Montgomery Lewis            
(b. 1909 - d. 1993)
                             (from 9 Jul 1968, Sir
Allen Montgomery Lewis)
                             (Saint Lucia)

1972 - 1975                Percival Cecil Lewis (acting)      (b. 1912 - d. ....)
                             (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
1975 - 1980                Sir Maurice Herbert Davis          (b. 1912 - d. 1988)
                             (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Chief Justices of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
1981 - Oct 1983            Neville Peterkin (Grenada)         (b. 1915 - d. ....)
                             (from 11 Dec 1981,
Sir Neville Peterkin)
28 Oct 1983 - 1984         Neville Algernon Berridge (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 2000)
                             (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
1984 - 1991                Lascelles Lister Robotham (Jamaica)(b. 1923 - d. 1996)
                             (from 28 Apr 1987, Sir
Lascelles Lister Robotham)
Nov 1991 - Jul 1996        Sir Vincent Frederick Floissac     (b. 1928 - d. 2010)
                             (Saint Lucia)
1996 - Apr 2004            Charles Michael Dennis Byron       (b. 1943)
                             (from 21 Jun 2000, Sir
Charles Michael Dennis Byron)
                             (acting to 1999)(Saint Kitts and Nevis)  
Jun 2004 - Feb 2005        Adrian Dudley Saunders (acting)    (b. 1954)
                             (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
 1 Mar 2005 - 28 Apr 2008  Brian George Keith Alleyne         (b. 1943)
                             (from 16 Jul 2007, Sir Brian George Keith Alleyne)
                             (Dominica) (acting)
29 Apr 2008 - 31 Jul 2012  Hugh Anthony Rawlins               (b. 1950)
                             from 27 Mar 2012, Sir Hugh Anthony Rawlins)
                             (acting to 30 May 2008)
                             (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
 
1 Aug 2012 -  5 May 2024  Janice Mesadis Pereira (f)
                             (from 7 May 2013, Dame Janice Mesadis Pereira)
                             (acting to 24 Oct 2012)
                             (British Virgin Islands)
 5 May 2024 -              Mario F. Michel (acting)           (b. 1960)
                             (Saint Lucia) 

OECS membership (7)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 4 Jul 1981 Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Date of
Admission
Associate Members of OECS (5)
22 Nov 1984
British Virgin Islands
24 May 1998
Anguilla
 9 Apr 2016
Martinique
14 Mar 2019
Guadeloupe
21 Mar 2025
Saint-Martin



Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

[former Organization for
                        Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) flag
                        to 2010]
OECD Flag to 15 Dec 2010
 
[Organization for
                        Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
                        flag] Adopted 15 Dec 2010

OECD website
Headquarters: Paris
(France)

16 Apr 1948                Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
30 Sep 1961                Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Secretaries-general
16 Apr 1948 -  1 Apr 1955  Robert Marjolin (France)           (b. 1911 - d. 1986)
 1 Apr 1955 -  1 Sep 1960  René Sergent (France)              (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
 1 Sep 1960 - 29 Sep 1969  Thorkil Christensen (Denmark)      (b. 1899 - d. 1989)
30 Sep 1969 - 29 Sep 1984  Emile van Lennep (The Netherlands) (b. 1915 - d. 1996)
30 Sep 1984 - 29 Sep 1994  Jean-Claude Paye (France)
          (b. 1934)
                             (1st time)            
30 Sep 1994 - 29 Nov 1994  Staffan Sohlman (Sweden) (interim) (b. 1937 - d. 2017)
30 Nov 1994 - 31 May 1996  Jean-Claude Paye (France)
          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)             
 1 Jun 1996 - 31 May 2006  Donald James Johnston (Canada)     (b. 1936 - d. 2022)
 1 Jun 2006 - 31 May 2021  José Ángel Gurría Treviño (Mexico) (b. 1950)
 1 Jun 2021 -              Mathias Hubert Paul Cormann        (b. 1970)
                             (Australia)

OECD membership (38)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
16 Apr 1948 Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany1, Greece, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Trieste
2, Turkey3, United Kingdom
20 Jul 1959 Spain
14 Dec 1960 European Economic Community4
30 Sep 1961 Canada, United States
28 Apr 1964 Japan
28 Jan 1969 Finland
 7 Jun 1971 Australia
29 May 1973 New Zealand
18 May 1994 Mexico
21 Dec 1995 Czech Republic
 7 May 1996 Hungary
22 Nov 1996 Poland
12 Dec 1996 South Korea
14 Dec 2000 Slovakia
 7 May 2010
Chile
21 Jul 2010
Slovenia
 7 Sep 2010
Israel
 9 Dec 2010
Estonia
 1 Jul 2016
Latvia
 5 Jul 2018
Lithuania
28 Apr 2020
Colombia
25 May 2021
Cost Rica
1Anglo-U.S. "bizone" to 1949, then Federal Republic of Germany. 2Trieste Anglo-U.S. zone only; from 26 Oct 1954 part of Italy. 3from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 4special member; 1 Jul 1967 - 1 Nov 1993 European Communities, from 1 Nov 1993 European Union.



Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

[Organization of Islamic
                        Conference (OIC) flag 1981-2011]
1981 - 28 Jun 2011
 
[Organization of
                                Islamic Conference (OIC) altenate flag
                                1981-2011]
1981 - 28 Jun 2011 Variant
[Organization of
                        Islamic Cooperation (OIC) flag] Adopted 28 Jun 2011

OIC website
Headquarters: Jeddah
(Saudi Arabia)
OIC Day: 25 Sep (1969)
Organization of
Islamic Cooperation Day

22 Sep 1969                First Islamic Conference opened.
 4 Mar 1972               
Organization of the Islamic Conference charter
                             signed (effective 28 Feb 1973).
28 Jun 2011                Renamed
Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

Secretaries-general
Dec 1970 - 31 Dec 1973     Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj     (b. 1903 - d. 1990)
                             (Malaysia)
 1 Jan 1974 - Dec 1975     Hassan al-Touhami (Egypt)          (b. 1924 - d. 2009)
Dec 1975 - Jan 1980        Amadou Karim Gaye (Senegal)        (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1984     Habib Chatty (Tunisia)             (b. 1916 - d. 1991)
 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1988  Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada           (b. 1923 - d. 2017)
                             (Pakistan)
 1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1996  Hamid Algabid (Niger)              (b. 1941)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 2000  Azzedine Laraki (Morocco)          (b. 1929 - d. 2010)
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2004  Abdelouahed Belkeziz (Morocco)     (b. 1939 - d. 2021)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2013  Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (Turkey)      (b. 1943)
 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Oct 2016  Iyad bin Amin Madani (Saudi Arabia)(b. 1946)
 1 Nov 2016 - 17 Nov 2016  Abdullah Alim (Saudi Arabia)
                             (acting)
17 Nov 2016 -
17 Nov 2021  Yousef bin Ahmad Abdul Rahman 
                             Al-Othaimeen (Saudi Arabia)
17 Nov 2021 -              Hissein Brahim Taha (Chad)         (b. 1951)

OIC membership (57)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
22 Sep 1969 Afghanistan1, Algeria, Chad, Egypt2, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, The Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey3, Yemen (Aden)4, Yemen (Sana)4
29 Feb 1972 Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Sierra Leone, Syria5, United Arab Emirates 
1974 Bangladesh, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Palestine, Uganda
1975 Upper Volta6, Cameroon
1976 Comoros, Iraq, Maldives
Apr 1978 Djibouti
1982 Benin
15 Jan 1984 Brunei Darussalam
Jan 1986 Nigeria
 8 Dec 1991 Azerbaijan
Jun 1992
Turkmenistan
Dec 1992 Albania, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Zanzibar7
10 Dec 1994 Mozambique
12 Dec 1995 Kazakhstan
 2 Oct 1996 Uzbekistan
Dec 1996 Suriname
 2 Oct 1997 Togo
 1 Oct 1998 Guyana
27 Jun 2001 Côte d'Ivoire
1Afghanistan suspended 28 Jan 1980 - 13 Mar 1989 (seat then given to rebels). 2Egypt suspended 9 May 1979 - 30 Jan 1984. 3from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 4Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united as Yemen 22 May 1990. 5Syria suspended from 16 Aug 2012. 6from 1984 Burkina Faso. 7Zanzibar withdrew Aug 1993.



Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
 

[Organization of
                        Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) flag]
Adopted 1970

OPEC website
Headquarters: Vienna
(Austria)
(Geneva, Switzerland 1960-65)

14 Sep 1960                Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) founded.

Secretaries-general¹
21 Jan 1961 - 30 Apr 1964  Fuad Rouhani (Iran)                (b. 1907 - d. 2004)
 1 May 1964 - 30 Apr 1965  Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (Iraq)      (b. 1913 - d. 1973)
 1 May 1965 - 31 Dec 1966  Ashraf T. Lutfi (Kuwait)           (b. 1919 - d. 1974)
 1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967  Muhammad Saleh Joukhdar            (b. 1932)
                             (Saudi Arabia) 
 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968  Francisco R. Parra (Venezuela)     (b. 1929 - d. 2020)
 1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969  Elrich Sanger (Indonesia)          (b. 1927 - d. 1996)
 1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970  Omar el-Badri (Libya)              (b. 1937)
 1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1972  Nadim Pachachi                     (b. 1914 - d. 1976)
                             (United Arab Emirates)
 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1974  Abderrahman Khène (Algeria)        (b. 1931 - d. 2020)
 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1976  Meshach Ototiki Feyide (Nigeria)   (b. 1926 - d. 1997)
 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1978  Ali M. Jaidah (Qatar)              (b. 1941)
 1 Jan 1979 - 30 Jun 1981  René Genaro Ortiz Durán (Ecuador)  (b. 1941)
 1 Jul 1981 - 30 Jun 1983  Marc Saturnin Nan Nguema (Gabon)   (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
 1 Jul 1983 - 19 Jul 1983  Fadhil Jafar al-Chalabi (Iraq)     (b. 1929 - d. 2019)
                             (acting)
19 Jul 1983 - 31 Dec 1983  Mana Saeed Al Otaiba (acting)      (b. 1946)
                             (United Arab Emirates)
 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Oct 1984  Kamal Hassan Maghur (Libya)        (b. 1935 - d. 2002)
                             (acting)
31 Oct 1984 -  9 Dec 1985  
Subroto (Indonesia)(1st time)      (b. 1928 - d. 2022)
                             (acting)
 1 Jan 1986 - 30 Jun 1986  Arturo Hernández Grisanti          (b. 1927 - d. 2008)
                             (Venezuela)(acting)
 1 Jul 1986 - 30 Jun 1988
 Rilwanu Lukman (Nigeria)(1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 2014)
                             (acting)
 1 Jul 1988 - 30 Jun 1994  Subroto (Indonesia)(2nd time)      (s.a.)
 1 Jul 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Abdalla Salem el-Badri (Libya)     (b. 1940)
                             (1st time)
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 2000  Rilwanu Lukman (Nigeria)(2nd time) (s.a.)
 1 Jan 2001 - 30 Jun 2002  Alí Rodríguez Araque (Venezuela)   (b. 1937 - d. 2018)
 1 Jul 2002 - 31 Dec 2003  Álvaro José Silva Calderón         (b. 1929)
                             (Venezuela)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Purnomo Yusgiantoro (Indonesia)    (b. 1951)
                             (acting)
 1 Jan 2004 - 28 Feb 2004  Iin Arifin Takhyan (Indonesia)     (b. 1952)
                             (acting for Yusgiantoro)
28 Feb 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Maizar Rahman (Indonesia)          (b. 1948)
                             (acting for Yusgiantoro)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Sheikh Ahmad Fahad Al Ahmad        (b. 1963)
                             Al Sabah (Kuwait) (acting) 
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Adnan Shihab-Eldin (Kuwait)        (b. 1943)
                             (acting for Al Sabah)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Edmund Maduabebe Daukoru (Nigeria) (b. 1943)
                             (acting) 
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo (Nigeria) (b. 1959 - d. 2022)
                             (acting for Daukoru)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Jul 2016  Abdalla Salem el-Badri (Libya)     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)  
 1 Aug 2016 -  5 Jul 2022  Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo (Nigeria) (s.a.)
 5 Jul 2022 - 31 Jul 2022  Ayed S. Al-Qahtani (Saudi Arabia)
                             (acting)

 1 Aug 2022 -              Haitham al-Ghais (Kuwait)          (b. 1969)

OPEC membership (12)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
14 Sep 1960  Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela
15 Jan 1961 Qatar2
 4 Jun 1962 Indonesia3, Libya
27 Nov 1967 Abu Dhabi4
 8 Jul 1969 Algeria
12 Jul 1971 Nigeria
19 Nov 1973 Ecuador5
 9 Jun 1975 Gabon6
 1 Jan 2007
Angola7
25 May 2017
Equatorial Guinea
22 Jun 2018
Congo (Brazzaville)
¹21 Jan 1961-Apr 1965 the Chairmen of the Board of Governors were also, ex-officio, the Secretaries-general of the organization. The functions of Chairman of the Board of Governors and Secretary-general were separated Apr 1965. 2Qatar membership terminated 1 Jan 2019. 3Indonesia membership suspended at its own request 1 Jan 2009 - 1 Jan 2016 and from 30 Nov 2016. 4Abu Dhabi membership transferred to United Arab Emirates 9 Jan 1974. 5Ecuador membership suspended at its own request 31 Dec 1992, rejoined 23 Oct 2007; withdrew membership 1 Jan 2020. 6Gabon membership terminated at its own request 31 Dec 1994, rejoined 1 Jul 2016. 7Angola withdrew membership 1 Jan 2024.



Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

[Organisation for the
                Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) flag]

OPCW website
Headquarters: The Hague
(The Netherlands)
OPCW Day: 29 Apr (1997)
Remembrance Day

19 Jan 1993                "Chemical Weapons Convention" (CWC) signed. 
29 Apr 1997                Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical
                             Weapons (OPCW), CWC treaty enters into force.

Directors-General
13 May 1997 - 22 Apr 2002  José Maurício de Figueiredo Bustani(b. 1945)
                             (Brazil)
22 Apr 2002 - 25 Jul 2002  John Gee (Australia)(acting)       (b. 1944 - d. 2007)
25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2010  Rogelio Francisco Pfirter          (b. 1948)
                            
Fernández (Argentina)       
25 Jul 2010 - 25 Jul 2018  Ahmet Üzümcü (Turkey)              (b. 1951)
25 Jul 2018 - 
            Fernando Arias González (Spain)    (b. 1952)

OPCW membership (193)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
29 Apr 1997 Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland1, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Zimbabwe
11 Jun 1997 Turkey2
20 Jun 1997 Singapore
28 Jun 1997 Kuwait
 9 Jul 1997 Guinea
11 Jul 1997 Slovenia
20 Jul 1997 Macedonia3
24 Jul 1997 Trinidad and Tobago
 7 Aug 1997 Burkina Faso
 8 Aug 1997 Ghana
27 Aug 1997 Brunei Darussalam
 3 Oct 1997 Qatar
12 Oct 1997 Guyana
21 Nov 1997 Pakistan
28 Nov 1997 Jordan
 3 Dec 1997 Iran
 5 Dec 1997 Russia
18 Dec 1997 Nepal
 2 Jan 1998 Venezuela
11 Mar 1998 Mauritania
15 May 1998 Lithuania
13 Jun 1998 Benin
18 Jun 1998 The Gambia
11 Jul 1998 Malawi
25 Jul 1998 Tanzania
19 Aug 1998 Senegal
13 Sep 1998 Bolivia
27 Sep 1998 Cyprus
30 Sep 1998 Botswana
 4 Oct 1998 Burundi
30 Oct 1998 Vietnam
 6 Nov 1998 Panama
15 Nov 1998 Ukraine
12 Dec 1998 Indonesia
11 Jun 1999 Holy See
19 Jun 1999 Nigeria
23 Jun 1999 The Sudan
25 Jun 1999 Estonia
21 Jul 1999 Micronesia
 5 Dec 1999 Nicaragua
24 Dec 1999 Liechtenstein
 9 Jan 2000 San Marino
15 Mar 2000 Eritrea
30 Mar 2000 Azerbaijan
22 Apr 2000 Kazakhstan
 5 May 2000 Colombia
20 May 2000 Malaysia, Yugoslavia4
14 Sep 2000 Mozambique
 7 Oct 2000 Kiribati
 8 Oct 2000 Gabon, Jamaica
 1 Nov 2000 Yemen
28 Dec 2000 United Arab Emirates 
11 Mar 2001 Zambia
14 Mar 2001 Dominica
12 Dec 2001 Nauru
20 Dec 2001 Uganda
18 Oct 2002 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 Oct 2002 Samoa
 9 Jan 2003 Thailand
 5 Mar 2003 Palau
14 Mar 2003 Guatemala
29 Mar 2003 Andorra
 6 Jun 2003 Timor-Leste
28 Jun 2003 Tonga
 9 Oct 2003 São Tomé and Príncipe
24 Oct 2003 Afghanistan
29 Oct 2003 Kyrgyzstan
 9 Nov 2003 Cape Verde5
31 Dec 2003 Belize
 5 Feb 2005 Libya
18 Feb 2004 Tuvalu
14 Mar 2004 Chad
30 Apr 2004 Rwanda 
18 Jun 2004 Marshall Islands
20 Jun 2004 Saint Kitts and Nevis
23 Oct 2004 Solomon Islands 
30 Oct 2004 Sierra Leone
19 Nov 2004 Madagascar
21 May 2005 Niue
 3 Jul 2005 Grenada
18 Aug 2005 Cambodia
17 Sep 2005 Bhutan
28 Sep 2005 Antigua and Barbuda, Honduras
16 Oct 2005 Vanuatu
11 Nov 2005 Congo (Kinshasa)
24 Feb 2006 Djibouti
24 Mar 2006 Haiti
25 Mar 2006 Liberia
17 Sep 2006 Comoros
20 Oct 2006 Central African Republic
23 Oct 2006 Montenegro
 6 Apr 2007
Barbados
 3 Jan 2008
Congo (Brazzaville)
19 Jun 2008
Guinea-Bissau
20 Dec 2008
Lebanon
12 Feb 2009
Iraq
26 Apr 2009
Dominican Republic
21 May 2009
The Bahamas
28 Jun 2013
Somalia
14 Sep 2013
Syria6
 7 Aug 2015
Myanmar
16 Oct 2015
Angola
16 Jun 2018
Palestine
1from 2018 Eswatini. 2from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 3as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 4from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 5from 2013 Cabo Verde. 6Syria membership suspended from 21 Apr 2021.



Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
 
[Flag of
                          Conference on Security and Cooperation in
                          Europe (CSCE) to 1994]
c.1991 - 31 Dec 1994
[Flag of
                          Organization for Security and Cooperation in
                          Europe (OSCE)]
Adopted 1 Jan 1995
OSEC website
Headquarters: Vienna
(Austria)

25 Jun 1973                Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
 1 Aug 1975                "Helsinki Final Act" signed.
21 Nov 1990                "Charter of Paris for a New Europe" signed.
 1 Jan 1995                Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

Secretaries-general
15 Jun 1993 - 15 Jun 1996  Wilhelm Höynck (Germany)           (b. 1933)
15 Jun 1996 - 15 Jun 1999  Giancarlo Aragona (Italy)          (b. 1942)
15 Jun 1999 - 21 Jun 2005  Ján Kubiš (Slovakia)               (b. 1952)
21 Jun 2005 -  1 Jul 2011  Marc Perrin de Brichambaut         (b. 1948)
                             (France) 
 1 Jul 2011 - 30 Jun 2017  Lamberto Zannier (Italy)           (b. 1954)
30 Jun 2017 - 18 Jul 2017  Vacant
18 Jul 2017 - 18 Jul 2020  Thomas Greminger (Switzerland)     (b. 1961)
19 Jul 2020 -  4 Dec 2020  Tuula Yrjölä (f)(Finland)(acting)  (b. 1962)

 4 Dec 2020 -  6 Dec 2024  Helga Maria Schmid (f)(Germany)    (b. 1960)
 6 Dec 2024 -              Feridun Hadi Sinirlioğlu (Türkiye) (b. 1956)

 
Chairmen-in-office

19 Jun 1991 - 31 Dec 1991  Hans-Dietrich Genscher (Germany)   (b. 1927 - d. 2016)
 1 Jan 1992 -  2 Jul 1992  Jiří Dienstbier (Czechoslovakia)   (b. 1937 - d. 2011)
 2 Jul 1992 - 31 Dec 1992  Jozef Moravčík (Czechoslovakia)    (b. 1945)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993  Märta Margaretha af Ugglas (f)     (b. 1939)
                            
(Sweden)
 1 Jan 1994 - 11 May 1994  Beniamino "Nino" Andreatta (Italy) (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
11 May 1994 - 31 Dec 1994  Antonio Martino (Italy)            (b. 1942 - d. 2022)
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995  László Kovács (Hungary)            (b. 1939)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996  Flavio Cotti (Switzerland)         (b. 1939 - d. 2020)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997  Niels Helveg Petersen (Denmark)    (b. 1939 - d. 2017)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998  Bronisław Geremek (Poland)         (b. 1932 - d. 2008)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999  Knut Vollebaek (Norway)            (b. 1946)
 1 Jan 2000 -  4 Feb 2000  Wolfgang Schüssel (Austria)        (b. 1945)
 4 Feb 2000 - 31 Dec 2000  Benita Ferrero-Waldner (f)         (b. 1948)
                             (Austria) 
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001  Mircea Geoană (Romania)            (b. 1958)
 1 Jan 2002 -  6 Apr 2002  Jaime José de Matos da Gama        (b. 1947)
                             (Portugal)
 
6 Apr 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  António Manuel de Mendonça Martins (b. 1946)
                             da Cruz
(Portugal)
 
1 Jan 2003 -  3 Dec 2003  Jakob "Jaap" Gijsbert de Hoop      (b. 1948)
                             Scheffer (The Netherlands)
 3 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003  Bernard Rudolf "Ben" Bot           (b. 1937)
                             (The Netherlands)  
 
1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004  Solomon Passy (Bulgaria)           (b. 1956)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005  Dimitrij Rupel (Slovenia)          (b. 1946)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006  Karel De Gucht (Belgium)           (b. 1954)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007  Miguel Ángel Moratinos Cuyaubé     (b. 1951)
                             (Spain)
 
1 Jan 2008 -  4 Apr 2008  Ilkka Kanerva (Finland)            (b. 1948 - d. 2022) 
 5 Apr 2008 - 31 Dec 2008  Alexander Stubb (Finland)          (b. 1968)

 1 Jan 2009 -  5 Oct 2009  Theodóra "Ntóra" Bakogiánnis (f)   (b. 1954)
                            
(Greece)
 6 Oct 2009 - 31 Dec 2009  Geórgios Papandréou
(Greece)       (b. 1952)
 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010  Qanat Bekmyrzauly Saüdabaev        (b. 1946)
                          
(Kanat Bekmurzayevich Saudabayev)
                             (Kazakhstan)
 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011  Audronius Ažubalis (Lithuania)     (b. 1958)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012  Eamon Gilmore (Ireland)            (b. 1955)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013  Leonid Kozhara (Ukraine)           (b. 1963)
 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014  Didier Burkhalter (Switzerland)    (b. 1960)
 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  Ivica Dačić (Serbia)               (b. 1966)
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (Germany)  (b. 1956)
 1 Jan 2017 - 18 Dec 2017  Sebastian Kurz (Austria)           (b. 1986)
18 Dec 2017 - 31 Dec 2017  Karin Kneissl (f) (Austria)        (b. 1965)

 1 Jan 2018 -  1 Jun 2018  Angelino Alfano (Italy)            (b. 1970)
 1 Jun 2018 - 31 Dec 2018  Enzo Moavero Milanesi (Italy)      (b. 1954)
 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019  Miroslav Lajčák (Slovakia)         (b. 1963)
 1 Jan 2020 -
31 Dec 2020  Edi Kristaq Rama (Albania)         (b. 1964)
 1 Jan 2021 -
31 Dec 2021  Ann Christin Linde (f) (Sweden)    (b. 1961)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Zbigniew Rau (Poland)              (b. 1953)
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Bujar M. Osmani (North Macedonia)  (b. 1979)
 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024  Ian Borg (Malta)                   (b. 1986) 
 1 Jan 2025 -              Elina Maria Valtonen (f)(Finland)  (b. 1981) 


High Commissioners on National Minorities 
 1 Jan 1993 - 30 Jun 2001  Max van der Stoel (The Netherlands)(b. 1924 - d. 2011)
 1 Jul 2001 -  3 Jul 2007  Carl Rolf Ekéus (Sweden)           (b. 1935)
 4 Jul 2007 - 19 Aug 2013  Knut Vollebaek (Norway)            (s.a.)
20 Aug 2013 - 19 Aug 2016  Astrid Thors (f) (Finland)         (b. 1957)
19 Aug 2016 - 19 Jul 2017  Henrik Villadsen (Denmark)(acting) (b. 1963)
19 Jul 2017 - 18 Jul 2020  Lamberto Zannier (Italy)           (s.a.)
19 Jul 2020 -  4 Dec 2020  Christophe Kamp (The Netherlands)  (b. 1969)
                             (acting)
 4 Dec 2020 -  6 Dec 2024 
Kairat Kudaybergenovich            (b. 1964)
                             Abdrakhmanov
                           (Qayrat Qudaybergenulı Äbdirakhmanov)
                             (Kazakhstan)
 6 Dec 2024 -              Christophe Kamp (The Netherlands)  (b. 1969)   

[OSCE
              Parliamentary Assembly flag]

Presidents of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly
1992 - 1994                Ilkka Olavi Suominen (Finland)     (b. 1939 - d. 2022)
1994 - 1996                Frank Swaelen (Belgium)            (b. 1930 - d. 2007)
1996 - 1998                Francisco Javier Rupérez Rubio     (b. 1941)
                             (Spain)
1998 - 2000                Helle Degn (f)(Denmark)            (b. 1946)
2000 - 2002                Adrian Severin (Romania)           (b. 1954)
2002 - 2004                Bruce Thomas George (U.K.)         (b. 1942 - d. 2020)
2004 - 2006                Alcee Lamar Hastings (U.S.)        (b. 1936 - d. 2021)
Jul 2006 - Jul 2008        Rolf Göran Lennmarker (Sweden)     (b. 1943)
Jul 2008 - 10 Jul 2010     João Barroso Soares (Portugal)     (b. 1949)
10 Jul 2010 -  9 Jul 2012  Pétros Efthymíou (Greece)          (b. 1950)
 9 Jul 2012 -  3 Jul 2013  Riccardo Migliori (Italy)          (b. 1952)
 3 Jul 2013 -  2 Jul 2014  Ranko Krivokapić (Montenegro)      (b. 1961)
 2 Jul 2014 -  5 Jul 2016  I
lkka Kanerva (Finland)            (s.a.)
 5 Jul 2016 -  9 Nov 2017  Christine Muttonen (f)(Austria)    (b. 1954)
 9 Nov 2017 - 11 Dec 2020 
Giorgi Tsereteli (Georgia)         (b. 1964)
                             (acting to 8 Jul 2018)
11 Dec 2020 -  6 Jul 2021  Peter Spencer Bowness, Baron       (b. 1943)
                             Bowness (U.K.) (acting)
 6 Jul 2021 -  4 Jul 2023  Margareta Cederfelt (f)(Sweden)    (b. 1959)
 4 Jul 2023 -              Pia Liisa Kauma (f)(Finland)       (b. 1966)

Presidents of the OSCE Court of Conciliation and Arbitration
29 May 1995 - 19 Sep 2013  Robert Badinter (France)           (b. 1928 - d. 2024)
19 Sep 2013 - 14 Oct 2019  Christian Tomuschat (Germany)      (b. 1936)
14 Oct 2019 -              Emmanuel Decaux (France)           (b. 1947)

OSEC membership (57)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
25 Jun 1973 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia1, Denmark, Finland, France, East Germany2, West Germay2, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Soviet Union3, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey4, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia5
19 Jun 1991 Albania
10 Sep 1991 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
30 Jan 1992 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
24 Mar 1992 Croatia, Georgia, Slovenia
30 Apr 1992 Bosnia and Hercegovina
 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia
12 Oct 1995 Macedonia6
25 Apr 1996 Andorra
10 Nov 2000 Serbia and Montenegro5
22 Jun 2006 Montenegro
21 Nov 2012
Mongolia
1Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; membership succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. on 1 Jan 1993. 2East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 3Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991; membership succeeded by Russia. 4from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 5Yugoslavia suspended 8 Jul 1992 - 10 Nov 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 6as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia.



Pacific Community
 
[South Pacific
                          Commission flag (6 stars) 1970-1971]
1970 - 1971
[South Pacific
                          Commission flag (8 stars) 1971-1975]
1971 - 1975
[South Pacific
                        Commission flag (9 stars) 1975-1978]
1975 - 1978
[South
                          PacificCommission flag (11 stars) 1978-1980]
1978 - 1980
[South Pacific
                          Commission flag (13 stars) 1980-1983]
1980 - 1983
[South Pacific
                          Commission flag (27 stars) 1983-1999]
1983 -  6 Dec 1999
[Pacific
                          Community flag (27 stars) 1999-2005]
6 Dec 1999 - 1 Jan 2005
[Pacific
                          Community flag]
Adopted 1 Jan 2005
Pacific Community website
Headquarters: Noumea
(New Caledonia)
(Sydney, Australia 1947-1949)

 6 Feb 1947                South Pacific Commission (SPC)
 6 Feb 1997                Pacific Community

Secretaries-general
 1 Nov 1948 -  3 Jun 1951  William Forsyth (Australia)        (b. 1909 - d. 1993)
                             (1st time) 
12 Nov 1951 - 12 Nov 1954  Sir Leslie Brian Freeston (U.K.)   (b. 1892 - d. 1958)
 1 Mar 1955 - 28 Feb 1958  Ralph Clairon Bedell (U.S.)        (b. 1904 - d. 1991)
 1 Mar 1958 -  2 Mar 1963  Thomas R. Smith (New Zealand)      (b. 1904 - d. 1979)
24 Mar 1963 - 31 Dec 1966  William Forsyth (Australia)        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Jan 1967 - 11 Dec 1969  Sir Gawain Westray Bell (U.K.)     (b. 1909 - d. 1995)
 1 Jan 1970 - 18 Feb 1971  Afioga Afoafouvale Misimoa         (b. 1900 - d. 1971)
                             (Western Samoa)
18 Feb 1971 - 31 Oct 1971  John Edward de Young (U.S.)(acting)(b. 1917)
 1 Nov 1971 - 30 Nov 1975  Gustav F.D. Betham (Western Samoa) (b. 1915 - d. 1984)
 9 Dec 1975 - 30 Jun 1979  E. Macu Salato (Fiji)              (b. 1915 - d. 1990)
 1 Jul 1979 -  3 Jun 1982  Young Vivian (Niue)                (b. 1935)
 1 Jul 1982 - 30 Nov 1986  Francis Bugotu (Solomon Islands)   (b. 1937 - d. 1992)
 9 Dec 1986 - 31 Dec 1988  Palauni M. Tuiasosopo              (b. 1937 - d. 2020)
                             (American Samoa)
 1 Jan 1989 - 15 Jun 1989  Jon Jonassen (Cook Islands)        (b. 1949 - d. 2023)
                             (acting)
16 Jun 1989 -  5 Jan 1993  Atanraoi Baiteke (Kiribati)        (b. 1942)
 6 Jan 1993 -  7 Jan 1996  Ati George Sokomanu (Vanuatu)      (b. 1937)
 8 Jan 1996 -  6 Feb 1997  Robert B. Dun (Australia)          (b. 1930)
Directors-general
 6 Feb 1997 -  5 Jan 2000  Robert B. Dun (Australia)          (s.a.)
 6 Jan 2000 - 23 Jan 2006  Lourdes Pangelinan (f) (Guam)      (b. 1954)
23 Jan 2006 - 23 Jan 2014  Jimmie Rodgers (Solomon Islands)
23 Jan 2014 -
23 Jan 2020  Colin Tukuitonga (Niue)            (b. 1956)
23 Jan 2020 -              Stuart Minchin (Australia)         (b. 1970?)

Pacific Community membership (27)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 6 Feb 1947 Australia, France, The Netherlands1, New Zealand, United Kingdom2, United States
17 Jul 1965 Western Samoa3
24 Jul 1969 Nauru
 5 May 1971 Fiji
16 Sep 1975 Papua New Guinea
17 Nov 1978 Tuvalu
21 Nov 1978 Solomon Islands
13 Oct 1980 Niue
14 Oct 1980 Cook Islands
 3 Oct 1983 American Samoa, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna
1The Netherlands withdrew 31 Dec 1962. 2U.K. withdrew 1 Jan 1996, rejoined 1 Jan 1998; withdrew again 1 Jan 2005, rejoined 2 Dec 2021. 3from 1997 Samoa.



Pacific Islands Forum

[South Pacific
                          Forum - Pacific Islands Fourm flag]
Current Flag
[Pacific Islands
                          Forum flag Variant]
Flag Variant
PIF website
Headquarters: Suva
(Fiji)

 5 Aug 1971                South Pacific Forum (SPF)
 1 Jan 1972                South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation (SPEC).
14 Jul 1980                South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation
                             Agreement (SPARTECA) signed (in force 1 Jan 1981).
1988                       South Pacific Forum Secretariat established.
27 Oct 2000                Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).

