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Organizations:  African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM) - African Development Bank (AfDB) - African Union  (AU) - Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) - Andean Community - Antarctic Treaty - Arab League - Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) - Arctic Council - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - Asian Development Bank (ADB) - Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) - Association of Caribbean States (ACS) - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - Bank for International Settlements (BIS) - Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) - Caribbean Community (CARICOM) - Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) - Central American Integration System (SICA) - Central American Parliament (Parlacen) - Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) - Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) - Colombo Plan - Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) - The Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD) - Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) - Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CRLP) - Council of the Baltic States (CBSS) - Council of Europe (CE) - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON/CMEA) - Danube Commission - Dutch Language Union (Taalunie) (DLU) - East African Community (EAC)Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) - Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) - Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) - European Free Trade Association (EFTA) - European Union (EU) - Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO) - Group of 7 (G-7) - Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - Ibero-American Secretariat (SECIB) - Indian Ocean Commission (COI) - Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) - Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) - Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - International Court of Justice (ICJ) - International Criminal Court (ICCt) - International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) - International Labour Organization (ILO) - International Maritime Organization (IMO) - International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) - International Monetary Fund (IMF) - International Organization of Francophonie (OIF) - International Olympic Committee (IOC)International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) - International Organization for Migration (IOM) - International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - International Refugee Organization (IRO) - International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) - International Seabed Authority (ISA) - International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) - Islamic Development Bank (IDB) - Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICESCO) - Latin American Parliament (Parlatino) - Latin Union (LU) - League of Nations -


African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP): see Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS)



African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM)


[African and Malagasy Common Organization
                          (OCAM) 1962-1985]
Apr 1962 - 23 Mar 1985

[African and Malagasy Common Organization
                          (14 stars)(OCAM) 1964-1971]
c.1965 - c.1971 14 Star Variant

Headquarters: Bangui
(Central African Republic)
(Yaoundé, Cameroon 1964-1974;
UAM: Cotonou, Dahomey
1961-1964; OAMCE:
Yaoundé, Cameroon 1961-1965)

26 Mar 1961                Afro-Malagasy Organization for Economic Co-operation (OAMCE)
                             (Organisation Africaine et Malgache de Coopération Économique)
                             established by the Brazzaville charter of 15 Dec 1960.
12 Sep 1961 - 10 Mar 1963  African and Malagasy Union (Union Africaine et Malgache)(UAM),
                             Casablanca charter signed. Merged into OAMCE 10 Mar 1963.
29 Apr 1964                African and Malagasy Union for Economic Co-operation (Union
                             Africaine et Malgache de Coopération Économique)(UAMCE);
                             charter signed 10 Mar 1964, but it fails to obtain the number
                             of ratifications necessary.
 1 Jul 1964                UAMCE secretariat general begins to function.
12 Feb 1965                African and Malagasy Common Organization (Organisation Commune
                             Africaine et Malgache)(OCAM), established as merger of UAMCE and
                             UAM (charter signed 27 Jun 1966, entered into force 28 Dec 1967).
                             UAMCE is converted into the OCAM.
21 Jan 1971                Renamed AfricanMalagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
                             (Organisation Commune Africaine, Malgache et Mauricienne)(OCAMM).
Feb 1974                   Renamed African and Mauritian Common Organization
                             (Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne)(OCAM).
23 Mar 1985                Dissolved and activities were taken over by the Organization of
                             African Unity (OAU).

Secretary-general of OAMCE
Oct 1961 - May 1965        Jules Razafimbahiny (Madagascar)   (b. 1922 - d. 1992)

Secretaries-general of UAMCE (1971-74, OCAMM; 1974-85 OCAM)
May 1964 -  1 Apr 1968     Diakha Dieng (Senegal)             (b. 1933)
Apr 1968 - 1974            Falilou Kane (Senegal)             (b. 1938 - d. 2021)
Aug 1974 - 1974            Régis Fanchette (Mauritius)        (b. 1924 - d. 1999)
Nov 1974 - 1979            Sydney Moutia (Mauritius)          (b. 1932)
1979 - 1985                Ismail Amri Sued (Rwanda)          (b. 1942 - d. 2017)

OCAM Membership (9 members)
 Date of
Admission
Member Nations
12 Feb 1965 Cameroon1, Central African Republic, Chad1, Congo (Brazzaville)2,
Dahomey3, Gabon4, Ivory Coast, Madagascar5, Mauritania6, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Upper Volta7
26 May 1965 Rwanda
Jul 1965 Congo (Léopoldville)8
1970
Burundi
21 Jan 1971 Mauritius
Feb 1977 Seychelles9
1Cameroon and Chad withdrew 1 Jul 1973. 2Congo withdrew 1973. 3from 1975 Benin. 4Gabon withdrew 7 Sep 1976. 5to 30 Dec 1975 Malagasy Republic; withdrew Aug 1973. 6Mauritania withdrew 24 Jun 1965. 7from 1984 Burkina Faso. 81966-1971 Congo (Kinshasa), from 1971 Zaire; Zaire withdrew Apr 1972. 9Seychelles withdrew 1978.



African Development Bank (AfDB)


 [African Development Bank
              flag]

AfDB website
Headquarters: Abidjan,
Côte d'Ivoire

(Tunis, Tunisia
Feb 2003 - 8 Sep 2014)

 4 Aug 1963                African Development Bank agreement signed.
10 Sep 1964                African Development Bank (AfDB)(Banque Africaine de Développement)
                             (BAD) founded.
29 Nov 1972                African Development Fund, the concessional window
                             of the AfDB Group, created (operational 1974).

Presidents
 
4 Nov 1964 - 21 Jan 1970  Mamoun Beheiry (The Sudan)         (b. 1925 - d. 2002)
21 Jan 1970 - 31 Aug 1976  Abdelwahab Labidi (Tunisia)        (b. 1929 - d. ....)
                             (interim to 31 Aug 1970)
 1 Sep 1976 - 31 Aug 1980  Kwame Donkoh Fordwor (Ghana)       (b. 1933)
Jul 1979 - 31 Aug 1980     Goodall Edward Gondwe (Malawi)    
(b. 1936 - d. 2023)
                             (acting for Fordwor)
 1 Sep 1980 - 31 Aug 1985
  Wila D'Israeli Mung'omba (Zambia)  (b. 1939 - d. 2014)
 
1 Sep 1985 - 31 Aug 1995  Babacar Ndiaye (Senegal)           (b. 1936 - d. 2017)
 
1 Sep 1995 - 31 Aug 2005  Omar Kabbaj (Morocco)              (b. 1942)
 1 Sep 2005 - 31 Aug 2015  Donald Kaberuka (Rwanda)           (b. 1951)
 1 Sep 2015 -              Akinwumi "Akin" Ayodeji Adesina    (b. 1960)
                             (Nigeria)

AfDB membership (81)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
10 Sep 1964 Algeria, Cameroon, Congo (Léopoldville)1, Dahomey2, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast3, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, The Sudan, Tanzania4, Togo, Uganda
11 Sep 1964 Senegal
14 Sep 1964 Egypt
22 Sep 1964  Upper Volta5
22 Oct 1964 Somalia
29 Oct 1964 Tunisia
18 Jan 1965 Rwanda
10 Feb 1965 Congo (Brazzaville)
25 Jul 1966 Malawi
 1 Sep 1966 Zambia
 2 Jan 1968 Burundi
26 Aug 1968 Chad
26 Aug 1970 Central African Republic
26 Jul 1971 Swaziland6
31 Mar 1972 Botswana
21 Jul 1972 Libya
31 Dec 1972 Gabon
 2 Jul 1973 The Gambia, Lesotho
 1 Jan 1974 Mauritius
 5 May 1975 Guinea-Bissau
30 Jun 1975 Equatorial Guinea
14 Apr 1976 São Tomé and Príncipe
15 Apr 1976 Cape Verde7
 3 May 1976 Comoros, Madagascar
 4 Jun 1976 Mozambique
20 Sep 1977 Seychelles
12 Jul 1978 Djibouti
10 Apr 1979
United Arab Emirates8
 5 Sep 1980 Zimbabwe
 9 Jan 1981 Angola
15 Dec 1982 Portugal
30 Dec 1982 Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Kuwait, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, 
Switzerland, Yugoslavia9
31 Dec 1982 Italy
28 Jan 1983 The Netherlands
 3 Feb 1983 Japan
 8 Feb 1983 United States
18 Feb 1983 (West) Germany
15 Mar 1983 Belgium
30 Mar 1983 Austria
29 Apr 1983 United Kingdom
14 Jul 1983 Brazil
 6 Dec 1983 India
15 Dec 1983 Portugal, Saudi Arabia
20 Mar 1984 Spain
10 May 1985 China
 2 Jul 1985 Argentina
10 Apr 1994 Namibia
13 May 1994 Eritrea
13 Dec 1995 South Africa
29 Oct 2013
Turkey10
29 May 2014
Luxembourg
30 Apr 2015
South Sudan
 4 Mar 2020
Ireland
11966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 2from 1975 Benin. 3from 1985 Côte
d'Ivoire. 4United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 5from 1984 Burkina Faso. 6from 2018 Eswatini. 7from 2013 Cabo Verde. 8U.A.E. is a member only of African Development Fund (ADF) and not an AfDB member. 9Yugoslavia expelled 31 Dec 1992. 10from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye.



African Union (AU)

 
[Organization of
                          African Unity (OAU) Flag, 1970-2010]
1 Jan 1970 - 31 Jan 2010
[AU Official
                          variant from 8 Jul 2004 - 2010]
Official Variant 8 Jul 2004 - 31 Jan 2010
[African Union
                          flag]
Adopted 31 Jan 2010
African Union website
--------------------------
Pan-African Parliament
-------------------------
AfCTA website
Hear African Union
Anthem

(French) "Unissons-nous tous et célébrons
ensemble"; (Portuguese)
"Vamos todos nos unir e
 celebrar juntos;
(Ki-Swahili)
 "Hebu wote kuungana na kusherehekea pamoja";
(Arabic) "`dyuna ntxhd
 gmiya unxhtfl mya"‎)

Text of AU Anthem
(former OAU anthem)
"Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together"
Adopted 1985/2010


Headquarters:
Addis Ababa

(Ethiopia);
(Pan-African Parliament:
 Midrand, South Africa;
African Court:
Arusha, Tanzania;
AfCFTA: Accra, Ghana)

AU Day: 25 May (1963)
Africa Day

25 May 1963                Organization of African Unity (OAU)(Organisation de l'Unité
                             Africaine/Organização da Unidade Africana/Organización de la
                             Unidad Africana/Munazzamat al-Wehdat al-Ifriqiya/Umoja wa
                             Muungano wa Afrika
).
 9 Jul 2002                African Union (AU)(l'Union Africaine/União Africana/Unión Africana/
                             
al-Ittihad al-Ifriqiya/Umoja wa Afrika).
25 Jan 2004                African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights charter effective.
18 Mar 2004                Pan-African Parliament established.
 
1 Jan 2021                "Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade
                             Agreement" (AfCFTA) commences (in force 30 May 2019, signed
                             21 Mar 2018).

Secretaries-general
25 May 1963 - 21 Jul 1964  Kifle Wodajo (Ethiopia) (acting)   (b. 1936 - d. 2004)
21 Jul 1964 - 15 Jun 1972  Diallo Telli (Guinea)              (b. 1925 - d. 1977)
15 Jun 1972 - 16 Jun 1974  Nzo Ekangaki (Cameroon)            (b. 1934 - d. 2005)
16 Jun 1974 - 21 Jul 1978  William Eteki Mboumoua (Cameroon)  (b. 1933 - d. 2016)
21 Jul 1978 - 12 Jun 1983  Édouard "Edem" Kodjovi Kodjo (Togo)(b. 1938 - d. 2020)
12 Jun 1983 - 20 Jul 1985  Peter Onu (Nigeria) (acting)       (b. 1931 - d. 1997)
20 Jul 1985 - 19 Sep 1989  Ide Oumarou (Niger)                (b. 1937 - d. 2002)
19 Sep 1989 - 17 Sep 2001  Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania)       (b. 1942)
17 Sep 2001 -  9 Jul 2002  Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire)         (b. 1944)
Chairmen of the Commission
 9 Jul 2002 - 16 Sep 2003  Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire)         (s.a.)
                             (interim)
16 Sep 2003 - 28 Apr 2008  Alpha Oumar Konaré (Mali)          (b. 1946)
28 Apr 2008 - 15 Oct 2012  Jean Ping (Gabon)                  (b. 1942)
15 Oct 2012 - 14 Mar 2017  Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma (f)         (b. 1949)
                             (South Africa)               
14 Mar 2017 -              Moussa Faki (Chad)                 (b. 1960)

Chairmen
25 May 1963 - 17 Jul 1964  Haile Selassie (Ethiopia)          (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
                             (1st time) 
17 Jul 1964 - 21 Oct 1965  Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)         (b. 1918 - d. 1970)
21 Oct 1965 - 24 Feb 1966  Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)              (b. 1909 - d. 1972)
24 Feb 1966 -  5 Nov 1966  Joseph Arthur Ankrah (Ghana)       (b. 1915 - d. 1992)
 5 Nov 1966 - 11 Sep 1967  Haile Selassie (Ethiopia)          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
11 Sep 1967 - 13 Sep 1968  Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (Congo [K.])  (b. 1930 - d. 1997)
13 Sep 1968 -  6 Sep 1969  Houari Boumedienne (Algeria)       (b. 1932? - d. 1978)
 6 Sep 1969 -  1 Sep 1970  Ahmadou Ahidjo (Cameroon)          (b. 1924 - d. 1989)
 1 Sep 1970 - 21 Jun 1971  Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2021)
21 Jun 1971 - 12 Jun 1972  Moktar Ould Daddah (Mauritania)    (b. 1924 - d. 2003)
12 Jun 1972 - 27 May 1973  Hassan II (Morocco)                (b. 1929 - d. 1999)
27 May 1973 - 12 Jun 1974  Yakubu Gowon (Nigeria)             (b. 1934)
12 Jun 1974 - 28 Jul 1975  Mohamed Siad Barre (Somalia)       (b. 1919? - d. 1995)
28 Jul 1975 -  2 Jul 1976  Idi Amin (Uganda)                  (b. 1925? - d. 2003)
 2 Jul 1976 -  2 Jul 1977  Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam          (b. 1900 - d. 1985)
                             (Mauritius) 
 2 Jul 1977 - 18 Jul 1978  Omar Bongo (Gabon)                 (b. 1935 - d. 2009)
18 Jul 1978 - 12 Jul 1979  Gaafar Nimeiry (The Sudan)         (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
12 Jul 1979 - 12 Apr 1980  William R. Tolbert, Jr. (Liberia)  (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
28 Apr 1980 -  1 Jul 1980  Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal)    (b. 1906 - d. 2001)
                             (acting)
 1 Jul 1980 - 24 Jun 1981  Siaka Stevens (Sierra Leone)       (b. 1905 - d. 1988)
24 Jun 1981 -  6 Jun 1983  Daniel arap Moi (Kenya)            (b. 1924 - d. 2020)
 6 Jun 1983 - 12 Nov 1984  Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia)   (b. 1937)
12 Nov 1984 - 18 Jul 1985  Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)          (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
18 Jul 1985 - 28 Jul 1986  Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (1st time)   (b. 1935)
28 Jul 1986 - 27 Jul 1987  Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Congo)       (b. 1943)
                             (1st time) 
27 Jul 1987 - 25 May 1988  Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 May 1988 - 24 Jul 1989  Moussa Traoré (Mali)               (b. 1936 - d. 2020)
24 Jul 1989 -  9 Jul 1990  Hosni Mubarak (Egypt) (1st time)   (b. 1928 - d. 2020)
 9 Jul 1990 -  3 Jun 1991  Yoweri Museveni (Uganda)           (b. 1944?)
 3 Jun 1991 - 29 Jun 1992  Ibrahim Babangida (Nigeria)        (b. 1941)
29 Jun 1992 - 28 Jun 1993  Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (2nd time)   (s.a.)
28 Jun 1993 - 13 Jun 1994  Hosni Mubarak (Egypt) (2nd time)   (s.a.)
13 Jun 1994 - 26 Jun 1995  Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (Tunisia)  (b. 1936 - d. 2019)
26 Jun 1995 -  8 Jul 1996  Meles Zenawi (Ethiopia)            (b. 1955 - d. 2012)
 8 Jul 1996 -  2 Jun 1997  Paul Biya (Cameroon)               (b. 1933)
 2 Jun 1997 -  8 Jun 1998  Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe)           (b. 1924 - d. 2019)
                            
(1st time)
 8 Jun 1998 - 12 Jul 1999  Blaise Compaoré (Burkina Faso)     (b. 1951)
12 Jul 1999 - 10 Jul 2000  Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Algeria)     (b. 1937 - d. 2021)
10 Jul 2000 -  9 Jul 2001  Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo)          (b. 1937 - d. 2005)
 9 Jul 2001 -  2 Jan 2002  Frederick Chiluba (Zambia)         (b. 1943 - d. 2011)
 2 Jan 2002 -  9 Jul 2002  Levy Mwanawasa (Zambia)            (b. 1948 - d. 2008)
 9 Jul 2002 - 10 Jul 2003  Thabo Mbeki (South Africa)         (b. 1942)
10 Jul 2003 -  6 Jul 2004  Joaquim Chissano (Mozambique)      (b. 1939)
 6 Jul 2004 - 24 Jan 2006  Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria)        (b. 1937)
24 Jan 2006 - 29 Jan 2007  Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Congo [B.])  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
29 Jan 2007 - 31 Jan 2008  John Kufuor (Ghana)                (b. 1938)
31 Jan 2008 -  2 Feb 2009  Jakaya Kikwete (Tanzania)          (b. 1950)
 2 Feb 2009 - 31 Jan 2010  
Muammar al-Qaddafi (Libya)         (b. 1942 - d. 2011)
31 Jan 2010 - 30 Jan 2011  Bingu wa Mutharika (Malawi)        (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
30 Jan 2011 - 29 Jan 2012  Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
      (b. 1942)
                             (Equatorial Guinea) 
29 Jan 2012 - 27 Jan 2013  Thomas Yayi Boni (Benin)           (b. 1952)      
27 Jan 2013 - 30 Jan 2014  Hailemariam Desalegn (Ethiopia)    (b. 1965)
30 Jan 2014 - 30 Jan 2015  Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz            (b. 1956)
                             (Mauritania)                   
30 Jan 2015 - 30 Jan 2016  Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe)           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
30 Jan 2016 - 30 Jan 2017  Idriss Déby Itno (Chad)            (b. 1952 - d. 2021)
30 Jan 2017 - 28 Jan 2018  Alpha Condé (Guinea)               (b. 1938)
28 Jan 2018 - 10 Feb 2019  Paul Kagame (Rwanda)               (b. 1957)
10 Feb 2019 -  9 Feb 2020  Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (Egypt)       (b. 1954)
 9 Feb 2020 - 
6 Feb 2021  Cyril Ramaphosa (South Africa)     (b. 1952)
 6 Feb 2021 - 
5 Feb 2022  Félix Tshisekedi (Congo [K.])      (b. 1963)
 5 Feb 2022 - 18 Feb 2023  Macky Sall (Senegal)               (b. 1961)
18 Feb 2023 - 17 Feb 2024  Azali Assoumani (Comoros)          (b. 1959)
17 Feb 2024 -              Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani   (b. 1956)
                             (Mauritania)                 

[Pan-African Parliament
                flag]

 1 Jun 2021 - 27 Jun 2022  Parliament suspended.

Presidents of the Pan-African Parliament
18 Mar 2004 - 29 May 2009  Gertrude Ibengwe Mongella (f)      (b. 1945)
                             (Tanzania)
29 May 2009 - 28 May 2012  Idriss Ndélé Moussa (Chad)         (b. 1959 - d. 2013)
28 May 2012 - 29 May 2015  Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi (Nigeria)    (b. 1964 - d. 2019)
29 May 2015 -  1 Mar 2020  Roger Nkodo Dang (Cameroon)        (b. 1963)
 1 Mar 2020 -  1 Apr 2020  Fortune Charumbira (Zimbabwe)      (b. 1962)
                             (1st time)(acting)
 1 Apr 2020 -  1 Mar 2021  Bouras Djamel (Algeria)(acting)    (b. 1960)
 1 Mar 2021 - 11 Jan 2024  Fortune Charumbira
(Zimbabwe)      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting to 29 Jun 2022)
23 Aug 2023 - 25 Mar 2024  Ashebir Woldegiorgis Gayo (Ethiopia)
                             (acting [for
Charumbira to 11 Jan 2024])
25 Mar 2024 -              Fortune Charumbira (Zimbabwe)      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)

Presidents of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
Jul 2006 - 2008            Gérard Niyungeko (Burundi)         (b. 1954)
                             (1st time)
Sep 2008 - 2010            Jean Mutsinzi (Rwanda)             (b. 1938 - d. 2019)
2010 - 2012                Gérard Niyungeko (Burundi)         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
2012 - 2014                Sophia Abena Boafoa Akuffo (f)     (b. 1949)
                             (Ghana)
2014 -  5 Sep 2016         Augustino Steven Lawrence          (b. 1945 - d. 2020)
                             Ramadhani (Tanzania)
 5 Sep 2016 - 31 May 2021  Sylvain Or
é (Côte d'Ivoire)
31 May 2021 -              Imani Daud Aboud (f)(Tanzania)

Secretary-general of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
19 Mar 2020  -             Wamkele Keabetswe Mene             (b. 1977?)
                             (South Africa)