Directors of the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation
Nov 1972 - Feb 1980        Mahe Tupouniua (Tonga) (1st time)  (b. 1927 - d. 2007)
Feb 1980 - 12 Mar 1982     Gabriel Gris (Papua New Guinea)    (b. 1941 - d. 1982)
Mar 1982 - Jan 1983        Jon Sheppard (Australia)(acting)   (b. 1945)
Jan 1983 - Feb 1986        Mahe Tupouniua (Tonga) (2nd time)  (s.a.) 
Feb 1986 - Sep 1988        Henry Faati Naisali (Tuvalu)       (b. 1928 - d. 2004)
Secretaries-general
Sep 1988 -  1 Jan 1992     Henry Faati Naisali (Tuvalu)       (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1992 - Jan 1998     Ieremia Tienang Tabai (Kiribati)   (b. 1949)
Feb 1998 - 16 May 2004     W. Noel Levi (Papua New Guinea)    (b. 1942) 
16 May 2004 -  2 May 2008  Greg Urwin (Australia)             (b. 1946 - d. 2008)
 2 May 2008 - 13 Oct 2008  Feleti Penitala Teo (Tuvalu)       (b. 1962)
                             (acting)
13 Oct 2008 -  4 Dec 2014  Tuiloma Neroni Slade (Samoa)       (b. 1941)
 4 Dec 2014 - 24 May 2021 
Dame Meg Taylor (f)                (b. 1951)
                            
(Papua New Guinea)
24 May 2021 -  3 Jun 2024  Henry Tuakeu Puna (Cook Islands)   (b. 1949)
 3 Jun 2024 -              Baron Waqa (Nauru)                 (b. 1959)

Pacific Islands Forum membership (18)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 5 Aug 1971 Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji¹, Nauru2, New Zealand, Tonga, Western Samoa3
20 Mar 1974 Papua New Guinea
 1 Jul 1975 Niue
29 Aug 1979 Kiribati4
16 Sep 1980 Solomon Islands, Tuvalu
14 Jul 1980 Vanuatu
29 May 1987 Marshall Islands5, Federated States of Micronesia6
 3 Sep 1995 Palau7
10 Sep 2016
French Polynesia8, New Caledonia8
¹Fiji suspended 2 May 2009 - 22 Oct 2014. 2Nauru announced withdrawal 8 Feb 2021 (denunciation submitted 7 Apr 2021, to be effective 7 Apr 2022), cancelled withdrawal 11 Feb 2022. 3from 1997 Samoa. 4Kiribati announced withdrawal 8 Feb 2021 (denunciation submitted 23 Jul 2021), effective 9 Jul 2022; rejoined 24 Feb 2023. 5Marshall Islands announced withdrawal 8 Feb 2021 (denunciation submitted 9 Mar 2021), effective 9 Mar 2022, cancelled withdrawal 29 Sep 2022; rejoins 29 Sep 2022. 6Federated States of Micronesia announced withdrawal 8 Feb 2021 (denunciation submitted 17 Feb 2021, to be effective 14 Feb 2022), cancelled withdrawal 11 Feb 2022. 7Palau announced withdrawal on 8 Feb 2021 (denunciation submitted 16 Mar 2021, to be effective 16 Mar 2022), cancelled withdrawal 11 Feb 2022. 8French Polynesia and New Caledonia were associate members 26 Oct 2006 - 10 Sep 2016.

Date of
Admission
Associate Members of PIF (4)
 6 Aug 2014
Tokelau
 6 Sep 2018
Wallis and Futuna
30 Aug 2024
American Samoa, Guam



Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean


[Parliamentary Assembly of the
              Mediterranean]

PAM website
Headquarters: Naples (Italy)(St. Julian's, Malta
Nov 2007-Feb 2020)
PAM Day: 21 March
Mediterranean Day

   
11 Sep 2006                Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean formed.
 
1 Jul 2007                Secretariat established.

Secretary-general

 
1 Jul 2007 -              Sergio Piazzi (Italy)              (b. 1957?)
                             (acting to Jan 2008)


Presidents of the Assembly
11 Sep 2006 - 15 Nov 2008  Abdelwahed Radi (Morroco)(1st time)(b. 1935 - d. 2023)
15 Nov 2008 -  1 Jan 2011  Rudy Salles (France)               (b. 1954)
 1 Jan 2011 -  4 Mar 2011  Mohamed Abou El Enein (Egypt)      (b. 1951)
 4 Mar 2011 - 29 Oct 2011  Abdelwahed Radi (Morroco)(2nd time)(s.a.)
29 Oct 2011 - 13 Oct 2012  Fayez al-Tarawneh (Jordan)         (b. 1949)
13 Oct 2012 -  2 Feb 2015  Francesco Amoruso (Italy)          (b. 1956)
 2 Feb 2015 - 18 Dec 2015  Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah (Morocco) (b. 1949)
18 Dec 2015 - 23 Feb 2017  Lhou Lmarbouh (Morocco)            (b. 1954)
23 Feb 2017 - 23 Feb 2019  António Pedro Roque da Visitação   (b. 1963)
                             Oliveira (Portugal) (1st time)
23 Feb 2019 - 21 Feb 2020  Alia Hatoug-Bouran (f) (Jordan)
21 Feb 2020 -  7 Jun 2021  Karim Abdel Karim Darwish (Egypt)  (b. 1965)
 7 Jun 2021 - 13 Oct 2022  Gennaro Migliore (Italy)           (b. 1968)
13 Oct 2022 -  2 Mar 2023  António Pedro Roque da Visitação   (s.a.)
                             Oliveira (Portugal) (2nd time)
                             (ad-interim)
 2 Mar 2023 -              Enaam Mayara (Morocco)             (b. 1968)

PAM membership (31)
Date of 
Admission
Member Parliaments
11 Sep 2006
Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia1, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey2
28 Oct 2010
Andorra
12 Oct 2012
Mauritania
23 Feb 2017
Romania3
15 Feb 2018 San Marino
 9 Mar 2022
Qatar4, United Arab Emirates5
1as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 2from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 3Romania an associate member 25 Sep 2008 - 23 Feb 2017. 4Qatar an associate member 23 Jan 2019 - 9 Mar 2022. 5U.A.E. an associate member 24 Jun 2019 - 9 Mar 2022.

Date of 
Admission
Associate Members
 2 Feb 2015
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
2022?
Holy See
20 Feb 2025
Saudi Arabia



Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)


 [Permanent Court of
              Arbitration (PCA) flag]

PCA website
Headquarters: The Hague
(The Netherlands)

29 Jul 1899                Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)(Cour Permanente d'Arbitrage)
                            
founded by the "Convention for the Pacific Settlement of
                             International Disputes" (Hague Convention)(effective 4 Sep 1900).
18 Oct 1907                Convention revised by (second) Hague Peace Conference
                             (effective 26 Jan 1910).

Secretaries-general
(all from The Netherlands, except as noted)
 4 Sep 1900 -  1 Aug 1901  Baron Robert Melvil van Lynden     (b. 1843 - d. 1910)
1901 - 1905                Leonard Henri Ruyssenaers          (b. 1850 - d. 1913)
 1 Oct 1905 -  4 Feb 1929  Baron Louis Paul Marie Hubert      (b. 1855 - d. 1929)
                             Michiels van Verduynen    
1929 - 17 Nov 1946         Claude Crommelin
                  (b. 1873 - d. 1946)
 1 Jan 1948 - 26 Mar 1951  Jonkheer Aarnout Marinus Snouck    (b. 1882 - d. 1951)
                            
Hurgronje 
 1 Jun 1951 -  4 Feb 1953  Alexander Loudon                   (b. 1892 - d. 1953)

1954 - 1968                Mark Johan
François                (b. 1889 - d. 1978)
1968 - 1980                Baron Eric Oswald van Boetzelaer
  (b. 1903 - d. 1991)
1981 - 1990                Jacob Varekamp                     (b. 1916 - d. 2003)
1990 - 1999                Pieter Jan Hans Jonkman            (b. 1925 - d. 2012)
25 May 1999 -  1 Sep 2008  Tjaco Theo van den Hout            (b. 1949)
 1 Sep 2008 - 31 Dec 2011  Christiaan Mark Johan
Kröner       (b. 1945)
 1 Jan 2012 - 31 May 2012  Brooks W. Daly (U.S.) (acting)     (b. 1968)
 1 Jun 2012 - 31 May 2022 
Hugo Hans Siblesz                  (b. 1948) 
 1 Jun 2022 -             
Marcin Piotr Czepelak (Poland)     (b. 1978)
 

PCA membership (124)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations (a signatory to Hague Conventions of 1899 or 1907)
 4 Sep 1900
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany1, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Persia2, Portugal, Romania, Russia3, Siam4, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States
 6 Oct 1900
Japan
16 Oct 1900 Montenegro5
29 Dec 1900
Switzerland
 4 Apr 1901
Greece
17 Apr 1901
Mexico
11 May 1901
Serbia6
12 Jul 1901
Luxembourg
17 Mar 1903
Korea7
21 Nov 1904
China8
12 Jun 1907
Turkey9
15 Jun 1907
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic,
Guatemala, Haiti, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
17 Jun 1907
Uruguay
20 Jun 1907
El Salvador
 3 Jul 1907
Ecuador
26 May 1922
Poland
 9 Jun 1922
Finland
11 Apr 1929
Czechoslovakia10
29 Jul 1950
India
 5 Aug 1950
Pakistan
 9 Feb 1955
Ceylon11
 7 Mar 1955
Soviet Union3
18 Jul 1955
Laos
 8 Dec 1955
Iceland
 4 Jan 1956
Cambodia
10 Feb 1959
New Zealand
 1 Apr 1960
Australia
19 Aug 1960
Canada
25 Mar 1961
Congo (Kinshasa)12
 1 Aug 1960
Cameroon
30 Aug 1961
Upper Volta13
 1 Dec 1961
Honduras
 4 Apr 1962
Ukrainian S.S.R.14
 4 Jun 1962
Byelorussian S.S.R.15
17 Jun 1962
Israel
30 Apr 1966
Uganda
 2 Dec 1966
The Sudan
14 Feb 1968
Lebanon
 7 Sep 1968
Malta
 4 Nov 1968
Egypt
 3 Aug 1970
Mauritius
31 Aug 1970
Iraq
25 Dec 1970
Swaziland16
 2 Apr 1973
Fiji
 1 Aug 1977
Senegal
19 Sep 1984
Zimbabwe
16 Feb 1987
Nigeria
 8 Oct 1991
Croatia
27 Jan 1992
Jordan
 4 Jun 1992
Kyrgyzstan
27 Dec 1992
Suriname
 1 Jan 1993
Czech Republic, Slovakia
11 Sep 1993
Singapore
12 Nov 1993
Cyprus
23 Sep 1994
Liechtenstein
 2 Sep 1996
Libya
 1 Oct 1996
Slovenia
 4 Oct 1997
Eritrea
25 Jan 1998
Guyana
21 Dec 1998
South Africa
20 Jul 1999
Costa Rica
31 Dec 1999
Zambia
21 Feb 2000
South Korea
17 Feb 2001
Macedonia17
 4 Jun 2001
Morocco
12 Aug 2001
Latvia
 4 Sep 2001
Yugoslavia
20 Jan 2002
Saudi Arabia
 6 May 2002
Malaysia
 6 Jul 2002
Ireland
21 Jan 2003
Belize
 1 Sep 2003
Estonia
14 Sep 2003
Kuwait
28 Sep 2003
Ethiopia
17 Dec 2004
Togo
 9 Jan 2005
Lithuania
16 Sep 2005
Benin
 2 Dec 2005
Qatar
 5 Jun 2006
Serbia6
11 Jun 2006
Kenya
10 Apr 2007
Montenegro5
29 Aug 2008
Bahrain
 5 Jan 2009
United Arab Emirates
 7 Oct 2009
Madagascar
17 Jul 2010
The Philippines
19 Apr 2011
Rwanda
27 Dec 2011
Albania
29 Dec 2011
Vietnam
26 Feb 2012
Bangladesh
20 Oct 2014
São Tomé and Príncipe
22 Mar 2015
Georgia
29 Dec 2015
Palestine
 5 Jan 2016
Kosovo
17 Apr 2016
Djibouti
13 Jun 2016
The Bahamas
14 May 2019 Mongolia
11 Aug 2024
Vanuatu
20 Sep 2024
Timor-Leste
1from 7 Sep 1949 Federal Republic of Germany. 2from 1935 Iran. 3from 30 Dec 1922 Soviet Union, which acceded to Hague Conventions 7 Mar 1955; dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia. 4from 1939 Thailand. 5Montenegro acceded to the Geneva Convention 16 Oct 1900; part of Yugoslavia from 1 Dec 1918; renamed Serbia and Montenegro from 4 Feb 2003, which dissolved 3 Jun 2006; Montenegro re-acceded to the Conventions on 10 Apr 2007. 6Serbia from 1 Dec 1918 part of Serb, Croat and Slovene State; from 3 Oct 1929 Yugoslavia; from 4 Sep 2001 as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 7Korea annexed by Japan 29 Aug 1910 - 12 Sep 1945. 8China represented by Republic of China 1 Jan 1912 - 6 Apr 1972, when the PCA recognized the People's Republic of China as the representative of China. 9as Ottoman Empire to 1920; from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 10Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 membership succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 11from 1972 Sri Lanka. 12to 1966 Congo (Léopoldville), 1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 13from 1984 Burkina Faso. 14from 1991 Ukraine. 15from 1991 Belarus. 16from 2018 Eswatini. 17as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia.


Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ): see International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa (PTA): see COMESA

Red Cross and Red Crescent

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

[Flag of Red Cross]
Red Cross Adopted 5 May 1919
[International
                        Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
                        Societies (IFRCS)]
IFRCS Flag Adopted 1991
IFRCS website Headquarters: Geneva
(Switzerland)(Paris, France
1922-5 Sep 1939)
IFRCS Day: 8 May (1828)
World Red Cross and
  Red Crescent Day
(Red Cross Day to 1984)

 5 May 1919                League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS) founded.
27 Jul 1929                Red Crescent adopted as an additional emblem.
11 Oct 1983                League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS).
27 Nov 1991                International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
                             Societies (IFRCS).

Chairmen
1919 - 1922                Henry P. Davison (U.S.)            (b. 1867 - d. 1922)
1922 - 1935                John Barton Payne (U.S.)           (b. 1855 - d. 1935)
1935 - 1938                Cary T. Grayson (U.S.)             (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
1938 - 1944                Norman Davis (U.S.)                (b. 1878 - d. 1944)
1944 - 1945                Jean de Muralt (Switzerland)       (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
                             (Johannes von Muralt)(acting)
1945 - 1950                Basil O'Connor (U.S.)              (b. 1892 - d. 1972)
1950 - 1959                Emil Sandström (Sweden)            (b. 1886 - d. 1962)
1959 - 1965                John MacAulay (Canada)             (b. 1895 - d. 1978)
1965 - 1977                José Barroso Chávez (Mexico)       (b. 1925 - d. 2008)
Presidents
1977 - 1981                Adetunji Adefarasin (Nigeria)      (b. 1921 - d. 1989)
1981 - 1987                Enrique de la Mata (Spain)         (b. 1933 - d. 1987)
1987 - 1997                Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander    (b. 1947)
                             (Venezuela)  
Nov 1997 - 10 Nov 2001     Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg (f)(Norway)(b. 1936 - d. 2020)
10 Nov 2001 - 21 Nov 2009  Juan Manuel Suárez del Toro Rivero (b. 1952)
                             (Spain)
21 Nov 2009 -  8 Nov 2017  Tadateru Konoe (Japan)             (b. 1939)
 8 Nov 2017 - 11 Dec 2023  Francesco Rocca (Italy)            (b. 1965)
11 Dec 2023  -             Kate Forbes (f) (U.S.)             (b. 1951?)

Secretaries-general
Jul 1919 - 1920            William E. Rappard (Switzerland)   (b. 1883 - d. 1958)
1921 - 1926                René Sand (Belgium)                (b. 1877 - d. 1953)
1927 - 1930                Tracey B. Kittredge (U.S.)         (b. 1891 - d. 1957)
1931                       Ernest P. Bicknell (
U.S.)          (b. 1862 - d. 1935)
1931 - Jan 1932            Gordon Lookwood
Berry (U.S.)       (b. 1884 - d. 1932)
1932 - 1936                Ernest J. Swift (
U.S.)             (b. 1883 - d. 1941)
1936 - 1957                Bonabès de Rougé (France)          (b. 1891 - d. 1975)
1958 - 1960                Henry Weyman Dunning (
U.S.)        (b. 1895 - d. 1977)
1960 - 1981                Henrik Beer (Sweden)               (b. 1915 - d. 1987)
1982 - 1987                Hans Hoegh (Norway)                (b. 1926 - d. 2010)
1988 - 1992                Pär Olav Mikael Stenbäck (Finland) (b. 1941)
1993 - 1999                George B. Weber (Canada)           (b. 1946)
2000 - 2003                Didier J. Cherpitel (France)       (b. 1944)
2003 - 2008                Markku Niskala (Finland)           (b. 1945 - d. 2018)
 1 Jul 2008 - 2014         Bekele Geleta (Ethiopia)           (b. 1944)
 1 Aug 2014 - 2020         Elhadj As Sy (Senegal)             (b. 1954)
 1 Feb 2020 -              Jagan Chapagain (Nepal)            (b. 1968?)

IFRCS membership (191)
Date of
Admission
Member National Societies
 5 May 1919
France, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States
27 May 1919
Belgium, Norway1
28 May 1919
Portugal
17 Jun 1919
Brazil
19 Jun 1919
Australia, Peru2
20 Jun 1919
Canada
23 Jun 1919
Argentina
24 Jun 1919
South Africa
26 Jun 1919
Greece, Sweden3
11 Jul 1919
New Zealand
12 Jul 1919
Denmark4
14 Jul 1919
Romania
15 Jul 1919
Venezuela
17 Jul 1919
Cuba
27 Jul 1919
China5
 7 Aug 1919
India
15 Aug 1919
The Netherlands
22 Aug 1919
Serbia6, Spain
16 Sep 1919
Poland
 2 Nov 1919
Switzerland
11 Jan 1920
Czechoslovakia7
17 Jan 1920
Uruguay
 1 Feb 1920
Chile
 8 Apr 1921
Siam8
20 Apr 1921
Austria
 8 Jun 1921
Finland9
14 Jun 1921
Hungary
20 Jul 1921
Bulgaria
29 Oct 1921
Luxembourg
23 Mar 1922
Paraguay
29 Mar 1922
Colombia
 5 Apr 1922
Costa Rica
15 Jul 1922
Germany10
25 May 1923
Bolivia, Danzig11, Ecuador
 2 Aug 1923
Albania
15 Aug 1923
Guatemala
 5 Oct 1923
Mexico
 7 Jan 1924
Netherlands East Indies12
13 Feb 1925
Panama
30 May 1925
Iceland
24 Jun 1925
El Salvador
21 Jan 1929
Persia13
23 Jun 1929
Egypt
 7 Apr 1930
Turkey14
19 Jan 1931
Dominican Republic
23 Jun 1934
Iraq
17 Oct 1934
Nicaragua15
19 Oct 1934
Soviet Union16
 3 May 1937
Haiti
24 Nov 1945
Ireland
27 Nov 1945
Honduras
 5 Dec 1945
Liechtenstein
23 May 1946
Burma17
18 Aug 1948
Lebanon, Monaco, Pakistan, The Philippines, Syria18
16 Oct 1950
Ethiopia, Indonesia, Jordan
25 Jul 1952
Ceylon19, San Marino, West Germany20
26 Oct 1957
Afghanistan, East Germany20, Laos, North Korea, South Korea, South Vietnam21, Tunisia
 4 Nov 1957
North Vietnam21, The Sudan
26 Sep 1959
Ghana, Liberia, Libya, Mongolia, Morocco
 2 Oct 1961
Cambodia, Nigeria, Togo
28 Aug 1963
Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo (Kinshasa)22, Dahomey23, Ivory Coast24, Madagascar25, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanganyika26, Trinidad and Tobago, Upper Volta27
28 Sep 1965
Jamaica, Nepal, Niger, Uganda
 5 Sep 1967
Kenya, Zambia
 1 Sep 1969
Guyana, Kuwait, Mali, Somalia
12 Oct 1971
Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi
 2 Nov 1973
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Fiji, Mauritania, Singapore
29 Oct 1975
Central African Republic, The Gambia
 7 Oct 1977
The Bahamas, Congo (Brazzaville), Mauritius, Papua New Guinea
 4 Oct 1979
Swaziland28
 2 Nov 1981
Qatar, Tonga
 8 Oct 1983
Rwanda, Yemen (Sana)29, Zimbabwe
20 Oct 1985
Barbados, Belize, Cape Verde30, São Tomé and Príncipe, Western Samoa31 Yemen (Aden)29
18 Oct 1986
Angola, Djibouti, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Saint Lucia, Suriname, United Arab Emirates
23 Nov 1987
Grenada
21 Oct 1989
Chad, Dominica, Mozambique, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
25 Nov 1991
Latvia32, Lithuania33, Solomon Islands
25 Oct 1993
Antigua and Barbuda, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia34, Malta, Namibia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Vanuatu
27 Nov 1995
Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus35, Equatorial Guinea, Macedonia36, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
20 Nov 1997
Brunei Darussalam, Georgia, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Palau, Tajikistan
23 Oct 1999
Gabon
 7 Nov 2001
Bosnia and Hercegovina, Moldova
28 Nov 2003
Cook Islands, Kazakhstan, Federated States of Micronesia
11 Nov 2005
Comoros, Timor-Leste
22 Jun 2006
Israel, Palestinian Territory
20 Nov 2007
Montenegro37
23 Nov 2011
Maldives
12 Nov 2013
Cyprus, South Sudan
 4 Dec 2015
Tuvalu
 5 Dec 2019
Bhutan, Marshall Islands38
1Norway withdrew May 1927, rejoined 1 Jan 1930. 2Peruvian Red Cross IFRC membership suspended by IFRCS from 12 Aug 2022. 3Sweden withdrew 7 May 1927, rejoined 1930. 4Denmark withdrew May 1927, rejoined 1930. 5from Oct 1950 the national Red Cross Society of People's Republic of China was a participant of the Federation's Board of Governors meetings and therefore accepted by the Federation as the Chinese Red Cross (the Chinese Red Cross was partly disbanded 1966-1978); in 1952 at 28th International Conference of the Red Cross, the Standing Commission of the Red Cross invited the People's Republic of China to attend as a delegate and the Formosan (Republic of China [Taiwan]) Red Cross as an observer. Formosa (Taiwan) was invited as an observer at 1957 and 1965, Taiwan has not been invited since 13 Sep 1969. 6Serbia part of Yugoslavia from 1 Dec 1918; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro, dissolved 5 Jun 2006, succeeded by Serbia. 7Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 8from 1941 Thailand. 9Finland withdrew 1927, rejoined 1930. 10IFRCS recognition of Germany revoked 1945. 11Danzig Free City annexed to Germany 1 Sep 1939 - 7 Apr 1945, then to Poland. 12Netherlands East Indies independent from 1949 as Indonesia, which joined 16 Oct 1950. 13from 1935 Iran. 14from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 15Nicaraguan Red Cross dissolved by Nicaraguan parliament 9 May 2023. 16Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991; succeeded by Russia, succession formally recognized 5 Oct 1992. 17from 1989 Myanmar. 18Syrian Red Crescent was recognized by IFRCS as part of United Arab Republic Red Crescent on 29 Sep 1959, but was readmitted on 28 Sep 1962. 19from 1972 Sri Lanka. 20East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990 as Germany, the separate national societies united 3 Jan 1991. 21South Vietnam united with North Vietnam on 23 Aug 1976 as Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 22Congo (Léopoldville) to 1966; 1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 23from 1975 Benin. 24from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 25to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic. 26from 26 Apr 1964 United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 27from 1984 Burkina Faso. 28from 2018 Eswatini. 29Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 1990 as Yemen, the separate national societies united 18 Jul 1990. 30from 2013 Cabo Verde. 31from 1997 Samoa. 32Latvian Red Cross originally admitted 10 Jan 1923. 33Lithuanian Red Cross originally admitted 12 Jan 1924. 34Estonian Red Cross originally admitted 25 Feb 1922. 35Belarus Red Cross Society suspended by IFRCS from 1 Dec 2023. 36as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 37Montenegro provisional member 26 Oct 2006 - 20 Nov 2007. 38Marshall Islands provisional member 15 Mar 2018 - 5 Dec 2019.

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

[Flag of the Red Cross]
Red Cross Adopted 22 Aug 1864
 
[Flag of the
                        Red Crescent]
Red Crescent Adopted 27 Jul 1929

[Flag of
                        the Red Crystal]
Red Crystal Adopted 14 Jan 2007

[International
                        Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) flag]
ICRC Flag Adopted c.1975
ICRC website
Headquarters: Geneva
(Switzerland)
ICRC Day: 8 May (1828)
World Red Cross and
Red Crescent Day
(Red Cross Day to 1984)

 9 Feb 1863                International Committee for Relief to the Wounded founded, as
                             the birth of the International Red Cross Movement, by
                             Jean Henri Dunant (b. 1828 - d. 1910).
22 Aug 1864                First "Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of
                             the Wounded in Armies in the Field" signed (revised 1906, 1929,
                             and 1949).
20 Dec 1875                Renamed International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
 6 Jul 1906                Second Geneva "Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of
                             the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field" signed (revised
                             27 July 1929) and replaced 12 Aug 1949 as "
Convention for the
                             Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked
                             Members of Armed Forces at Sea."  
27 Jul 1929                Third Geneva "Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of
                             War" signed (revised 12 Aug 1949).
12 Aug 1949                Fourth Geneva "Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian
                             Persons in Time of War" signed. 
                  

Presidents (all from Switzerland)
 9 Feb 1863 - 31 Mar 1864  Guillaume Henri Dufour             (b. 1787 - d. 1875)
31 Mar 1864 - 21 Aug 1910  Gustave Moynier                    (b. 1826 - d. 1910)
26 Aug 1910 - 31 Mar 1928  Gustave Ador                       (b. 1845 - d. 1928)
1917 - 1920                Édouard Naville                    (b. 1844 - d. 1926)
                             (acting for Ador)
12 May 1928 - 31 Dec 1944  Max Huber                          (b. 1874 - d. 1960)
 1 Jan 1945 - May 1948     Carl Burckhardt                    (b. 1891 - d. 1974)
                             (absent 24 Feb 1945 - Apr 1948)  
24 Feb 1945 - Feb 1947     Max Huber                          (s.a.)
                           (acting for Burckhardt)
Feb 1947 - May 1948        Ernest Gloor                       (b. 1893 - d. 1964)
                           + Martin Bodmer                    (b. 1899 - d. 1971)
                           (acting for Burckhardt)
12 May 1948 - 31 Aug 1955  Paul Ruegger                       (b. 1897 - d. 1988)
 1 Sep 1955 - 30 Sep 1964  Léopold Boissier                   (b. 1893 - d. 1968)
 1 Oct 1964 - Jan 1969     Samuel Gonard                      (b. 1896 - d. 1975)
 9 Jan 1969 - 31 May 1973  Marcel Naville                     (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
 1 Jun 1973 - 30 Jun 1976  Eric Martin                        (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
 1 Jul 1976 -  6 May 1987  Alexandre Hay                      (b. 1919 - d. 1991)
 7 May 1987 - 31 Dec 1999  Cornelio Sommaruga                 (b. 1932 - d. 2024)
 1 Jan 2000 - 30 Jun 2012  Jakob Kellenberger                 (b. 1944)
 1 Jul 2012 - 30 Sep 2022  Peter Maurer                       (b. 1956)
 1 Oct 2022 -              Mirjana Spoljaric Egger (f)        (b. 1972)

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)

[Flag of International Red Cross and
                            Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)]
Adopted 1982

ICRM website
Headquarters: Geneva
(Switzerland)
ICRC Day: 8 May (1828)
World Red Cross and
Red Crescent Day
(Red Cross Day to 1984)

 9 Feb 1863                International Committee for Relief to the Wounded founded,
                             birth of the International Red Cross Movement (ICRM).

22 Aug 1864                First Geneva Convention signed.
26 Oct 1928               
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
                             formally established with the adoption of "Statutes of the
                             International Red Cross
."   

Chairmen of the Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
1928 - 1934                Pierre Nolf (Belgium)              (b. 1873 - d. 1953)
1934 - 1938                Prince Iesato Tokugawa (Japan)     (b. 1863 - d. 1940)
1938 - 1946                Sir Arthur Stanley (U.K.)          (b. 1869 - d. 1947)
1946 - 1948                Count Folke Bernadotte (Sweden)    (b. 1894 - d. 1948)
1948 - 1965                André François-Poncet (France)     (b. 1887 - d. 1978)
1965 - 1973                Angela Olivia Pery, Countess of    (b. 1897 - d. 1981)
                             Limerick (f)(U.K.)
1973 - 1977                Sir Geoffrey Newman-Morris         (b. 1909 - d. 1981)
                             (Australia)
1977 - 1981                Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh (U.K.)       (b. 1909 - d. 1994)
1981 - 1993                Ahmed Abu-Goura (Jordan)
1993 - 1995                Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-  (b. 1927 - d. 2008)
                             Hohenstein (Germany)
1995 - 2003                Princess Margriet van Oranje-      
(b. 1943)
                             Nassau (f) (The Netherlands)
 5 Dec 2003 - 26 Nov 2009  Mohammed Al-Hadid (Jordan)         (b. 1951)  

26 Nov 2009 - 28 Nov 2011  Massimo Barra (Italy)              (b. 1947)
28 Nov 2011 -  8 Dec 2015  Greg Vickery (Australia)           (b. 1946)
 8 Dec 2015 - 31 Aug 2017  Eva Margareta von Oelreich (f)     (b. 1944)
                             (Sweden)
 1 Sep 2017 - 11 Dec 2019 
George B. Weber (Canada)           (b. 1946)
11 Dec 2019 -              Mercedes Babé y Romero (f)(Spain)  (b. 1950)