AU membership (55)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
25 May 1963 Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic1, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Léopoldville)2, Dahomey3, Egypt4, Ethiopia, Gabon5, Ghana, Guinea6, Ivory Coast7, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar8, Mali9, Mauritania10, Morocco11, Niger12, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, The Sudan13, Tanganyika14, Togo15, Tunisia, Uganda, Upper Volta16, Zanzibar14
13 Dec 1963 Kenya
13 Jul 1964 Malawi
16 Dec 1964 Zambia
 9 Mar 1965 The Gambia
31 Oct 1966 Botswana, Lesotho
23 Aug 1968 Mauritius
24 Sep 1968 Swaziland17
12 Oct 1968 Equatorial Guinea
19 Nov 1973 Guinea-Bissau18
11 Feb 1975 Angola
18 Jul 1975 Cape Verde19, Comoros20, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe
29 Jun 1976 Seychelles
27 Jun 1977 Djibouti
18 Jun 1980 Zimbabwe
22 Feb 1982 Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic
 1 Jun 1990 Namibia
24 May 1993 Eritrea21
 6 Jun 1994 South Africa
27 Jul 2011
South Sudan22
1C.A.R. suspended from 25 Mar 2013 - 31 Mar 2016. 2Congo (Kinshasa) 1966-71 and from 1997; 1971-97 Zaire; halted its participation 12 Nov 1984 - 28 Jul 1986. 3from 1975 Benin. 4Egypt suspended 5 Jul 2013 - 17 Jun 2014. 5Gabon suspended 31 Aug 2023. 6Guinea suspended 29 Dec 2008 - 9 Dec 2010 and from 10 Sep 2021. 7from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire; suspended 9 Dec 2010 - 21 Apr 2011. 8Malagasy Republic to 30 Dec 1975; Madagascar suspended 10 Jul 2002 - 10 Jul 2003 and 20 Mar 2009 - 27 Jan 2014. 9Mali suspended 23 Mar - 24 Oct 2012, 19 Aug - 9 Oct 2020 and from 1 Jun 2021. 10Mauritania suspended 4 Aug 2005 - 10 Apr 2007 and 9 Aug 2008 - 1 Jul 2009. 11Morocco withdrew 12 Nov 1984; rejoined 31 Jan 2017. 12Niger suspended 19 Feb 2010 - 16 Mar 2011 and from 22 Aug 2023. 13The Sudan suspended 6 Jun - 6 Sep 2019 and from 27 Oct 2021. 14Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 15Togo suspended 25 Feb - 27 May 2005. 16from 1984 Burkina Faso; suspended 18-26 Sep 2015 and from 31 Jan 2022. 17from 2018 Eswatini. 18Guinea-Bissau suspended 17 Apr 2012 - 17 Jun 2014. 19from 2013 Cabo Verde. 20Comoros suspended 20 Feb 1978 - 23 Feb 1979. 21Eritrea suspended its participation 20 Nov 2009 - 17 Jan 2011. 22South Sudan suspended 16 Jun - 14 Oct 2020 for dues arrears.



Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)

[Amazon Cooperation Treaty
              Organization (ACTO) flag]                

ACTO website
Headquarters: Brasilia
(Brazil)

 
 3 Jul 1978                Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT) signed.
25 Feb 1995                Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)(Organización del
                             Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica
/Organização do Tratado de
                             Cooperação Amazônica [OTCA]).
13 Dec 2002                Permanent secretariat inaugurated.

Secretaries-general
2002 - 2004                Sergio Hugo Sánchez Ballivián      (b. 1950)
                             
(Bolivia) (interim)
 5 May 2004 - 2007         Rosalía Arteaga Serrano (f)        (b. 1956)
                             (Ecuador)
 2 Jul 2007 - Jul 2009     Francisco José Rui
z Marmolejo      (b. 1959)
                            
(Colombia) (acting)
Jul 2009 -  1 Mar 2011     Manuel Ernesto Picasso Botto
                             (Peru)
 
1 Mar 2011 -  1 Jul 2012  Alejandro Alfredo Gordillo         (b. 1942)
                             Ferná
ndez (Peru)
 2 Jul 2012 - 15 Oct 2015  Robby Dewnarain R
amlakhan          (b. 1956)
                             (Suriname)
19 Oct 2015 - 
7 Jan 2019  María Jacqueline Mendoza 
                            
Ortega (f) (Venezuela)
 7 Jan 2019 -              Mar
ía Alexandra Moreira López (f)  (b. 1980)
                             (Bolivia)

Executive Directors
Feb 2016 -  1 Jan 2019     César Augusto de Las Casas Díaz    (b. 1958)
                             (Peru)
 1 Jan 2019 -              Carlos Alfredo Lazary Teixeira     (b. 1948)
                             (Brazil)
 
ACTO membership (8)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 3 Jul 1978
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana,
Peru, Suriname, Venezuela



Andean Community
 

[Comunidad Andina
                        (Andean Community)]
Adopted 12  Jul 2004

Community website
Headquarters: Lima
(Peru); Andean Parliament: Bogotá (Colombia)
CAN Day: 24 Jul (1783)
Día de la Integración Andina
(Andean Integration Day) [=Simon Bolivar's birthday]

26 May 1969                Andean Pact (Acuerdo de Cartagena) established.
25 Oct 1979                Andean Parliament (Parlamento Andino) established.
10 Mar 1996                Renamed Andean Community (Comunidad Andina)(CAN).
 1 Aug 1997                Secretariat established.

Secretaries-general
 1 Aug 1997 -  7 Aug 2002  Sebastián Alegrett Ruiz (Venezuela)(b. 1942 - d. 2002)
19 Sep 2002 - 15 Jan 2004  Guillermo Fernández de Soto        (b. 1953)
                             (Colombia) 
15 Jan 2004 - 28 Jul 2006  Edward Allan Wagner Tizón (Peru)   (b. 1942)
28 Jul 2006 -  1 Feb 2007  Alfredo Luis Fuentes Hernández     (b. 1949)
                             (Colombia) (acting)
 1 Feb 2007 -  7 May 2010  Federico "Freddy" Ehlers Zurita    (b. 1945)
                             (Ecuador)   
 7 May 2010 – 18 Feb 2013  Adalid Contreras Baspineiro
                             (Bolivia) (interim)
18 Feb 2013 -  1 Mar 2013  Ana María Tenenbaum de Reátegui (f)(b. 1954)
                             (Peru) (acting)
 1 Mar 2013 - 17 Jun 2013  Santiago Cembrano Cabrejas
                             (Colombia) (interim)
17 Jun 2013 - 11 Jan 2016  Pablo Guzmán Laugier (Bolivia)     (b. 1957)
11 Jan 2016 - 17 Jun 2018  Walker San Miguel Rodríguez        (b. 1963)
                             (Bolivia)
17 Jun 2018 - 15 Oct 2018  Luz Marina Monroy Acevedo (f)
                             (Colombia) (interim)
15 Oct 2018 - 11 Jan 2019  Héctor Quintero Arredondo
                             (Colombia)
11 Jan 2019 -
23 May 2023  Jorge Hernando Pedraza Gutiérrez   (b. 1963)
                             (Colombia)
23 May 2023 -  1 Sep 2023  Diego Fernando Caicedo Pinoargote
                             (Ecuador) (interim)
 1 Sep 2023 -              Gonzalo Alfonso Gutiérrez Reinel   (b. 1955)
                             (Peru)

[Parlamento Andino (Andean
                Parliament)]

Presidents of the Andean Parliament

Aug 1980 - Dec 1981        H
éctor Echeverri Correa (Colombia) (b. 1937 - d. 2012)
Dec 1981 - Mar 1983        Raúl Oswaldo Baca Carbo (Ecuador)  (b. 1931 - d. 2014)
Mar 1983 - May 1984        Godofredo
González González        (b. 1920 - d. 1990)
                             (Venezuela)    
May 1984 - Dec 1984        Ricardo Monteagudo (Peru)          (b. 1923 - d. 2005)
28 Jul 1985 - 11 Dec 1985  Jorge Tadeo Lozano Osorio          (b. 1936 - d. 2013)
                             (Colombia)
Dec 1985 - Mar 1987        Julio Garrett Ayllón (Bolivia)     (b. 1925 - d. 2018)
Mar 1987 - Mar 1989        H
umberto Peláez Gutiérrez          (b. 1939 - d. 2020)
                             (Colombia)
Mar 1989 - 1990            Wilfrido Lucero Bolaños (Ecuador)  (b. 1935 - d. 2022)
1990 - Sep 1992            Romualdo Gustavo Biaggi Rodríguez
  (b. 1923 - d. 2011)
                             (Peru)
Sep 1992 - Sep 1994        Paciano José Padrón Valladares
                            
(Venezuela)
Sep 1994 - Dec 1995        Victor Hugo C
árdenas Conde         (b. 1951)
                             (Bolivia)
Dec 1995 - Dec 1997        Julio César Turbay Quintero        (b. 1949)
                             (Colombia)
Dec 1997 - Dec 1999        Heinz Rodolfo Moeller Freile
      (b. 1937)
                             (Ecuador)
Dec 1999 - May 2001        Óscar Andrés Reggiardo Sayán
      (b. 1941)
                             (Peru)
May 2001 - Nov 2001        Lu
ís Juan Alva Castro (Peru)       (b. 1942)
Nov 2001 - Nov 2003        Jhannett María Madriz Sotillo (f)  (b. 1964)
                             (Venezuela)
Nov 2003 - Nov 2005        
Víctor Enrique Urquidi Hodgkinson  (b. 1951)
                             (
Bolivia)
Nov 2005 - Nov 2007        
Luis Fernando Duque García         (b. 1952)
                             (Colombia)              

26 Nov 2007 - Aug 2009     Ivonne Juez de Abdel Baki
(f)      (b. 1952)
                             (Ecuador)
Aug 2009 - 23 Nov 2009     Fausto Rodrigo Lupera Mart
ínez     (b. 1947)
                             (Ecuador)
23 Nov 2009 - 21 Jul 2010  Rosa Marina León Flores (f)(Peru)  (b. 1959)
 
21 Jul 2010 -  5 Aug 2011  Wilbert Bendezú
Carpio (Peru)      (b. 1954)
 5 Aug 2011 - 25 Jul 2012  Rebeca Elvira
Delgado Burgoa (f)   (b. 1966)
                             (Bolivia)
25 Jul 2012 - 24 Jul 2013  H
éctor Helí Rojas Jimenez          (b. 1954)
                             (Colombia)
24 Jul 2013 - 14 Jul 2014  Pedro de la Cruz (Ecuador)
14 Jul 2014 - 22 Jul 2015  Javier Edmundo Reátegui Rosselló   (b. 1944)
                             (Peru)
22 Jul 2015 - 23 Jul 2016  Luis Fernando Duque García         (b. 1952)

                             (Colombia)
23 Jul 2016 - 17 Jul 2017  Edith Mendoza Fern
ández (f)        (b. 1983)
                             (Bolivia)
17 Jul 2017 - 18 Jul 2018  Fernando Meza Moncada (Chile)      (b. 1946)
18 Jul 2018 -
27 Jul 2019  Hugo Quiróz Vallejo (Ecuador)      (b. 1963)
27 Jul 2019 - 23 Nov 2020  Víctor Rolando Sousa Huanambal     (b. 1961)
                             (Peru)
23 Nov 2020 - 29 Jul 2021  Gonzalo Adolfo Mendoza Leigue      (b. 1964)
                             (Bolivia)
29 Jul 2021 -  3 Aug 2022  Juan Pablo Letelier Morel (Chile)  (b. 1961)
 3 Aug 2022 - 14 Jul 2023  Gloria Flórez Schneider (f)        (b. 1962)
                             (Colombia)
14 Jul 2023 -              Cristina Eugenia Reyes Hidalgo (f) (b. 1981)
                             (Ecuador)

Andean Community membership (4)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
26 May 1969 Bolivia, Chile1, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru2
13 Feb 1973 Venezuela3
1Chile withdrew 30 Oct 1976. 2Peru membership suspended at its own request 26 Aug 1992 - 4 Apr 1994, resumed full participation 25 Jun 1997. 3Venezuela withdrew 22 Apr 2006; on 21 Feb 2020 the disputed Guaidó government announced re-entry of Venezuela.

Date of
Admission
Associate Members of CAN (5)
 7 Jul 2005
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
20 Sep 2006
Chile



Antarctic Treaty

[Antarctic Treaty
                          Secretariat flag]
Adopted 20 Sep 2002

Treaty Secretariat website
Antarctic Treaty
 (23 Jun 1961)
Headquarters: Buenos Aires
(Argentina)
Antarctic Day: 1 Dec (1959)
Antarctica Day
(unofficial)

 1 Dec 1959                "Antarctic Treaty" signed.
23 Jun 1961                Antarctic Treaty comes into effect.
 1 Sep 2004                Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS) inaugurated.

Executive Secretaries of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
 1 Sep 2004 - 31 Aug 2009  Johannes "Jan" Huber               (b. 1947)
                             (The Netherlands)
 1 Sep 2009 - 31 Aug 2017  Manfred Reinke (Germany)           (b. 1952)
 1 Sep 2017 -              Albert Alexander Lluberas Bonaba
                             (Uruguay)

Antarctic Treaty membership (57) 
Dates of 
Membership
Member Nations
23 Jun 1961 Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, South Africa, Soviet Union
1, United Kingdom, United
States
14 Jun 1962 Czechoslovakia2
20 May 1965 Denmark
30 Mar 1967 The Netherlands
15 Sep 1971 Romania
19 Nov 1974 East Germany3
16 May 1975 Brazil
11 Sep 1978 Bulgaria
 5 Feb 1979 West Germany3
11 Jan 1980 Uruguay
16 Mar 1981 Papua New Guinea4
18 Mar 1981 Italy
10 Apr 1981 Peru
31 Mar 1982 Spain
 8 Jun 1983 China
19 Aug 1983 India
27 Jan 1984 Hungary
24 Apr 1984 Sweden
15 May 1984 Finland
16 Aug 1984 Cuba
28 Nov 1986 South Korea
 8 Jan 1987 Greece
21 Jan 1987 North Korea
25 Aug 1987 Austria
15 Sep 1987 Ecuador
 4 May 1988 Canada
31 Jan 1989 Colombia
15 Nov 1990 Switzerland
31 Jul 1991 Guatemala
28 Oct 1992 Ukraine
 1 Jan 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia
24 Jan 1996 Turkey5
24 Mar 1999 Venezuela
17 May 2001 Estonia
27 Dec 2006
Belarus
30 May 2008
Monaco
29 Jan 2010
Portugal
31 Oct 2011
Malaysia
 1 Mar 2012
Pakistan
27 Jan 2015
Kazakhstan
23 Mar 2015
Mongolia
13 Oct 2015
Iceland
22 Apr 2019
Slovenia
11 Aug 2022
Costa Rica
14 Feb 2023
San Marino
22 May 2024
Saudi Arabia
1Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, succeeded by Russia. 2Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 3East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 4date of deposit of notification of succession by Papua New Guinea; effective 16 Sep 1975 the date of its independence. 5from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye.



Arab League
 

[flag of the League of
                        Arab States (Arab League)]
Adopted 1945

Arab League website
Headquarters: Cairo
(Egypt)
(Tunis, Tunisia
Jun 1979-Sep 1990)
AL Day: 22 Mar (1945)
Arab League Day

22 Mar 1945                League of Arab States (Arab League)(Jami'a ad-Duwal al-'Arabiyya)
                             established by the Alexandria Protocol (signed 7 Oct 1944).
 1 Jan 2005                Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)(signed 1 Jan 1998), enters
                             into force.

Secretaries-general
22 Mar 1945 - 14 Sep 1952  Abdel Rahman Azzam (Egypt)         (b. 1893 - d. 1976)
                             (27 Dec 1945-30 Jul 1952, Abdel Rahman Azzam Pasha)
14 Sep 1952 -  1 Jun 1972  Abdel Khaliq Hassuna (Egypt)       (b. 1898 - d. 1992)
 1 Jun 1972 - 24 Mar 1979  Mahmoud Riad (Egypt)               (b. 1917 - d. 1992)
24 Mar 1979 - 28 Jun 1979  Vacant
28 Jun 1979 -  3 Sep 1990  Chedli Klibi (Tunisia)             (b. 1925 - d. 2020)
 4
Sep 1990 - 15 May 1991  Assad al-Assad (Lebanon) (interim) (b. 1920)
15 May 1991 - 15 May 2001  Esmat Abdel Meguid (Egypt)         (b. 1923 - d. 2013)
15 May 2001 -  1 Jul 2011  Amr Moussa (Egypt)                 (b. 1936)
 1 Jul 2011 -  1 Jul 2016  Nabil al-Arabi (Egypt)             (b. 1935 - d. 2024)
 1 Jul 2016 -              Ahmed Aboul Gheit (Egypt)          (b. 1942)

Arab League membership (22)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
22 Mar 1945  Egypt1, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria2, Transjordan3Yemen (Sana)4
28 Mar 1953 Libya5
19 Jan 1956 The Sudan
 1 Jan 1958 Tunisia
 1 Oct 1958 Morocco
20 Jul 1961 Kuwait
16 Aug 1962  Algeria
12 Dec 1967 Yemen (Aden)4
11 Sep 1971 Bahrain, Qatar
29 Sep 1971 Oman
 6 Dec 1971 United Arab Emirates
26 Nov 1973 Mauritania
14 Feb 1974 Somalia
 9 Sep 1976 Palestine Liberation Organization5
 4 Sep 1977 Djibouti
20 Nov 1993 Comoros
1Egypt suspended 26 Mar 1979 - 23 May 1989. 2Syria merged with Egypt to form United Arab Republic 22 Feb 1958; seceded from U.A.R. 29 Sep 1961 and rejoined Arab League 28 Oct 1961; suspended 16 Nov 2011 - 7 May 2023; seat given to Syrian National Coalition 6 Mar 2013 - 9 Mar 2014. 3from 1946 Jordan. 4Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united in 1990 as Yemen. 5Libya announced its withdrawal 24 Oct 2002; this would be effective one year later; Libya canceled (16 Jan 2003), reaffirmed (3 Apr 2003), and again canceled (25 May 2003) the decision to withdraw; suspended 22 Feb 2011 - 25 Aug 2011. 5from 15 Nov 1988 State of Palestine.



Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
 

[former Arab
                            Maghreb Union flag]
Former Flag 1990 - ....
[Arab Maghreb
                            Union flag]
Current AMU Flag
AMU website
Secretariat: Rabat
(Morocco);
Advisory Council: Algiers;
Maghreb Bank: Tunis;
Judicial Instance: Nouakchott

17 Feb 1989                Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)(Ittihad al-Maghrib al-'Arabi/
                             Union du Maghreb Arabe).
Jul 2008 -                 Organization largely dormant.                    

Secretaries-general
23 Oct 1991 - 26 Feb 2002  Mohamed Amamou (Tunisia)           (b. 1933 - d. 2014)
26 Feb 2002 -  1 Feb 2006  Habib Boularès (Tunisia)           (b. 1933 - d. 2014)
                             (= Habib Bulearaas)
 1 Feb 2006 -  5 May 2016  Habib Ben Yahia (Tunisia)          (b. 1938)
 5 May 2016 -              Taïeb Baccouche (Tunisia)          (b. 1944)
                             (= Tayeb El Backouche)
                             (acting from 1 Aug 2022)

AMU membership (5)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
17 Feb 1989 Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia



Arctic Council

[Arctic
                          Council flag]
Flag
[Arctic
                          Council Variant flag]
Variant
Arctic Council website
Headquarters: Tromsø
(Norway)

19 Sep 1996                Arctic Council established by the Ottawa Declaration.
17 Sep 1998                Inauguration of the council.
 1 Feb 2013                Permanent secretariat inaugurated.

Directors of the Arctic Council
 1 Feb 2013 - 2017         Magnús Jóhannesson (Iceland)        (b. 1942)
Oct 2017 - Aug 2021        Nina Buvang Vaaja (f)(Norway)       (b. 1973)
                             (acting to 25 Oct 2017)
Sep 2021 -                 Mathieu Parker (Canada)

Arctic Council membership (8)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
19 Sep 1996 Canada, Denmark (with Greenland and Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia1, Sweden, United States
 1meetings paused during Russian chairmanship 3 Mar 2022 - 11 May 2023; from 3 Mar 2023 co-operation with Russia suspended.

Date of 
Admission
Permanent Participants (6)
19 Sep 1996
Inuit Circumpolar Council, Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Saami Council
18 Sep 1998
Aleut International Association
12 Oct 2000
Arctic Athabaskan Council, Gwich'in Council International



Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

[former APEC
                            flag, 1991-2007]
1991 - Jul 2007
[Asia-Pacific
                            Economic Cooperation (APEC) flag]
Adopted Jul 2007
APEC website
Headquarters: Singapore
(Singapore)

 6 Nov 1989                Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) founded.
12 Feb 1993                Secretariat inaugurated.

Executive Directors
12 Feb 1993 - 1994         William Bodde, Jr. (U.S.)           (b. 1931 - d. 2020)
1994 - 1995                Rusli Noor (Indonesia)              (b. 1927)
1995 - 1996                Shōjirō Imanishi (Japan)            (b. 1940) 
1996 - 1997                Armando Quizon Madamba              (b. 1938) 
                             (The Philippines)
1997 - 1998                Jack Alexander Whittleton (Canada)  (b. 1940?)
1998 -  4 Jan 1999         Dato' Noor Adlan (Malaysia)         (b. 1939)
 4 Jan 1999 -  4 Jan 2000  Timothy James Hannah (New Zealand)  (b. 1939)
 4 Jan 2000 -  1 Jan 2001  Serbini Ali (Brunei Darussalam)     (b. 1955)
 1 Jan 2001 -  1 Jan 2002  Zhang Yan (China)                   (b. 1950)
 1 Jan 2002 -  1 Jan 2003  Alejandro de la Peña Navarrete      (b. 1951)
                             (Mexico)
 1 Jan 2003 -  1 Jan 2004  Piamsak Milintachinda (Thailand)    (b. 1950)
 1 Jan 2004 -  1 Jan 2005  Mario Hernán Artaza Rouxel (Chile)  (b. 1937)
 1 Jan 2005 -  1 Jan 2006  Choi Seok Young (South Korea)       (b. 1955)
 1 Jan 2006 -  1 Jan 2007  Tran Trong Toan (Vietnam)           (b. 1952)
 1 Jan 2007 -  1 Jan 2008  Colin S. Heseltine (Australia)      (b. 1947)
 1 Jan 2008 -  1 Jan 2009  Juan Carlos Capuñay Chávez
(Peru)   (b. 1949)
 1 Jan 2009 -  1 Jan 2010  Michael Tay (Singapore)             (b. 1959)
 