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) membership (191)
Date of  ICRC
Recognition
National Societies
16 Dec 1863
Württemberg1
 2 Jan 1864
Oldenburg1
 4 Feb 1864
Belgium
 6 Feb 1864
Prussia1
15 Jun 1864
Italy
24 Jun 1864
Mecklenburg-Schwerin1
18 Oct 1864
Hamburg1
19 Dec 1864
Hesse-Darmstadt1
13 Apr 1865
Sweden
22 Sep 1865
Norway
 7 Jun 1866
Saxony1
29 Jun 1866
Baden1
22 Aug 1866
Switzerland
15 May 1867
Russia
 5 Jan 1868
Bavaria1
 8 Aug 1868
Turkey2
21 Sep 1868
The Netherlands
 4 Aug 1870
United Kingdom
 1 Jan 1871 Germany1
10 Feb 1876
Montenegro3
27 Apr 1876
Denmark
14 Jun 1876
Serbia3
23 Aug 1876
Romania
 6 Oct 1877
Greece
14 Mar 1880
Austria
 8 May 1880
Peru
10 Jan 1882
Argentina
20 Jan 1882
Hungary
20 Sep 1882
United States
20 Oct 1885
Bulgaria
13 Jul 1887
Portugal
 2 Sep 1887
Japan
14 Jun 1889
Congo Free State4
 6 Jun 1893
Spain
 7 Apr 1896
Venezuela
15 Jun 1900
Uruguay
25 Jun 1900
Transvaal5
23 Oct 1905
Korea6
 1 Mar 1907
France
30 Apr 1909
Chile
 7 Sep 1909
Cuba
 3 Jan 1912
Mexico
15 Jan 1912
China7
16 Mar 1912
Brazil
14 Oct 1914
Luxembourg
14 Jul 1919
Poland
 1 Dec 1919 Czechoslovakia8
24 May 1920
Finland
27 May 1920
Siam9
15 Oct 1921
Soviet Union10
16 Mar 1922
Costa Rica
22 Mar 1922
Paraguay
23 Mar 1922
Colombia
10 Oct 1922
Danzig11
10 Jan 1923
Bolivia
10 Apr 1923
Ecuador
 2 Aug 1923
Albania
15 Aug 1923
Guatemala
 1 Feb 1924
Egypt
20 Apr 1924
Panama
30 May 1924
Persia12
 9 Apr 1925
Iceland
25 Apr 1925
El Salvador
15 Nov 1927
Canada
16 Nov 1927
Dominican Republic
17 Nov 1927
Australia
10 May 1928
South Africa13
28 Feb 1929
India
16 Jun 1932
New Zealand
16 Jun 1934
Iraq
15 Sep 1934
Nicaragua14
19 Sep 1935
Haiti
26 Sep 1935
Ethiopia
 5 Aug 1938
Honduras
20 Apr 1939
Burma15
 2 Nov 1939
Ireland
22 Jun 1945
Liechtenstein
12 Oct 1946
Syria16
30 Jan 1947
Lebanon
 5 May 1947
The Philippines
20 Mar 1948
Monaco
21 Jul 1948
Pakistan
 9 Dec 1948
Jordan17
15 Jun 1950
Indonesia
19 Oct 1950
San Marino
 6 Mar 1952
Ceylon18
26 Jun 1952
West Germany19
 2 Sep 1954
Afghanistan
 6 Nov 1954
East Germany19
26 May 1955
South Korea
 2 Feb 1956
North Korea
23 May 1957
Laos, South Vietnam20
12 Sep 1957
Tunisia
 1 Nov 1957
North Vietnam20, The Sudan
 7 Aug 1958
Morocco
 9 Sep 1958
Libya
 5 Feb 1959
Ghana, Liberia
15 Sep 1959
Mongolia
 6 Oct 1960
Cambodia
 4 May 1961
Nigeria
 7 Sep 1961
Togo
 1 Nov 1962
Sierra Leone, Upper Volta21
 4 Jul 1963
Algeria, Cameroon, Congo (Kinshasa)22, Malaysia
 8 Aug 1963
Ivory Coast23, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Tanganyika24, Trinidad and Tobago
22 Aug 1963
Burundi, Dahomey25
26 Aug 1963
Madagascar26
 1 Oct 1964
Jamaica, Nepal
 2 Sep 1965
Uganda
 2 Dec 1965
Niger
 3 Nov 1966
Kenya
 8 Dec 1966
Zambia
14 Sep 1967
Mali
 6 Jun 1968
Kuwait
 8 Aug 1968
Guyana
 3 Jul 1969
Somalia
 5 Feb 1970
Botswana
23 Jul 1970
Malawi
 7 Sep 1971
Lesotho
14 Sep 1972
Bahrain
 6 Jun 1973
Mauritania
20 Sep 1973
Bangladesh, Fiji, Singapore
24 Oct 1973
Central African Republic
10 Oct 1974
The Gambia
16 Dec 1976
The Bahamas, Congo (Brazzaville)
15 Sep 1977
Mauritius, Papua New Guinea
 4 Apr 1979
Swaziland27
15 Oct 1981
Tonga
26 Oct 1981
Qatar
22 Apr 1982
Yemen (Sana)28
 6 Oct 1982
Rwanda
 7 Sep 1983
Zimbabwe
15 Mar 1984
Belize
30 Aug 1984
Barbados, Western Samoa29, Yemen (Aden)28
14 Mar 1985
Cape Verde30
 3 Oct 1985
São Tomé and Príncipe
27 Aug 1986
Guinea-Bissau, United Arab Emirates
 1 Oct 1986
Angola, Guinea, Saint Lucia, Suriname
15 Oct 1986
Djibouti
12 Mar 1987
Grenada
15 Apr 1988
Chad
29 Sep 1988
Mozambique
15 Mar 1989
Dominica
 4 Oct 1989
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 3 Oct 1991
Solomon Islands
 7 Nov 1991
Lithuania31
20 Nov 1991
Latvia32
 3 Jun 1992
Seychelles
27 Aug 1992
Saint Kitts and Nevis
 4 Nov 1992
Antigua and Barbuda
 3 Jun 1993
Seychelles
31 Mar 1993
Estonia33, Namibia
25 Aug 1993
Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia
29 Sep 1993
Ukraine, Vanuatu
21 Oct 1993
Malta
24 Mar 1994
Andorra
28 Sep 1994
Equatorial Guinea
24 Aug 1995
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
 1 Nov 1995
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Macedonia34
 6 Nov 1996
Brunei Darussalam
19 Mar 1997
Kyrgyzstan
30 Sep 1997
Kiribati, Palau
 6 Nov 1997
Georgia, Tajikistan
19 Aug 1999
Gabon
 8 May 2001
Bosnia and Hercegovina
24 Oct 2001
Moldova
12 Dec 2002
Cook Islands
20 Nov 2003
Kazakhstan, Federated States of Micronesia
22 Sep 2005
Comoros
 9 Nov 2005
Timor-Leste
22 Jun 2006
Israel, Palestinian Territory
21 Sep 2006
Montenegro35
23 Nov 2011
Maldives
23 Feb 2012
Cyprus
18 Jun 2013
South Sudan
18 Nov 2015
Tuvalu
20 Dec 2017
Marshall Islands
28 Nov 2019
Bhutan
1Prussia united with Baden, Bavaria, Hamburg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Oldenburg, Saxony, and Württemberg as Germany on 1 Jan 1871; Hamburg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Oldenburg, Prussia and Saxony part of North German Confederation 1 Jul 1867 - 1 Jan 1871; Red Crosses unified on 25 Jan 1921 as Red Cross Society of Germany, which was de facto recognized by the ICRC until 1945. 2as Ottoman Empire to 1920; from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 3Montenegro and Serbia were part of Yugoslavia from 1 Dec 1918; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; dissolved 5 Jun 2006, succeeded by Serbia. 4from 1908 Belgian Congo a branch of the Belgian Red Cross; recognized by ICRC 4 Jul 1963 as Congo (Kinshasa) Red Cross. 5from 1902 Transvaal a branch of the British Red Cross; from 1921 part of South African Red Cross which was recognized by ICRC 10 May 1928. 6Korea a branch of Japanese Red Cross 1910-1945; separate North and South Korean Red Cross Societies recognized in 1955 and 1956. 7at 28th International Conference of the Red Cross in 1952 the Standing Commission of the Red Cross invited the People's Republic of China to attend as a delegate and the Formosan (Republic of China [Taiwan]) Red Cross as an observer on the principle that there may only be only one National Red Cross Society per country. On 28 Jul 1952 the invitations of the Standing Commission were confirmed by a vote of Conference delegates. Formosa (Taiwan) was an invited observer 1957 and 1965. Taiwan was not invited as an observer after 13 Sep 1969; The People's Republic of China Red Cross Society was partly disbanded 1966-1978. 8Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 9from 1941 Thailand. 10Russian Red Cross est.1867, by decree of 6 Jan 1918 became the Soviet Red Cross; from 1924 Alliance of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the USSR; dissolved 25 Dec 1991; succeeded by Russia, succession recognized by ICRC 1 Jul 1992. 11Danzig Free City annexed to Germany 1 Sep 1939 - 7 Apr 1945, then to Poland. 12from 1935 Iran. 13South Africa suspended from ICRC conference participation 25 Oct - Nov 1986. 14Nicaraguan Red Cross dissolved by Nicaraguan parliament on 9 May 2023.  15from 1989 Myanmar. 16Syria along with Egypt was part of the United Arab Republic 1958-1961; the ICRC did not recognize this new structure as such, but informed other National Red Cross Societies on 10 Sep 1959 that the Syrian Red Crescent was a component of the UAR Red Crescent; on 31 Jul 1962 ICRC noted its autonomy was restored. 17to 1946 Transjordan. 18from 1972 Sri Lanka. 19East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990 as Germany, the separate national societies united 3 Jan 1991. 20South Vietnam united with North Vietnam on 23 Aug 1976 as Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 21from 1984 Burkina Faso. 22Congo (Léopoldville) to 1966; 1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 23from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 24from 26 Apr 1964 United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 25from 1975 Benin. 26to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic. 27from 2018 Eswatini. 28Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 1990 as Yemen the separate national societies united 18 Jul 1990. 29from 1997 Samoa. 30from 2013 Cabo Verde. 31Lithuanian Red Cross first recognized by ICRC on 28 Aug 1923. 32Latvian Red Cross first recognized by ICRC on 10 Jan 1923. 33Estonian Red Cross first recognized by ICRC on 11 Apr 1922. 34as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 35Montenegro a member 10 Feb 1876 - 1 Dec 1918; a provisional member 21 Nov 2006 - 20 Nov 2007.
Note: the procedure of recognition of new National Societies by the ICRC came into force from 1887. National Societies created before this date became members of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) without formal recognition by the ICRC.


Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

[Shanghai Cooperation
                Organisation flag]
 
SCO website
Headquarters: Beijing
(China)

26 Apr 1996                "Shanghai Five" regional security treaty signed.
15 Jun 2001                Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
19 Sep 2003                SCO charter enters into force.
15 Jan 2004                Secretariat inaugurated.

Executive Secretary
15 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2006  Zhang Deguang (China)              (b. 1941)
Secretaries-general
 1 Jan 2007 - 21 Jan 2010  Bolat
Qabdylkhamïtuly Nurghalïev   (b. 1951)
                           (Bolat Kabdylkhamitovich Nurgaliyev)
                             (Kazakhstan)
21 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2012  Muratbek Sansyzbayevich Imanaliyev
(b. 1956)
                             (Kyrgyzstan)
 1 Jan 2013 - 12 Jan 2016  Dmitriy Fyodorovich Mezentsev      (b. 1959)
                             (Russia)
12 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2018  Rashid Kutbudinovich Alimov        (b. 1953)

                             (Tajikistan)
 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2021  Vladimir Imamovich Norov           (b. 1955)
                             (Uzbekistan) 
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2024  Zhang Ming (China)                 (b. 1957)
 1 Jan 2025 -              Nurlan Baiuzakuly Yermekbayev      (b. 1963)
                           (Nurlan Bayuzakovich Yermekbayev)
                             (Kazakhstan)

SCO membership (10)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
15 Jun 2001 China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, 
Tajikistan
 7 Jun 2002 Uzbekistan
 9 Jun 2017
India, Pakistan
 4 Jul 2023
Iran
 4 Jul 2024
Belarus



South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
 

[Flag of South Asian
                        Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)]
Adopted 8 Dec 1985

SAARC website Headquarters: Kathmandu
(Nepal)
SAARC Day: 8 Dec (1985)
SAARC Charter Day

 8 Dec 1985                South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
                             established.

Secretaries-general
16 Jan 1987 - 15 Oct 1989  Abul Ahsan (Bangladesh)            (b. 1936 - d. 2008)
17 Oct 1989 - 31 Dec 1991  Kant Kishore Bhargava (India)      (b. 1934 - d. 2019)
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1993  Ibrahim Hussain Zaki (Maldives)    (b. 1947)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1995  Yadav Kant Silwal (Nepal)          (b. 1938)
 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1998  Naeem U. Hasan (Pakistan)          (b. 1941)
 1 Jan 1999 - 10 Jan 2002  Nihal Rodrigo (Sri Lanka)          (b. c.1945)
11 Jan 2002 - 28 Feb 2005  Q.A.M.A. Rahim (Bangladesh)        (b. 1942 - d. 2021)
 1 Mar 2005 - 29 Feb 2008  Lyonpo Chenkyab Dorji (Bhutan)     (b. 1943)
 1 Mar 2008 - 28 Feb 2011  Sheel Kanta Sharma (India)         (b. 1950)
 1 Mar 2011 - 22 Jan 2012  Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed (f)
        (b. 1974)
                             (Maldives)  
22 Jan 2012 - 12 Mar 2012  Damayanthi Rajapakse (f)(Sri Lanka)
                             
(acting)
12 Mar 2012 - 28 Feb 2014  Ahmed Saleem (Maldives)            (b. 1949)
 1 Mar 2014 - 28 Feb 2017  Arjun Bahadur Thapa (Nepal)        (b. 1956) 
 1 Mar 2017 -
29 Feb 2020  Amjad Hussain B. Sial (Pakistan)   (b. 1956)
 1 Mar 2020 - 24 Oct 2023  Esala Ruwan Weerakoon (Sri Lanka)  (b. 1961?)
25 Oct 2023 -              Mohammad Golam Sarwar (Bangladesh) (b. 1966)

SAARC membership (8)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 8 Dec 1985 Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
 3 Apr 2007
Afghanistan



Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
 

[Southeast Asia
                        Treaty Organization (SEATO) flag 1959-1977]
19 Feb 1959 - 30 Jun 1977

Southeast Asia Collective
Defense Treaty
 (8 Sep 1954)
Headquarters: Bangkok
(Thailand)
SEATO Day: 8 Sep (1954)
SEATO Day

 8 Sep 1954                Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, also called
                             the "Manila Pact", signed.
19 Feb 1955                Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) established.
 1 Feb 1974                Dissolution of military structures.
30 Jun 1977                SEATO dissolved.

Secretaries-general
 5 Sep 1957 - 22 Sep 1957  Pote Sarasin (1st time)
(Thailand)  (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
22 Sep 1957 - 10 Jan 1958  William Worth (
Australia)          (b. 1912 - d. 2001)
                             (1st time)(acting)
10 Jan 1958 - 13 Dec 1963  Pote Sarasin (2nd time)
(Thailand)  (s.a.)
13 Dec 1963 - 19 Feb 1964  William Worth (Australia)          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
19 Feb 1964 -  1 Jul 1965  Konthi Suphamongkhon (Thailand)    (b. 1916 - d. 2011)
 1 Jul 1965 -  5 Sep 1972  Jesus Miranda Vargas               (b. 1905 - d. 1994)
                             (The Philippines)
 5 Sep 1972 - 30 Jun 1977  Sunthorn Hongladarom (Thailand)    (b. 1912 - d. 2005)

SEATO membership
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
19 Feb 1955 Australia, France¹, New Zealand, Pakistan2, The Philippines,
Thailand, United Kingdom, United States 
¹France ceased financial contributions from 30 Jun 1974. 2Pakistan withdrew 7 Nov 1973. 


South Pacific Forum: see Pacific Islands Forum


Southern African Development Community (SADC)
 
[Southern
                          African Development Coordination Conference
                          (SADCC) 1980-1992]
1980 - 1992
[Southern
                          African Development Community (SADC)]
Adopted 28 Aug 1995
SADC website
Anthem
"SADC Anthem"
Adopted Aug 2004
Headquarters: Gaborone
(Botswana)
SADC Day:
17 Aug (1992)
SADC Day

 1 Apr 1980                Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC).
17 Aug 1992                Southern African Development Community (SADC).

Executive Secretaries
1980 - 1982                Lebang Mpotokwane (Botswana)       (b. 1944)
                             (1st time) (acting)
Oct 1982 - Mar 1984        Frederick Arthur Blumeris          (b. 1940 - d. 1984)
                             (Zimbabwe)
1984                       Lebang Mpotokwane (Botswana)       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
1984 - 31 Dec 1993         Simba Makoni (Zimbabwe)            (b. 1950)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1999  Kaire Mbuende (Namibia)            (b. 1953)
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Aug 2005  Prega Ramsamy (Mauritius)          (b. 1950)
                             (acting to 9 Mar 2001)
 1 Sep 2005 - 31 Aug 2013  Tomaz Augusto Salomão (Mozambique) (b. 1954)
 1 Sep 2013 - 31 Aug 2021  Stergomena Lawrence Tax (f)        (b. 1960)
                             (Tanzania)
 1 Sep 2021 -              Elias Mpedi Magosi (Botswana)

SADC membership (16)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 1 Apr 1980 Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique,
Swaziland¹, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
31 Mar 1990 Namibia
30 Aug 1994 South Africa
28 Aug 1995 Mauritius
 8 Sep 1997 Congo (Kinshasa), Seychelles2
18 Aug 2005 Madagascar3
17 Aug 2018
Comoros
¹from 2018 Eswatini. 2Seychelles withdrew 1 Jul 2004, rejoined 16 Aug 2008. 3Madagascar suspended 30 Mar 2009 - 30 Jan 2014.



Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR)
 
[Southern Cone
                          Common Market (Mercosur) Flag]
Adopted 16 Dec 1996 (Spanish)
[Portuguese
                          variant: Southern Cone Common Market
                          (Mercosul) Flag]
(Portuguese variant)
MERCOSUR website
----------------------------
PARLASUR website
Headquarters: Montevideo
(Uruguay)
MERCOSUR Day:
26 Mar (1991)
Día del MERCOSUR

26 Mar 1991                Southern Cone Common Market (Mercado Común del Sur/
 
                            Mercado Comum do Sul)(Mercosur/Mercosul) founded
                             by the "Treaty of Asunción."
17 Dec 1994                Customs union inaugurated.
 1 Jan 1997                Secretariat inaugurated.
 6 Dec 2006               
Parlamento del Mercosur (Parlasur/Parlasul) effective.

Directors of the Secretariat
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1998  Jorge Enrique Fernández Reyes      (b. 1953)
                             (Uruguay)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 2000  Ramón Antero Díaz Pereira          (b. 1947)
                             (Paraguay)
 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2002  Santiago José González Cravino
                             (Argentina)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2005  Reginaldo Braga Arcuri (Brazil)    (b. 1955?)
 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2007  José Ernesto Büttner Limprich
                             (Paraguay)

 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2009  José Manuel Quijano Capurro        (b. 1944)
                             (Uruguay)
 1 Dec 2010 - 31 Dec 2011  Agustín Miguel Colombo Sierra      (b. 1952)
                             
(Argentina)
 1 Jan 2012 - 30 Jun 2014  Jeferson Miola (Brazil)  
 1 Jul 2014 - 31 Dec 2016  Oscar Pastore (Paraguay)
 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2018  Linda Rabbaglietti Amor (f)
                             (Uruguay)
 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2020  María Fernanda Monti (f)
                             (Argentina)
 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2022  Luiz de Gonzaga Coelho Júnior 
                             (Brazil)
 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2024  Bernardino Hugo Saguier Caballero  (b. 1945)
                             (Paraguay)
 1 Jan 2025 -              Jimmy Voss Donamar (Uruguay)

[Parlamento del
                  Mercosur / Parlamento do Mercosul flag] 

Presidents of the Parliament of Mercosur (Parlasur/Parlasul)  
 7 May 2007 – 25 Jun 2007  Alfonso González Núñez
(Paraguay)  (b. 1964)
25 Jun 2007 – 18 Dec 2007  Carlos Roberto Conde Carreras      (b. 1952)
                             (Uruguay)
18 Dec 2007 – 27 Jun 2008  José Juan Bautista Pampuro         (b. 1949)
                             (1st time)(Argentina)
28 Jun 2008 – 10 Feb 2009  Florisvaldo Fier (Brazil)          (b. 1950)
10 Feb 2009 – 17 Aug 2009  Ignacio Mendoza Unzaín
(Paraguay)
                             (1st time)
17 Aug 2009 -  2 Feb 2010  Juan José Dom
ínguez (Uruguay)
 2 Feb 2010 -  9 Aug 2010  José Juan Bautista Pampuro         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(Argentina)
 9 Aug 2010 -  6 Jun 2011  Aloizio Mercadante Oliva (Brazil)  (b. 1954)
 
 7 Jun 2011 - 12 Aug 2011  Ignacio Mendoza Unzaín
(Paraguay)
                             (2nd time)
12 Aug 2011 - 30 Jun 2013  Azambuja Reinaldo Silva (Brazil)   (b. 1963)
 1 Jul 2013 - 15 Feb 2015  Rub
én Martínez Huelmo (Uruguay)    (b. 1949)
                             (acting to 2 Dec 2013)
26 Feb 2015 - 31 Dec 2015  Saúl Antonio Ortega Campos         (b. 1956)
                             (Venezuela)
 1 Jan 2016 -  1 Dec 2016  Jorge Enrique Taiana (Argentina)   (b. 1950)
 1 Dec 2016 - 31 Dec 2017  Arlindo Chinaglia Junior (Brazil)  (b. 1949)
 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018  Tomás Enrique Bittar Navarro       (b. 1965)
                             (1st time)(Paraguay)
 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019  Daniel Caggiani Gómez (Uruguay)    (b. 1983)
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 
Oscar Laborde Alberto (Argentina)  (b. 1953)
 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021  Celso Ubirajara Russomanno (Brazil)(b. 1956)
 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022  Tomás Enrique Bittar Navarro       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(Paraguay)
 1 Jan 2023 -  7 May 2023  Gustavo Penadés Etchebarne         (b. 1965)
                             (Uruguay)
 8 May 2023 -  7 Jun 2023  Cecilia Catherine Britto (f)
                             (Argentina) (interim)
 8 Jun 2023 - 26 Jun 2023  Rubén Aníbal Bacigalupe Aunés      (b. 1966)
                             (Uruguay) (acting)
26 Jun 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Mario Enrique Colman Giriboni
                             (Uruguay)
 1 Jan 2024 - 29 Apr 2024  Alfredo Horacio Olmedo (Argentina) (b. 1965)
29 Apr 2024 - 31 Dec 2024  Fabiana Gabriela Martín (f)
                             (Argentina)
 1 Jan 2025 -              Arlindo Chinaglia (Brazil)         (b. 1949)

MERCOSUR membership (6)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
26 Mar 1991 Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay¹, Uruguay 
31 Jul 2012
Venezuela2
 7 Aug 2024
Bolivia3

Date of
Admission
Associate Members of Mercosur
 1 Oct 1996
Chile
 1 Jan 1997 Bolivia3
25 Aug 2003
Peru
16 Dec 2004
Colombia, Ecuador
17 Jul 2015
Guyana, Suriname
¹Paraguay suspended 29 Jun 2012 - 15 Aug 2013. 2Venezuela an associate member 16 Dec 2004 - 31 Jul 2012; suspended from 5 Aug 2017. 3Bolivia approved for regular membership 17 Jul 2015, admitted as regular member 7 Dec 2023, from 7 Aug 2024 status of state party.



Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)

[Union of South American
                      Nations (UNASUR) unofficial flag 2008-2011] 23 May 2008 - 2011 Unofficial

[Union of
                      South American Nations (UNASUR) flag] Adopted 2011
[Union of
                      South American Nations (UNASUR) flag Variant] Variant
UNASUR website
Headquarters: Quito (Ecuador)
(Brasilia, Brazil interim 2008-2011);
Parlamento Suramericano:
Cochabamba (Bolivia)

 8 Dec 2004                South American Community of Nations.
23 May 2008                Union of South American Nations (Unión de Naciones Suramericanas
                             [UNASUR]/União de Nações Sul-Americanas [UNASUL]) founded.
11 Mar 2011                Constitutive Treaty enters into force.
13 Dec 2023
                UNASUR announces the reactivation of institutions.

Secretaries-general
 4 May 2010 - 27 Oct 2010  Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić        (b. 1950 - d. 2010)  
                             (Argentina)
27 Oct 2010 -  1 Apr 2011  Vacant
 1 Apr 2011 - 11 Jun 2012  María Emma Mejía Vélez (f)(
Colombia) (b. 1953)
                             (acting to 11 May 2011)
11 Jun 2012 - 11 Sep 2014  Alí Rodríguez Araque (Venezuela)     (b. 1937 - d. 2018)
11 Sep 2014 - 31 Jan 2017  Ernesto Samper Pizano (Colombia)     (b. 1950)
 1 Feb 2017 -              Vacant


Presidents Pro Tempore
23 May 2008 - 10 Aug 2009  Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria (f) (b. 1951)
                             (Chile)
10 Aug 2009 - 26 Nov 2010  Rafael Correa Delgado (Ecuador)      (b. 1963)
26 Nov 2010 - 29 Oct 2011  Bharrat Jagdeo (Guyana)              (b. 1964)
29 Oct 2011 - 22 Jun 2012  Fernando Lugo Méndez (Paraguay)      (b. 1951)
22 Jun 2012 - 29 Jun 2012  Vacant
29 Jun 2012 - 30 Aug 2013  Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso (Peru)   (b. 1962)
30 Aug 2013 -  4 Dec 2014  Dési Bouterse (Suriname)             (b. 1945)
 4 Dec 2014 -  1 Mar 2015  José Mujica Cordano (Uruguay)        (b. 1935 - d. 2025)
 1 Mar 2015 - 22 Apr 2016  Tabaré Vázquez
Rosas (Uruguay)       (b. 1940 - d. 2020)
23 Apr 2016
- 17 Apr 2017  Nicolás Maduro Moros (Venezuela)     (b. 1962)
18 Apr 2017 - 17 Apr 2018  Mauricio Macri (Argentina)           (b. 1959)
17 Apr 2018 - 16 Apr 2019  Juan Evo Morales Ayma (Bolivia)      (b. 1959)
17 Apr 2019 -              Vacant

UNASUR membership (7)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
11 Mar 2011
Argentina¹, Bolivia2, Chile3, Colombia4, Ecuador5, Guyana, Peru6, Suriname, Uruguay7, Venezuela
14 Jul 2011
Brazil8
11 Aug 2011
Paraguay9
¹Argentina suspended its participation 20 Apr 2018, announced withdrawal 27 Aug 2018 (to be effective six months later); rejoined 2 Apr 2023, withdrew again 12 Dec 2023. 2Bolivia announced withdrawal 18 Nov 2019 (to be effective six months later), withdrawal rescinded 20 Nov 2020. 3Chile suspended its participation 20 Apr 2018, announced withdrawal 27 Aug 2018 (to be effective six months later), rejoined 5 Dec 2023. 4Colombia suspended its membership 20 Apr 2018; announced withdrawal 10 Aug 2018 (to be effective six months later), rejoined 20 Oct 2023. 5Ecuador announced its withdrawal 13 Mar 2019, effective 17 Sep 2019. 6Peru suspended its participation from 20 Apr 2018; withdrawal announced 27 Aug 2018 (to be effective six months later); rejoined 5 Dec 2023. 7Uruguay announced withdrawal 10 Mar 2020 (to be effective six months later). 8Brazil suspended its participation 20 Apr 2018; announced withdrawal 27 Aug 2018 (to be effective six months later), rejoined 5 May 2023. 9Paraguay suspended 29 Jun 2012 - 15 Aug 2013; suspended its participation 20 Apr 2018, announced withdrawal 27 Aug 2018 (to be effective six months later).


 
Union of State of Belarus and Russia


[Union of
                          State of Belarus and Russia Proposed Flag]
Proposed Flag
[Union of
                          State of Belarus and Russia Proposed Variant
                          Flag]
Proposed Flag Variant
Union website
Unofficial Anthem
"Derzhavny Soyuz
Narodov/Dzyarzhauny
Sayuz Narodau"
(Sovereign Union of Nations)
Headquarters: Moscow
(Russia)

Union Holiday:
2 Apr (1996)
Den' Yedineniya Narodov
Belarusi i Rossii
(Day of Unity of the
Peoples of Belarus
and Russia)

 6 Jan 1995                Agreement on the Customs Union of Russia and Belarus
 2 Apr 1996                Community of Belarus and Russia (Soobshchestva Belarusi i Rossii).
 2 Apr 1997                Union of Belarus and Russia (Soyuz Belarusi i Rossii) created
                             by the Treaty on the Union
between Belarus and Russia.
25 Dec 1998                Declaration on the Further Unity of Belarus and Russia, the
                             Treaty on Equal Rights of Citizens, and the Agreement on the
                             Creation of Equal Conditions for Economic Entities signed.
 8 Dec 1999                Treaty on the Creation of a Union State of Russia and Belarus
                             signed (ratified by Russia 26 Dec 1999, by Belarus 26 Jan 2000).
26 Jan 2000                Union State of Russia and Belarus (Soyuznoye gosudarstvo Rossii i
                             Belorussii).
 4 Dec 2001 -  1 Jan 2010  Customs union de facto suspended.

State Secretaries of the Union State of Russia and Belarus
26 Jan 2000 - 15 Dec 2011  Pavel Pavlovich Borodin (Russia)      (b. 1946)
15 Dec 2011 - 19 Mar 2021  Grigoriy Alekseyevich Rapota (Russia) (b. 1944)
19 Mar 2021 -              Dmitriy Fyodorovich Mezentsev (Russia)(b. 1959)

President of the Supreme State Council of the Union State of Russia and Belarus
26 Jan 2000 -              Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Lukashenka      (b. 1954)
                            (Aleksandr Grigoryevich Lukashenko)
                            (Belarus)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Union State of Russia and Belarus
26 Jan 2000 -              the Prime ministers of Russia

State Union membership (2)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
26 Jan 2000
Belarus, Russia             



United Nations (UN)
 
[United Nations
                          Flag 1945-1946]
Apr 1945 - 7 Dec 1946
[Flag of the United
                          Nations]
Adopted 7 Dec 1946
UN website
Headquarters
New York City 
(United States);
(London, UK 1946;
Geneva, Switzerland 1946-10 Jan 1951 )
UN Day: 24 Oct (1945)
United Nations Day
Unofficial Anthem
"Hymn to the United Nations"
(first performed
24 Oct 1971)
United Nations Charter
 (26 Jun 1945)
-------------------------

Universal Declaration

of Human Rights
(10 Dec 1948)

26 Jun 1945                "United Nations Charter" signed.
24 Oct 1945                United Nations Charter effective.
18 Apr 1946                League of Nations officially transfers its assets
                             and responsibilities to the United Nations.

Secretaries-general
24 Oct 1945 - 29 Jan 1946  Sir Gladwyn Jebb (U.K.) (acting)   (b. 1900 - d. 1996)
 2 Feb 1946 - 10 Apr 1953  Trygve Lie (Norway)                (b. 1896 - d. 1968)
10 Apr 1953 - 18 Sep 1961  Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)          (b. 1905 - d. 1961)
 3 Nov 1961 - 31 Dec 1971  U Thant (Burma)                    (b. 1909 - d. 1974)
                             (acting to 30 Nov 1962)
 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1981  Kurt Waldheim (Austria)            (b. 1918 - d. 2007)
 1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1991  Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru)     (b. 1920 - d. 2020)
 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1996  Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)      (b. 1922 - d. 2016)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 2006  Kofi Annan (Ghana)                 (b. 1938 - d. 2018)
 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2016  Ban Ki Moon (South Korea)          (b. 1944)
 1 Jan 2017 -             
António Manuel de Oliveira         (b. 1949) 
                             Guterres (Portugal)


Presidents of the General Assembly

10 Jan 1946 - 16 Sep 1947  Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium)         (b. 1899 - d. 1972)
16 Sep 1947 - 16 Apr 1948  Oswaldo Euclides de Sousa Aranha   (b. 1894 - d. 1960)
                             (Brazil)                      
16 Apr 1948 - 21 Sep 1948  José Arce (Argentina)              (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
21 Sep 1948 - 20 Sep 1949  Herbert Vere Evatt (Australia)     (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
20 Sep 1949 - 19 Sep 1950  Carlos Peña Rómulo                 (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
                            
(The Philippines)
19 Sep 1950 -  6 Nov 1951  Nasrollah Entezam (Iran)           (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
 6 Nov 1951 - 14 Oct 1952  Luis Padilla Nervo (Mexico)        (b. 1894 - d. 1985)
14 Oct 1952 - 15 Sep 1953  Lester Bowles Pearson (Canada)     (b. 1897 - d. 1972)
15 Sep 1953 - 21 Sep 1954  Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (f) (India)  (b. 1900 - d. 1990)
21 Sep 1954 - 20 Sep 1955  Eelco Nicolaas van Kleffens        (b. 1894 - d. 1983)
                             (The Netherlands) 
20 Sep 1955 -  1 Nov 1956  José Guillermo Maza Fernández      (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
                             (Chile)
 1 Nov 1956 - 12 Nov 1956  Rudecindo Ortega Masson (Chile)    (b. 1899 - d. 1962)
12 Nov 1956 - 17 Sep 1957  Prince Wan Waithayakon (Thailand)  (b. 1891 - d. 1976)
17 Sep 1957 - 16 Sep 1958  Sir Leslie Munro (New Zealand)     (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
16 Sep 1958 - 15 Sep 1959  Charles Habib Malik (Lebanon)      (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
15 Sep 1959 - 20 Sep 1960  Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Diez-Canseco(b. 1883 - d. 1966)
                             (Peru)
20 Sep 1960 - 20 Sep 1961  Frederick Henry Boland (Ireland)   (b. 1904 - d. 1985)
20 Sep 1961 - 18 Sep 1962  Mongi Slim (Tunisia)               (b. 1908 - d. 1969)
18 Sep 1962 - 17 Sep 1963  Sir Mohammad Zafrulla Khan         (b. 1893 - d. 1985)
                             (Pakistan) 
17 Sep 1963 -  1 Dec 1964  Carlos Sosa Rodríguez (Venezuela)  (b. 1912 - d. 1997)
 1 Dec 1964 - 21 Sep 1965  Alex Quaison-Sackey (Ghana)        (b. 1924 - d. 1992)
21 Sep 1965 - 20 Sep 1966  Amintore Fanfani (Italy)           (b. 1908 - d. 1999)
20 Sep 1966 - 19 Sep 1967  Abdul Rahman Pazhwak (Afghanistan) (b. 1919 - d. 1995)
19 Sep 1967 - 24 Sep 1968  Corneliu Mănescu (Romania)         (b. 1916 - d. 2000)
24 Sep 1968 - 17 Apr 1969  Emilio Arenales Catalán            (b. 1922 - d. 1969)
                             (Guatemala) 
16 Sep 1969 - 15 Sep 1970  Angie Elizabeth Brooks (f)(Liberia)(b. 1928 - d. 2007)
                             (from 27 Apr 1970, Angie Elizabeth Brooks-Randolph)
15 Sep 1970 - 21 Sep 1971  Edvard Hambro (Norway)             (b. 1911 - d. 1977)
21 Sep 1971 - 19 Sep 1972  Adam Malik (Indonesia)             (b. 1917 - d. 1984)
19 Sep 1972 - 18 Sep 1973  Stanisław Trepczyński (Poland)     (b. 1924 - d. 2002)
18 Sep 1973 - 17 Sep 1974  Leopoldo Benítes Vinueza (Ecuador) (b. 1905 - d. 1996)
17 Sep 1974 - 16 Sep 1975  Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Algeria)     (b. 1937 - d. 2021)
16 Sep 1975 - 21 Sep 1976  Gaston Egmond Thorn (Luxembourg)   (b. 1928 - d. 2007)
21 Sep 1976 - 20 Sep 1977  Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe       (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
                             (Sri Lanka) 
20 Sep 1977 - 19 Sep 1978  Lazar Mojsov (Yugoslavia)          (b. 1920 - d. 2011)
19 Sep 1978 - 18 Sep 1979  Indalecio Liévano Aguirre          (b. 1917 - d. 1982)
                             (Colombia) 
18 Sep 1979 - 16 Sep 1980  Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania)       (b. 1942)
16 Sep 1980 - 15 Sep 1981  Rüdiger von Wechmar (W. Germany)   (b. 1923 - d. 2007)
15 Sep 1981 - 21 Sep 1982  Ismat Taha Kittani (Iraq)          (b. 1929 - d. 2001)
21 Sep 1982 - 20 Sep 1983  Imre Hollai (Hungary)              (b. 1925 - d. 2017)
20 Sep 1983 - 18 Sep 1984  Jorge Enrique Illueca Sibauste     (b. 1918 - d. 2012) 
                             (Panama)   
18 Sep 1984 - 17 Sep 1985  Paul John Firmino Lusaka (Zambia)  (b. 1935 - d. 1996)
17 Sep 1985 - 16 Sep 1986  Jaime de Piniés (Spain)            (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
16 Sep 1986 - 15 Sep 1987  Humayun Rasheed Chowdhury          (b. 1928 - d. 2001)
                             (Bangladesh) 
15 Sep 1987 - 20 Sep 1988  Peter Florin (East Germany)        (b. 1921 - d. 2014)
20 Sep 1988 - 19 Sep 1989  Dante María Caputo (Argentina)     (b. 1943 - d. 2018)
19 Sep 1989 - 18 Sep 1990  Joseph Nanven Garba (Nigeria)      (b. 1943 - d. 2002)
18 Sep 1990 - 17 Sep 1991  Guido de Marco (Malta)             (b. 1931 - d. 2010)
17 Sep 1991 - 15 Sep 1992  Samir Sobhi Shihabi (Saudi Arabia) (b. 1925 - d. 2010)
15 Sep 1992 - 21 Sep 1993  Stoyan Ganev (Bulgaria)            (b. 1955 - d. 2013)
21 Sep 1993 - 20 Sep 1994  Samuel Rudolph "Rudy" Insanally    (b. 1936 - d. 2023)
                             (Guyana)
20 Sep 1994 - 19 Sep 1995  Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire)         (b. 1944 - d. 2025)
19 Sep 1995 - 17 Sep 1996  Diogo Pinto de Freitas do Amaral   (b. 1941 - d. 2019)
                             (Portugal)
17 Sep 1996 - 16 Sep 1997  Razali Ismail (Malaysia)           (b. 1939)
16 Sep 1997 -  9 Sep 1998  Hennadii Udovenko (Ukraine)        (b. 1931 - d. 2013)
 9 Sep 1998 - 14 Sep 1999  Didier Opertti Badán (Uruguay)     (b. 1937)
14 Sep 1999 -  5 Sep 2000  Theo-Ben Gurirab (Namibia)         (b. 1939 - d. 2018)
 5 Sep 2000 - 12 Sep 2001  Harri Holkeri (Finland)            (b. 1937 - d. 2011)
12 Sep 2001 - 10 Sep 2002  Han Seung-Soo (South Korea)        (b. 1936)
10 Sep 2002 - 16 Sep 2003  Jan Kavan (Czech Republic)         (b. 1946)
16 Sep 2003 - 14 Sep 2004  Julian Robert Hunte (Saint Lucia)  (b. 1940)
14 Sep 2004 - 13 Sep 2005  Jean Ping (Gabon)                  (b. 1942)
13 Sep 2005 - 12 Sep 2006  Jan Eliasson (Sweden)              (b. 1940)
12 Sep 2006 - 18 Sep 2007  Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifah (f)(b. 1952)
                             (Bahrain)
18 Sep 2007 - 16 Sep 2008  Srgjan Kerim (Macedonia FYR)       (b. 1948)
16 Sep 2008 - 15 Sep 2009  Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann          (b. 1933 - d. 2017)
                             (Nicaragua)
15 Sep 2009 - 14 Sep 2010  Ali Abdussalam Treki (Libya)       (b. 1938 - d. 2015)
14 Sep 2010 - 13 Sep 2011  Joseph Deiss (Switzerland)         (b. 1946)
13 Sep 2011 - 18 Sep 2012  Nasser Abdulaziz Al-Nasser (Qatar) (b. 1953)
18 Sep 2012 - 17 Sep 2013  Vuk Jeremić (Serbia)               (b. 1975)
17 Sep 2013 - 16 Sep 2014  John William Ashe                  (b. 1954 - d. 2016)
                             (Antigua and Barbuda)
16 Sep 2014 - 15 Sep 2015  Sam Kahamba Kutesa (Uganda)        (b. 1949)
15 Sep 2015 - 13 Sep 2016  Mogens Lykketoft (Denmark)         (b. 1946)
13 Sep 2016 - 12 Sep 2017  Peter Thomson (Fiji)               (b. 1948)
12 Sep 2017 -
18 Sep 2018  Miroslav Lajčák (Slovakia)         (b. 1963)
18 Sep 2018 -
16 Sep 2019  María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés (f) (b. 1964)
                             (Ecuador)
16 Sep 2019 -
15 Sep 2020  Tijjani Muhammad-Bande (Nigeria)   (b. 1957)
15 Sep 2020 -
14 Sep 2021  Volkan Bozkır (Turkey)             (b. 1950)
14 Sep 2021 - 13 Sep 2022  Abdulla Shahid (Maldives)          (b. 1962)