 1 Jan 2010 -  1 Jan 2013  Dato Muhamad Noor Yacob (Malaysia)  (b. 1951)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2018  Alan Bollard (
New Zealand)          (b. 1951)
 1 Jan 2019 -              Tan Sri Datuk Rebecca Fatima Sta    (b. 1958)
                             Maria (f)(Malaysia)

APEC membership (21)
Date of 
Admission
Member Economies
 6 Nov 1989 Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States
12 Nov 1991 China, Hong Kong, Chinese Taipei (Taiwan)
17 Nov 1993 Mexico, Papua New Guinea
11 Nov 1994  Chile
14 Nov 1998 Peru, Russia, Vietnam


Asian Development Bank (ADB)

[former
                          Asian Development Bank flag]
 ADB Former Flag
[Asian
                          Development Bank (ADB)]
ADB Current Flag
ADB website
Headquarters: Manila
(The Philippines)

22 Aug 1966                Asian Development Bank (ADB) established.
19 Dec 1966                Operations begin.

Presidents (all from Japan except as noted)
24 Nov 1966 - 24 Nov 1972  Takeshi Watanabe                   (b. 1906 - d. 2010)
25 Nov 1972 - 23 Nov 1976  Shirō Inoue                        (b. 1915 - d. 2010)
24 Nov 1976 - 23 Nov 1981  Tarōichi Yoshida                   (b. 1919 - d. 2014)
24 Nov 1981 - 23 Nov 1989  Masao Fujioka                      (b. 1924 - d. 2021)
24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1993  Kimimasa Tarumizu                  (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
24 Nov 1993 - 15 Jan 1999  Mitsuo Satō                        (b. 1933 - d. 2002)
16 Jan 1999 - 31 Jan 2005  Tadao Chino                        (b. 1934 - d. 2008)
 1 Feb 2005 - 18 Mar 2013  Haruhiko Kuroda                    (b. 1944)
18 Mar 2013 - 28 Apr 2013  Bindu N. Lohani (Nepal)(acting)    (b. 1948)
2
8 Apr 2013 - 17 Jan 2020  Takehiko Nakao                     (b. 1956)
17 Jan 2020 -              Masatsugu Asakawa                  (b. 1958)

ADB membership (69)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
22 Aug 1966 Afghanistan, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, The Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, United States, Western Samoa1
29 Aug 1966
The Netherlands
30 Aug 1966
(West) Germany, Laos
21 Sep 1966
Singapore
22 Sep 1966
Vietnam2, Taiwan3
26 Sep 1966
United Kingdom
29 Sep 1966
Ceylon4, Sweden
29 Sep 1966
Austria, New Zealand
30 Sep 1966
Cambodia, Italy
24 Nov 1966
Indonesia
19 Dec 1966
Australia
31 Dec 1967 Switzerland
27 Mar 1969 Hong Kong
 2 Apr 1970 Fiji
27 Jul 1970
France
 8 Apr 1971
Papua New Guinea
29 Mar 1972 Tonga
14 Mar 1973
Bangladesh
26 Apr 1973
Burma5
30 Apr 1973
Solomon Islands
28 May 1974 Gilbert and Ellice Islands67
20 Apr 1976 Cook Islands
14 Feb 1978 Maldives
15 Apr 1982 Bhutan, Vanuatu
14 Feb 1986 Spain
10 Mar 1986
China
 4 Apr 1990
Marshall Islands
26 Apr 1990 Federated States of Micronesia
15 Apr 1991 Turkey7
17 Sep 1991
Nauru
22 Feb 1991
Mongolia
 3 May 1993 Tuvalu
19 Jan 1994 Kazakhstan
13 Apr 1994
Kyrgyzstan
31 Aug 1995 Uzbekistan
20 Apr 1998 Tajikistan
22 Dec 1999 Azerbaijan
31 Aug 2000 Turkmenistan
 2 Apr 2002 Portugal
23 Jul 2002 East Timor8
25 Sep 2003 Luxembourg
29 Dec 2003 Palau
20 Sep 2005 Armenia
27 Apr 2006 Brunei Darussalam
24 Jul 2006 Ireland
 2 Feb 2007
Georgia
11 Mar 2019
Niue
27 Sep 2024 Israel
1from 1997 Samoa. 2Republic of Vietnam to 30 Apr 1975, then Republic of South Vietnam; from 2 Jul 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam; succession recognized by the ADB on 23 Sep 1976 retroactive to 2 Jul 1976. 3upon the admission of the People's Republic of China on 10 Mar 1986 the Republic of China (Taiwan) was re-designated "Taipei, China" and continues its membership under that designation. 4from 1972 Sri Lanka. 5from 1989 Myanmar. 6in 1975 Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu) separated from the Gilbert Islands which alone remained a member of the Bank; from 1979 Gilbert Islands renamed Kiribati. 7from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 8from 2003 Timor-Leste.



Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

[Asian Infrastructure
              InvestmentBank (AIIB)]

AIIB website
Headquarters: Beijing
(China)

24 Oct 2014                Memorandum of understanding on establishing an Asian
                             Infrastructure Investment Bank
signed creating the
                             Multilateral Interim Secretariat.
25 Dec 2015                Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)(entry into force
                             of the Articles of Agreement).

16 Jan 2016                Operations begin.

Secretary-general of the Multilateral Interim Secretariat
24 Oct 2014 - 16 Jan 2016  Jin Liqun (China)                  (b. 1949)
President
16 Jan 2016 -              Jin Liqun (China)                  (s.a.)

AIIB membership (98)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
25 Dec 2015
Australia, Austria, Brunei Darussalam, China, Georgia, Germany, Jordan,
South Korea, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Myanmar, The Netherlands, Norway,
Pakistan, Singapore, United Kingdom
28 Dec 2015
Russia
 4 Jan 2016
Maldives
 7 Jan 2016
Finland, Malta
11 Jan 2016
India
13 Jan 2016
Nepal
14 Jan 2016
Indonesia
15 Jan 2016
Denmark, Israel, Laos, Turkey1, United Arab Emirates
16 Jan 2016
Tajikistan
19 Feb 2016
Saudi Arabia
 4 Mar 2016
Iceland
22 Mar 2016
Bangladesh
11 Apr 2016
Kyrgyzstan, Vietnam
18 Apr 2016
Kazakhstan
25 Apr 2016
Switzerland
17 May 2016
Cambodia
15 Jun 2016
Poland
16 Jun 2016
France
20 Jun 2016
Thailand
21 Jun 2016
Oman
22 Jun 2016
Sri Lanka
23 Jun 2016
Sweden
24 Jun 2016
Azerbaijan, Qatar
13 Jul 2016
Italy
 4 Aug 2016
Egypt
30 Nov 2016
Uzbekistan
28 Dec 2016
The Philippines
16 Jan 2017
Iran
 8 Feb 2017
Portugal
27 Mar 2017
Malaysia
13 May 2017
Ethiopia
 7 Jun 2017
Hong Kong
16 Jun 2017
Hungary
13 Oct 2017
Afghanistan
23 Oct 2017
Ireland
22 Nov 2017
Timor-Leste
11 Dec 2017
Fiji
19 Dec 2017
Spain
 6 Mar 2018
Vanuatu
19 Mar 2018
Canada
 3 Apr 2018 Samoa
27 Jun 2018
Cyprus, Madagascar
27 Aug 2018
Bahrain
13 Sep 2018
The Sudan
28 Dec 2018
Romania
17 Jan 2019
Belarus
10 Jul 2019
Belgium
12 Jul 2019
Guinea
15 Aug 2019
Serbia
20 Aug 2019
Greece
 1 Nov 2019
Ecuador
27 Dec 2019
Algeria
21 Feb 2020
Ghana
26 Feb 2020
Côte d'Ivoire
16 Apr 2020
Rwanda
28 Apr 2020
Uruguay
25 May 2020
Benin
 1 Jun 2020
Cook Islands
 2 Nov 2020
Brazil
 4 Jan 2021
Liberia
 5 Jan 2021
Tonga
30 Mar 2021
Argentina
 2 Jul 2021
Chile
17 Dec 2021
Croatia
14 Jan 2022
Peru
29 Apr 2022
Tunisia
 4 May 2022
Morocco
 4 Aug 2022
Iraq
12 Sep 2023
Libya
24 Nov 2023
South Africa
19 Dec 2023
Togo
13 May 2024
Papua New Guinea
 4 Sep 2024
Kenya
 5 Sep 2024
Djibouti
1from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye.



Association of Caribbean States (ACS)

[Association of Caribbean
              States (ACS) flag]

ACS website
Headquarters: Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago)

24 Jul 1994                "Treaty of Association of Caribbean States" signed.                
 4 Aug 1995                Association of Caribbean States (ACS)(Asociación de Estados
                             del Caribe/Association des États de la Caraïbe).

Secretaries-general

1995 - 2000                Germán Simón Molina Duarte         (b. c.1934 - d. 2012)

                             (Venezuela)
2000 - 2004                Norman Girvan (Jamaica)            (b. 1941 - d. 2014)

 1 Mar 2004 - 29 Feb 2008  Rubén Arturo Silié Valdez          (b. 1946)

                             (Dominican Republic)
 1 Mar 2008 - 11 Apr 2012  Luis Fernando Andrade Falla
       (b. 1963)
                             (Guatemala)
12 Apr 2012 - 31 Jul 2016  Alfonso Múnera Cavadía (Colombia)  (b. 1954)
 1 Aug 2016 -  1 Nov 2020  June Soomer (f) (Saint Lucia)
 1 Nov 2020 -              Rodolfo R. Sabonge (Panama)        (b. c.1953)

ACS membership (25)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 4 Aug 1995
Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
16 Jan 1996
Dominican Republic
18 Apr 1996
Panama
24 May 1996
Guatemala
28 May 1996
El Salvador
 2 Oct 1996
Colombia
 7 Dec 1998
Haiti
25 Jan 1999
Nicaragua
17 Feb 1999
Costa Rica

Date of 
Admission
Associate Members of ACS (12)
18 Feb 1998
France1
 2 Nov 2001
Netherlands Antilles2
 1 Jan 2003
Aruba
28 Mar 2006
Turks and Caicos
20 Feb 2013
Curaçao
14 Feb 2014
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Sint Maarten, The Netherlands3
 4 Jun 2016
Saint Martin
16 Mar 2018
British Virgin Islands
19 Jun 2020
Montserrat4
1France on behalf of French Guiana and (from 21 Feb 2007) Saint Barthélemy (and 18 Feb 1998-14 Feb 2014 for Guadeloupe and Martinique, and for Saint Martin 21 Feb 2007-4 Jun 2016). 2Netherlands Antilles dissolved 10 Oct 2010. 3The Netherlands on behalf of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius. 4needs to deposit instrument of ratification.



Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
 
[former flag of
                          ASEAN 1971-1994]
1971 - 23 Jul 1994
[former Flag ASEAN
                          1994-1997]
23 Jul 1994 - 31 May 1997
[Flag of
                          Association of Southeast Asian Nations
                          (ASEAN)]
Adopted 31 May 1997
ASEAN website
Hear Anthem
"ASEAN Song of Unity"
Headquarters: Jakarta
(Indonesia)
ASEAN Day:
8 Aug (1967)
ASEAN Day

 8 Aug 1967                Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) created.
24 Feb 1976                Secretariat established.