13 Sep 2022 -  5
Sep 2023  Csaba Kőrösi (Hungary)             (b. 1958)
 5 Sep 2023 - 10 Sep 2024  Dennis Francis                     (b. 1956)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
10 Sep 2024 -              Philemon Yang (Cameroon)           (b. 1947)

[United Nations High
                  Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)]

United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
 1 Jan 1951 -  8 Jul 1956  Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart     (b. 1901 - d. 1956)
                             (The Netherlands)
 8 Jul 1956 - 31 Dec 1956  James Morgan Read II (U.S.)(acting)(b. 1908 - d. 1985)
 1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1960  Auguste Rudolf Lindt (Switzerland) (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
 1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1965  Felix Schnyder (Switzerland)       (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
 1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1977  Sadruddin Aga Khan (Iran)          (b. 1933 - d. 2003)
 1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1985  Poul Hartling (Denmark)            (b. 1914 - d. 2000)
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Oct 1989  Jean-Pierre Hocké (Switzerland)    (b. 1938 - d. 2021)
 1 Nov 1989 - 31 Dec 1989  Gerald Hinteregger (Austria)       (b. 1928 - d. 2013)
                             (acting)
 1 Jan 1990 -  2 Nov 1990  Thorvald Stoltenberg (Norway)      (b. 1931 - d. 2018)
 2 Nov 1990 - 18 Feb 1991  Douglas Stafford (U.S.) (acting)   (b. 1933 - d. 2015)
18 Feb 1991 - 31 Dec 2000  Sadako Ogata (f) (Japan)           (b. 1927 - d. 2019)
 1 Jan 2001 - 24 Feb 2005  Rudolphus "Ruud" Lubbers           (b. 1939 - d. 2018)
                             (The Netherlands) 
24 Feb 2005 - 15 Jun 2005  Wendy Jean Chamberlin (f)(U.S.)    (b. 1948)
                             (acting)
15 Jun 2005 - 31 Dec 2015  António Manuel de Oliveira         (s.a.)
                             Guterres (Portugal)
 1 Jan 2016 -              Filippo Grandi (Italy)             (b. 1957)

[United
                      Nations High Commissioners for Human Rights]

United Nations High Commissioners for Human Rights
 5 Apr 1994 - 15 Mar 1997  José Julio Ayala Lasso (Ecuador)   (b. 1932)
15 Mar 1997 - 12 Sep 1997  Ralph Zacklin (U.K.) (interim)     (b. 1937)
12 Sep 1997 - 12 Sep 2002  Mary Terese Winifred Bourke        (b. 1944) 
                             Robinson (f) (Ireland) 
12 Sep 2002 - 19 Aug 2003  Sérgio Vieira de Mello (Brazil)    (b. 1948 - d. 2003)
 2 Jun 2003 -  1 Jul 2004  Bertrand "Bertie" Gangapersaud     (b. 1943)
                             Ramcharan (Guyana)
                             (acting [for Mello to 19 Aug 2003])
 1 Jul 2004 - 30 Jun 2008  Louise Arbour (f) (Canada)         (b. 1947)
 1 Jul 2008 -
31 Aug 2008  Kyung-wha Kang (f)(South Korea)    (b. 1955)
                             (acting)
 1 Sep 2008 - 31 Aug 2014  Navanethem "Navi" Pillay (f)       (b. 1941)
                             (South Africa)            
 1 Sep 2014 - 31 Aug 2018  Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad bin Zeid     (b. 1946)
                             al-Hussein (Jordan)
 1 Sep 2018 - 31 Aug 2022 
Verónica Michelle Bachelet         (b. 1951)
                             Jeria (f)(Chile)
 1 Sep 2022 -  8 Sep 2022  Nada al-Nashif (f)(Jordan)(acting)
 8 Sep 2022 -              Volker Türk (Austria)              (b. 1965)

[Flag of the United
                  Nations]

High Representatives for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC)
 1 Apr 2007 -  1 Mar 2013  Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio   (b. 1939 - d. 2021)
                             (Portugal)
 1 Mar 2013 - 
7 Jan 2019  Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser (Qatar) (b. 1952)
 7 Jan 2019 -              Miguel Ángel Moratinos Cuyaubé     (b. 1951)
                             (Spain)

UN membership (193)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
24 Oct 1945 Argentina, Byelorussian S.S.R.1, Brazil, Chile, China2, Cuba, Czechoslovakia3, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt4, El Salvador, France, Haiti, Iran, Lebanon, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraguay, The Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Soviet Union5, Syria4, Turkey6, Ukrainian S.S.R.7, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia8
25 Oct 1945 Greece
30 Oct 1945 India
31 Oct 1945 Peru
 1 Nov 1945 Australia
 2 Nov 1945 Costa Rica, Liberia
 5 Nov 1945 Colombia
 7 Nov 1945 Mexico, South Africa9
 9 Nov 1945 Canada
13 Nov 1945 Ethiopia, Panama
14 Nov 1945 Bolivia
15 Nov 1945 Venezuela
21 Nov 1945 Guatemala
27 Nov 1945 Norway
10 Dec 1945 The Netherlands
17 Dec 1945 Honduras
18 Dec 1945 Uruguay
21 Dec 1945 Ecuador, Iraq
27 Dec 1945 Belgium
19 Nov 1946 Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden
16 Dec 1946 Thailand
30 Sep 1947 Pakistan, Yemen (Sana)10
19 Apr 1948 Burma11
11 May 1949 Israel
28 Sep 1950 Indonesia12
14 Dec 1955 Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Ceylon13, Finland, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain
12 Nov 1956 Morocco, The Sudan, Tunisia
18 Dec 1956 Japan
 8 Mar 1957 Ghana
17 Sep 1957 Malaya14
12 Dec 1958 Guinea
20 Sep 1960 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo
(Léopoldville)
14, Cyprus, Dahomey16, Gabon, Ivory Coast17, Madagascar18, Niger, Somalia, Togo, Upper Volta19
28 Sep 1960 Mali, Senegal
 7 Oct 1960 Nigeria
27 Sep 1961 Sierra Leone
 7 Oct 1961 Mauritania
27 Oct 1961 Mongolia
14 Dec 1961 Tanganyika20
18 Sep 1962 Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago
 8 Oct 1962 Algeria
25 Oct 1962 Uganda
14 May 1963 Kuwait
16 Dec 1963 Kenya, Zanzibar20
 1 Dec 1964 Malawi, Malta, Zambia
21 Sep 1965 The Gambia, Maldives, Singapore
20 Sep 1966 Guyana
17 Oct 1966 Botswana, Lesotho
 9 Dec 1966 Barbados
14 Dec 1967 Yemen (Aden)10
24 Apr 1968 Mauritius
24 Sep 1968 Swaziland21
12 Nov 1968 Equatorial Guinea
13 Oct 1970 Fiji
21 Sep 1971 Bahrain, Bhutan, Qatar
 7 Oct 1971 Oman
 9 Dec 1971 United Arab Emirates
18 Sep 1973 The Bahamas, East Germany22, West Germany22
17 Sep 1974 Bangladesh, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau
16 Sep 1975 Cape Verde23, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe
10 Oct 1975 Papua New Guinea
12 Nov 1975 Comoros
 4 Dec 1975 Suriname
21 Sep 1976 Seychelles
 1 Dec 1976 Angola
15 Dec 1976 Western Samoa24
20 Sep 1977 Djibouti, Vietnam
19 Sep 1978 Solomon Islands
18 Dec 1978 Dominica
18 Sep 1979 Saint Lucia
25 Aug 1980 Zimbabwe
16 Sep 1980 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15 Sep 1981 Vanuatu
25 Sep 1981 Belize
11 Nov 1981 Antigua and Barbuda
23 Sep 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis
21 Sep 1984 Brunei Darussalam
23 Apr 1990 Namibia
18 Sep 1990 Liechtenstein
17 Sep 1991 Estonia, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia
 2 Mar 1992 Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
 9 Mar 1992 Azerbaijan
22 May 1992 Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Slovenia
31 Jul 1992 Georgia
19 Jan 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia
 8 Apr 1993 Macedonia25
28 May 1993 Monaco, Eritrea
28 Jul 1993 Andorra
15 Dec 1994 Palau
14 Sep 1999 Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga
 5 Sep 2000 Tuvalu
 1 Nov 2000 Serbia and Montenegro8
10 Sep 2002 Switzerland
27 Sep 2002 East Timor26
28 Jun 2006 Montenegro
14 Jul 2011
South Sudan
 1from 19 Sep 1991 Belarus. 2Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 15 Nov 1971, when the UN voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China. 3Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 4on 21 Feb 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member; on 13 Oct 1961 Syria, having resumed its status as an independent state on 29 Sep 1961, resumed its separate membership. On 2 Sep 1971 the United Arab Republic was renamed Arab Republic of Egypt. 5Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, Russia succeeded to Soviet seat. 6from 1 Jun 2022 communication to UN that Turkish short-form name Türkiye is to be used in all languages. 7from 1991 Ukraine. 8Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia broke up in 1992; in 8 Apr 1992 Montenegro and Serbia reconstituted as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia assumed the former Yugoslav seat; on 22 Sep 1992 the rump Yugoslavia was suspended from participation in the General Assembly and told to reapply for membership, which it did in 2000 (admitted 1 Nov 2000); from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 9from 12 Nov 1974 to 23 Jun 1994 the General Assembly refused to accept the credentials of the South African delegation because of the country's apartheid policies, but South Africa retained membership. 10Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. 11from 1989 Myanmar. 12Indonesia withdrew 20 Jan 1965; rejoined 28 Sep 1966. 13from 1972 Sri Lanka. 14from 1963 Malaysia. 151966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 16from 1975 Benin. 17from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 18to 30 Dc 1975 Malagasy Republic. 19from 1984 Burkina Faso. 20Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 21from 2018 Eswatini. 22East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990.  23from 2013 Cabo Verde. 24from 1997 Samoa. 25as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 26from 2003 Timor-Leste.
Note: Vatican City is the only undisputed nation that is a non-member.



United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
[United Nations Children's
                      Fund (UNICEF)] UNICEF Flag
 
[UNICEF flag variant] UNICEF Variant
 
UNICEF website
Headquarters: New York City (United States)
UNICEF Day:
20 Nov (1959)
Universal Children's Day

11 Dec 1946                United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
                             
created, as a temporary agency of the United Nations.
 6 Oct 1953                Renamed United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF),
made a permanent
                             specialized agency of the United Nations.
20 Nov 1959                "Declaration of the Rights of the Child" adopted by U.N.

Executive Directors (all from U.S., except as noted)
11 Dec 1946 - 19 Jan 1965  Maurice Pate                       (b. 1894 - d. 1965)
19 Jan 1965 - Jun 1965     Eric John Richard "Dick" Heyward   (b. 1914 - d. 2005)
                             (Australia) (acting)
Jun 1965 - 31 Dec 1979     Henry Richardson Labouisse         (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
 1 Jan 1980 - 28 Jan 1995  James Grant                        (b. 1922 - d. 1995)
 1 May 1995 - 30 Apr 2005  Carol Bellamy (f)                  (b. 1942)
 1 May 2005 - 30 Apr 2010  Ann Margaret Veneman (f)           (b. 1949)
 1 May 2010 - 31 Dec 2017  Anthony "Tony" Lake                (b. 1939)
 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Jan 2022 
Henrietta Holsman Fore (f)         (b. 1948)
 1 Feb 2022 -              Catherine Mary Russell (f)         (b. 1961) 

UNICEF membership
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
11 Dec 1946
the Executive Board consists of 36 members, elected for a three-year term with the following regional allocation of seats: 8 African states, 7 Asian states, 4 Eastern European states, 5 Latin American and Caribbean states and 12 Western European and other states (including Japan). The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) elects states to sit on the UNICEF Executive Board from state members of the United Nations or of the specialized agencies or of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).


United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD)

[Flag of United
                          Nations]Adopted 30 Dec 1964

UNCTAD website
Headquarters: Geneva
(Switzerland)

20 Mar 1964 -  6 Jun 1964  The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
                             takes place.
30 Dec 1964                United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
                             established, as a permanent organ of the UN General Assembly.

Secretaries-general

Mar 1964 - Mar 1969        Raúl Prebisch (Argentina)            (b. 1901 - d. 1986)
                            
(executive secretary to Dec 1964)
Mar 1969 - Mar 1974        Manuel Pérez-Guerrero (Venezuela)    (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
 5 Apr 1974 - 31 Dec 1984  Gamani Corea (Sri Lanka)             (b. 1925 - d. 2013)
 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1985  Alister McIntyre (Grenada) (acting)  (b. 1932 - d. 2019)
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Mar 1994  Kenneth K.S. Dadzie (Ghana)          (b. 1930 - d. 1995)
 1 Apr 1994 - 14 Sep 1995  Carlos Fortín Cabezas (Chile)        (b. 1940)
                             (1st time) (acting)
15 Sep 1995 - 15 Sep 2004  Rubens Ricupero (Brazil)             (b. 1937)
15 Sep 2004 - 31 Aug 2005  Carlos Fortín Cabezas (Chile)        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
 1 Sep 2005 - 31 Aug 2013  Supachai Panitchpakdi (Thailand)     (b. 1946)
 1 Sep 2013 - 15 Feb 2021  Mukhisa Kituyi (Kenya)               (b. 1956)
16 Feb 2021 -
13 Sep 2021  Isabelle Annie Josée Durant (f)      (b. 1954)
                             (Belgium) (acting)
13 Sep 2021 -              Rebeca Grynspan Mayufis (f)          (b. 1955)
                             (Costa Rica)

UNCTAD membership (195)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
30 Dec 1964
the members of the United Nations
30 Dec 1964 Holy See
24 May 2018
Palestine


United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)


[Flag of United Nations] Adopted 22 Nov 1965

[United
                      Nations Development Programme (UNDP) alternate
                      flag] UNDP Logo Variant Flag
UNDP website
Headquarters: New York
(United States)
UNDP Day: 24 Oct (1970)
World Development
 Information Day

22 Nov 1965                United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) established, as a
                             specialized agency of the United Nations.

Administrators
 1 Jan 1966 - 15 Jan 1972  Paul Gray Hoffman (U.S.)           (b. 1891 - d. 1974)
1972 - 1976                Rudolph Arvid Peterson (U.S.)      (b. 1904 - d. 2003)
1976 - 1986                Frank Bradford Morse (U.S.)        (b. 1921 - d. 1994)
1986 - 1993                William Henry Draper III (U.S.)    (b. 1928)
1993 - 30 Jun 1999         James Gustave "Gus" Speth (U.S.)   (b. 1942)
 1 Jul 1999 - 15 Aug 2005  George Mark Malloch Brown (U.K.)   (b. 1953)
15 Aug 2005 - 28 Feb 2009  Kemal Derviş (Turkey)              (b. 1949 - d. 2023)
 1 Mar 2009 - 20 Apr 2009  Ad Melkert (The Netherlands)       (b. 1956)
                             (acting)
20 Apr 2009 - 19 Jun 2017  Helen E. Clark (f) (New Zealand)   (b. 1950)
19 Jun 2017 -              Achim Steiner (Germany)            (b. 1961)

UNDP membership
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
22 Nov 1965
36 Executive Board members selected on a rotating basis
from United Nations members from all regions



United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)


[United Nations Educational, Scientific and
                      Cultural Organization (UNESCO)] UNESCO Flag
 
[UNESCO
                      World Heritage Sites flag] UNESCO Heritage Sites Flag
Adopted 1978

[UNESCO
                      World Heritage Sites flag Variant] Heritage Sites Flag Variant
 

UNESCO website
World Heritage
Properties List
Hear Anthem
"UNESCO Hymne"
Headquarters
Paris (France)
UNESCO Day: 18 Apr
World Heritage Day
(International Day for
 Monuments and Sites)

 4 Nov 1946                United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
                             (UNESCO)(Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la
                            
Science et la Culture)
established, as a UN specialized agency.

Directors-general
 6 Dec 1946 -  9 Dec 1948  Julian Huxley (U.K.)               (b. 1887 - d. 1975)
10 Dec 1948 -  1 Dec 1952  Jaime Torres Bodet (Mexico)        (b. 1902 - d. 1974)
 2 Dec 1952 -  3 Jul 1953  John W. Taylor (U.S.) (interim)    (b. 1906 - d. 2001)
 4 Jul 1953 -  4 Dec 1958  Luther H. Evans (U.S.)             (b. 1902 - d. 1981)
 5 Dec 1958 -  2 Nov 1961  Vittorino Veronese (Italy)         (b. 1910 - d. 1986)
 2 Nov 1961 - 14 Nov 1974  René Maheu (France)                (b. 1905 - d. 1975)
                             (interim to 14 Nov 1962)
15 Nov 1974 - 14 Nov 1987  Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow (Senegal)      (b. 1921 - d. 2024)
15 Nov 1987 - 14 Nov 1999  Federico Mayor Zaragoza (Spain)    (b. 1934 - d. 2024)
15 Nov 1999 - 14 Nov 2009  Kōichirō Matsuura (Japan)          (b. 1937)
15 Nov 2009 - 14 Nov 2017  Irina Georgieva Bokova (f)         (b. 1952)
                             (Bulgaria)
15 Nov 2017 -              Audrey Azoulay (f)(France)         (b. 1972)

UNESCO membership (194)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 4 Nov 1946 Australia, Brazil, Canada, China1, Czechoslovakia2, Denmark, Dominican
Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, India, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa3, Turkey
4, United Kingdom5, United States6
 6 Nov 1946 Poland7
13 Nov 1946 Bolivia
16 Nov 1946 Syria8
18 Nov 1946 Haiti
21 Nov 1946 Peru, The Philippines
25 Nov 1946 Venezuela
29 Nov 1946 Belgium
 1 Jan 1947 The Netherlands
22 Jan 1947 Ecuador
 6 Mar 1947 Liberia
29 Aug 1947 Cuba
27 Oct 1947 Luxembourg
31 Oct 1947 Colombia
 8 Nov 1947 Uruguay
16 Dec 1947 Honduras
27 Jan 1948 Italy
28 Apr 1948 El Salvador
 4 May 1948 Afghanistan
13 Aug 1948 Austria
 6 Sep 1948 Iran
14 Sep 1948 Hungary9
15 Sep 1948 Argentina
21 Oct 1948 Iraq
 1 Jan 1949 Thailand
28 Jan 1949 Switzerland
27 Jun 1949 Burma10
 6 Jul 1949 Monaco
14 Sep 1949 Pakistan
16 Sep 1949 Israel11
14 Nov 1949 Ceylon12
 2 Jan 1950 Guatemala
10 Jan 1950 Panama
23 Jan 1950 Sweden
31 Mar 1950 Yugoslavia13
19 May 1950 Costa Rica
27 May 1950 Indonesia14
14 Jun 1950 Jordan, South Korea
 2 Jul 1951 Japan
 3 Jul 1951 Cambodia
 6 Jul 1951 Vietnam15
 9 Jul 1951 Laos
11 Jul 1951 West Germany16
22 Feb 1952 Nicaragua17
30 Jan 1953 Spain
 1 May 1953 Nepal
27 Jun 1953 Libya
 7 Jul 1953 Chile
21 Apr 1954 Soviet Union18
12 May 1954 Byelorussian S.S.R.19, Ukrainian S.S.R.20
20 Jun 1955 Paraguay
 1 Jul 1955 Ethiopia
17 May 1956 Bulgaria
27 Jul 1956 Romania
10 Oct 1956 Finland
 7 Nov 1956 Morocco
 8 Nov 1956 Tunisia
26 Nov 1956 The Sudan
11 Apr 1958 Ghana
16 Jun 1958 Malaya21
16 Oct 1958 Albania
 2 Feb 1960 Guinea
18 Oct 1960 Dahomey22
24 Oct 1960 Congo (Brazzaville)
27 Oct 1960 Ivory Coast23
 7 Nov 1960 Mali
10 Nov 1960 Madagascar24, Niger, Senegal
11 Nov 1960 Cameroon, Central African Republic
14 Nov 1960 Nigeria, Upper Volta25
15 Nov 1960 Somalia
16 Nov 1960 Gabon
17 Nov 1960 Togo
18 Nov 1960 Kuwait
25 Nov 1960 Congo (Léopoldville)26
19 Dec 1960 Chad
 6 Feb 1961 Cyprus
 3 Oct 1961 Ireland
10 Oct 1962 Mauritania
 6 Mar 1962 Tanganyika27
28 Mar 1962 Sierra Leone
 2 Apr 1962 Yemen (Sana)28
15 Oct 1962 Algeria
 1 Nov 1962 Mongolia
 2 Nov 1962 Trinidad and Tobago
 7 Nov 1962 Jamaica, Rwanda
 9 Nov 1962 Ugand
16 Nov 1962 Burundi
 7 Apr 1964 Kenya
 8 Jun 1964 Iceland
27 Oct 1964 Malawi
 9 Nov 1964 Zambia
10 Feb 1965 Malta
11 Mar 1965 Portugal29
28 Oct 1965 Singapore30
21 Mar 1967 Guyana
29 Sep 1967 Lesotho
15 Oct 1968 Yemen (Aden)28
24 Oct 1968 Barbados
25 Oct 1968 Mauritius
18 Jan 1972 Bahrain
27 Jan 1972 Qatar
10 Feb 1972 Oman
20 Apr 1972 United Arab Emirates
27 Oct 1972 Bangladesh
21 Nov 1972 East Germany16
 1 Aug 1973 The Gambia
18 Oct 1974 North Korea
 1 Nov 1974 Guinea-Bissau
12 Nov 1974 San Marino
17 Feb 1975 Grenada
16 Jul 1976 Suriname
 4 Oct 1976 Papua New Guinea
11 Oct 1976 Mozambique
18 Oct 1976 Seychelles
11 Mar 1977 Angola
22 Mar 1977 Comoros
25 Jan 1978 Swaziland31
15 Feb 1978 Cape Verde32
 2 Nov 1978 Namibia33
 9 Jan 1979 Dominica
29 Nov 1979 Equatorial Guinea
16 Jan 1980 Botswana
22 Jan 1980 São Tomé and Príncipe
 6 Mar 1980 Saint Lucia
18 Jul 1980 Maldives
22 Sep 1980 Zimbabwe
29 Sep 1980 Tonga
 3 Apr 1981 Western Samoa34
23 Apr 1981 The Bahamas
13 Apr 1982 Bhutan
10 May 1982 Belize
15 Jul 1982 Antigua and Barbuda
15 Feb 1983 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
14 Jul 1983 Fiji
26 Oct 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis
31 Aug 1989 Djibouti
24 Oct 1989 Kiribati
25 Oct 1989 Cook Islands
 7 Oct 1991 Lithuania
14 Oct 1991 Estonia, Latvia
21 Oct 1991 Tuvalu
22 May 1992 Kazakhstan
27 May 1992 Moldova, Slovenia
 1 Jun 1992 Croatia
 2 Jun 1992 Kyrgyzstan
 3 Jun 1992 Azerbaijan
 9 Jun 1992 Armenia
 7 Oct 1992 Georgia
 9 Feb 1993 Slovakia
22 Feb 1993 Czech Republic
 6 Apr 1993 Tajikistan
 2 Jun 1993 Bosnia and Hercegovina
28 Jun 1993 Macedonia35
17 Aug 1993 Turkmenistan
 2 Sep 1993 Eritrea
 7 Sep 1993 Solomon Islands
20 Oct 1993 Andorra
26 Oct 1993 Niue, Uzbekistan
10 Feb 1994 Vanuatu
30 Jun 1995 Marshall Islands
17 Oct 1996 Nauru
20 Sep 1999 Palau
19 Oct 1999 Federated States of Micronesia
20 Dec 2000
Serbia and Montenegro13
 5 Jun 2003
Timor-Leste
17 May 2005
Brunei Darussalam
 1 Mar 2007
Montenegro
27 Oct 2011
South Sudan
23 Nov 2011
Palestine
1the Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 29 Oct 1971, when UNESCO voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China. 2Czechoslovakia announced it no longer considered itself a member 29 Jan 1953, resumed cooperation 9 Sep 1954; dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 3South Africa withdrew 31 Dec 1956, rejoined 12 Dec 1994. 4from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 5U.K. withdrew 31 Dec 1985, rejoined 1 Jul 1997. 6U.S. withdrew 31 Dec 1984, rejoined 1 Oct 2003; withdrew again 31 Dec 2018, rejoined 10 Jul 2023. 7Poland announced it no longer considered itself a member 5 Dec 1952, resumed cooperation 18 Jun 1954. 81958-1961 Syria part of the United Arab Republic, union of Egypt and Syria. Syria left UNESCO 21 Feb 1958; on 29 Sep 1961 Syria seceded from the U.A.R. and resumed its separate membership on 13 Oct 1961. 9Hungary announced it no longer considered itself a member 31 Dec 1952, resumed cooperation 1 Jun 1954. 10from 1989 Myanmar. 11Israel effectively excluded from participation 20 Nov 1974 - 9 Nov 1976; withdrew 31 Dec 2018. 12from 1972 Sri Lanka. 13Yugoslavia expelled 22 Sep 1992, readmitted 20 Dec 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 14Indonesia announced its withdrawal 25 Feb 1965, resumed collaboration 16 Sep 1966. 15Republic of Vietnam to 30 Apr 1975, then Republic of South Vietnam; from 2 Jul 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 16East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 17Nicaragua announced its withdrawal 4 May 2025 to be effective 31 Dec 2026. 18Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia. 19from 1991 Belarus. 20from 1991 Ukraine. 21from 1963 Malaysia. 22from 1975 Benin. 23from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 24to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic. 25from 1984 Burkina Faso. 261966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 27from 1964 Tanzania. 28Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 1990. 29Portugal excluded from participation 28 Nov 1966 - 31 Dec 1972; withdrew 31 Dec 1972, rejoined 11 Sep 1974. 30Singapore withdrew 31 Dec 1985, rejoined 8 Oct 2007. 31from 2018 Eswatini. 32from 2013 Cabo Verde. 33South-West Africa membership under United Nations Council for Namibia to 21 Mar 1990 (not recognized by South Africa). 34from 1997 Samoa. 35as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia.

Date of
Admission
Associate Members of UNESCO (12)
13 Nov 1954
British Caribbean Group1, Gold Coast2, Malaya-British Borneo3, Sierra Leone4
 7 Nov 1956
Nigeria5
 6 Nov 1958
Bahrain6, Kuwait7, Somaliland Trust Territory8, West Indies Federation9
 5 Nov 1960
Tanganyika10
15 Nov 1960
Mauritius11, Ruanda-Urundi12
12 Nov 1962 Qatar13
21 Oct 1964
British Eastern Caribbean Group14
17 Oct 1974 Papua New Guinea15
21 Oct 1974 Namibia16
26 Oct 1983
Netherlands Antilles17
24 Nov 1983
British Virgin Islands
20 Oct 1987
Aruba
25 Oct 1995
Macau (China)
30 Oct 1999
Cayman Islands
15 Oct 2001
Tokelau
12 Oct 2009
Faroe Islands
25 Oct 2011
Curaçao, Sint Maarten
 5 Nov 2013
Anguilla
 3 Nov 2015
Montserrat
30 Oct 2017
New Caledonia
 9 Nov 2021
Aland Islands
1British Caribbean Group composed of: Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica and Trinidad; from 6 Nov 1958 West Indies Federation. 2full member 11 Apr 1958 as Ghana. 3Malaya Federation to 16 Jun 1958, then Singapore and British Borneo to 31 Dec 1959. 4Sierra Leone full member from 28 Mar 1962. 5Nigeria full member from 14 Nov 1960. 6Bahrain full member from 18 Jan 1972. 7Kuwait full member from 18 Nov 1960. 8Somaliland Trust Territory under Italian administration associate member to 1 Jul 1960; from 1960 Somalia. 9West Indies Federation dissolved 31 May 1962. 10Tanganyika full member from 6 Mar 1962. 11Mauritius full member from 25 Oct 1968. 12Ruanda-Urundi dissolved on 1 Jul 1962. 13Qatar full member from 21 Jan 1972. 14Br. Eastern Caribbean Group composed of: Antigua and Barbuda (to 15 Nov 1982), Anguilla, Barbados (to 24 Oct 1968), Cayman Islands, Dominica (to 9 Jan 1979), Grenada (to 17 Feb 1975), Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis (to 26 Oct 1983), St. Lucia (to 6 Mar 1980), St. Vincent (to 15 Feb 1963); dissolved 31 Dec 1984. 15Papua New Guinea full member from 4 Oct 1976. 16as United Nations Council for Namibia; full member from 2 Nov 1978 (not recognized by South Africa). 17Netherlands Antilles dissolved 10 Oct 2010.



United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)


[UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
              flag]

UNEP website
HeadquartersNairobi
(Kenya)
UNEP Day: 5 Jun (1972)
World Environment Day


 5 Jun 1972                UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.
15 Dec 1972                United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
established, as a
                             specialized agency of the United Nations.


Executive Directors

 1 Jan 1973 - Dec 1975     Maurice Frederick Strong (Canada)  (b. 1929 - d. 2015)
Dec 1975 - 31 Dec 1992     Mostafa Kamal Tolba (Egypt)        (b. 1922 - d. 2016)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Mar 1998  Violet Elizabeth Dowdeswell (f)    (b. 1944)
                             (Canada)
 1 Feb 1998 - 31 Mar 2006  Klaus Töpfer (Germany)             (b. 1938 - d. 2024)
 1 Apr 2006 - 14 Jun 2006  Shafqat Kakakhel (Pakistan)(acting)(b. 1944)
15 Jun 2006 - 26 Jun 2016  Achim Steiner (Germany)            (b. 1961)
27 Jun 2016 - 22 Nov 2018  Erik Solheim (Norway)              (b. 1955)
22 Nov 2018 - 15 Jun 2019  Joyce Msuya (f)(Tanzania) (acting) (b. 1968)
15 Jun 2019 -              Inger La Cour Andersen (f)(Denmark)(b. 1958)

UNEP membership
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
15 Dec 1972
58 member United Nations states serve on the Governing Council in 4 year terms, seats are allocated according to geographical regions.