Secretaries-general
 7 Jun 1976 - 18 Feb 1978  Hartono R. Dharsono (Indonesia)    (b. 1925 - d. 1996)
19 Feb 1978 - 10 Jul 1978  Umarjadi Notowijono (Indonesia)    (b. 1910 - d. ....)
10 Jul 1978 - 30 Jun 1980  Datuk Ali bin Abdullah (Malaysia)  (b. 1922)
 1 Jul 1980 -  1 Jul 1982  Narciso G. Reyes (The Philippines) (b. 1914 - d. 1996)
18 Jul 1982 - 15 Jul 1984  Chan Kai Yau (Singapore)           (b. 1930)
16 Jul 1984 - 15 Jul 1986  Phan Wannamethee (Thailand)        (b. 1923)
16 Jul 1986 - 16 Jul 1989  Roderick Yong (Brunei)             (b. 1933?)
17 Jul 1989 -  1 Jan 1993  Rusli Noor (Indonesia)             (b. 1927)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1997  Datuk Ajit Singh (Malaysia)        (b. 1938)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 2002  Rodolfo Certeza Severino           (b. 1936 - d. 2019)
                             (The Philippines)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2007  Ong Keng Yong (Singapore)          (b. 1954)
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2012  Surin Pitsuwan (Thailand)          (b. 1949 - d. 2017)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2017  Le Luong Minh (Vietnam)            (b. 1952)

 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2022  Dato' Paduka Lim Jock Hoi          (b. 1951)
                             (Brunei Darussalam)
 1 Jan 2023 -              Kao Kim Hourn (Cambodia)           (b. 1966)

ASEAN membership (10)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 8 Aug 1967 Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
 7 Jan 1984 Brunei Darussalam
28 Jul 1995 Vietnam
23 Jul 1997 Laos, Myanmar
30 Apr 1999 Cambodia



Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
 
BIS website
Headquarters: Basel
(Switzerland)
(20 May - 7 Oct 1940,
Chateau-d'Oex, Switzerland)

20 Jan 1930                "Convention Respecting the Bank for International
                             Settlements" signed.
26 Feb 1930                Bank for International Settlements (BIS) founded.
20 May 1930                Founding banks subscribe first share issue.
10 Jul 1939 -  9 Dec 1946  Board of directors suspends operations.
 1 Sep 1939 - 15 Aug 1945  Bank agrees "to undertake only such operations as are
                             irreproachable from point of view both the belligerent
                             and of other countries."

General managers

23 Apr 1930 -  8 Sep 1937  Pierre Quesnay (France)            (b. 1895 - d. 1937)
 8 Sep 1937 - 31 Dec 1937  Paul Hechler (Germany) (acting)    (b. 1885 – d. 1945)
 1 Jan 1938 - 30 Sep 1958  Roger Auboin (France)              (b. 1891 - d. 1974)
 1 Oct 1958 - 30 Apr 1963  Guillaume Guindey (France)         (b. 1909 - d. 1989)
 1 May 1963 - 23 Dec 1970  Gabriel Ferras (France)            (b. 1913 - d. 1970)
 1 May 1971 - 28 Feb 1981  René Larre (France)                (b. 1915 - d. 1999)
 1 Mar 1981 - 30 Apr 1985  Günther Schleiminger (W. Germany)  (b. 1921 - d. 2008)
 1 May 1985 - 31 Dec 1993  Alexandre Lamfalussy (Belgium)     (b. 1929 - d. 2015)
 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Mar 2003  Andrew Duncan Crockett (U.K.)      (b. 1943 - d. 2012)
 1 Apr 2003 - 30 Sep 2008  Malcolm D. Knight (Canada)         (b. 1944)
 1 Oct 2008 - 31 Mar 2009  Hervé Hannoun (France) (acting)    (b. 1950)
 1 Apr 2009 - 30 Nov 2017  Jaime Caruana (Spain)              (b. 1952)
 1 Dec 2017 -              Agustín Guillermo Carstens (Mexico)(b. 1958)

Presidents of the Bank
22 Apr 1930 -  8 May 1933  Gates White McGarrah (U.S.)        (b. 1863 - d. 1940)
 8 May 1933 - 13 May 1935  Leon Fraser (U.S.)                 (b. 1889 - d. 1945)
13 May 1935 -  3 May 1937  Leonardus Jacobus Anthonius Trip   (b. 1876 - d. 1947)
                             (The Netherlands)
 3 May 1937 - 31 Dec 1939  Johan Willem Beyen                 (b. 1897 - d. 1976)
                            
(The Netherlands)
 1 Jan 1940 - 30 Jun 1946  Thomas Harrington McKittrick (U.S.)(b. 1889 - d. 1970)
30 Jun 1946 -  1 Jul 1958  Maurice Frère (Belgium)            (b. 1890 - d. 1970) 
                             (chairman to 14 Jun 1948)
 1 Jul 1958 - Jun 1967     Marius Wilhelm Holtrop             (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
                            
(The Netherlands)
Jul 1967 - Dec 1981        Jelle Zijlstra (The Netherlands)   (b. 1918 - d. 2001)
Jan 1982 - Dec 1984        Fritz Leutwiler (Switzerland)      (b. 1924 - d. 1997)
Jan 1985 - Dec 1987        Jean Godeaux (Belgium)             (b. 1922 - d. 2009)
Jan 1988 - Dec 1990        Willem "Wim" Frederik Duisenberg   (b. 1935 - d. 2005)
                             (The Netherlands) (1st time)
Jan 1991 - Dec 1993        Bengt Dennis (Sweden)              (b. 1930) 
Jan 1994 - Jun 1997        Willem "Wim" Frederik Duisenberg   (s.a.)
                             (The Netherlands) (2nd time)
Jul 1997 - Feb 1999        Alfons "Fons" Remi Emiel Verplaetse(b. 1930 - d. 2020)
                             (Belgium) 

Mar 1999 - Feb 2002        Urban Bäckström (Sweden)           (b. 1954)
Mar 2002 - 27 Jun 2005     Arnout "Nout" Henricus Elisabeth   (b. 1943)
                             Maria Wellink (The Netherlands)
Chairmen of the Board of Directors
27 Jun 2005 - Feb 2006    
Arnout "Nout" Henricus Elisabeth   (s.a.)
                             Maria Wellink (The Netherlands)
Mar 2006 - Feb 2009        Jean-Pierre Roth (Switzerland)     (b. 1946)
Mar 2009 - 31 Dec 2009     Guillermo Ortiz Martínez (Mexico)  (b. 1948)
 1 Jan 2010 -  7 Mar 2010  Hans Tietmeyer (Germany) (acting)  (b. 1931 - d. 2016)
 8 Mar 2010 - 31 Oct 2015  Christian Noyer (France)           (b. 1950)
 1 Nov 2015 - 31 Dec 2021  Jens Weidmann (Germany)            (b. 1968)
 1 Jan 2022 -              François Villeroy de Galhau        (b. 1959)
                             (France)

BIS membership (63)
Date of 
Admission
Member Central Banks and Monetary Authorities
20 May 1930
Belgium, France, Germany1, Italy, Japan2, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States3
25 Jun 1930
Austria4, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia5, Danzig6, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania
31 Oct 1930
Estonia7
30 Dec 1930
Latvia7
31 Mar 1931
Lithuania7
30 Apr 1931
Albania8
30 May 1931
Norway
28 Jun 1931
Yugoslavia9
28 Nov 1950
Iceland
 5 Dec 1950
Ireland
10 Jan 1951
Portugal
24 May 1951
Turkey10
28 Dec 1960
Spain
 2 Jan 1970
Canada
31 Dec 1970
Australia
30 Jun 1971
South Africa
14 Jun 1993
Czech Republic, Slovakia
 1 Nov 1996
China, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, Russia12, Saudi Arabia, Singapore
14 Jun 1997
South Korea
25 May 1997
Brazil
30 May 1997
Croatia, Macedonia12, Slovenia
31 Dec 1997
Bosnia-Hercegovina
 9 Jan 1999
European Central Bank
24 Dec 1999
Malaysia
 1 Mar 2000
Thailand
28 Mar 2000
Argentina
10 Jun 2001
Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of)13
28 Jul 2003
Algeria
15 Aug 2003
New Zealand
18 Sep 2003
The Philippines
26 Sep 2003
Chile
29 Sep 2003
Indonesia
30 Sep 2003
Israel
15 Jul 2011
Luxembourg
22 Jul 2011
Peru
16 Dec 2011
United Arab Emirates
19 Dec 2011
Colombia
20 Feb 2020
Morocco
24 Feb 2020
Kuwait
13 Oct 2020
Vietnam
1Germany suspended 9 Dec 1946 - 3 Apr 1950; from 3 Apr 1950, Federal Republic of Germany. 2Japan suspended 9 Dec 1946 - 26 Dec 1952; withdrew 26 Dec 1952, rejoined 2 Jan 1970. 3U.S.A. did not take seat on board of directors until 13 Sep 1994. 4Austria annexed to Germany 14 Mar 1938 - 27 Apr 1945. 5Czechoslovakia voting rights suspended May 1939-1945; dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 membership succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 6Danzig Free City annexed to Germany 1 Sep 1939 - 7 Apr 1945, then to Poland; on 11 Jun 1979 Danzig issue of shares are cancelled. 7Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania shareholdership and membership deactivated Jul 1940 - 30 Jun 1992. 8Albania withdrew 1977; 1,000 shares of the Albanian issue suspended and held in treasury. 9on 11 Jun 2001 original Yugoslavia shares canceled and new shares issued for central banks of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 10from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 11Central Bank of the Russian Federation suspended from 10 Mar 2022. 12as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 13Federal Republic of Yugoslavia suspended 1992 - 10 Jun 2001, re-admitted 10 Jun 2001; from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia.



Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)

[Former
                          unofficial flag of the Black Sea Economic
                          Cooperation 1994-1999]
1994 - 1999 Unofficial
[Organization of
                          the Black Sea Economic Cooperation]
Adopted 1999
BSEC website
Headquarters: Istanbul
(Türkiye)

25 Jun 1992                Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) founded.
 1 May 1999                Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).

Directors
1992 - 1997                Yevgeniy Georgiyevich Kutovoy      (b. 1932)
                             (Russia)
1997 -  1 May 1999
        Vassil Ivanov Baytchev (Bulgaria)  (b. 1948)
Secretaries-general

 1 May 1999 -  1 May 2000  Vassil Ivanov Baytchev
(Bulgaria)  (s.a.)
 1 May 2000 - 31 Oct 2004  Valeriy Chechelashvili (Georgia)   (b. 1961)
 
1 Nov 2004 - 30 Apr 2006  Tedo Japaridze (Georgia)           (b. 1946)
 1 May 2006 - 30 Jun 2012  Leonídas Chrysanthópoulos (Greece) (b. 1946)
 1 Jul 2012 - 30 Jun 2015  Victor Tvircun (Moldova)           (b. 1955)
 1 Jul 2015 - 30 Jun 2021  Michaíl Christídis (Greece)        (b. 1949)
 1 Jul 2021 -              Lazăr Comănescu (Romania)          (b. 1949)

BSEC membership (13)

Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
25 Jun 1992
Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey1, Ukraine
14 Apr 2004
Serbia and Montenegro2
 9 Nov 2020
North Macedonia
1from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 2succeeded by Serbia on 5 Jun 2006.