United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
 

[United Nations
                        Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)]
Adopted 1 Jan 1986

UNIDO website
Headquarters: Vienna 
(Austria)

17 Nov 1966                United Nations Industrial Development Program (UNIDP)
                             created, as an autonomous body of the United Nations.
21 Jun 1985                Renamed United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
 
1 Jan 1986                Made a separate specialized agency of the United Nations.

Executive Directors
 1 Jan 1967 - 1974         Ibrahim Helmi Abdel-Rahman (Egypt)    (b. 1919 - d. 1998)
 1 Jan 1975 - Aug 1985     Abderrahman Khène (Algeria)           (b. 1931 - d. 2020)
Directors-general
Aug 1985 - Jan 1993        Domingo Lim Siazon, Jr.               (b. 1939 - d. 2016)
                             (The Philippines)

Jan 1993 - Mar 1993        Louis Alexandrenne (Senegal) (acting) (b. 1933 - d. 2018)
Mar 1993 - Dec 1997        Mauricio de María y Campos (Mexico)   (b. 1943 - d. 2021)
Dec 1997 -  8 Dec 2005     Carlos Alfredo Magariños              (b. 1962)
                             (Argentina)
 8 Dec 2005 - 28 Jun 2013  Kandeh Kolleh Yumkella (Sierra Leone) (b. 1959)
28 Jun 2013 -
10 Dec 2021  Li Yong (China)                       (b. 1951)
10 Dec 2021 -              Gerd Müller (Germany)                 (b. 1955)

UNIDO membership (173)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
21 Jun 1985 Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia1, Austria, Barbados, Belgium2,
Byelorussian S.S.R.3, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada4, Cape Verde
5, Chile, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia6, Denmark7, Dominican Republic, East Germany8, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France9, Greece10, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, The Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, Portugal11, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Soviet Union12, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey13, Ukrainian S.S.R.14, United Kingdom15, United States16, Uruguay, Venezuela, West Germany8, Yugoslavia17, Zambia, Zimbabwe 
24 Jun 1985 North Korea 
25 Jun 1985 Togo
27 Jun 1985 Iraq
28 Jun 1985 Bangladesh, The Sudan
 1 Jul 1985 Nicaragua
 2 Jul 1985 Hungary
 8 Jul 1985 Zaire18
12 Jul 1985 Congo (Brazzaville)
15 Jul 1985 Trinidad and Tobago 
16 Jul 1985 Burkina Faso 
17 Jul 1985 Mali
18 Jul 1985 Paraguay
19 Jul 1985 Guyana, Malawi, New Zealand19, Vietnam
29 Jul 1985 Yemen (Aden)20
30 Jul 1985 Colombia, Ghana, Kuwait, Morocco
 1 Aug 1985 United Arab Emirates 
 5 Aug 1985 Haiti
 6 Aug 1985 Gabon, Lebanon 
 8 Aug 1985 Benin, Libya, Nepal 
 9 Aug 1985 Angola, Burundi, Iran, Mauritania 
14 Aug 1985 Yemen (Sana)20
15 Aug 1985 Sierra Leone
19 Aug 1985 Seychelles
23 Aug 1985 Bhutan
 3 Sep 1985 Laos
28 Oct 1985 Jordan
13 Nov 1985 Mozambique
15 Nov 1985 Somalia
19 Nov 1985 Saint Lucia
27 Nov 1985 Dominica
 5 Dec 1985 Uganda
 9 Dec 1985 Qatar
11 Dec 1985 Saint Kitts and Nevis 
24 Dec 1985 Suriname 
 9 Jan 1986 Comoros 
16 Jan 1986 Grenada 
20 Jan 1986 Equatorial Guinea
21 Feb 1986 Namibia21
27 Feb 1986 Belize
 3 Apr 1986 Swaziland22
 4 Apr 1986 Bahrain
14 Apr 1986 São Tomé and Príncipe
12 Jun 1986 The Gambia
13 Aug 1986 Tonga
10 Sep 1986 Papua New Guinea
13 Nov 1986 The Bahamas
30 Mar 1987 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
17 Aug 1987 Vanuatu
26 Oct 1987 Costa Rica 
29 Jan 1988 El Salvador
19 Apr 1988 Albania
10 May 1988 Maldives
12 Apr 1990 Myanmar 
10 May 1990 Liberia
20 Aug 1991 Djibouti 
22 Aug 1991 Chad
17 Oct 1991 Lithuania23
12 May 1992 Armenia
 2 Jun 1992 Croatia
11 Jun 1992 Slovenia
 1 Oct 1992 Bosnia and Hercegovina
30 Oct 1992 Georgia
20 Jan 1993 Slovakia24
22 Jan 1993 Czech Republic
 8 Apr 1993 Kyrgyzstan
27 May 1993 Macedonia25
 1 Jun 1993 Moldova
 9 Jun 1993 Tajikistan
23 Nov 1993 Azerbaijan
26 Apr 1994 Uzbekistan
16 Feb 1995 Turkmenistan
20 Jun 1995 Eritrea
18 Sep 1995 Cambodia
 3 Jun 1997 Kazakhstan
24 Oct 2000 South Africa
 6 Dec 2000 Serbia and Montenegro17
23 Jan 2003 Monaco
31 Jul 2003 Timor-Leste
22 Nov 2006 Montenegro
11 Dec 2008
Samoa
27 Oct 2011
Tuvalu
16 Mar 2015
Marshall Islands
 9 Feb 2016
Kiribati
17 May 2018
Palestine
 8 Mar 2019
Federated States of Micronesia
 1 Apr 2019
Antigua and Barbuda
17 Jan 2023
Palau
18 Aug 2023
South Sudan
 4 Oct 2024
Solomon Islands
1Australia withdrew 31 Dec 1988, rejoined 1 Jan 1992; withdrew again 31 Dec 1997. 2Belgium withdrew on 31 Dec 2015. 3from 1991 Belarus. 4Canada withdrew 31 Dec 1993. 5from 2013 Cabo Verde. 6Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 7Denmark withdrew 31 Dec 2016. 8East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 9France withdrew 31 Dec 2014. 10Greece withdrew 31 Dec 2016. 11Portugal withdrew 31 Dec 2014. 12Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia. 13from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 14from 1991 Ukraine. 15U.K. withdrew 31 Dec 2012. 16U.S. withdrew 31 Dec 1996. 17Yugoslavia expelled 2 Jul 1993, readmitted 6 Dec 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 18from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 19New Zealand withdrew 31 Dec 2013. 20Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. 21until 21 Mar 1990 the United Nations Council for Namibia (not recognized by South Africa). 22from 2018 Eswatini. 23Lithuania withdrew 31 Dec 2012. 24Slovakia withdrew 31 Dec 2017. 25as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia.



United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)


[United Nations Relief and
              Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
              (UNRWA) flag]

UNRWA website
Headquarters: Amman (Jordan) and
Gaza City
(Gaza Strip)
 (Beirut, Lebanon 1950-1978; Vienna, Austria 1978-1996)

 8 Dec 1949                United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees
                             in the Near East (UNRWA) established, as a UN specialized agency.
 1 May 1950                Operations begin.
     
Commissioners-General
 1 May 1950 - 30 Jun 1951  Howard Kennedy (Canada)               (b. 1892 - d. 1967)
 1 Jul 1951 -  7 Mar 1953  John Bennett Blandford, Jr. (U.S.)    (b. 1898 - d. 1972)
 7 Mar 1953 - 15 Jun 1954  Leslie J. Carver (U.K.)               (d. 1959)
                             (1st time) (acting)
15 Jun 1954 - 15 Jun 1958  Henry Richardson Labouisse (U.S.)     (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
15 Jun 1958 - 15 Feb 1959  Leslie J. Carver (U.K.)               (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
15 Feb 1959 - 31 Dec 1963  John Herbert Davis (U.S.)             (b. 1904 - d. 1988)
 1 Jan 1964 - 14 May 1971  Laurence Victor Michelmore (U.S.)     (b. 1909 - d. 1997)
15 May 1971 - 31 Mar 1977  Sir John Shaw Rennie (U.K.)           (b. 1917 - d. 2002)
 1 Apr 1977 - 15 Apr 1979  Thomas Watkins McElhiney (U.S.)       (b. 1919 - d. 1998)
15 Apr 1979 -  9 Jul 1979  Alan J. Brown (U.K.) (acting)
 9 Jul 1979 - 31 Oct 1985  Olof Rydbeck (Sweden)                 (b. 1913 - d. 1995)
 1 Nov 1985 - 28 Feb 1991  Giorgio Giacomelli (Italy)            (b. 1930 - d. 2017)
 1 Mar 1991 - 29 Feb 1996  İlter Türkmen (Turkey)                (b. 1927 - d. 2022)
 1 Mar 1996 - 31 Mar 2005  Peter Hansen (Denmark)                (b. 1941)
 1 Apr 2005 - 31 Dec 2009  Karen Koning AbuZayd (f) (U.S.)       (b. 1941)
                             (acting to 28 Jun 2005)
 1 Jan 2010 - 29 Mar 2014  Filippo Grandi (Italy)                (b. 1957)
                             (acting to 20 Jan 2010)
30 Mar 2014 -  6 Nov 2019  Pierre Krähenbühl (Switzerland)       (b. 1966)
 6 Nov 2019 -
30 Mar 2020  Christian Saunders (U.K.)(interim)    (b. 1961)
 1 Apr 2020 -              Philippe Lazzarini (Switzerland)      (b. 1964)

UNRWA Advisory Commission membership (30)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 8 Dec 1949
France, Turkey1, United Kingdom, United States
13 Oct 1952
Syria
19 Dec 1952
Jordan
24 Feb 1953
Egypt
12 Feb 1954
Belgium
29 Dec 1954
Lebanon
13 Dec 1972
Japan
 8 Dec 2005
Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
18 Dec 2008
Finland, Ireland
10 Dec 2010
Kuwait
12 Jan 2012
Luxembourg
 9 Dec
2014

Brazil, United Arab Emirates
 7 Dec 2018
Qatar
10 Dec 2020
India
12 Nov 2024
Iraq
1from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye.



United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
[Flag of the United
                  Nations 1945-1946]
Headquarters: Washington, D.C. (U.S.)

  9 Nov 1943                United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
                            
established, as independent international relief agency.
24 Oct 1945                Made a specialized agency of the United Nations.
31 Mar 1949                Dissolved, functions transferred to several UN agencies including
                             the International Refugee Organization (IRO).

Directors-general
(all from U.S.)
 1 Jan 1944 - 31 Mar 1946  Herbert H. Lehman                     (b. 1878 - d. 1963)
 1 Apr 1946 - 31 Dec 1946  Fiorello H. La Guardia                (b. 1882 - d. 1947)
 1 Jan 1947 - 30 Sep 1948  Lowell Ward Rooks                     (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
 1 Oct 1948 - 31 Mar 1949  Byron Price (acting)                  (b. 1891 - d. 1981)

UNRRA membership (44)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 9 Nov 1943
Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France1, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia
1until 3 Jun 1944 represented by "Free" French.



Universal Postal Union (UPU)
 
[Universal Postal Union (UPU) flag
                      1967-2007] (from 1967) 1970 - 2007  
[Universal Postal Union
                      (UPU) flag] Adopted 2007
 
UPU website
Headquarters: Berne (Switzerland)
UPU Day: 9 Oct (1874)
World Post Day

 1 Jul 1875                General Postal Union (GPU) established.
 1 Jun 1878                Universal Postal Union (Union Postale Universelle)(UPU). 
 
1 Jul 1948                Made a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Directors (all from Switzerland) 
1875 - 14 Jun 1892         Eugène Borel                       (b. 1835 - d. 1892)
1893 - 30 Jan 1899         Edmond Höhn                        (b. 1838 - d. 1899)
1899 - 25 Oct 1919         Eugène Ruffy                       (b. 1854 - d. 1919)
 
1 Jan 1920 - 14 Jan 1925  Camille Decoppet                   (b. 1862 - d. 1925)
1925 - 1937                Evaristo Garbani-Nerini            (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
1938 - 18 Nov 1944         Reinhold Furrer                    (b. 1875 - d. 1944)
1945 - 1949                Alois Muri                         (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
1950 - 1960                Fritz Hess                         (b. 1895 - d. 1970)
1961 -  7 Jul 1964         Edouard Weber                      (b. 1901 - d. 1970)
Directors-general
 7 Jul 1964 - 1966         Edouard Weber (Switzerland)        (s.a.)
1967 - 20 Jan 1973         Michel Rahi (Egypt)                (b. 1912 - d. 1973)
18 May 1973 - 31 Dec 1974  Anthony H. Ridge (U.K.)            (b. 1913 - d. 2010)
 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1984  Muhammad Ibrahim Sobhi (Egypt)     (b. 1925)
 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1994  Adwaldo Cardoso Botto de Barros    (b. 1925 - d. 2015)
                             (Brazil) 
 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 2004  Thomas Edward Leavey (U.S.)        (b. 1934)
 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2012  Édouard Dayan (France)             (b. 1943)
 1 Jan 2013 -
31 Dec 2021  Bishar Abdirahman Hussein (Kenya)  (b. 1959)
 1 Jan 2022 -              Masahiko Metoki (Japan)            (b. 1958)

UPU membership (192)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 1 Jul 1875 Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,
Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia
1, Serbia2, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey3, United Kingdom, United States4
 1 Jan 1876 France
 1 Jul 1876 India
 1 Jun 1877 Japan
 1 Jul 1877 Brazil
 1 Sep 1877 Persia5
 1 Apr 1878 Argentina
 1 Jul 1878 Canada
 1 Jan 1879 Bulgaria
 1 Apr 1879 El Salvador, Honduras, Liberia, Mexico, Peru
 1 Jan 1880 Venezuela
 1 Jul 1880 Ecuador, Uruguay
 1 Oct 1880 Dominican Republic
 1 Jan 1881 Hawaii6
 1 Apr 1881 Chile
 1 Jul 1881 Colombia, Haiti, Paraguay
 1 Aug 1881 Guatemala
 1 May 1882 Nicaragua
 1 Jan 1883 Costa Rica
 1 Jul 1885 Siam7
 1 Jan 1886 Congo (Léopoldville)8
 1 Apr 1886 Bolivia
 1 Jul 1888 Tunisia 
 1 Jan 1893 South-African Republic9
 1 Dec 1895 Zanzibar10
 1 Jan 1898 Orange Free State11
 1 Jan 1900 Korea12
 1 Jul 1902 Crete13
 4 Oct 1902 Cuba 
11 Jun 1904 Panama 
 1 Oct 1907 Australia, New Zealand, South Africa14
 1 Nov 1908 Ethiopia
 1 Mar 1914 China15
 1 Jul 1915 San Marino 
12 Feb 1918 Finland
 1 May 1919 Poland
15 Nov 1919 Iceland
18 May 1920 Czechoslovakia16
 1 Sep 1920 Saarland17
 1 Oct 1920 Morocco, Tangier18
 1 Oct 1921 Danzig19
24 Dec 1921 Yugoslavia2
 1 Jan 1922 The Philippines
 1 Mar 1922 Albania
 6 Sep 1923 Ireland 
 1 Jan 1927 Hejaz and Nejd20
 1 Apr 1928 Afghanistan
22 Apr 1929 Iraq
 1 Jun 1929 Vatican City
 1 Jan 1930 Yemen (Sana)21
12 May 1931 Lebanon, Syria22
13 May 1947 Byelorussian S.S.R.23, Ukrainian S.S.R.24
16 May 1947 Jordan25
Sep 1947 Trieste26
10 Nov 1947 Pakistan 
20 Sep 1948 Indonesia
13 Jul 1949 Ceylon27
 4 Oct 1949 Burma28
17 Dec 1949 South Korea
24 Dec 1949 Israel
20 Oct 1951 Vietnam29
21 Dec 1951 Cambodia
20 May 1952 Laos
 4 Jun 1952 Libya
12 Oct 1955 Monaco
27 Jul 1956 The Sudan
11 Oct 1956 Nepal
10 Oct 1957 Ghana
17 Jan 1958 Malaya30
 1 Apr 1959 Somalia
 6 May 1959 Guinea
16 Feb 1960 Kuwait 
26 Jul 1960 Cameroon
21 Apr 1961 Mali 
27 Apr 1961 Dahomey31
23 May 1961 Ivory Coast32
12 Jun 1961 Niger
14 Jun 1961 Senegal
23 Jun 1961 Chad
28 Jun 1961 Central African Republic 
 5 Jul 1961 Congo (Brazzaville)
10 Jul 1961 Nigeria
17 Jul 1961 Gabon
 2 Nov 1961 Madagascar33
23 Nov 1961 Cyprus
29 Jan 1962 Sierra Leone
21 Mar 1962 Togo
13 Apr 1962 Liechtenstein
29 Mar 1963 Tanganyika10, Upper Volta34
 6 Apr 1963 Burundi, Rwanda
14 Jun 1963 Dubai35
15 Jun 1963 Trinidad and Tobago
24 Aug 1963 Mongolia
29 Aug 1963 Jamaica
13 Feb 1964 Uganda
28 May 1964 Algeria
27 Oct 1964 Kenya
21 May 1965 Malta
 8 Jan 1966 Singapore
25 Oct 1966 Malawi
31 Dec 1966 Abu Dhabi35
22 Mar 1967 Guyana, Mauritania, Zambia
15 Aug 1967 Maldives
 6 Sep 1967 Lesotho
11 Nov 1967 Barbados 
12 Jan 1968 Botswana
28 Jun 1968 Yemen (Aden)21
31 Jan 1969 Qatar
 7 Mar 1969 Bhutan
17 Apr 1969 Nauru
29 Aug 1969 Mauritius
 7 Nov 1969 Swaziland36
24 Jul 1970 Equatorial Guinea 
18 Jun 1971 Fiji 
17 Aug 1971 Oman
26 Jan 1972 Tonga
 7 Feb 1973 Bangladesh
30 Mar 1973 United Arab Emirates
 1 Jun 1973 East Germany37
21 Dec 1973 Bahrain
24 Apr 1974 The Bahamas
30 May 1974 Guinea-Bissau
 6 Jun 1974 North Korea
 9 Oct 1974 The Gambia
20 Apr 1976 Suriname
 4 Jun 1976 Papua New Guinea 
29 Jul 1976 Comoros
30 Sep 1976 Cape Verde38
 3 Mar 1977 Angola
22 Aug 1977 São Tomé and Príncipe
 7 Oct 1977 Seychelles
30 Jan 1978 Grenada
 6 Jun 1978 Djibouti
11 Oct 1978 Mozambique
31 Jan 1980 Dominica
10 Jul 1980 Saint Lucia
 3 Feb 1981 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tuvalu
31 Jul 1981 Zimbabwe
16 Jul 1982 Vanuatu
 1 Oct 1982 Belize
 4 May 1984 Solomon Islands
14 Aug 1984 Kiribati
15 Jan 1985 Brunei Darussalam
11 Jan 1988 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 9 Aug 1989 Western Samoa39
10 Jan 1992 Lithuania40
30 Apr 1992 Estonia41, Namibia
17 Jun 1992 Latvia42
20 Jul 1992 Croatia43
27 Aug 1992 Kazakhstan, Slovenia
14 Sep 1992 Armenia
16 Nov 1992 Moldova
26 Jan 1993 Bosnia and Hercegovina44, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan
18 Mar 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia45
 1 Apr 1993 Azerbaijan, Georgia
12 Jul 1993 Macedonia46
19 Aug 1993 Eritrea
20 Jan 1994 Antigua and Barbuda
24 Feb 1994 Uzbekistan
 9 Jun 1994 Tajikistan
18 Jun 2001 Serbia and Montenegro2
28 Nov 2003 Timor-Leste
26 Jul 2006 Montenegro47
 4 Oct 2011
South Sudan
UN member countries whose situation with regard to the UPU has not yet been settled:  Andorra, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Palau.
UPU extended to overseas dependencies of: Australia on 1 Oct 1907; Denmark on 1 Jul 1875; France on 1 Jul 1876; Germany on 1 Jun 1887; Italy on 1 Jul 1904; Japan on 1 Jan 1922; The Netherlands (incl. Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten) on 1 May 1877; New Zealand on 1 Oct 1907; Portugal on 1 Jul 1877; Spain on 1 May 1877; United Kingdom on 1 Apr 1877; and the United States on 25 Feb 1900.
1from 30 Dec 1922 Soviet Union; dissolved 25 Dec 1991; membership succeeded by Russia. 2Serbia as Yugoslavia from 24 Dec 1921; Yugoslavia not invited to UPU functions from 20 Oct 1998, officially readmitted 18 Jun 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 3as Ottoman Empire to 1920; from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 4United States letter of denunciation received 17 Oct 2018 (to be effective 17 Oct 2019), intent to withdraw revoked 10 Oct 2019. 5from 1935 Iran. 6from 12 Aug 1898 part of United States. 7from 1941 Thailand. 8Congo Free State to 1908; 1908-1960 Belgian Congo; 1960-1966 Congo (Léopoldville); 1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire; independent UPU member from 1 Jul 1960. 9South African Rep. was from 1900 British colony of Transvaal; from 1910 part of South Africa. 10Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 11Orange Free State from 1900 British Orange River Colony; from 1910 part of South Africa. 12Korea annexed to Japan 29 Aug 1910 - 12 Sep 1945. 13Crete from 30 May 1913 part of Greece. 14South Africa was excluded 1964-1984; suspended 22 Jun 1984 - 22 Aug 1994, unconstitutionally expelled 18 Sep 1979 - 19 Jun 1981. 15the Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 13 Apr 1972, when the UPU voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China; from 13 Apr 1972 Taiwan UPU status as Taiwan province of China. 16Czechoslovakia as Bohemia and Moravia 7 Oct 1939 - May 1945; dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 17Saarland united with Germany 13 Jan 1935; Saar reconstituted under French rule 31 Jul 1945-31 Dec 1956, united with (West) Germany 1 Jan 1957. 18Tangier under international administration 1912-1956, then part of Morocco. 19Danzig Free City annexed to Germany 1 Sep 1939 - 7 Apr 1945, then to Poland. 20Hejaz and Nejd merged 1932 as Saudi Arabia. 21Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 1990. 221958 - 1961 Syria part of the United Arab Republic, union of Egypt and Syria; in 29 Sep 1961 Syria left the union and resumed its separate membership. 23from 1991 Belarus. 24from 1991 Ukraine. 25to 1946 Transjordan. 26Trieste Free Terrritory a member to Mar 1955; Anglo-US zone part of Italy from 26 Oct 1954. 27from 1972 Sri Lanka. 28from 1989 Myanmar. 29from 2 Jul 1976 North Vietnam and South Vietnam united as Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 30from 1963 Malaysia. 31from 1975 Benin. 32from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 33to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic. 34from 1984 Burkina Faso. 35Abu Dhabi and Dubai memberships transferred to United Arab Emirates 30 Mar 1973. 36from 2018 Eswatini. 37East Germany from 3 Oct 1990 united with Federal Republic of Germany. 38from 2013 Cabo Verde. 39from 1997 Samoa. 40Lithuania former UPU member 1 Jan 1922 - 3 Aug 1940. 41Estonia former UPU member 7 Jul 1922 - 6 Aug 1940. 42Latvia a UPU former member 1 Oct 1921 - 5 Aug 1940. 43Croatia former UPU member 7 Apr 1942 - May 1945. 44Bosnia and Hercegovina former UPU member 1 Jul 1892 - 24 Dec 1921. 45Slovakia former UPU member 17 Jun 1939 - Apr 1945. 46as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 47Montenegro former UPU member 1 Jul 1875 - 1 Dec 1918; part of Yugoslavia 1 Dec 1918 - 4 Feb 2003, as Serbia and Montenegro 4 Feb 2003 - 5 Jun 2006.


Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) 
[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples
                          Organization (UNPO) 1991-2005 flag]
5 Aug 1991 - 24 Jun 2005
[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples
                        Organization (UNPO) flag] Adopted 24 Jun 2005
UNPO website UNPO Covenant
 (11 Feb 1991)
Headquarters: Brussels
(Belgium)
(The Hague, Netherlands
1991-2012?)
UNPO Day: 11 Feb (1991)
International Day
 of Action

11 Feb 1991                Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) formed.

Secretaries-general
11 Feb 1991 - 16 Mar 1998  Michael van Walt van Praag        (b. 1951)
                             (The Netherlands)
Jul 1997 - 16 Mar 1998     Tsering Jampa (Tibet)             (b. 1955)
                             (acting for van Praag)
16 Mar 1998 - 23 Oct 1999  Helen S. Corbett (f)              (b. 1953) 
                             (Australian Aboriginals)
23 Oct 1999 - 14 Nov 2003  Erkin Alptekin (Uyghurs)          (b. 1939)
                             (acting to 14 Feb 2001)
14 Nov 2003 - 31 Dec 2018  Marino Busdachin (Italy)          (b. 1956 - d. 2023)
General Secretaries
 1 Jan 2019 - Jan 2023     Ralph J. Bunche III (U.S.)        (b. 1978)
Jan 2023 -                 Mercè Monje Cano (f)(Catalonia)
                             (acting to 21 Apr 2023)

Chairmen of the General Assembly
Feb 1991 - Jan 1993        Linnart Mäll (Estonia)            (b. 1938 - d. 2010)
Jan 1993 - Jul 1997        Erkin Alptekin (Uyghurs)          (s.a.)
Jul 1997 - Feb 2001        Seif Sharif Hamad (Zanzibar)      (b. 1943 - d. 2021)
Feb 2001 - Jun 2005        John J. Nimrod (Assyrians)        (b. 1922 - d. 2009)
Jun 2005 - 28 Oct 2006     Göran Hansson (Scania/Sweden)     (b. 1941)
Presidents of the General Assembly
28 Oct 2006 - 28 May 2010  Ledum Mitee (Ogoni)               (b. 1957)
28 May 2010 -  4 Jul 2015  Ngawang Choephel Dralmargyapon    (b. 1966 - d. 2019)
                            
(Tibet)
 4 Jul 2015 - 27 Mar 2022  Nasser Boladai (West Balochistan) (b. 1965)
27 Mar 2022 - 10 May 2024  Edna Adan Ismail (f)(Somaliland)  (b. 1937)
                             (= Adna Aadan Ismaaciil)
10 May 2024 -              Rubina
Noor Shaikh Greenwood (f)  (b. 1971)
                             (Sindh)

Executive Directors
19 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002  Karl von Habsburg (Austria)       (b. 1961)
 1 Oct 2021 - 21 Apr 2023  Mercè Monje Cano (f)(Catalonia)  

UNPO membership (39)
Date of 
Admission
 Member Nations and Peoples (followed by nation states within)
11 Feb 1991 Aboriginals of Australia (Australia)1, Armenia2, Belau (Palau [U.S.])3, Cordillera (Philippines)4, Crimean Tatars (Ukraine/Russia), East Turkestan (China), Estonia5, Georgia6, Greek Minority in Albania (Albania)7, Iraqi Kurdistan (Iraq)8, Latvia9, Taiwan (China), Tatarstan (Russia)10, Tibet (China), West Papua (Indonesia)11
 6 Aug 1991 Abkhazia (Georgia)12, Acheh (Indonesia)13, Assyria (Iraq, Syria, Türkiye), Bougainville (Papua New Guinea)14, Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (Russia)15, Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bangladesh), Iraqi Turkmen (Iraq)16, Kosova (Serbia)17, Mari (Russia)18, South Moluccas (Indonesia)19, Zanzibar (Tanzania)20
17 Jan 1993 Batwa (Rwanda)21, Chuvash (Russia)22, East Timor23, Inkeri (Russia)24, Komi (Russia)25, Sanjak (Serbia, Montenegro)26, Udmurt (Russia)27
19 Jan 1993 Karenni State (Myanmar)28, Mapuche (Argentina, Chile)29, Nagalim (India, Myanmar), Ogoni (Nigeria), Scania (Sweden)30
24 Jan 1993
Khalistan (India, Pakistan)31
 3 Aug 1993 Kalahui Hawai'i (U.S.)32, Sakha (Russia)33
16 Apr 1994 Albanians in Macedonia (North Macedonia)34, Circassia (Russia)35, Gagauzia (Moldova)36
30 Jul 1994 Hungarian Minority in Romania (Romania)37, Ingushetia (Russia)38, Lakota Nation (U.S.)39, Maohi (French Polynesia)40
 8 Jun 1995 Chameria (Greece)41
 3 Feb 1996 Bashkortostan (Russia)42, Buryatia (Russia)43, Mon (Myanmar)44, Tuva (Russia)45
17 Apr 1997 Cabinda (Angola)46, Kumyk (Russia)47, Shan (Myanmar)48
23 Sep 1998 Nuxalk Nation (Canada)49, Rusyn (Ukraine)50
15 Jul 2001 Chin (Myanmar)51, Khmer Krom (Vietnam)
19 Jan 2002 Sindh (Pakistan)
14 Nov 2003 Ahwazi (Iran), Degar-Montagnards (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam)52, Vhavenda (South Africa)53
19 Dec 2004 Buffalo River Dene Nation (Canada)54, Maasai (Kenya)55, Nahua Del Alto Balsas (Mexico)56, Oromo (Ethiopia), Somaliland (Somalia), Southern Cameroons (Cameroon)57
26 Jun 2005 Talysh (Azerbaijan/Iran)58, West Balochistan (Iran)
 2 Feb 2007
Hmong (Laos), Iranian Kurdistan (Iran), Rehoboth Basters (Namibia), Southern Azerbaijan (Iran), Southern Mongolia (China)59, Tsimshian (Canada)60
 1 Mar 2008
Balochistan (Pakistan)
15 May 2008
Afrikaners (South Africa), Burma61
20 Sep 2008
Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan)
 6 Feb 2010
Ogaden (Ethiopia)
26 Sep 2010
Moro (Philippines)62
18 Sep 2011
Haratin (Mauritania)
 7 Jul 2012
Lezghin (Dagestan [Russia])63
22 Nov 2013
Barotseland (Zambia)
29 Jun 2014
Savoy (France)
28 Nov 2014
Amazigh (North Africa)64, Sulu (Philippines)65, Trieste (Italy/Slovenia/Croatia)66
 1 Jul 2015
Brittany (France)
 6 Nov 2015
District of Columbia (U.S.)
29 Apr 2016
South Arabia (South Yemen)67
13 May 2017
Bellah People (Mali)68, Kabylia (Algeria)
14 Oct 2017
Madhesh (Nepal)69
31 Oct 2017
Western Togoland (Ghana)
28 Mar 2018
Ambazonia (Cameroon)70
14 Dec 2018
Catalonia (Spain)
28 Jan 2019
Latin American Indigenous Peoples (Project)71
31 Jul 2020
Biafra (Nigeria), Guam (U.S.), Yoruba (Nigeria), Zambesia (Botswana/Namibia)
21 Apr 2023
Niger Delta (Nigeria)
11 May 2024
Annobón (Equatorial Guinea)
1Aboriginals of Australia membership suspended 7 Jul 2012. 2Armenia withdrew 2 Mar 1992. 3Belau (Palau) withdrew 15 Dec 1994. 4Cordillera membership suspended 6 Nov 2015. 5Estonia withdrew 17 Sep 1991. 6Georgia withdrew 31 Jul 1992. 7Greek Minority in Albania membership suspended 7 Jul 2012. 8Iraqi Kurdistan membership discontinued 1 Jul 2015. 9Latvia withdrew 17 Sep 1991. 10Tatarstan membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008. 11West Papua membership suspended 20 Sep 2008, re-admitted 22 Nov 2013. 12Abkhazia a member until 2023.  13Acheh membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008, re-admitted 28 Jun 2014. 14Bougainville membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008. 15Chechen Republic of Ichkeria membership suspended 25 Sep 2010. 16Iraqi Turkmen membership discontinued 27 Nov 2016. 17Kosovoa (Kosovo) membership discontinued 24 Mar 2018. 18Mari membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008. 19South Moluccas membership suspended 6 Nov 2015, re-admitted 29 Apr 2016. 20Zanzibar membership suspended 1 Jul 2015. 21Batwa a member 17 Jan 1993 - Dec 2019. 22Chuvash membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008. 23East Timor withdrew 27 Sep 2002. 24Inkeri membership suspended 9 Oct 2009. 25Komi membership suspended 9 Oct 2009. 26Sanjak membership suspended 18 Sep 2011. 27Udmurt membership suspended 6 Jul 2013. 28Karenni State membership suspended 7 Jul 2012. 29Mapuche membership suspended 29 Apr 2016. 30Scania membership suspended 18 Sep 2011. 31Khalistan (represented by Council of Khalistan) membership discontinued 4 Aug 1993, suspension made permanent 22 Jan 1995. 32Kalahui Hawai'i membership suspended 7 Jul 2012. 33Sakha withdrew 30 Jun 1998. 34Albanians in Macedonia membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008. 35Circassia membership suspended 6 Nov 2015. 36Gagauzia membership discontinued 1 Dec 2007. 37Hungarian Minority in Romania membership discontinued 2015. 383Ingushetia membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008. 39Lakota Nation membership discontinued 1 Dec 2007. 40Maohi membership discontinued 1 Dec 2007. 41Chameria previously admitted 8 Jun 1995, suspended 28 Oct 1996; rejoined 26 Jun 2017, withdrew Dec 2019. 42Bashkortostan withdrew 30 Jun 1998. 43Buryatia membership suspended 13 Feb 2010. 44Mon membership suspended 7 Jul 2012. 45Tuva membership suspended 13 Feb 2010. 46Cabinda membership suspended 18 Sep 2011. 47Kumyk membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008. 48Shan membership suspended 6 Feb 2010. 49Nuxalk Nation membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008. 50Rusyn membership discontinued 1 Dec 2007. 51Chin membership suspended 26 Nov 2016. 52Degar-Montagnards membership suspended 29 Apr 2016. 53Vhavenda membership suspended 1 Jul 2015. 54Buffalo River Dene Nation membership suspended 9 Oct 2009. 55Maasai membership suspended 7 Jul 2012. 56Nahua Del Alto Balsas (represented by the Consejo de Pueblos Nahua Del Alto Balsas) membership suspended 20 Sep 2008. 57Southern Cameroons membership suspended 28 Nov 2014; readmitted as Ambazonia 28 Mar 2018. 58Talysh membership discontinued 1 Mar 2008, re-admitted 28 Jun 2014, discontinued 2020? 59named Inner Mongolia 2007-2015. 60Tsimshian membership suspended 18 Sep 2011. 61Burma (represented by the National Council of the Union of Burma) membership suspended 13 Feb 2010. 62Moro membership suspended 28 Nov 2014. 63Lezghin membership discontinued 30 Oct 2023. 64Amazigh membership suspended 26 Nov 2016. 65Sulu membership discontinued 30 Oct 2023. 66Trieste no longer a UNPO member by 2018. 67South Arabia suspended from Oct? 2017. 68Bellah People membership discontinued 30 Oct 2023, re-admitted 2024. 69Madhesh membership discontinued 30 Oct 2023. 70Ambazonia membership withdrawn 7 Jun 2021. 71Latin American Indigenous Peoples a UNPO project to 2020?.



Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact)

[Warsaw
                          Pact badge Union of peace and socialism (no
                          flag adopted)]
Badge (No Flag Adopted)
 



Warsaw Security Pact
(14 May 1955)
Headquarters: Moscow
(Soviet Union)
WTO Day: 1 May (1955)
May Day

14 May 1955                "Warsaw Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual
                             Assistance" signed (ratified by Soviet Union 25 May 1955,
                             entered into force 4 Jun 1955).
 4 Jun 1955                Warsaw Treaty Organization
26 Nov 1976                Joint secretariat established.
26 Apr 1985                Protocol on the extension signed.
 1 Apr 1991                Dissolution of military structures.
 1 Jul 1991                Dis-establishment. "Protocol on the termination of Treaty on
                             Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance", calling for a
                             "transition to all-European structures" signed (entered into
                             force 18 Feb 1993).

Secretaries-general of the Political Consultative Committee
 4 Jun 1955 - 24 May 1958  Aleksey Innokentyevich Antonov     (b. 1896 - d. 1962)
                             (Soviet Union)
24 May 1958 -  4 Feb 1960  Nikolay Semyonovich Patolichev     (b. 1908 - d. 1989)
                             (Soviet Union)  
 4 Feb 1960 - 12 Feb 1983  Nikolay Pavlovich Firyubin         (b. 1908 - d. 1983)
                             (Firiubin) (Soviet Union)
 5 Jan 1983 -  6 Jan 1983  Dušan Spáčil (Czechoslovakia)      (b. 1929 - d. 2003)
                             (acting for Firyubin)
12 Feb 1983 - 22 Oct 1985  Vacant
22 Oct 1985 - 23 Oct 1985  Mariy Antonov Ivanov (Bulgaria)    (b. 1919 - d. 1997)
23 Oct 1985 - 11 Jun 1986  Miklós Barity (Hungary)            (b. 1929)
11 Jun 1986 - 29 May 1987  Herbert Krolikowski (East Germany) (b. 1924 - d. 2012)
29 May 1987 - 16 Jul 1988  Henryk Jaroszek (Poland)           (b. 1926 - d. 2015)
16 Jul 1988 -  8 Jul 1989  Constantin Oancea (Romania)        (b. 1928)
 8 Jul 1989 -  7 Jun 1990  Ivan Pavlovich Aboimov             (b. 1936 - d. 2022)
                             (Soviet Union)
 7 Jun 1990 -  1 Jul 1991  Zdeněk Matějka (Czechoslovakia)    (b. 1935 - d. 2024)

Commanders-in-chief of the Unified Armed Forces (all from Soviet Union)
14 May 1955 - 23 Jul 1960  Ivan Stepanovich Konev             (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
23 Jul 1960 -  7 Jul 1967  Andrey Antonovich Grechko          (b. 1903 - d. 1976)
 7 Jul 1967 - 30 Nov 1976  Ivan Ignatyevich Yakubovskiy       (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
 8 Jan 1977 -  2 Feb 1989  Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov        (b. 1921 - d. 2013)
 2 Feb 1989 - 26 Apr 1991  Pyotr Georgiyevich Lushev          (b. 1923 - d. 1997)

Warsaw Pact membership 1955-1991
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
14 May 1955 Albania1, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany2,
Hungary
3, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union
1Albania non-participatory from 12 Dec 1961, withdrew 12 Sep 1968. 2East Germany withdrew 24 Sep 1990. 3Hungary announced withdrawal 1 Nov 1956, withdrawal is cancelled 7 Nov 1956.



Western European Union (WEU)
 
[Western Union Defence
                      Organization 1949-1951]
1949 - 20 Dec 1950 WUDO
[Former flag of Western
                      European Union (WEU) 1990-1995] 1990 - 26 Oct 1993 WEU [Western European Union (WEU)
                      flag 1993-2011] 26 Oct 1993 - 30 Jun 2011 WEU
 
WEU former website
Headquarters: Brussels
(Belgium); (WEU Assembly - Paris, France)
(WUDO: London, U.K. and
Fontainebleau, France
1948-1950)

28 Sep 1948 – 20 Dec 1950  Western Union Defence Organization (WUDO), also referred to
                             as the Brussels Treaty Organization (BTO), established
                             by the "Brussels Treaty" of 17 Mar 1948.
20 Dec 1950                WUDO is merged into NATO.
23 Oct 1954                Western European Union founded.

 6 May 1955                Charter effective.
30 Jun 2011                WEU dissolved.

Secretary-general of the Western Union Defence Organization
1948 - 1950                Sir Howard George Charles Mallaby  (b. 1902 - d. 1978)
                             (U.K.)


Chairman, Commander-in-chiefs Committee of the Western Union Defence Organization

 5 Oct 1948 - 20 Dec 1950  Bernard Law Montgomery, Viscount   (b. 1887 – d. 1976)
                             Montgomery of Alamein (U.K.) 

Secretaries-general of the Western European Union
 7 May 1955 - 14 Dec 1962  Louis Alexandre Marie Goffin       (b. 1904 - d. 1975)
                             (Belgium)
15 Dec 1962 - 31 Dec 1970  Maurice Iweins d'Eeckhoutte        (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
                             (Belgium)
 1 Jan 1971 - 30 Sep 1974  Georges Heisbourg (Luxembourg)     (b. 1918 - d. 2008)
20 Oct 1974 - 24 Feb 1977  Friedrich-Karl von Plehwe (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 1989)
                             (West Germany)
 1 Mar 1977 - 31 May 1985  Frederic Theodoor Edouard          (b. 1919 - d. 1986)
                            
Longerstaey (Belgium)
17 Jun 1985 - 11 May 1989  Alfred Cahen (Belgium)             (b. 1929 - d. 2000)

15 May 1989 - 15 Nov 1994  Willem "Wim" Frederik van Eekelen  (b. 1931)
                             (The Netherlands)
16 Nov 1994 - 24 Nov 1999  José Pires Cutileiro (Portugal)    (b. 1934 - d. 2020)
25 Nov 1999 - 24 Nov 2009  Francisco Javier Solana de         (b. 1942)
                             Madariaga (Spain)
25 Nov 2009 - 30 Jun 2011  Arnaud Marie Pierre André Jacomet  (b. 1946 - d. 2011)
                             (France)


[Flag of the
                Assembly of the Western European Union]

Presidents of the Western European Union Assembly
 5 Jul 1955 -  6 May 1957  John Scott Maclay (U.K.)           (b. 1905 - d. 1992)
 6 May 1957 - 15 Jun 1959  Sir James Riley Holt Hutchison,    (b. 1893 - d. 1979)
                             Baron Hutchison, of Rossie in 
                             the County of Perth (U.K.)
15 Jun 1959 - 29 May 1961  Vittorio Badini Confalonieri       (b. 1914 - d. 1993)

                             (Italy) (1st time)
29 May 1961 - 15 Jan 1963  Arthur Conte (France)              (b. 1920 - d. 2013)
 4 Jun 1963 - 13 Dec 1966  Carlo Schmid (West Germany)        (b. 1896 - d. 1979)
13 Dec 1966 - 17 Jun 1969  Vittorio Badini Confalonieri       (s.a.)
                             (Italy) (2nd time)
17 Jun 1969 -  5 Jun 1972  Georges Housiaux (Belgium)         (b. 1914 - d. 1989)
 5 Jun 1972 - 18 Jun 1974  William John Peel (U.K.)           (b. 1912 - d. 2004)
                             (from 1 Jan 1973, Sir William John Peel)
18 Jun 1974 - 20 Jun 1977  Edmond Nessler (France)            (b. 1907 - d. 2004)
20 Jun 1977 -  2 Jun 1980  Kai-Uwe von Hassel (West Germany)  (b. 1913 - d. 1997)
20 Jun 1980 -  6 Jun 1983  Frederick "Fred" Mulley (U.K.)     (b. 1918 - d. 1995)
 6 Jun 1983 - 15 Mar 1984  Alfredo De Poi (Italy)             (b. 1945 - d. 2010)
15 Mar 1984 - 18 Jun 1984  Lucien Pignion (France)(acting)    (b. 1914 - d. 1989)
18 Jun 1984 -  1 Jun 1987  Jean-Marie Caro (France)           (b. 1929 - d. 2014)
 1 Jun 1987 -  5 Jun 1990  Charles Goerens (Luxembourg)       (b. 1952)
 5 Jun 1990 - 20 Mar 1992  Robert Pontillon (France)          (b. 1921 - d. 1992)
20 Mar 1992 -  1 Jun 1992  Giuseppe Sinesio (Italy)(acting)   (b. 1921 - d. 2002)
 1 Jun 1992 - 14 Jun 1993  Hartmut Soell (Gemany)             (b. 1939 - d. 2023)
14 Jun 1993 - 31 Dec 1996  Sir Dudley Gordon Smith (U.K.)     (b. 1926 - d. 2016)
 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1999  Lluís María de Puig i Olivé (Spain)(b. 1945 - d. 2012)
President of the Interim European Security and Defense Assembly
 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2002  Klaus Bühler (Germany)             (b. 1941 - d. 2021)
Presidents of the Inter-Parliamentary European Security and Defense Assembly
 1 Jan 2003 -  2 Jul 2003  Jan Dirk Blaauw (The Netherlands)  (b. 1941 - d. 2020)
 3 Jul 2003 -  2 Dec 2003  Marcel Glesener (Luxembourg)       (b. 1937)
                             (1st time) (acting)
 2 Dec 2003 - 19 Jul 2004  Armand De Decker (Belgium)         (b. 1948 - d. 2019)
20 Jul 2004 -  1 Dec 2004  Marcel Glesener (Luxembourg)       (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
 1 Dec 2004 -  7 Dec 2005  Emiel Stefaan "Stef" Germaan Marie (b. 1960)
                            
Goris (Belgium)
 7 Dec 2005 -  3 Dec 2008  Jean-Pierre Masseret (France)      (b. 1944)
President of the European Security and Defense Assembly
 3 Dec 2008 - 10 May 2011  Robert "Bob" John Walter (U.K.)    (b. 1948)

WEU membership 
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
23 Oct 1954 Belgium1, France1, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg1 The Netherlands1,
United Kingdom
1
27 Mar 1990  Portugal, Spain
 6 Mar 1995 Greece
1member of the WUDO 28 Sep 1948 - 20 Dec 1950

Date of 
Admission
Associate Members
20 Nov 1992
Iceland, Norway, Turkey
23 Mar 1999
Czech Reublic, Hungary, Poland

Date of 
Admission
Associate Partners
 9 May 1994
Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia
25 Jun 1996
Slovenia



World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)

[World Bank- IBRD
                          flag]
Adopted 1946
  

[World Bank- IBRD
                        Alternate flag]
Alternate Flag
  
[World Bank Group
                        Alternate flag]
World Bank Group Alternate Flag
  
World Bank website
Headquarters: Washington, D.C.
(United States)

27 Dec 1945                Articles of Agreement (adopted by the Bretton Woods
                             Conference 22 Jul 1944) become effective.
25 Jun 1946                International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
                             (World Bank) begins operations.

Presidents (all from U.S. except as noted)
18 Jun 1946 - 17 Mar 1947  Eugene Isaac Meyer                 (b. 1875 - d. 1959)
17 Mar 1947 -  1 Jul 1949  John Jay McCloy                    (b. 1895 - d. 1989)
 1 Jul 1949 -  1 Jan 1963  Eugene Robert Black, Sr.           (b. 1898 - d. 1992)
 1 Jan 1963 -  1 Apr 1968  George David Woods                 (b. 1901 - d. 1982)
 1 Apr 1968 -  1 Jul 1981  Robert Strange McNamara            (b. 1916 - d. 2009)
 1 Jul 1981 -  1 Jul 1986  Alden Winship "Tom" Clausen        (b. 1923 - d. 2013)
 1 Jul 1986 -  1 Sep 1991  Barber Benjamin Conable, Jr.       (b. 1922 - d. 2003)
 1 Sep 1991 -  4 May 1995  Lewis Thompson Preston             (b. 1926 - d. 1995)
 
1 Feb 1995 - 31 May 1995  Ernest "Ernie" Stern               (b. 1933 - d. 2019)
                             (acting [for Preston to 4 May 1995])            
 1 Jun 1995 -  1 Jun 2005  James David Wolfensohn             (b. 1933 - d. 2020)
 1 Jun 2005 -  1 Jul 2007  Paul Dundes Wolfowitz              (b. 1943)
 1 Jul 2007 -  1 Jul 2012  Robert Bruce Zoellick              (b. 1953)
 1 Jul 2012 -  1 Feb 2019  Jim Young Kim                      (b. 1959)
 1 Feb 2019 -  9 Apr 2019  Kristalina
Ivanova Georgieva-      (b. 1953)
                            
Kinova (f)(Bulgaria) (acting)
 9 Apr 2019 -  2 Jun 2023  David Robert Malpass               (b. 1956)
 2 Jun 2023 -              Ajay Singh Banga                   (b. 1959) 

World Bank membership (189)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
27 Dec 1945 Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, China1, Czechoslovakia2, Egypt, Ethiopia, France,
Greece, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iraq, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, The Philippines, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia
3
28 Dec 1945 Dominican Republic4, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay
29 Dec 1945 Iran
31 Dec 1945 Chile, Mexico, Peru
 8 Jan 1946 Costa Rica
10 Jan 1946 Poland5
14 Jan 1946 Brazil
11 Mar 1946 Uruguay
14 Mar 1946 Cuba6, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama
30 Mar 1946 Denmark
24 Dec 1946 Colombia
30 Dec 1946 Venezuela
11 Mar 1947 Turkey7
27 Mar 1947 Italy
10 Apr 1947 Syria8
14 Apr 1947 Lebanon
 5 Aug 1947 Australia
14 Jan 1948 Finland
27 Aug 1948 Austria
 3 May 1949 Thailand
11 Jul 1950 Pakistan
29 Aug 1950 Ceylon9
31 Aug 1951 Sweden
 3 Jan 1952 Burma10
13 Aug 1952 Japan
14 Aug 1952 (West) Germany
29 Aug 1952 Jordan
 8 Sep 1953 Haiti
15 Apr 1954 Indonesia
12 Jul 1954 Israel
14 Jul 1955 Afghanistan
26 Aug 1955 South Korea
20 Sep 1956 Argentina
21 Sep 1956 Vietnam11
 8 Aug 1957 Ireland
26 Aug 1957 Saudi Arabia
 5 Sep 1957 The Sudan
20 Sep 1957 Ghana
 7 Mar 1958 Malaya12
14 Apr 1958 Tunisia
25 Apr 1958 Morocco
15 Sep 1958 Spain
17 Sep 1958 Libya
29 Mar 1961 Portugal
30 Mar 1961 Nigeria
 5 Jul 1961 Laos
31 Aug 1961 New Zealand
 6 Sep 1961 Nepal
21 Dec 1961 Cyprus
28 Mar 1962 Liberia
 1 Aug 1962 Togo
31 Aug 1962 Senegal, Somalia
10 Sep 1962 Sierra Leone, Tanganyika13
13 Sep 1962 Kuwait
21 Feb 1963 Jamaica
11 Mar 1963 Ivory Coast14
24 Apr 1963 Niger
 2 May 1963 Upper Volta15
10 Jul 1963 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey16
10 Sep 1963 Gabon, Mauritania
16 Sep 1963 Trinidad and Tobago
25 Sep 1963 Madagascar17
26 Sep 1963 Algeria
27 Sep 1963 Mali, Uganda
28 Sep 1963 Burundi, Congo (Kinshasa)18, Guinea
30 Sep 1963 Rwanda
 3 Feb 1964 Kenya
19 Jul 1965 Malawi
23 Sep 1965 Zambia
 3 Aug 1966 Singapore
26 Sep 1966 Guyana
18 Oct 1967 The Gambia
24 Jul 1968 Botswana
25 Jul 1968 Lesotho
23 Sep 1968 Mauritius
22 Sep 1969 Swaziland19
 3 Oct 1969 Yemen (Aden)20
22 May 1970
Yemen (Sana)20
 1 Jul 1970 Equatorial Guinea 
22 Jul 1970 Cambodia
28 May 1971 Fiji
23 Dec 1971 Oman
17 Aug 1972 Bangladesh
15 Sep 1972 Bahrain
22 Sep 1972 United Arab Emirates
25 Sep 1972 Qatar
15 Dec 1972 Romania
21 Aug 1973 The Bahamas
28 Jun 1974 Western Samoa21
12 Sep 1974 Barbados
27 Aug 1975 Grenada
 9 Oct 1975 Papua New Guinea
28 Oct 1976 Comoros
24 Mar 1977 Guinea-Bissau
30 Sep 1977 São Tomé and Príncipe
13 Jan 1978 Maldives
27 Jun 1978 Suriname
22 Sep 1978 Solomon Islands
20 Nov 1978 Cape Verde22
27 Jun 1980 Saint Lucia
29 Sep 1980 Dominica, Seychelles, Zimbabwe
 1 Oct 1980 Djibouti
28 Sep 1981 Bhutan, Vanuatu
19 Mar 1982 Belize
 7 Jul 1982 Hungary
31 Aug 1982 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
22 Sep 1983 Antigua and Barbuda
26 Sep 1983 Malta
15 Aug 1984 Saint Kitts and Nevis
24 Aug 1984 Mozambique
13 Sep 1985 Tonga
29 Sep 1986 Kiribati
19 Sep 1989 Angola
25 Sep 1990 Bulgaria, Namibia
14 Feb 1991 Mongolia
15 Oct 1991 Albania
21 May 1992 Marshall Islands
29 May 1992 Switzerland
16 Jun 1992 Russia
23 Jun 1992 Estonia
 6 Jul 1992 Lithuania
10 Jul 1992 Belarus
23 Jul 1992 Kazakhstan
 7 Aug 1992 Georgia
11 Aug 1992 Latvia
12 Aug 1992 Moldova
 3 Sep 1992 Ukraine
16 Sep 1992 Armenia
18 Sep 1992 Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan
21 Sep 1992 Uzbekistan
22 Sep 1992 Turkmenistan
 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia
25 Feb 1993 Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Macedonia23, Slovenia
 4 Jun 1993 Tajikistan
24 Jun 1993 Federated States of Micronesia
 6 Jul 1994 Eritrea
10 Oct 1995 Brunei Darussalam
16 Dec 1997 Palau
21 Sep 2000 San Marino 
 8 May 2001 Serbia and Montenegro3
23 Jul 2002 East Timor24
18 Jan 2007
Montenegro
29 Jun 2009
Kosovo
24 Jun 2010
Tuvalu
18 Apr 2012
South Sudan
12 Apr 2016
Nauru
1Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 15 May 1980, when the World Bank voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China. 2Czechoslovakia expelled 5 Jan 1955; rejoined 20 Sep 1990; dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 membership succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 3Yugoslavia expelled 25 Feb 1993; readmitted 8 May 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 4Dominican Republic withdrew 1 Dec 1960; rejoined 18 Sep 1961. 5Poland withdrew 14 Mar 1950; rejoined 27 Jun 1986. 6Cuba withdrew 14 Nov 1960. 7from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 81958-1961 Syria part of the United Arab Republic, union of Egypt and Syria. Syria left World Bank 18 Jul 1958; on 29 Sep 1961 Syria seceded from the U.A.R. and resumed its separate membership on 2 Nov 1961.9 from 1972 Sri Lanka. 10from 1989 Myanmar. 11Republic of Vietnam to 30 Apr 1975, then Republic of South Vietnam; from 23 Aug 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 12from 1963 Malaysia. 13from 1964 Tanzania. 14from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 15from 1984 Burkina Faso. 16from 1975 Benin. 17to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic. 18Congo (Léopoldville) to 1966; 1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 19from 2018 Eswatini. 20Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) merged 22 May 1990 as Yemen. 21from 1997 Samoa. 22from 2013 Cabo Verde. 23as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 24from 2003 Timor-Leste.


World Council of Churches (WCC): see under Religious Organizations
World Court: see International Court of Justice (ICJ)


World Customs Organization (WCO)


[World Customs
                        Organization (WCO) Flag]
Adopted 1993

WCO website
Headquarters: Brussels
(Belgium)
WCO Day: 26 Jan (1953)
International Customs Day

 4 Nov 1952                Customs Cooperation Council (CCC).
22 Jun 1994                World Customs Organization (WCO) adopted as working name.

Secretaries-general
 2 Feb 1953 -  1 Aug 1953  Baron Fran
çois de Sélys Longchamps (b. 1910 - d. 1958)
                             (Belgium)
 2 Aug 1953 - 31 Aug 1978  Chevalier Georges Annez de Taboada (b. 1913 - d. 1997)
                             (Belgium)
 1 Sep 1978 - 31 Dec 1983  Sir Ronald Walter Radford (U.K.)   (b. 1916 - d. 1995)
 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1988  Glenn Robert Dickerson (U.S.)      (b. 1927 - d. 2019)
 1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1993  Thomas Plunkett Hayes (Australia)  (b. 1937)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1998  James Wayne Shaver (U.S.)          (b. 1935 - d. 2022)
 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 2008  Michel Danet (France)              (b. 1941 - d. 2009)
 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2023  Kunio Mikuriya (Japan)             (b. 1954)
 1 Jan 2024 -              Ian Saunders (U.S.)

Chairmen of the Council
26 Jan 1953 - 14 Jun 1954  Georges DeGois (France)            (b. 1894 - d. 1963)
14 Jun 1954 - 25 Nov 1957  
Arthur David Kemp Owen (U.K.)      (b. 1904 - d. 1970)
25 Nov 1957 - 30 Nov 1959  Willem Hendrik
van den Berge       (b. 1905 - d. 1987) 
                             (The Netherlands)
30 Nov 1959 -  5 Dec 1961  Knud Korst (Denmark)               (b. 1894 - d. 1962)
 5 Dec 1961 -  4 Dec 1962  Josef Stangelberger (Austria)      (b. 1898 - d. 1993)
 4 Dec 1962 -  1 Dec 1964  Philippe Waldruche
de Montremy     (b. 1913 - d. 1994)
                             (France)
 1 Dec 1964 -  1 Jun 1965  Sir John Anderson (U.K.)           (b. 1908? - d. 1965)
 1 Jun 1965 - 30 Nov 1965  Ayodele Diyan
(Nigeria) (acting)   (b. 1914? - d. 1968)
30 Nov 1965 - 30 Jun 1967  Charles Lenz (Switzerland)         (b. 1912 - d. 2008)
 1 Jul 1967 - 30 Jun 1969  Bartholomew "Batt" Culligan
        (b. 1913? - d. 1996)
                             (Ireland)
 1 Jul 1969 - 30 Jun 1970  V
íctor Castro Sanmartín (Spain)    (b. 1917 - d. 2004)
 1 Jul 1970 - 30 Jun 1972  Lennart Eriksson
(Sweden)          (b. 1922 - d. 2016)
 1 Jul 1972 - 30 Jun 1974  Hans Hutter (West Germany)         (b. c.1920)
 1 Jul 1974 - 30 Jun 1976  Shri Jasjit Singh (India)
 1 Jul 1976 - 30 Jun 1978  Jiří Brož (Czechoslovakia)         (b. 1929 - d. 2010)
 1 Jul 1978 - 30 Jun 1980  Jack Alexander McLeod Kean         (b. 1921 - d. 1987)
                             (New Zealand)
 1 Jul 1980 - 30 Jun 1982  James Peter Connell (Canada)       (b. 1926 - d. 2012)
 1 Jul 1982 - 30 Jun 1984  Jacques Campet (France)            (b. 1927 - d. 2008)
 1 Jul 1984 - 30 Jun 1986  J
orma Uitto (Finland)              (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
 1 Jul 1986 - 30 Jun 1987  Hubert Ndzomo Ndzana (Cameroon)
 1 Jul 1987 - 30 Jun 1988  Abubakar Musa (Nigeria)
 1 Jul 1988 - 30 Jun 1989  Björn Gustaf Eriksson (Sweden)     (b. 1945)
 1 Jul 1989 - 30 Jun 1991  Humberto Ríos Rodríguez
(Spain)    (b. 1948)
 1 Jul 1991 - 30 Jun 1992  Sir James Brian Unwin (U.K.)       (b. 1935)
 1 Jul 1992 - 30 Jun 1994  Jean-Dominique Comolli
(France)    (b. 1948)
 1 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1996  Dame Valerie Strachan (f) (U.K.)   (b. 1940)
 1 Jul 1996 - 30 Jun 1998  Graeme William Ludlow (New Zealand)
 1 Jul 1998 - 30 Jun 2000  Enrique Guillermo Fanta Ivanovic
                            
(Chile)
 1 Jul 2000 - Feb 2001     Obaid Saqr bin Busit               (b. c.1960)
                             (United Arab Emirates)
Feb 2001 - 30 Jun 2001     John C. Tsang (Hong Kong, China)   (b. 1951)
                             (interim)
 1 Jul 2001 -
30 Jun 2006  Pravin Gordhan (South Africa)      (b. 1949)
 1 Jul 2006 - 30 Jun 2008  Tapani Erling (Finland)            (b. 1945)
 1 Jul 2008 - 30 Jun 2011  Martyn J. Dunne (New Zealand)      (b. 1950)

 1 Jul 2011 - 30 Jun 2014  Josephine Feehily (f) (Ireland)    (b. 1956)
 1 Jul 2014 - 16 Jul 2016  Zouhair Chorfi (Morocco)
16 Jul 2016 -  8 Jul 2017 
Ruslan Valentinovich Davydov       (b. 1960)
                             (Russia)
 8 Jul 2017 - 30 Jun 2019  Enrique Canon Pedragosa (Uruguay)  (b. 1952)
 1 Jul 2019 - 31 May 2020  Dicksons Collins Kateshumbwa       (b. 1977?)
                             (Uganda)
 1 Jun 2020 - 30 Jun 2023  Sheikh Ahmed bin Hamad Al Khalifa 
                             (Bahrain)(acting to 12 Dec 2020)
 1 Jul 2023 -              Edward Kieswetter (South Africa)   (b. 1958)

WCO membership (186)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 4 Nov 1952
Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Turkey1, United Kingdom, (West) Germany2
20 Nov 1952
Italy
11 Dec 1952
Belgium
19 Dec 1952
Switzerland
21 Jan 1953
Austria
23 Jan 1953
Luxembourg, The Netherlands
26 Jan 1953
Portugal
16 Nov 1955
Pakistan
26 Oct 1956
Egypt
30 Apr 1957
Indonesia
31 Jan 1958
Haiti
23 May 1958
Israel  
16 Oct 1959
Iran
 3 Nov 1959
Syria
26 Apr 1960
Yugoslavia3
20 May 1960
Lebanon
 8 Jun 1960
The Sudan
 5 Jan 1961
Australia
27 Jan 1961
Finland
29 Mar 1963
Jamaica
16 May 1963
New Zealand
21 Aug 1963
Nigeria
 2 Sep 1963
Ivory Coast4
 1 Jan 1964
Jordan
18 Feb 1964
Madagascar5
 3 Mar 1964
Rwanda
24 Mar 1964
South Africa
15 Jun 1964
Japan
30 Jun 1964
Malaysia
20 Oct 1964
Burundi
 3 Nov 1964
Uganda
17 Nov 1964
Tanzania
18 Feb 1965
Gabon
 9 Apr 1965
Cameroon
24 May 1965
Kenya
23 Sep 1965
Czechoslovakia6
 6 Jun 1966
Malawi
 1 Jul 1966
Chile
20 Jul 1966
Tunisia
16 Sep 1966
Upper Volta7
19 Dec 1966
Algeria
29 May 1967
Ceylon8
31 Aug 1967
Cyprus
 1 Jul 1968
Argentina, Morocco
 2 Jul 1968
South Korea
 6 Jul 1968
Malta
 1 Aug 1968
Ghana
16 Sep 1968
Hungary
15 Jan 1969
Romania
 3 Oct 1969
Paraguay
27 Jan 1970
Peru
 5 Nov 1970
United States
15 Feb 1971
Iceland, India
12 Oct 1971
Canada
 4 Feb 1972
Thailand
26 Jul 1972
Zaire9
29 Mar 1973
Mauritus
 8 May 1973
Saudi Arabia
 1 Aug 1973
Bulgaria
 6 Aug 1973
Ethiopia
15 Oct 1973
Trinidad and Tobago
17 Jul 1974
Poland
16 Aug 1974
The Bahamas
 7 Jan 1975
Liberia
 9 Jul 1975
Singapore
 2 Sep 1975
Congo (Brazzaville)
 6 Nov 1975
Sierra Leone
10 Mar 1976
Senegal
29 Jul 1976
Guyana
16 Sep 1977
Uruguay
 1 Jul 1978
Bangladesh
 2 Aug 1978
Lesotho
25 Aug 1978
Botswana
27 Sep 1978
Zambia
 7 Feb 1979
United Arab Emirates
 2 Oct 1979
Mauritania
 1 Oct 1980
The Philippines
19 Jan 1981
Brazil
19 Mar 1981
Zimbabwe
15 May 1981
Swaziland10
 1 Jul 1981
Niger
11 Jan 1983
Libya
18 Jul 1983
China
22 Feb 1985
Guatemala
22 Jul 1985
Nepal
28 Jul 1986
Central Africa Republic
 1 Jul 1987
Hong Kong, Mozambique
 7 Aug 1987
Mali
14 Oct 1987
The Gambia
 8 Feb 1988
Mexico
11 Jul 1988
Cuba
12 Feb 1990
Togo
27 Mar 1990
East Germany2
 6 Jun 1990
Iraq
 1 Jul 1990
Bermuda
26 Sep 1990
Angola
25 Mar 1991
Myanmar
 8 Jul 1991
Soviet Union11
17 Sep 1991
Mongolia
30 Oct 1991
Guinea
 4 May 1992
Qatar
17 Jun 1992
Azerbaijan
18 Jun 1992
Estonia, Lithuania
22 Jun 1992
Latvia
26 Jun 1992
Ukraine
30 Jun 1992
Armenia, Kazakhstan
 1 Jul 1992
Cape Verde12, Namibia
28 Jul 1992
Uzbekistan
31 Aug 1992
Albania
 7 Sep 1992
Slovenia
 1 Jan 1993
Czech Republic, Slovakia
17 May 1993
Turkmenistan
 1 Jul 1993
Colombia, Comoros, Croatia, Vietnam, Yemen 
 7 Jul 1993
Macau
 4 Oct 1993
Kuwait
26 Oct 1993
Georgia
16 Dec 1993
Belarus
 1 Jul 1994
Macedonia13
28 Oct 1994
Moldova
 8 Aug 1995
Eritrea
 8 Sep 1995
Maldives
 8 Mar 1996
Panama
 1 Jul 1996
Brunei Darussalam, Venezuela
 1 Jul 1997
Fiji, Tajikistan
14 Aug 1997
Bolivia
16 Dec 1997
Ecuador
 3 Sep 1998
Andorra
24 Sep 1998
Nicaragua
 9 Nov 1998
Benin
 7 Jan 1999
Barbados
10 Feb 2000
Kyrgyzstan
25 Jul 2000
Seychelles
11 Sep 2000
Oman
27 Mar 2001
Serbia and Montenegro3
 3 Apr 2001
Cambodia
18 Apr 2001
Bahrain
 1 Jul 2001
Netherlands Antilles14
29 Aug 2001
Costa Rica
 1 Oct 2001
Samoa
12 Feb 2002
Bhutan
18 Mar 2002
Papua New Guinea
19 Sep 2003
Timor-Leste
28 Jul 2004
Dominican Republic
10 Aug 2004
Afghanistan
16 Feb 2005
Chad
12 May 2005
Saint Lucia
 1 Jul 2005
Tonga
 7 Jul 2005
El Salvador
 8 Dec 2005
Honduras
24 Oct 2006
Montenegro
16 Jan 2007
Laos
 1 Jul 2007
European Union15
19 Mar 2008
Djibouti
22 Apr 2008
Belize
 4 Jul 2008
Bosnia and Hercegovina
23 Sep 2009
São Tomé and Príncipe
17 Nov 2009
Vanuatu
19 Aug 2010
Guinea-Bissau
10 Oct 2010
Curaçao, Sint Maarten
18 Jul 2012
South Sudan
 4 Oct 2012
Somalia
24 Mar 2015
Palestine
25 Jan 2017
Kosovo
10 Apr 2017
Antigua and Barbuda
26 Nov 2018
Suriname
22 Dec 2021
Equatorial Guinea
26 Jan 2023 Solomon Islands
 2 Feb 2024 Palau
1from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 2East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 3from 7 Jul 1993 the CCC did not recognize the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as its successor and ruled that it had to apply anew for membership, which it did and was readmitted 27 Mar 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 4from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 5to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic. 6Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 membership succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 7from 1984 Burkina Faso. 8from 1972 Sri Lanka. 91966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 10from 2018 Eswatini. 11Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia. 12from 2013 Cabo Verde. 13as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 14Netherlands Antilles dissolved 10 Oct 2010, succeeded by Curaçao and Sint Maarten. 15status akin to WCO membership; to 1 Nov 1993 as European Community.


World Food Programme (WFP)

[World Food Program (WFP) flag] [WFP alternate spanish
                      version: Programa Alimentario Mundial (PAM)

WFP website
Headquarters: Rome
(Italy)

24 Nov 1961                World Food Programme (WFP) formed as a temporary UN program.
20 Dec 1965                Made a permanent UN agency.

Executive Directors
 1 Jun 1962 - 31 Dec 1967  Addeke Hendrik Boerma              (b. 1912 - d. 1992)
                             (The Netherlands) 

 1 Jan 1968 -  1 Aug 1968  Sushil K. Dev (India)(acting)      (b. 1907 - d. ....)
 1 Aug 1968 - 15 May 1976  Francisco Aquino Herrera           (b. 1919)
                             (El Salvador)    
17 May 1976 - 30 Sep 1977  Thomas Clyde McCoy Robinson (U.S.) (b. 1912 - d. 1992) 
                             (acting to 1 Jul 1977) 
 1 Oct 1977 - 29 Apr 1981  Garson N. Vogel (Canada)           (b. 1918 - d. 1981)
12 May 1981 - 24 Feb 1982  Bernardo de Azevêdo Brito (Brazil) (b. 1935)
                             (acting)
26 Feb 1982 -  4 Apr 1982  Juan Felipe Yriart (Uruguay)       (b. 1920 - d. 2008)
                             (acting)
 5 Apr 1982 -  1 Apr 1992  James Charles Ingram (Australia)   (b. 1928 - d. 2023)
 1 Apr 1992 -  4 Apr 2002  Catherine "Cathy" Bertini (f)(U.S.)(b. 1950)
 5 Apr 2002 -  4 Apr 2007  James T. Morris (U.S.)             (b. 1943)
10 Apr 2007 -  4 Apr 2012  Josette Sheeran (f) (U.S.)         (b. 1954)
 5 Apr 2012 -  4 Apr 2017  Ertharin Cousin (f) (U.S.)         (b. 1957) 
 4 Apr 2017 -  4 Apr 2023  David Muldrow Beasley (U.S.)       (b. 1957)
 5 Apr 2023 -              Cindy Hensley McCain (f) (U.S.)    (b. 1954)

WFP membership
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
24 Nov 1961
36 member Executive Board consists of which 18 are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and 18 by the council of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), each serve a 3 year term and are eligible for re-election.


World Health Organization (WHO)

[World Health
                          Organization (WHO) flag]
Adopted Feb 1961
 

[World Health
                        Organization (WHO) variant flag]
Variant

WHO website
Headquarters: Geneva
(Switzerland)
WHO Day: 7 Apr (1948)
World Health Day

22 Jul 1946                Interim Commission of the World Health Organization.
 7 Apr 1948                World Health Organization (WHO) established.
10 Jul 1948                Made a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Executive Secretary
22 Jul 1946 - 21 Jul 1948  George Brock Chisholm (Canada)     (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
Directors-general
21 Jul 1948 - 21 Jul 1953  George Brock Chisholm (Canada)     (s.a.)
21 Jul 1953 - 21 Jul 1973  Marcolino Gomes Candau (Brazil)    (b. 1911 - d. 1983)
21 Jul 1973 - 21 Jul 1988  Halfdan Theodor Mahler (Denmark)   (b. 1923 - d. 2016)
21 Jul 1988 - 21 Jul 1998  Hiroshi Nakajima (Japan)           (b. 1928 - d. 2013)
21 Jul 1998 - 21 Jul 2003  Gro Harlem Brundtland (f)(Norway)  (b. 1939)
21 Jul 2003 - 22 May 2006  Lee Jong Wook (South Korea)        (b. 1945 - d. 2006)
22 May 2006 -  4 Jan 2007  Anders Nordström (Sweden) (acting) (b. 1960)
 4 Jan 2007 -  1 Jul 2017  Margaret Chan (f)(Hong Kong/China) (b. 1947)
 1 Jul 2017 -              Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus         (b. 1965)

                             (Ethiopia)

WHO membership (194)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 7 Apr 1948 Albania1, Australia, Austria, Byelorussian S.S.R2, Canada, China3, Czechoslovakia4, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, Greece, Haiti, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jordan5, Liberia, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Soviet Union6, South Africa7, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria8, Thailand, Turkey9, Ukrainian S.S.R.10, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia11
19 Apr 1948 Afghanistan, Denmark
 6 May 1948 Poland12
 2 Jun 1948 Brazil
 8 Jun 1948 Romania13
 9 Jun 1948 Bulgaria14
16 Jun 1948 France
17 Jun 1948 Hungary15, Iceland
21 Jun 1948 Dominican Republic, United States16
22 Jun 1948 El Salvador
23 Jun 1948 Pakistan 
25 Jun 1948 Belgium
 1 Jul 1948 Burma17
 7 Jul 1948 Ceylon18, Venezuela
 8 Jul 1948 Monaco
 9 Jul 1948 The Philippines
15 Oct 1948 Chile
22 Oct 1948 Argentina19
 4 Jan 1949 Paraguay
19 Jan 1949 Lebanon
 1 Mar 1949 Ecuador
17 Mar 1949 Costa Rica
 8 Apr 1949 Honduras
22 Apr 1949 Uruguay
 3 Jun 1949 Luxembourg
21 Jun 1949 Israel
17 Aug 1949 South Korea
26 Aug 1949 Guatemala
11 Nov 1949 Peru
23 Dec 1949 Bolivia
24 Apr 1950 Nicaragua
 9 May 1950 Cuba
17 May 1950 Cambodia, Laos, South Vietnam10
23 May 1950 Indonesia
20 Feb 1951 Panama
16 May 1951 Japan
28 May 1951 Spain
29 May 1951 West Germany21
16 May 1952 Libya
 2 Sep 1953 Nepal
14 May 1956 Morocco, The Sudan, Tunisia
 8 Apr 1957 Ghana
24 Apr 1958 Malaya22
14 May 1959 Colombia
19 May 1959 Guinea
 6 May 1960 Cameroon
 9 May 1960 Kuwait
13 May 1960 Togo
20 Sep 1960 Central African Republic, Dahomey23
 4 Oct 1960 Upper Volta24
 5 Oct 1960 Niger
17 Oct 1960 Mali
26 Oct 1960 Congo (Brazzaville)
28 Oct 1960 Ivory Coast25
31 Oct 1960 Senegal
21 Nov 1960 Gabon
25 Nov 1960 Nigeria
 1 Jan 1961 Chad
16 Jan 1961 Cyprus, Madagascar26
26 Jan 1961 Somalia
24 Feb 1961 Congo (Léopoldville)27
 7 Mar 1961 Mauritania
20 Oct 1961 Sierra Leone 
15 Mar 1962 Tanganyika28
18 Apr 1962 Mongolia
16 May 1962 Western Samoa29
22 Oct 1962 Burundi
 7 Nov 1962 Rwanda
 8 Nov 1962 Algeria
 3 Jan 1963 Trinidad and Tobago
 7 Mar 1963 Uganda
21 Mar 1963 Jamaica
27 Jan 1964 Kenya
29 Feb 1964 Zanzibar28
 1 Feb 1965 Malta
 2 Feb 1965 Zambia
 8 Apr 1965 Malawi
 5 Nov 1965 Maldives
25 Feb 1966 Singapore
27 Sep 1966 Guyana
25 Apr 1967 Barbados
 7 Jul 1967 Lesotho
 6 May 1968 Yemen (Aden)30, Yemen (Sana)30
 9 Dec 1968 Mauritius
26 Apr 1971 The Gambia
28 May 1971 Oman 
 2 Nov 1971 Bahrain
 1 Jan 1972 Fiji
30 Mar 1972 United Arab Emirates
11 May 1972 Qatar
19 May 1972 Bangladesh
16 Apr 1973 Swaziland31
 8 May 1973 East Germany21
19 May 1973 North Korea
 1 Apr 1974 The Bahamas
29 Jul 1974 Guinea-Bissau 
 4 Dec 1974 Grenada
26 Feb 1975 Botswana
14 Aug 1975 Tonga
11 Sep 1975 Mozambique
22 Oct 1975 North Vietnam20
 9 Dec 1975 Comoros
 5 Jan 1976 Cape Verde32
23 Mar 1976 São Tomé and Príncipe
25 Mar 1976 Suriname
29 Apr 1976 Papua New Guinea
15 May 1976 Angola
10 Mar 1978 Djibouti
11 Sep 1979 Seychelles
 5 May 1980 Equatorial Guinea
12 May 1980 San Marino
16 May 1980 Zimbabwe
11 Nov 1980 Saint Lucia
13 Aug 1981 Dominica
 8 Mar 1982 Bhutan
 7 Mar 1983 Vanuatu
 4 Apr 1983 Solomon Islands
 1 Sep 1983 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
12 Mar 1984 Antigua and Barbuda 
 9 May 1984 Cook Islands
26 Jul 1984 Kiribati
 3 Dec 1984 Saint Kitts and Nevis
25 Mar 1985 Brunei Darussalam
23 Apr 1990 Namibia
23 Aug 1990 Belize
 5 Jun 1991 Marshall Islands
14 Aug 1991 Federated States of Micronesia
25 Nov 1991 Lithuania
 4 Dec 1991 Latvia
29 Apr 1992 Kyrgyzstan
 4 May 1992 Armenia, Moldova, Tajikistan
 7 May 1992 Slovenia
22 May 1992 Uzbekistan
26 May 1992 Georgia
11 Jun 1992 Croatia
 2 Jul 1992 Turkmenistan
19 Aug 1992 Kazakhstan
10 Sep 1992 Bosnia and Hercegovina
 2 Oct 1992 Azerbaijan
22 Jan 1993 Czech Republic
 4 Feb 1993 Slovakia
31 Mar 1993 Estonia
22 Apr 1993 Macedonia33
 7 May 1993 Tuvalu
24 Jul 1993 Eritrea
 5 May 1994 Niue
 9 May 1994 Nauru
 9 Mar 1995 Palau
15 Jan 1997 Andorra
28 Nov 2000 Serbia and Montenegro11
27 Sep 2002 East Timor34
29 Aug 2006 Montenegro
27 Sep 2011
South Sudan
1Albania inactive withdrawal not recognized 25 Feb 1950 - Jan 1957. 2Byelorussian S.S.R. inactive withdrawal not recognized 16 Feb 1949 - 27 Jan 1956; from 1991 Belarus. 3China inactive withdrawal not recognized 5 May 1950 - 22 May 1953; the Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 10 May 1972, when WHO voted to have China represented by the People's Republic of China. 4Czechoslovakia inactive withdrawal not recognized 14 Apr 1950 - Jan 1958; dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 5to 1946 Transjordan. 6Soviet Union inactive withdrawal not recognized 12 Feb 1949 - 27 Jan 1956; dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia. 7South Africa suspended 19 Mar 1964 - 2 May 1994. 81958-1961 Syria part of the United Arab Republic, union of Egypt and Syria. Syria left WHO 22 Feb 1958; on 29 Sep 1961 Syria seceded from the U.A.R. and resumed its separate membership on that date. 9from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 10Ukrainian S.S.R. inactive withdrawal not recognized 16 Feb 1949 - 27 Jan 1956; from 1991 Ukraine. 11Yugoslavia suspended 3 May 1993, readmitted 28 Nov 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 12Poland inactive withdrawal not recognized 15 Aug 1950 - Jan 1957. 13Romania inactive withdrawal not recognized 20 Feb 1950 - 23 May 1957. 14Bulgaria inactive withdrawal not recognized Nov 1949 - Jan 1957. 15Hungary inactive withdrawal not recognized 19 May 1950 - 1963. 16United States denunciation received 7 Jul 2020 (to be effective 6 Jul 2021), withdrawal cancelled 21 Jan 2021; announced withdrawal 23 Jan 2025 (to be effective 23 Jan 2026). 17from 1989 Myanmar. 18from 1972 Sri Lanka. 19Argentina announced its intent to withdraw 5 Feb 2023. 20North Vietnam united with South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 Jul 1976; succession recognized by WHO Assembly 10 May 1977. 21East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 22from 1963 Malaysia. 23from 1975 Benin. 24from 1984 Burkina Faso. 25from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 26named Malagasy Republic to 30 Dec 1975. 271966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 28Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 29from 1997 Samoa. 30Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. 31from 2018 Eswatini. 32from 2013 Cabo Verde. 33as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 34from 2003 Timor-Leste.

Date of
Admission
Associate Members of WHO (3)
17 May 1950
Southern Rhodesia1
12 May 1952
French Morocco2, Tunisia3
May 1954
Rhodesia and Nyasaland4
1955
The Sudan3
 9 May 1956 Gold Coast5, Nigeria6, Sierra Leone7
May 1960
Central African Republic8, Congo (Brazzaville)9, Cyprus10, Gabon11, Ivory Coast12, Mali Federation13, Niger14, Upper Volta15
20 Feb 1961
Ruanda-Urundi16, Tanganyika17
21 May 1962
Jamaica18, Uganda19
 9 May 1963
Kenya20, Mauritius21
 5 Mar 1964
Malta22, Northern Rhodesia23, Nyasaland24, Qatar25
 8 May 1968
Bahrain26
26 Jul 1972
Papua New Guinea27
16 May 1974
Namibia28
 8 May 1991
Tokelau
 7 May 1992
Puerto Rico
26 May 2021
Faroe Islands
1Southern Rhodesia part of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1 Aug 1953 - 31 Dec 1963; recognized after 12 Nov 1965; membership regarded as in suspense from May 1971; from 1980 Zimbabwe. 2from 14 May 1956 full member as Morocco. 3Tunisia a full member from 14 May 1956. 4Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolved 31 Dec 1963. 5from 8 Apr 1957 full member as Ghana. 6Nigeria a full member from 25 Nov 1960. 7Sierra Leone a full member from 20 Oct 1961. 8C.A.R. a full member from 20 Sep 1960. 9Congo full member from 26 Oct 1960. 10Cyprus full member from 16 Jan 1961. 11Gabon a full member from 21 Nov 1960. 12Ivory Coast a full member from 28 Oct 1960. 13Mali a full member 17 Oct 1960 and Senegal 31 Oct 1960. 14Niger a full member from 5 Oct 1960. 15Upper Volta full member from 4 Oct 1960. 16Ruanda-Urundi dissolved 1 Jul 1962. 17Tanganyika full member from 15 Mar 1962. 18Jamaica a  full member from 21 Mar 1963. 19Uganda a full member from 7 Mar 1963. 20Kenya a full member from 27 Jan 1964. 21Mauritius a full member from 9 Dec 1968. 22Malta a full member from 1 Feb 1965. 23Northern Rhodesia a full member from 2 Feb 1965 as Zambia. 24full member as Malawi from 8 Apr 1965. 25Qatar a full member from 11 May 1972. 26Bahrain a full member from 2 Nov 1971. 27Papua New Guinea a full member from 29 Apr 1976. 28Namibia a full member from 23 Apr 1990.



World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

[World Intellectual
                      Property Organization (WIPO) former flag
                      1970-2010] Jul 1970 - 26 Apr 2010
[World Intellectual
                      Property Organization (WIPO) flag (produced by
                      WIPO, owner of copyright)] Adopted 26 Apr 2010
 

WIPO website Headquarters: Geneva
(Switzerland)
WIPO Day: 26 Apr (1970)
World Intellectual
Property Day

20 Mar 1883                "Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property" (Paris
                             Union) signed.
 9 Sep 1886                "Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"
                             (Berne Convention) signed.
 5 Dec 1887                International Bureau of Intellectual Property (Bureau International
                             de la Propriété Intellectuelle).

13 Jul 1892                United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual
                             Property (UIBPIP)(Bureaux Internationaux Réunis pour la
                             Protection
de la Propriété Intellectuelle)(BIRPI).

16 Dec 1953                International Bureau for the Protection of International Property
                             (IBPIP)(Bureaux Internationaux pour la Protection de la
                             Propriété Internationale)(BIRPI).

26 Apr 1970                World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)(Organisation
                             Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle)(OMPI).

17 Dec 1974                Made a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Secretary-general 
1888 - 1892                Henri Morel (Switzerland)          (b. 1838 - d. 1912)
Directors
1892 - 1912                Henri Morel (Switzerland)          (s.a.)
1912 - 1921                Robert Comtesse (Switzerland)      (b. 1847 - d. 1922) 
1922 - 1926                Ernest Rothlisberger (Switzerland) (b. 1858 - d. 1926)
1926 - 1938                Fritz Ostertag (Switzerland)       (b. 1868 - d. 1948)
1938 - 1953                Bénigne Mentha (Switzerland)       (b. 1888 - d. 1974)
1953 - 1963                Jacques Secrétan (Switzerland)     (b. 1897 - d. 1963)
1963 - 1970                Georg H.C. Bodenhausen             (b. 1905 - d. 1997)
                             (The Netherlands)
Directors-general
1970 - 1973                Georg H.C. Bodenhausen             (s.a.)
                             (The Netherlands)
1973 - Nov 1997            Árpád Bogsch (U.S.)                (b. 1919 - d. 2004)
Nov 1997 - 30 Sep 2008     Kamil Eltayed Idris (The Sudan)    (b. 1954)
 1 Oct 2008 - 30 Sep 2020  Francis Gurry (Australia)          (b. 1951)
 1 Oct 2020 -              Daren Tang Heng Shim (Singapore)   (b. 1972)

WIPO membership (193)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
26 Apr 1970 Byelorussian S.S.R.1, Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Romania, Senegal, Soviet Union2, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukrainian S.S.R.3, United Kingdom 
19 May 1970 Bulgaria
11 Jun 1970 Malawi
26 Jun 1970 Canada
25 Aug 1970 United States
 8 Sep 1970 Finland
19 Sep 1970 West Germany4
26 Sep 1970 Chad
22 Dec 1970 Czechoslovakia5
27 Jul 1971 Morocco
11 Mar 1972 Fiji
21 May 1972 Liechtenstein
12 Jul 1972 Jordan
10 Aug 1972 Australia
11 Aug 1973 Austria
11 Oct 1973 Yugoslavia6
18 Oct 1973 Uganda
 3 Nov 1973 Cameroon
15 Feb 1974 The Sudan
 1 May 1974 Ivory Coast7
 8 Jun 1974 Norway
17 Aug 1974 North Korea
24 Sep 1974 United Arab Emirates 
18 Oct 1974 France
 9 Jan 1975 The Netherlands
28 Jan 1975 Zaire8
31 Jan 1975 Belgium
 3 Mar 1975 Monaco
 9 Mar 1975 Benin
19 Mar 1975 Luxembourg
20 Mar 1975 Brazil
23 Mar 1975 Poland, South Africa9
27 Mar 1975 Cuba
16 Apr 1975 Algeria
20 Apr 1975 Holy See, Japan
21 Apr 1975 Egypt
27 Apr 1975 Portugal 
28 Apr 1975 Togo
30 Apr 1975 South Vietnam10
 1 May 1975 India
18 May 1975 Niger
 6 Jun 1975 Gabon
14 Jun 1975 Mexico
25 Jun 1975 Chile
23 Aug 1975 Upper Volta11
 5 Oct 1975 Kenya
25 Nov 1975 Suriname
28 Nov 1975 Tunisia
 2 Dec 1975 Congo (Brazzaville)
21 Jan 1976 Iraq
 4 Mar 1976 Greece
26 Apr 1975 East Germany4
12 May 1976 Turkey12
12 Jun 1976 Ghana
 2 Jul 1976 Vietnam10
 3 Sep 1976 Qatar
17 Sep 1976 Mauritania
21 Sep 1976 Mauritius
28 Sep 1976 Libya
 4 Jan 1977 The Bahamas
 6 Jan 1977 Pakistan
30 Mar 1977 Burundi
20 Apr 1977 Italy
14 May 1977 Zambia
 7 Dec 1977 Malta
23 Aug 1978 Central African Republic 
20 Sep 1978 Sri Lanka
25 Dec 1978 Jamaica
28 Feb 1979 Mongolia
 1 Mar 1979 South Korea
29 Mar 1979 Yemen (Sana)13
18 Sep 1979 El Salvador
 5 Oct 1979 Barbados
18 Dec 1979 Indonesia
21 Dec 1979 Uruguay
 4 May 1980 Colombia
 3 Jun 1980 China
14 Jul 1980 The Philippines
 4 Sep 1980 Peru
 8 Oct 1980 Argentina
13 Nov 1980 Guinea
10 Dec 1980 The Gambia
10 Jun 1981 Costa Rica 
29 Dec 1981 Zimbabwe14
22 May 1982 Saudi Arabia
14 Aug 1982 Mali
18 Nov 1982 Somalia
30 Apr 1983 Guatemala
17 Sep 1983 Panama
 2 Nov 1983 Haiti
15 Nov 1983 Honduras
30 Dec 1983 Tanzania
 3 Feb 1984 Rwanda
20 Jun 1984 New Zealand
26 Oct 1984 Cyprus 
23 Nov 1984 Venezuela
15 Apr 1985 Angola
 5 May 1985 Nicaragua 
11 May 1985 Bangladesh
18 May 1986 Sierra Leone
13 Sep 1986 Iceland 
18 Nov 1986 Lesotho
30 Dec 1986 Lebanon
20 Jun 1987 Paraguay 
22 May 1988 Ecuador
28 Jun 1988 Guinea-Bissau
16 Aug 1988 Trinidad and Tobago
18 Aug 1988 Swaziland15
 1 Jan 1989 Malaysia
 8 Mar 1989 Liberia 
22 Dec 1989 Madagascar 
25 Dec 1989 Thailand
27 Dec 1989 Yemen (Aden)13
10 Dec 1990 Singapore
26 Jun 1991 San Marino
23 Dec 1991 Namibia
30 Apr 1992 Lithuania
12 Jun 1992 Slovenia
30 Jun 1992 Albania
28 Jul 1992 Croatia
 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia
21 Jan 1993 Latvia
16 Feb 1993 Kazakhstan
22 Apr 1993 Armenia
 5 May 1993 Uzbekistan
 2 Jun 1993 Bosnia and Hercegovina
 3 Jun 1993 Moldova
 6 Jul 1993 Bolivia
23 Jul 1993 Macedonia16
21 Aug 1993 Saint Lucia
18 Jan 1994 Georgia
 5 Feb 1994 Estonia
14 Feb 1994 Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan 
16 Mar 1994 Bhutan 
21 Apr 1994 Brunei Darussalam
25 Oct 1994 Guyana
28 Oct 1994 Andorra
17 Jan 1995 Laos
 1 Mar 1995 Turkmenistan
 9 Apr 1995 Nigeria
22 Jun 1995 Bahrain
25 Jul 1995 Cambodia
29 Aug 1995 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 
25 Sep 1995 Azerbaijan
16 Nov 1995 Saint Kitts and Nevis 
19 Feb 1996 Oman
23 Dec 1996 Mozambique 
 4 Feb 1997 Nepal
20 Feb 1997 Eritrea
26 Jun 1997 Equatorial Guinea
 7 Jul 1997 Cape Verde17
10 Jul 1997 Papua New Guinea
11 Oct 1997 Samoa
19 Feb 1998 Ethiopia
15 Apr 1998 Botswana
12 May 1998 São Tomé and Príncipe
14 Jul 1998 Kuwait
22 Sep 1998 Grenada
26 Sep 1998 Dominica
16 Mar 2000 Seychelles 
17 Mar 2000 Antigua and Barbuda
17 Jun 2000 Belize
27 Jun 2000
Dominican Republic
15 May 2001
Myanmar 
20 Dec 2000
Serbia and Montenegro6
14 Jun 2001
Tonga 
14 Mar 2002
Iran 
13 May 2002
Djibouti
12 May 2004
Maldives
18 Nov 2004
Syria
 3 Apr 2005
Comoros
13 Dec 2005
Afghanistan 
19 Sep 2006
Serbia
 4 Dec 2006
Montenegro
 2 Mar 2012
Vanuatu
19 Jul 2013
Kiribati
 4 Jun 2014
Tuvalu
 8 Jan 2015
Niue
27 Oct 2016
Cook Islands
11 Dec 2017
Marshall Islands
12 Dec 2017
Timor-Leste
 4 Jul 2019
Solomon Islands
11 May 2020
Nauru
1from 1991 Belarus. 2Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia. 3from 1991 Ukraine. 4East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 5Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 membership succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 6Yugoslavia expelled 24 Sep 1992, readmitted 20 Dec 2000; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro. 7from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 8from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 9South Africa suspended 30 Sep 1977 - 29 Jul 1994. 10Republic of South Vietnam; merged with North Vietnam 2 Jul 1976 as Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which filed a declaration of continued application on 7 Apr 1981. 11from 1984 Burkina Faso. 12from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 13Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united as Yemen 22 May 1990. 14Southern Rhodesia was a member of the Paris Union (UIBPIP) 6 Apr 1965 - 17 Apr 1980, but not a WIPO member. 15from 2018 Eswatini. 16as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 17from 2013 Cabo Verde.



World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

[World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
                      former flag 1968-2013] 1 Jan 1968 - 26 Jun 2012
 
[World Meteorological
                      Organization (WMO) flag] Adopted 26 Jun 2012 
 
WMO website
Headquarters: Geneva
(Switzerland) (Lausanne,
 Switzerland 1939-1955;
De Bilt, Netherlands
 1928-1939)

WMO Day: 23 Mar (1950)
World Meterological Day

23 Aug 1853 -  8 Sep 1853  First International Conference on Meteorology, Brussels.
14 Aug 1872                Conference of Directors of Meteorological Institutes, Leipzig 
                             (held to organize a congress for the next year).
 2-16 Sep 1873             First
International Meteorological Congress takes place in Vienna,
Sep 1873                   Permanent
Meteorological Committee established.
10-16 Sep 1874             Second International Meteorological Congress at Utrecht.
22 Apr 1879                International Meteorological Committee (IMC) instituted.
Sep 1907                   Name International Meteorological Organization first defined.
Aug 1914 - Jul 1919        IMC dormant during World War I.
Sep 1919
                  International Meteorological Organization (IMO)(Organisation
                             Météorologique Internationale) name adopted.
 
1 Sep 1928                Secretariat established.
11 Oct 1947                "World Meteorological Convention" signed (in force 23 Mar 1950).
17 Mar 1951                World Meteorological Organization (WMO)(Organisation Météorologique
                             Mondiale)(OMM).
 
4 Apr 1951                IMO transferred its activities, resources and obligations to
                             the WMO.
20 Dec 1951                Made a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Secretaries
1879 - 1900                Robert Henry Scott (U.K.)          (b. 1833 - d. 1916)
1900 - 1907               
Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson     (b. 1838 - d. 1925)
                             (Sweden)
Sep 1907 - c.1914          Gustav Johann Georg Hellmann       (b. 1854 - d. 1939)
                             (Germany)
1914 - 1919                Vacant
1919                       Ernest Gold (U.K.)                 (b. 1881 - d. 1976)
1919 - 1923                Ewoud van Everdingen               (b. 1873 - d. 1955)
                             (The Netherlands)
1923 - 1928                Hans Theodor Hesselberg
(Norway)   (b. 1885 - d. 1966)
Chiefs of the Secretariat
 
1 Sep 1928 - 31 Jul 1938  Hendrik Gerrit Cannegieter         (b. 1879 - d. 1964)
                             (The Netherlands)
 
1 Aug 1938 - 31 Dec 1951  Gustav Swoboda (Czechoslovakia)    (b. 1893 - d. 1956)
Secretaries-general
 1 Jan 1951 - 31 Dec 1955  Gustav Swoboda (Czechoslovakia)    (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1979  David Arthur Davies (U.K.)         (b. 1913 - d. 1990)
                             (acting to 1 Aug 1956)
 1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1983  Aksel Christopher Wiin-Nielsen     (b. 1924 - d. 2010)
                             (Denmark)
 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 2003  Godwin Olu Patrick Obasi (Nigeria) (b. 1933 - d. 2007)
 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2015  Michel Jarraud (France)            (b. 1952)
 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2023  Petteri Taalas (Finland)           (b. 1961)
 1 Jan 2024 -              Andrea Celeste Saulo (f)(Argentina)(b. 1964)

Presidents
 
2 Sep 1873 - 1879         Christophorus Henricus Diedericus  (b. 1817 - d. 1890)
                             Buys Ballot (The Netherlands)
1879 - 1896                Heinrich von Wild                  (b. 1833 - d. 1902)
                             (Genrikh Ivanovich Vil'd)
                             (Russia)
1896 - 1907                Éleuthère Élie Nicolas Mascart     (b. 1837 - d. 1908)
                             (France)
Sep 1907 - 1923            William Napier Shaw (U.K.)         (b. 1854 - d. 1945)
                            
(from 12 Jul 1915, Sir William Napier)
Oct 1914 - 1915            Henry Newton Dickson (U.K.)        (b. 1866 - d. 1922)
                             (acting for Napier Shaw)
1923 - 1935                Ewoud van Everdingen
(Netherlands) (b. 1873 - d. 1955)
1935 - 1946                Hans Theodor Hesselberg (Norway)   (s.a.)
Feb 1946 - 1951            Sir Nelson King Johnson (U.K.)     (b. 1892 - d. 1954)
1951 - 1955                Francis Wilton Reichelderfer       (b. 1895 - d. 1983)
                             (United States)
1955 - 1963                André Jules Armand Viaut (France)  (b. 1899 - d. 1973)
1963 - 1971                Alf Erik Gunnar Emanuel Nyberg     (b. 1911 - d. 1993)
                            
(Sweden)
1971 - 1979                Mohammed Fathi Taha (Egypt)        (b. 1914 - d. 1987)
1979 - 1987                Roman Lucero Kintanar              (b. 1929 - d. 2007)
                             (The Philippines)
1987 - 1995                Zou Jingmeng (China)               (b. 1929 - d. 1999)
1995 - 24 May 2003         John William Zillman (Australia)   (b. 1939)
24 May 2003 -  6 Jun 2011  Alexander Ivanovich Bedritskiy     (b. 1947)
                             (Russia)
 6 Jun 2011 - 14 Jun 2019  Ronald David Grimes (Canada)
      (b. 1952?)
14 Jun 2019 -  2 Jun 2023  Gerhard Adrian (Germany)           (b. 1956)
 2 Jun 2023 -              Abdulla Ahmed Al Mandous           (b. 1966)
                             (United Arab Emirates)

WMO membership (187)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
23 Mar 1950
Australia, Brazil, Burma1, Byelorussian S.S.R.2, Czechoslovakia3, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, India, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, The Philippines, Romania, South Africa4, Soviet Union5, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey6, Ukrainian S.S.R.7, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia8
11 May 1950
Pakistan
15 Jun
1950
Poland
16 Jul 1950
Venezuela
27 Aug 1950
Canada
15 Oct 1950
Paraguay
16 Dec 1950
Indonesia
 1 Feb 1951
Argentina
 8 Feb 1951
Italy
10 Feb 1951
Uruguay
14 Feb 1951
Portugal
 4 Mar 1951
Belgium
17 Mar 1951
Hungary
29 Mar 1951
Spain
 1 Apr 1951
China9
22 Jun 1951
Ceylon10
 7 Jul 1951
Ecuador
 9 Aug
1951
Denmark
13 Sep 1951
Haiti
12 Oct 1951
The Netherlands
 3 Apr 1952
Cuba
11 Apr 1952
Bulgaria
20 Apr 1952
Guatemala
15 Aug 1952
Syria11
28 Nov 1952
Luxembourg
10 Sep 1953
Japan
 2 Jan 1954
Ethiopia
1954 Rhodesia and Nyasaland12
14 Jun 1954
Bolivia
10 Jul 1954
(West) Germany13
 1 Apr 1955 South Vietnam14
24 Mar 1955
Austria
26 Jun 1955
El Salvador
 1 Jul 1955
Laos
10 Aug 1955
Jordan
 8 Dec 1955
Cambodia
28 Jan 1956
Libya
15 Mar 1956
South Korea
11 Oct 1956
Afghanistan
 2 Jan 1957
The Sudan
 2 Feb 1957
Morocco
21 Feb 1957
Tunisia
 5 Jun 1957
Ghana
 8 Jun 1957
Chile
28 Aug 1957
Albania
18 Jun 1958
Malaya15
28 Mar 1959
Saudi Arabia
29 Mar 1959
Nicaragua
26 Apr 1959
Guinea
30 Oct 1959
Iran
 9 Nov 1960
Honduras
27 Nov 1960
Niger, Togo
30 Nov 1960
Ivory Coast16, Upper Volta17
 5 Dec 1960
Congo (Kinshasa)18
11 Dec 1960
Senegal, Mali
21 Dec 1960
Congo (Brazzaville)
30 Dec 1960
Nigeria
14 Jan 1961
Madagascar19
15 Jan
1961
Costa Rica
16 Jan 1961
Cameroon
 4 Mar 1961
Chad
14 May 1961
Dahomey20
 5 Jul 1961
Gabon
28 Jul 1961
Central African Republic
 4 Feb 1962
Colombia
22 Feb 1962
Mauritania
29 Apr 1962
Sierra Leone
14 Oct 1962
Tanganyika21
29 Nov 1962
Burundi
31 Dec 1962
Kuwait
 3 Mar 1963
Trinidad and Tobago
 6 Mar 1963
Rwanda
14 Apr 1963
Uganda
 4 May 1963
Algeria, Mongolia
11 May 1963
Cyprus
28 Jun 1963
Jamaica
 1 Apr 1964
Somalia
 2 Jul 1964
Kenya
11 Aug 1964
Southern Rhodesia22
27 Jan 1965
Zambia
17 Mar 1965
Malawi
23 Feb 1966
Singapore
11 Sep
1966
Nepal
22 Dec 1966
Guyana
21 Apr 1967
Barbados
12 Oct 1967
Panama
15 Nov 1967
Botswana
27 Feb
1969
Yemen (Aden)23
16 Aug 1969
Mauritius
 8 Jun 1971
Yemen (Sana)23
22 Jun 1973
East Germany13
23 Sep 1973
Bangladesh
29 Dec 1973
The Bahamas
 9 Mar 1974
Liberia
 2 Feb 1975
Oman
 4 May 1975
Qatar
26 Jun 1975
North Korea
 7 Aug 1975
North Vietnam14
20 Nov 1975
Cape Verde24
14 Jan
1976
Papua New Guinea
18 Apr 1976
Comoros
21 Jul 1976
Mozambique
16 Aug 1976
Vietnam14
25 Aug 1976
Suriname
23 Dec 1976
São Tomé and Príncipe
27 Jan 1977
Malta
17 Mar 1977
Seychelles
15 Apr 1977
Angola
14 Jan 1978
Guinea-Bissau
 1 Jul 1978
Maldives
30 Jul 1978
Djibouti
 1 Nov 1978
The Gambia
 2 Sep 1979
Lesotho
22 Mar 1980
Dominica
17 Apr 1980
Fiji
21 May 1980
Bahrain
11 Feb 1981
Zimbabwe
 1 Apr 1981
Saint Lucia
24 Jun 1982
Belize
24 Jul 1982
Vanuatu
 2 Dec 1982
Swaziland25
 5 Jun 1985
Solomon Islands
26 Dec 1986
Brunei Darussalam
16 Jan 1987
United Arab Emirates
16 Dec 1988
Antigua and Barbuda
 8 Mar 1991
Namibia
14 Jun 1992
Latvia
 3 Jul 1992
Lithuania
19 Sep 1992
Slovenia
20 Sep 1992
Estonia
16 Oct 1992
Armenia
 8 Nov 1992
Croatia
 3 Jan 1993
Turkmenistan
22 Jan 1993
Uzbekistan
24 Mar 1993
Czech Republic
13 Mar 1993
Slovakia
 4 Jun
1993
Kazakhstan
 1 Jul 1993
Macedonia26
 7 Aug 1993
Eritrea
 9 Sep 1993
Tajikistan
 1 Oct 1993
Georgia
26 Jan 1994
Azerbaijan
 1 Jul 1994
Bosnia and Hercegovina
19 Aug 1994
Kyrgyzstan
21 Dec 1994
Moldova
10 Aug 1995
Western Samoa27
20 Oct 1995
Federated States of Micronesia
17 Nov 1995
Cook Islands
27 Mar 1996
Tonga
 9 May 1996
Monaco
30 Jun 1996
Niue
23 Mar 2001
Serbia and Montenegro8
10 Apr 2003
Bhutan
24 May 2003
Kiribati
 5 Jan 2007
Montenegro
 4 Dec 2009
Timor-Leste
22 Sep 2012
Tuvalu
14 Dec 2012
South Sudan
16 Nov 2018
Andorra
16 May 2019
Nauru
1from 1989 Burma. 2from 1991 Belarus. 3Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 4South Africa suspended 28 Apr 1975 - 9 Jun 1994. 5Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia. 6from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 7from 1991 Ukraine. 8Yugoslavia dissolved 1992; Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's instrument of accession entered into force 23 Mar 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; dissolved on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 9Republic of China (Taiwan) represented China until 25 Feb 1972; People's Republic of China deposited its instrument of accession on 9 Feb 1973 which entered into force 11 Mar 1973. 10from 1972 Sri Lanka. 111958-1961 Syria part of the United Arab Republic, union of Egypt and Syria. Syria left WMO 22 Feb 1958; On 29 Sep 1961 Syria seceded from the U.A.R. and resumed its separate membership on 8 Oct 1961, 12Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolved 31 Dec 1963. 13East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 14South Vietnam merged with North Vietnam on 2 Jul 1976 as Socialist Republic of Vietnam; on 29 Jul 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam notified WMO that it would assume South Vietnam's membership, the note was circulated 11 Aug 1976 and received by U.S. depository on 16 Aug 1976. 15from 1963 Malaysia. 16from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 17from 1984 Burkina Faso. 18Congo (Léopoldville) to 1966; 1966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 19to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic. 20from 1975 Benin. 21Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 22Southern Rhodesia status reverted to a member territory 11 Nov 1965; from 1980 Zimbabwe. 23from Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united 22 May 1990. 24from Cabo Verde. 25from 2018 Eswatini. 26as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 26from 1997 Samoa.