Caribbean Community (CARICOM)


[Flag of CARICOM]
Adopted 4 Jul 1984

CARICOM website
Headquarters: Georgetown (Guyana)
CARICOM Day:
1st Monday in July
CARICOM Day

 1 Aug 1973                Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) inaugurated.

Secretaries-general of Caribbean Community and Common Market
1973 - 1974                William Demas                      (b. 1929 - d. 1998)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)

1974 - Aug 1977            Sir Alister McIntyre (Grenada)     (b. 1932 - d. 2019)
Aug 1977 - Nov 1978        Joseph Adolphus Tyndall (Guyana)   (b. 1927)
                             (acting)
 1 Nov 1978 - Sep 1983     Kurleigh King (Barbados)           (b. 1933 - d. 1998)
Sep 1983 - 31 Jul 1992     Roderick Rainford (Jamaica)        (b. 1940)
 1 Aug 1992 - 31 Dec 2010  Edwin Wilberforce Carrington       (b. 1938)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
 1 Jan 2011 - 
15 Aug 2011  Lolita Janet Applewhaite (f)
                             
(Barbados) (acting)
15 Aug 2011 -
15 Aug 2021  Irwin LaRocque (Dominica)          (b. 1955)
15 Aug 2021 -              Carla Natalie Barnett (f)(Belize)  (b. 1958)

CARICOM membership (15)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 1 Aug 1973 Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
 1 May 1974 Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 4 Jul 1974 Antigua1
26 Jul 1974  Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla2
 4 Jul 1983 The Bahamas3
 4 Jul 1995 Suriname
 5 Jul 2002 Haiti4
1from 1981 Antigua and Barbuda. 2from 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis. 3member of the community but not the common market. 4Haiti admitted on 4 Jul 1997, but did not deposit instrument of accession until 5 Jul 2002; suspended 29 Feb 2004 - 7 Jun 2006.

Date of 
Admission
Associate Members of Caricom (6)
 2 Jul 1991
British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos
 4 Jul 1999
Anguilla
12 May 2002
Cayman Islands
 2 Jul 2003
Bermuda
28 Jul 2024
Curaçao

CARIFTA (1965 - 1973)

15 Dec 1965                Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) signed (CARIFTA ceases
                             to exist when remaining members acceded to CARICOM on 1 May
                             1974).

 1 May 1968                CARIFTA and Commonwealth Caribbean Regional secretariat organized.

 1 Aug 1973                Merged into the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM).

Secretaries-general of the Caribbean Free Trade Association
1968 - 1969                Frederick Lloyd Cozier (Barbados)  (b. 1920 - d. 2014)
1969 - 1973                William Demas                      (b. 1929 - d. 1998)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)


CARIFTA membership 1965-1973
Date of
Admission
Members of CARIFTA
18 Dec 1965
Antigua, Barbados2, Guyana2
 1 May 1968 Trinidad and Tobago2
 1 Jul 1968
Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 1 Aug 1968
Jamaica2, Montserrat
 1 May 1971
British Honduras1
1from 1 Jun 1973 Belize. 2left to join CARICOM 1 Aug 1973.


Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)


[former Caribbean
                        Development Bank (CDB) flag to 2007]
 to 2007
[Caribbean
                        Development Bank (CDB) flag]
Adopted 2007
CDB website
Headquarters: St. Michael
(Barbados)

26 Jan 1970                Caribbean Development Bank (signed 18 Oct 1969).

Presidents

31 Jan 1970 - 1973         Sir William Arthur Lewis           (b. 1915 - d. 1991)
                             (Saint Lucia)
1974 - 1988                William Demas (Trinidad and Tobago)(b. 1929 - d. 1998)
1988 - 30 Apr 2001         Sir Neville Vernon Nicholls        (b. 1933)
                             (Barbados)
 1 May 2001 - 30 Apr 2011  Compton D. Bourne (Guyana)         (b. 1943)
 1 May 2011 - 30 Apr 2021 
William Warren Smith (Jamaica)     (b. 1952?)
 4 May 2021 -             
Hyginus "Gene" Leon (Saint Lucia)
 
CDB membership (28)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
26 Jan 1970
Barbados, British Honduras1, Canada, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla2, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, United Kingdom
28 Jan 1970
The Bahamas, Montserrat
30 Jan 1970
Antigua3British Virgin Islands
25 Apr 1973
Venezuela
22 Nov 1974
Colombia
 4 May 1982
Anguilla
 7 May 1982
Mexico
11 May 1984
France4
 2 Nov 1988
Italy
27 Oct 1989
Germany
20 Jan 1998
China
19 Jan 2007
Haiti
12 Dec
2013

Suriname
31 Dec 2015
Brazil
1from 1973 Belize. 2from 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis; Anguilla ceased to apply the Agreement as part of St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla on 19 Dec 1980 and became a member in its own right 4 May 1982. 3from 1981 Antigua and Barbuda. 4France withdrew 27 Oct 2000.



Central American Integration System (SICA)

[Secretariat for
                      Central American Integration, SICA 1991-1999]   1991 - 1999
[Secretariat for Central
                      American Integration, SICA 1999-2000] 1999 - 2000

[Secretariat for Central
                      American Integration (SICA) 2000-2013] 2000 - 2013

[Secretariat for Central
                      American Integration (SICA)] Adopted 2013
   


SICA website
Headquarters:
San Salvador

(El Salvador)
Hear SICA Anthem
"La Granadera"
Adopted 27 Oct 1993
SICA Day: 14 Oct (1951)
Día de la Integración
 Centroamericana

 
13 Dec 1991                 Central American Integration System (Sistema de la Integración
                              Centroamericana
)(SICA) founded.
 1 Feb 1993                 Secretariat inaugurated.
 
Secretaries-general
 1 Feb 1993 - 15 Jan 1997  Hector Roberto Herrera Cáceres     (b. 1943)
                             (Honduras)
15 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1999  Ernesto José Leal Sánchez          (b. 1945 - d. 2005)
                             (Nicaragua)  
 1 Jan 2000 - 30 Jun 2000  Mauricio Ramón Herdocia Sacasa     (b. 1958)
                             (Nicaragua)(interim)
 1 Jul 2000 - 31 Dec 2004  Óscar Alfredo Santamaría Jaimes    (b. 1942)
                             (El Salvador)
 1 Jan 2005 - 15 Jan 2009  Aníbal Enrique Quiñónez Abarca     (b. 1950)
                             (Honduras)
15 Jan 2009 - 30 Jun 2013  Juan Daniel Alemán Gurdián         (b. 1956)
                             (Nicaragua)
 1 Jul 2013 - 20 Aug 2014  Hugo Martínez Bonilla (El Salvador)(b. 1968)
20 Aug 2014 -
29 Jun 2017  Victoria Marina Velásquez de       (b. 1943)
                             Avilés (f) (El Salvador)
29 Jun 2017 - 30 Jun 2021  Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo       (b. 1942)
                             (Guatemala)
 1 Jul 2021 - 12 Aug 2022  Vacant
12 Aug 2022 - 14 Nov 2023  Werner Isaac Vargas Torres
                             (Nicaragua)
15 Nov 2023 -              Ingrid Figueroa de Santamaría (f)
                             (El Salvador) (acting)


SICA membership (8)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 1 Feb 1993
Costa Rica1, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
 1 Dec 2000
Belize
27 Jun 2013
Dominican Republic2
1Costa Rica suspended participation 18 Dec 2015 - 30 Jun 2016. 2Dominican Republic an associate member 19 Dec 2003 - 27 Jun 2013.


Central American Parliament (Parlacen)

[Central American
                        Parliament (Parlacen) flag 1999-2006] 1999 - 30 Oct 2006
 
[Central American
                        Parliament (Parlacen) flag] Adopted 30 Oct 2006
 
Parlacen website
Headquarters: Guatemala City
(Guatemala)

28 Oct 1991                Central American Parliament (Parlamento Centroamericano)(Parlacen)
                             established as the parliamentary assembly
of Central American
                             Integration System (SICA)
.

Presidents
28 Oct 1991 - 28 Oct 1992  Roberto Vicente Carpio Nicolle     (b. 1930 - d. 2022)
                            
(Guatemala)
28 Oct 1992 - 28 Oct 1993  Ilsa Díaz Zelaya (f) (Honduras)    (b. 1942)
28 Oct 1993 - 28 Oct 1994  José Francisco Guerrero Munguía    (b. 1937 - d. 1994)
                             (El Salvador) 
28 Oct 1994 - 28 Oct 1995  Víctor Augusto Vela Mena           (b. 1940)
                             (1st time) (Guatemala)
28 Oct 1995 -  2 Dec 1995  Roland Valenzuela Oyuela (Honduras)(b. 1914 - d. 1995)
 6 Dec 1995 – 28 Oct 1996  Raúl Zaldívar Guzmán (Honduras)    (b. 1931)  
28 Oct 1996 - 28 Oct 1997  Ernesto Lima Mena (El Salvador)    (b. 1960)
28 Oct 1997 - 28 Oct 1998  Marco Antonio Solares Pérez        (b. 1956)
                             (Guatemala)
28 Oct 1998 - 28 Oct 1999  Carlos Roberto Reina (Honduras)    (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
28 Oct 1999 - 28 Oct 2000  José Ernesto Somarriba Sosa        (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
                             (Nicaragua)
28 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001  Hugo Heberto Guiraud Gargano
                            
(Panama)
28 Oct 2001 - 28 Oct 2002  José Rodrigo Marcelo Samayoa Rivas (b. 1948)
                             (El Salvador)
28 Oct 2002 - 28 Oct 2003  Víctor Augusto Vela Mena           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (Guatemala) 
28 Oct 2003 - 28 Oct 2004  Mario Facussé Handal (Honduras)    (b. 1946)
28 Oct 2004 - 28 Oct 2005  Fabio Gadea Mantilla (Nicaragua)   (b. 1931)
28 Oct 2005 - 28 Oct 2006  Julio Palacios Sambrano (Panama)   (b. 1965)
28 Oct 2006 - 26 Oct 2007  Ciro Cruz Cepeda Peña (El Salvador)(b. 1945 - d. 2022)
26 Oct 2007 - 28 Oct 2008  Julio Guillermo González Gamarra
                             (Guatemala)
28 Oct 2008 - 28 Oct 2009  Glori
a Guadalupe Oquelí Solórzano  (b. 1941)
                             de Macoto
(f)(Honduras)
28 Oct 2009 - 28 Oct 2010  Jacinto José Suárez Espinoza       (b. 1947)
                             