Date of
Admission
Separate Member Territories of WMO (6)
23 Mar 1950
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan1, Bermuda2, Belgian Congo3, British East African Territories4, British Malaya-Borneo Territories5, British West African Territories6, Ceylon7, Falklands, French Cameroun8, French Equatorial Africa9, French Morocco10, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Somaliland11, French West Africa12, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Hong Kong, Indochina13, Madagascar14, Martinique, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Reunion, Saarland15, Southern Rhodesia16, South West Africa17, Tunisia18
15 Jan 1951
Azores, Madeira, Portuguese East Africa19, Portuguese Timor20, Portuguese West Africa19
13 Apr 1951
Andorra21
12 Sep 1951
Netherlands Antilles22, Netherlands New Guinea23, Surinam24
25 Jan 1952
Greenland
24 Sep 1953 British Caribbean Territories25
1954
Spanish Morocco10, Spanish Territories of Guinea26
20 Jun 1955
Australian Antarctic Territory
1958
Mauritius27
28 Apr 1959
Ruanda-Urundi28
 2 Jun 1964
Seychelles29
19 May 1971
Comoro Islands30
28 Sep 1977
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
 1 Jan 1986
Netherlands Antilles22, Aruba
24 Jan 1996
Macau
10 Oct 2010
Curaçao and Sint Maarten
1from 2 Jan 1957 member as The Sudan. 2Bermuda withdrew 31 Dec 1959. 3from 5 Dec 1960 member as Congo (Kinshasa). 4Br. East African Terr. from 14 Apr 1963 only Kenya, Zanzibar and Seychelles; membership dissolved 2 Jun 1964. 5from 19 May 1958 as Singapore and British Territories in Borneo; withdrew 31 Dec 1963. 6B.W.A. membership dissolved 1960. 7Ceylon a member from 22 Jun 1951; from 1972 Sri Lanka. 8from 16 Jan 1961 member as Cameroon. 9French Equatorial Africa dissolved 15 Aug 1960. 10from 2 Feb 1957 member as Morocco. 11from 5 Jul 1967 Territory of Afars and Issas; from 30 Jul 1978 member as Djibouti. 12French West Africa dissolved 22 Dec 1958. 13French Indochina dissolved 21 Jun 1954. 14Madagascar a member from 14 Jan 1961. 15Saarland united with (West) Germany 1 Jan 1957. 16Southern Rhodesia part of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1 Aug 1953 - 31 Dec 1963; full member 11 Aug 1964 - 11 Nov 1965, then a member territory; from 1980 Zimbabwe. 17United Nations terminated South Africa's mandate for South West Africa placing it under UN authority (not recognized by South Africa); from 8 Mar 1991 independent member as Namibia. 18Tunisia a member from 21 Feb 1957. 19from 1975 independent as Angola and Mozambique. 20East Timor annexed to Indonesia 17 Jul 1976 - 19 Oct 1999. 21Andorra WMO convention applied to the Valleys of Andorra by France on 5 Dec 1949 and by Spain on 13 Apr 1951; a member from 16 Nov 2018. 22as Curaçao to 1954, then Netherlands Antilles, from 1 Jan 1986 as Netherlands Antilles and Aruba; Netherlands Antilles dissolved 10 Oct 2010, succeeded by Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. 23Dutch New Guinea annexed to Indonesia 1 May 1963. 24member as Suriname from 25 Aug 1976. 25named West Indies and Other British Territories to 1965, then British Caribbean Territories and British Guiana to 22 Sep 1966. 26from 12 Oct 1968 independent as Equatorial Guinea. 27Mauritius a member from 16 Aug 1969. 28Ruanda-Urundi dissolved 1 Jul 1962. 29Seychelles a member from 17 Mar 1977. 30from 18 Apr 1976 member as Comoros.



World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

 
[World Tourism
                      Organization former flag 1975-1998] 24 May 1975 - 1998

[World Tourism
                      Organization flag 1998-2023] 1998 - 2018
 
[World Tourism
                      Organization flag] Adopted 2018
[UN Tourism Logo flag]
Logo Flag from 23 Jan 2024
 
[UN Tourism Logo white
                      variant flag]
Variant Logo from 23 Jan 2024

UNWTO website
Headquarters: Madrid
(Spain)(Geneva, Switzerland 1951-1975; London, UK 1948-1951; Oslo 1948; The Hague, Netherlands 1925-1942, 1945-1948)
UN Tourism Day:
27 Sep (1970)
World Tourism Day
(from 1980)

 4 May 1925                First International Congress of Official Tourist Traffic
                             Associations (ICOTT)(Congrès International des Associations
                             Officielles de Trafic Touristique) held.
21 Sep 1927                International Congress of Official Tourist Organizations (Congrès
                             International des Organismes Officiels de Propagande
                             Touristique
).
30 Jan 1934                International Union of Official Tourist 
Propaganda Organizations
                             (IUOTPO)(Union
Internationale des Organismes Officiels de
                            
Propagande
Touristique)(UIOOPT), articles of association
                             registered in The Hague, Netherlands.
Aug 1940 - Jan 1942        German government appointed trustee to administer the Union for
                             liquidation.
Jan 1942 - Dec 1945        Dissolved by German occupation authorities during World War II.
 4 Oct 1947                International Union of Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO)
                             (Union Internationale des Organismes Officiels de Tourisme)
                             (UIOOT) named adopted (name proposed on 21 Feb 1947).

27 Sep 1970                IUOTO adopts the statute of the World Tourism Organization.
 2 Jan 1975                World Tourism Organization (WTO or WToO).
23 Dec 2003                Made a specialized agency of the United Nations.
 1 Dec 2005                English abbreviation changed to UNWTO.
23 Jan 2024                UN Tourism adopted as new abbreviation. 

Director 
1925 - 30 Jan 1934         W.P.F. van Deventer                (b. 1879 - d. 1937)
                             (The Netherlands)
Secretaries-general

30 Jan 1934 -  4 Jan 1937  W.P.F. van Deventer                (s.a.)
                             (The Netherlands)
Jan 1937 - Jan 1942        von Balluseck (f)(1st time)        (d. 1947)
                             (= Mrs. Evan von Balluseck)
                             (The Netherlands)(secretary)(acting)
Jan 1942 - Dec 1945        Vacant
Dec 1945 - Sep 1946        von Balluseck (f)(2nd time)        (s.a.)
                             (The Netherlands)(secretary)(acting)
Sep 1946 -  4 Oct 1947     Jonkheer Willem Boreel             (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
                             (The Netherlands)(acting to 20 Feb 1947)
 4 Oct 1947 - 19 Jun 1948  Lucien Thole (The Netherlands)     (b. 1913 - d. 2003)
19 Jun 1948 - 15 Jan 1949  Vacant
15 Jan 1949 - 22 May 1957  François Étienne Michel Morin,     (b. 1910 - d. 1980)
                             dit Forestier (France)
22 May 1957 - 31 Dec 1985  Robert C. Lonati (France)          (b. 1918 - d. 1985)
                             (acting to 8 Nov 1957,
                             interim 1 Nov 1974 - 22 May 1975)
 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1989  Willibald Pahr (Austria)           (b. 1930)
 1 Jan 1990 -  1 Sep 1996  José
Antonio Enríquez Savignac     (b. 1931 - d. 2007)
                             (Mexico)
 1 Sep 1996 - 28 Feb 2009  Francesco Frangialli (France)      (b. 1947)
                             (interim to 31 Dec 1997)
 1 Mar 2009 - 31 Dec 2017  Taleb Rifai (Jordan)               (b. 1949)
                             (acting to 31 Dec 2009)
 1 Jan 2018 -             
Zurab Pololikashvili (Georgia)     (b. 1977)

Presidents of the Congress
 
4 May 1925 - Jun 1926     Marie Willem "Wim" Frederik Treub  (b. 1858 - d. 1931)
                             (The Netherlands)

27 Jun 1926 - Sep 1927     Eugen Pštross (Czechoslovakia)     (b. 1881 - d. 19..)
21 Sep 1927 - Sep 1928     Cyril Žižek (Yugoslavia)
Sep 1928 - Sep 1929        Iván Rakovszky (Hungary)           (b. 1885 - d. 1960)
14 Sep 1929 - Sep 1930     Ryszard Minchejmer (Poland)        (b. 1875 - d. 1934)
25 Sep 1930 -  5 Oct 1930  José Antonio de Sangróniz y Castro (b. 1895 - d. 1980)
                             (Spain)(acting)

Oct 1930 - 14 May 1933     Albert Junod (Switzerland)         (b. 1865 - d. 1951)
14 May 1933 - 22 May 1935  Carlo Pugliesi (Pugliezi)(Italy)
                             (interim) 

Presidents of the Union
22 May 1935 - Jan 1942     B.E.M. Pulinx (Belgium)(1st time)
Jan 1942 - Dec 1945        Vacant
Dec 1945 - 20 Feb 1947     B.E.M. Pulinx (Belgium)
(2nd time)
20 Feb 1947 - Sep 1948     Gunnar Berg Lampe (Norway)         (b. 1892 - d. 1978)
15 Sep 1948 - Sep 1949     Ernest Walter Wimble (U.K.)        (b. 1887 - d. 1979)
Sep 1949 - 1954?          
Siegfried Bittel (Switzerland)     (b. 1894 - d. 1977)
1954 - 1955                Mogens Lichtenberg (Denmark)       (b. 1903 - d. 1994)
1955 - 1956                Jonkheer Willem Boreel             (s.a.)
1956 - Nov 1957            Jorge Felner da Costa (Portugal)   (b. 1916 - d. 1976)

Nov 1957 - Oct 1958        Som Nath Chib (India)              (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
Oct 1958 - Nov 1959        Paul Bernecker (Austria)           (b. 1908 - d. 2003)
Nov 1959 - 1960            John Gourlay Bridges (U.K.)        (b. 1901 - d. 1985)
1960 - 1961                Modesto Farolan (The Philippines)  (b. 1900 - d. 1979)
1961 - 1963                Timothy Joseph O'Driscoll (Ireland)
(b. 1908 - d. 1998)
1963 - 1966                Basil Grose Atkinson (Australia)   (b. 1924 - d. 2013)
1966 - 1967                Arthur Haulot (Belgium)            (b. 1913 - d. 2005)
1967 - 1969                Agustín Rodr
íguez Salvat (Mexico)  (b. 1908 - d. af.1982)
1969 - May 1975            Georges Habib Faddoul (Lebanon)    (b. 1919)

UNWTO membership (160)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 2 Jan 1975 Afghanistan, Argentina, The Bahamas1, Benin, Brazil, Burundi2, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica3, Egypt, El Salvador4, Gabon, Ghana, Greece, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast5, Jordan, Kenya, Laos, Lebanon, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua6, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama7, Peru, The Philippines8, Romania, San Marino, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore9, South Korea, South Vietnam10, Spain, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand11, Trinidad and Tobago12, Tunisia, Turkey13, Uganda, United Arab Emirates14, Venezuela, Yemen (Aden)15, Yugoslavia16, Zambia
12 Jan 1975
Cyprus
20 Jan 1975
Israel, Zaire17
11 Feb 1975
Ecuador
19 Feb 1975
Bangladesh
16 Apr 1975
Togo
18 Apr 1975
The Sudan
24 Apr 1975
Jamaica
29 Apr 1975
Dominican Republic
 6 May 1975
The Gambia
 8 May 1975
Malaysia18
16 May 1975
Upper Volta19
21 May 1975
Bolivia
22 May 1975
Ethiopia, Madagascar
 6 Jun 1975
Rwanda
28 Aug 1975
Kuwait20
 8 Sep 1975
Hungary
20 Sep 1975
Honduras21
11 Dec 1975
Cuba
16 Dec 1975
United States22
22 Dec 1975
Austria
29 Dec 1975
Soviet Union23
31 Dec 1975
France
12 Jan 1976 Switzerland
21 Jan 1976
Bulgaria
29 Jan 1976
East Germany24, West Germany24
10 Feb 1976
Poland
 9 Apr 1976
Czechoslovakia25
 5 May 1976
Algeria
10 May 1976
The Netherlands
 9 Jul 1976
Mauritania
 3 Aug 1976
Belgium26
11 Nov 1976
Portugal
21 Apr 1977
Libya
18 May 1977
Uruguay
31 May 1977
Bahrain27, Grenada28, Qatar29, Yemen (Sana)15
 2 Mar 1978
Italy
 6 Jul 1978
Japan
 2 Aug 1978
Malta
18 Sep 1979
Australia30
20 Sep 1979 Congo (Brazzaville), Niger
17 Sep 1981
Lesotho, Maldives, Vietnam, Zimbabwe
 9 Feb 1982
Finland31
 5 Oct 1983 China
17 Jul 1985 Guinea
26 Sep 1985 Chad, São Tomé and Príncipe
26 Jun 1986 Canada32
 1 Oct 1987 North Korea
27 Mar 1990 Mongolia
30 Aug 1990
Angola
 4 Oct 1991 Guinea-Bissau, Seychelles
25 Dec 1991 Russia23
26 Jun 1992 Paraguay
 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia
 8 Oct 1993
Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Slovenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
12 Apr 1994
South Africa
21 Oct 1995
Andorra, Botswana, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Macedonia33, Mozambique, Myanmar34
24 Oct 1997
Armenia, Djibouti, Fiji, Namibia, Ukraine
 1 Oct 1999 Swaziland35
 1 Jan 2001 Monaco
29 Sep 2001
Azerbaijan, Cape Verde36, Serbia and Montenegro16
 1 Jan 2002
Moldova37
17 Jun 2002
Saudi Arabia
19 Oct 2003 Bhutan, Lithuania
 1 Jul 2004 Oman
 1 Jan 2005
Latvia38
14 Jun  2005
Belarus
25 Nov 2005
United Kingdom39
 2 Dec 2005 Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste
29 Nov 2007
Brunei Darussalam, Montenegro, Tajikistan
22 Sep 2008
Norway40
 8 Oct 2009
Vanuatu
14 Oct 2011
Liberia
14 Sep 2015
Barbados, Samoa
13 Sep 2017
Comoros, Somalia
 1 Jan 2020
Palau
 1 Jan 2022
Antigua and Barbuda
 1 Jan 2024
Belize
1Bahamas withdrew 14 Dec 1978, rejoined 25 Nov 2005. 2Burundi informed of its withdrawal effective as of 3 Oct 2001, but continued to pay dues and on 30 Jul 2013 confirmed it did not want to cease membership. 3Costa Rica withdrew 14 Jul 1988, rejoined 26 Sep 1995. 4El Salvador withdrew 28 Jan 1981, rejoined 8 Oct 1993. 5from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 6Nicaragua withdrew 19 Apr 1979, rejoined 4 Oct 1991. 7Panama withdrew 9 Oct 1993, rejoined 17 Oct 1996. 8The Philippines withdrew 8 Sep 1989, rejoined 23 Oct 1991. 9Singapore withdrew 10 Nov 1977. 10South Vietnam merged with North Vietnam 2 Jul 1976 as Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which did not indicate its succession and did not join until 17 Sep 1981. 11Thailand withdrew 20 Jan 1990, rejoined 1 Jun 1996. 12Trinidad withdrew 31 Dec 1977, rejoined 22 Apr 2013. 13from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 14U.A.E. withdrew 29 Apr 1987, rejoined 26 Apr 2013. 15Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) merged 22 May 1990 as Yemen. 16from 8 Oct 1993 the WToO did not recognize the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as its successor and ruled that it had to apply anew for membership, which it did and was readmitted 29 Sep 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia. 17from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 18Malaysia withdrew 14 Aug 1987, rejoined 19 Sep 1991. 19from 1984 Burkina Faso. 20Kuwait withdrew 27 Nov 1998, rejoined 3 Mar 2003. 21Honduras withdrew 19 Aug 1989, rejoined 29 Sep 2001. 22U.S. withdrew 26 Dec 1996. 23Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia; UNTWO suspended Russia from 27 Apr 2022, on same day Russia announced its withdrawal (effective 27 Apr 2023), but declared unilateral withdrawal 10 Jun 2022. 24East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 25Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 membership succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 26Belgium withdrew 3 Jun 1997. 27Bahrain withdrew 1 Feb 1984, rejoined 29 Sep 2001. 28Grenada withdrew 9 Feb 1999. 29Qatar withdrew 1 Feb 1986, rejoined 1 Jan 2002. 30Australia withdrew 26 Jul 1990, rejoined 23 Sep 2004; withdrew again 19 Aug 2016. 31Finland withdrew 6 Apr 2002. 32Canada withdrew 30 Dec 1995, rejoined 28 Jan 2000; withdrew again 12 May 2012. 33as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 34Myanmar withdrew 4 Sep 1999, rejoined 1 Jun 2012. 35from 2018 Eswatini. 36from 2013 Cabo Verde. 37Moldova joined 8 Oct 1993, but requested on 9 Nov 2005 for its accession to be considered effective on 1 Jan 2002. 38Latvia withdrew 22 Dec 2012. 39U.K. withdrew 21 Aug 2009. 40Norway withdrew 9 Oct 2015.

Date of Admission
Associate Members of  UNWTO (8)
17 Oct 1975
Gibraltar1
 5 Sep 1979
Netherlands Antilles2
17 Sep 1981
Macau
 4 Apr 1986
Puerto Rico3
 1 Oct 1987
Aruba
21 Oct 1995
Madeira
24 Oct 1997
Flemish Community of Belgium
 1 Oct 1999
Hong Kong
10 Dec 2010
Curaçao, Sint Maarten
1Gibraltar withdrew 21 May 1986. 2Netherlands Antilles dissolved 10 Oct 2010; the Caribbean part of The Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba) continues under its membership. 3Puerto Rico withdrew 17 Nov 1995, rejoined 20 May 2002.



World Trade Organization (WTO)

[World Trade
                        Organization (WTO) logo]Logo Adopted 6 Oct 1997

WTO website
Headquarters:  Geneva (Switzerland)

  1 Jan 1948                General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) inaugurated
                             (signed 30 Oct 1947).

24 Mar 1948                The Havana Charter, signed by 56 countries, proposed the creation
                             of the International Trade Organization (ITO)(not ratified,
                             the U.S. announced its rejection on 6 Dec 1950).
 1 Jan 1995                GATT - as an international agency - is replaced by the

                             World Trade Organization (WTO), a permanent international
                             organization.

Executive Secretary 
 
1 Jan 1948 - 23 Mar 1965  Eric Wyndham White (U.K.)           (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
Directors-general
23 Mar 1965 -  6 May 1968  Eric Wyndham White (U.K.)           (s.a.)
 6 May 1968 -  1 Oct 1980  Olivier Long (Switzerland)          (b. 1915 - d. 2003)
 1 Oct 1980 -  1 Jul 1993  Arthur Dunkel (Switzerland)         (b. 1932 - d. 2005)
 1 Jul 1993 -  1 May 1995  Peter Sutherland (Ireland)          (b. 1946 - d. 2018)
 1 May 1999 - 30 Apr 1999  Renato Ruggiero (Italy)             (b. 1930 - d. 2013)
 
1 May 1999 -  1 Sep 1999  David Hartridge (U.K.) (acting)     (b. 1939)
 1 Sep 1999 -  1 Sep 2002  Michael "Mike" Moore (New Zealand)  (b. 1949 - d. 2020)

 1 Sep 2002 -  1 Sep 2005  Supachai Panitchpakdi (Thailand)    (b. 1946)
 1 Sep 2005 -  1 Sep 2013  Pascal Lamy (France)                (b. 1947)
 1 Sep 2013 - 31 Aug 2020  Roberto Carvalho de Azevêdo (Brazil)(b. 1957)
 1 Sep 2020 -  1 Mar 2021 
Yonov Frederick Agah (Nigeria)      (b. 1956)
                           + Karl-Ernst Brauner (Germany)
                           + Alan William Wolff (U.S.)         (b. 1942)
                           + Yi Xiaozhun (China)               (b. 1951)
                           (deputy directors-general; acting)
 1 Mar 2021 -              Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (f)(Nigeria)    (b. 1954)

GATT membership 1948-1994 (75)
Date of 
Accession
Member Nations
 1 Jan 1948 Australia, Belgium, Canada, China1, Cuba2, Czechoslovakia3, France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States
13 Jun 1948 South Africa
 8 Jul 1948 India
10 Jul 1948 Norway
11 Jul 1948 Southern Rhodesia4
29 Jul 1948 Burma5, Ceylon6
30 Jul 1948 Brazil, Lebanon7, New Zealand, Pakistan
31 Jul 1948 Syria8
16 Mar 1949 Chile
 1 Jan 1950 Haiti
24 Feb 1950 Indonesia
 1 Mar 1950 Greece
20 Apr 1950 Liberia9
30 Apr 1950 Sweden
19 May 1950 Dominican Republic
25 May 1950 Finland
28 May 1950 Denmark, Nicaragua
30 May 1950 Italy
 1 Oct 1951 (West) Germany
 7 Oct 1951 Peru
17 Oct 1951 Turkey
19 Oct 1951 Austria
 6 Dec 1953 Uruguay
10 Sep 1955 Japan
17 Oct 1957 Ghana
24 Oct 1957 Malaya10
18 Nov 1960 Nigeria
19 May 1961 Sierra Leone
 9 Dec 1961 Tanganyika11
 6 May 1962 Portugal
 5 Jul 1962 Israel
23 Oct 1962 Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda
 3 May 1963 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Kuwait, 
Upper Volta12
12 Jul 1963 Chad
15 Jul 1963 Cyprus
29 Aug 1963 Spain
12 Sep 1963 Dahomey13
27 Sep 1963 Senegal
30 Sep 1963 Madagascar, Mauritania
31 Dec 1963 Ivory Coast14, Jamaica, Niger
 5 Feb 1964 Kenya
20 Mar 1964 Togo
28 Aug 1964 Malawi
17 Nov 1964 Malta
22 Feb 1965 The Gambia
13 Mar 1965 Burundi
 1 Jan 1966 Rwanda
 5 Jul 1966 Guyana
 1 Aug 1966 Switzerland
25 Aug 1966 Yugoslavia15
15 Feb 1967 Barbados
14 Apr 1967 South Korea
11 Oct 1967 Argentina
18 Oct 1967 Poland16
22 Dec 1967 Ireland
21 Apr 1968 Iceland
 9 May 1970 Egypt
 2 Sep 1970 Mauritius
11 Sep 1971 Zaire
14 Nov 1971 Romania17
16 Dec 1972 Bangladesh
20 Aug 1973 Singapore
 9 Sep 1973 Hungary18
22 Mar 1978 Suriname
27 Dec 1979 The Philippines
 3 Oct 1981 Colombia
10 Feb 1982 Zambia
20 Nov 1982 Thailand
19 Apr 1983 Maldives
 7 Oct 1983 Belize
23 Apr 1986 Hong Kong
24 Aug 1986 Mexico
30 Mar 1987 Antigua and Barbuda
17 Jun 1987 Morocco
28 Aug 1987 Botswana
 8 Jan 1988 Lesotho
29 Aug 1990 Tunisia
31 Aug 1990 Venezuela
 8 Sep 1990 Bolivia
24 Nov 1990 Costa Rica
11 Jan 1991 Macau
22 May 1991 El Salvador
10 Oct 1991 Guatemala
27 Jul 1992 Mozambique
15 Sep 1992 Namibia
11 Jan 1993 Mali
 8 Feb 1993 Swaziland
13 Apr 1993 Saint Lucia
15 Apr 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia
20 Apr 1993 Dominica
18 May 1993 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
16 Nov 1993 Fiji
 9 Dec 1993 Brunei Darussalam
13 Dec 1993 Bahrain
 6 Jan 1994 Paraguay
 9 Feb 1994 Grenada
 8 Mar 1994 United Arab Emirates
17 Mar 1994 Guinea-Bissau
24 Mar 1994 Saint Kitts and Nevis
29 Mar 1994 Liechtenstein
 7 Apr 1994 Qatar
 8 Apr 1994 Angola
10 Apr 1994 Honduras
30 Oct 1994 Slovenia
 8 Dec 1994 Guinea
16 Dec 1994 Djibouti, Papua New Guinea
28 Dec 1994 Solomon Islands
1China (ROC) withdrew 5 May 1950; on 10 Jul 1986 China (PRC) submitted an application that its signatory status be restored, which it was not. 2Cuba: U.S. suspended the treatment which the two countries had granted each other under GATT on 24 Mar 1962. 3Czechoslovakia and U.S. had no obligations to each other under GATT 2 Nov 1951 - 19 Dec 1992; Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 4as Rhodesia and Nyasaland 30 Oct 1953 - 31 Dec 1963; from 1980 Zimbabwe. 5from 1989 Myanmar. 6from 1972 Sri Lanka. 7Lebanon withdrew 25 Feb 1951. 8Syria withdrew 6 Aug 1951. 9Liberia withdrew 13 Jun 1953. 10from 1963 Malaysia. 11from 1964 Tanzania. 12from 1984 Burkina Faso. 13from 1975 Benin. 14from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 15Yugoslavia suspended from 19 Jun 1992, expelled 19 Jun 1993. 16Poland: U.S. suspended its obligations under GATT 27 Oct 1982 - 19 Feb 1987. 17Romania: U.S. invoked provisions of Article XXXV concerning the application of GATT between U.S. and Romania 14 Nov 1971 - 3 Aug 1975 and 3 Jul 1988 - 2 Nov 1993. 18Hungary: U.S. invoked provisions of Article XXXV concerning the application of GATT between U.S. and Hungary 9 Sep 1973 - 7 Jul 1978.


WTO membership (166)
Date of 
Accession
Member Nations
 1 Jan 1995  Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, The Netherlands1, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, The Philippines, Portugal, Romania, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland2, Sweden, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia
 1 Mar 1995 Trinidad and Tobago
 5 Mar 1995 Zimbabwe
 9 Mar 1995 Dominican Republic, Jamaica
26 Mar 1995 Turkey3
29 Mar 1995 Tunisia
20 Apr 1995 Cuba
21 Apr 1995 Israel
30 Apr 1995 Colombia
 7 May 1995 El Salvador
31 May 1995 Botswana, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho,
Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Togo
 3 Jun 1995 Burkina Faso
30 Jun 1995 Egypt
 1 Jul 1995  Poland, Switzerland
21 Jul 1995  Guatemala
23 Jul 1995 Burundi, Sierra Leone
30 Jul 1995 Cyprus, Slovenia
26 Aug 1995 Mozambique
 1 Sep 1995 Liechtenstein
 3 Sep 1995  Nicaragua
12 Sep 1995 Bolivia
25 Oct 1995 Guinea
17 Nov 1995 Madagascar
13 Dec 1995 Cameroon
13 Jan 1996 Fiji
21 Jan 1996 Ecuador
30 Jan 1996 Haiti
21 Feb 1996 St. Kitts and Nevis
22 Feb 1996 Benin, Grenada
10 Apr 1996 United Arab Emirates
22 May 1996 Rwanda
 9 Jun 1996 Papua New Guinea
26 Jul 1996  Solomon Islands
23 Sep 1996 Angola
19 Oct 1996  Chad
23 Oct 1996 The Gambia
 1 Dec 1996  Bulgaria
 1 Jan 1997 Congo (Kinshasa)
27 Mar 1997 Congo (Brazzaville)
29 Jan 1997  Mongolia
 6 Sep 1997 Panama
20 Dec 1998 Kyrgyzstan
10 Feb 1999 Latvia
13 Nov 1999  Estonia
11 Apr 2000 Jordan
14 Jun 2000 Georgia
 8 Sep 2000 Albania
 9 Nov 2000 Oman
30 Nov 2000 Croatia
31 May 2001 Lithuania
26 Jul 2001 Moldova
11 Dec 2001 China
 1 Jan 2002 Taiwan4
 5 Feb 2003 Armenia
 4 Apr 2003 Macedonia5
23 Apr 2004 Nepal
13 Oct 2004 Cambodia
11 Dec 2005 Saudi Arabia
11 Jan 2007
Vietnam
27 Jul 2007
Tonga
16 May 2008
Ukraine
23 Jul 2008
Cape Verde6
29 Apr 2012
Montenegro
10 May 2012
Samoa
22 Aug 2012
Russia
24 Aug 2012
Vanuatu
 2 Feb 2013
Laos
 2 Mar 2013
Tajikistan
26 Jun 2014
Yemen
26 Apr 2015
Seychelles
30 Nov 2015
Kazakhstan
14 Jul 2016
Liberia
29 Jul 2016
Afghanistan
21 Aug 2024
Comoros
30 Aug 2024
Timor-Leste
1The Netherlands membership includes Aruba and Netherlands Antilles (which dissolved 10 Oct 2010, and was succeeded by, Curaçao and Sint Maarten). 2from 2018 Eswatini. 3from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 4ROC (Taiwan) participates as the "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu." 5as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 6from 2013 Cabo Verde.






© Ben Cahoon