(Nicaragua)
28 Oct 2010 - 31 Oct 2011  Dorindo Jayán Cort
éz Marciaga
                            
(Panama)
31 Oct 2011 - 
28 Oct 2012  Manuel "Manolo" de Jesus Pichardo  (b. 1962)
                             Ar
ías (Dominican Rep.)
28 Oct 2012 - 25 Oct 2013  Leonel Vásquez Búcaro (El Salvador)(b. 1963)
25 Oct 2013 - 28 Oct 2014  Paula Rodríguez (f) (Guatemala)

28 Oct 2014 - 28 Oct 2015  Armando Bardales Paz (Honduras)
28 Oct 2015 - 28 Oct 2016  José Antonio Alvarado Correa       (b. 1951)
                             (Nicaragua)              
28 Oct 2016 - 28 Oct 2017  Priscilla Weeden de Miró (f)
                             (Panama)
28 Oct 2017 -
28 Oct 2018  Tony Raful Tejada (Dominican Rep.) (b. 1951)
28 Oct 2018 - 25 Oct 2019  Irma Segunda Amaya Echeverría (f)  (b. 1961)
                             (El Salvador)
25 Oct 2019 -
14 Jan 2020  Juan Alfonso Fuentes Soria         (b. 1947)
                             (Guatemala)
14 Jan 2020 - 28 Oct 2020  Nadia Lorena de León Torres (f)
                             (Guatemala)
29 Oct 2020 -
28 Oct 2021  Fanny Carolina Salinas Fernández (f)
                             (Honduras)
28 Oct 2021 -
28 Oct 2022  Guillermo Daniel Ortega Reyes
                             (Nicaragua)
28 Oct 2022 -
28 Oct 2023  Amado Cerrud Acevedo (Panama)
28 Oct 2023 - 28 Oct 2024  Silvia García Polanco (f)          (b. 1966)
                             (Dominican Republic)
28 Oct 2024 -              Carlos René Hernández Castillo     (b. 1991)
                             (El Salvador)              

PARLACEN membership (6)
Date of 
Admission
Member Parliaments
28 Oct 1991 El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras
21 Jan 1997 Nicaragua
 1 Sep 1999 Panama1
30 Oct 2006 Dominican Republic
1Panama withdrew 24 Nov 2010; opposition Panamanians (including Dorindo Cortéz) remained in the parliament; rejoined 28 Jan 2013.



Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

[Central Treaty Organization
                (CENTO) flag to 1979]
 
Text of the Baghdad Pact
(4 Feb 1955)
Headquarters: Ankara (Turkey)
(Baghdad, Iraq 1955-1958)

15 Apr 1955                "Pact of Mutual Cooperation" (Baghdad Pact) signed.
22 Nov 1955                Middle East Treaty Organization (MENTO).
19 Aug 1959                Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).
26 Sep 1979                CENTO dissolved.

Secretaries-general
15 Dec 1955 - 31 Dec 1958  Awni al-Khalidy (Iraq)             (b. 1912 - d. 1985)
 1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1961  Mirza Osman Ali Baig (Pakistan)    (b. 1904 - d. 1992)
Jan 1962 - Jan 1968        Abbas Ali Khalatbari (Iran)        (b. 1912 - d. 1979)
Jan 1968 -  1 Feb 1972     Turgut Menemencioğlu (Turkey)      (b. 1914 - d. 2010)
 1 Feb 1972 - Jan 1975     Nassir Assar (Iran)                (b. 1926 - d. 2015)
Jan 1975 -  1 Aug 1977     Haluk Bayülken (Turkey)            (b. 1921 - d. 2007)
Aug 1977 - Mar 1978        Sirdar Hasan Mahmud (Pakistan)     (b. 1928)
                             (acting)
31 Mar 1978 - 1979         Kamuran Gürün (Turkey)             (b. 1924 - d. 2004)

CENTO membership 
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
15 Apr 1955 Iraq1, Turkey2, United Kingdom
23 Sep 1955 Pakistan3
23 Oct 1955 Iran4
1Iraq withdrew 24 Mar 1959. 2Turkey withdrew 15 Mar 1979. 3Pakistan withdrew 12 Mar 1979. 4Iran withdrew 13 Mar 1979.



Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
 

[Collective Security Treaty Organization
                          (CSTO)]
Adopted 18 Sep 2003

CSTO website
Headquarters: Moscow (Russia)

15 May 1992                Commonwealth of Independent States Collective Security
                             Treaty (CST) signed (enters into force 20 Apr 1994).
18 Sep 2003                Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)(Organizatsiya
                             Dogovora o Kollektivnoy Bezopasnosti), signed 7 Oct 2002.

Secretaries-general
28 Apr 2003 - 31 Dec 2016  Nikolay Nikolayevich Bordyuzha     (b. 1949)
                             (Russia)
 1 Jan 2017 -  2 May 2017  Valeriy Anatolyevich Semerikov     (b. 1954)
                             (Russia) (1st time) (acting)
 2 May 2017 -  2 Nov 2018  Yuri Grigorii Khach'aturov         (b. 1952)
                             (Armenia)
 2 Nov 2018 - 31 Dec 2019  Valeriy Anatolyevich Semerikov     (s.a.)
                             (Russia) (2nd time) (acting)
 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2022  Stanislav Vasiliyevich Zas'        (b. 1964)
                           (Stanislaw Vasilyevich Zas')
                             (Belarus)
 1 Jan 2023 -              Imangali Nurgaliuly Tasmagambetov  (b. 1956)
                           (Imangaly Nurgaliyevich Tasmagambetov)
                             (Kazakhstan)
 
CSTO membership (6)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
18 Sep 2003 Armenia1, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan
16 Aug 2006
Uzbekistan2
1Armenia "froze" its membership 23 Feb 2024, ceased financial aid 8 May 2024 and announced intent to withdraw 12 Jun 2024. 2Uzbekistan membership suspended at its own request from 28 Jun 2012.



Colombo Plan

[Colombo
                            Plan flag]
Adopted 1971
[Colombo Plan
                            flag variant]
Variant Flag
Colombo Plan website
Headquarters: Colombo
(Sri Lanka)

28 Nov 1950                Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development
                             in South and South-East
Asia established.
 1 Jul 1951                Plan came into full operation.    
 7 Dec 1977                Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social 
                             Development in Asia and the Pacific (CESDAP). 
25 Nov 1980                Duration of the plan extended indefinitely.

Directors Executive of the Colombo Plan Bureau
Aug 1951 - Sep 1953        Geoffrey M. Wilson (U.K.)         (b. 1910 - d. 2004)
Sep 1953 - Feb 1956        Pearce William Edward Curtin      (b. 1907 - d. 1997)
                             (Australia)
Apr 1956 - Aug 1957        Nathan Keyfitz (Canada)           (b. 1913 - d. 2010)
Aug 1957 - Jul 1959        Robert Hunter Wade (New Zealand)  (b. 1916 - d. 2011)
Jul 1959 - Dec 1961        John Kenneth Thompson (U.K.)      (b. 1913 - d. 1985)
Dec 1961 - Jan 1964        Sashichirō Matsui (Japan)         (b. 1913 - d. 2001)
Jan 1964 - Mar 1966        James Lawrence Allen (Australia)  (b. 1913 - d. 1990)
Mar 1966 - Jun 1969        D. Alan Strachan (U.S.)           (b. 1903 - d. 1996)
Jun 1969 - Aug 1973        Alan Burton Connelly (Canada)     (b. 1908 - d. 1991)
Aug 1973 - Dec 1975        Ian Kerr McGregor (New Zealand)
Jan 1976 - Feb 1979        Leonore E.T. Storar (f) (U.K.)    (b. 1920 - d. 1997)
14 Feb 1979 - Feb 1982     Noboru Yabata (Japan)
Feb 1982 - Feb 1985        Eriks Ingevics (Australia)        (b. 1929 - d. 2016)
Feb 1985 - Jan 1986        Donald R. Toussaint (U.S.)        (b. 1927 - d. 1986)
Jul 1986 - Jul 1991        Gilbert H. Sheinbaum (U.S.)       (b. 1929 - d. 2020)
Jul 1991 - Dec 1994        John Cornelius Ryan (New Zealand) (b. 1935 - d. 2012)
Secretaries-general of the Colombo Plan 
Jan 1995 - Mar 1999        Kim Hak-Su (South Korea)          (b. 1938)
Apr 1999 - Jun 2003        U. Sarat Chandran (India)         (b. 1953)
Jun 2003 - Aug 2007        Kittipan Kanjanapipatkul          (b. 1947)
                             (Thailand)
Aug 2007 - Aug 2011        Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia (f)        (b. 1952)
                             (from Feb 2009, 
Dato' Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia)
                             (Malaysia)
15 Aug 2011 - 28 Nov 2013  Adam Naseer Maniku (Maldives)
28 Nov 2013 -  2 May 2014  Tay Bian How (Malaysia)(acting)   (b. 1954?)
 2 May 2014 -  1 May 2018  Dasho Kinley Dorji
(Bhutan)
                             (Kun-legs Rdo-rje)
 1 May 2018 - Dec 2021     Phan Kieu Thu (f) (Vietnam)       (b. 1971)
 1 May 2022 -              Benjamin Panganiban Reyes
                             (The Philippines)

Colombo Plan membership (28)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
28 Nov 1950 Australia, Canada1, Ceylon2, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, United Kingdom3
1951 Cambodia4, Laos, South Vietnam5, United States
Mar 1952 Burma6, Nepal
Feb 1953  Indonesia
 5 Oct 1954 Japan, The Philippines, Thailand
1957
Greece7
 7 Oct 1957 Malaya8
1959 Singapore
1962
Italy9, Tanganyika10
Nov 1962 Bhutan, South Korea
12 Nov 1963 Afghanistan, Maldives
1966 Iran
1972 Bangladesh, Fiji
1973 Papua New Guinea
15 Jun 2004
Mongolia11, Vietnam12
20 Nov 2008
Brunei Darussalam13
25 Apr 2012
Saudi Arabia14
11 Aug 2021
Chile
1Canada withdrew 1992. 2from 1972 Sri Lanka. 3U.K. withdrew 1991. 4Cambodia withdrew 15 Jun 2004. 5from 2 Jul 1976 succeeded by Socialist Republic of Vietnam; announced Dec 1978 it did not regard itself as a member. 6from 1989 Myanmar. 7Greece withdrew 1979. 8from 1963 Malaysia. 9Italy withdrew 1964. 10Tanganyika withdrew 1964. 11Mongolia provisional member May 1998 - 15 Jun 2004. 12Vietnam provisional member 5 Nov 2001 - 15 Jun 2004. 13Brunei provisional member to 11 Oct 2012. 14Saudi Arabia provisional member to 11 Oct 2012.



Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

[former COMESA
                          flag]
Former COMESA Flag
[COMESA
                          flag]
Adopted c.2011

COMESA website
Headquarters: Lusaka
(Zambia)
COMESA Day
8 Dec (1994)
COMESA Day

21 Dec 1981                Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States 
                             (PTA) signed (ratified 30 Sep 1982).
 8 Dec 1994                Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
                             (treaty signed 9 Nov 1993).

Secretaries-general of the Preferential Trade Area
Jan 1983 - 1984            Simeon Moses Kiingi (Uganda)       (d. ....)
                             (interim)

1984 - 1990                Bax Dale Nomvete (South Africa)    (b. 1922 - d. 2000)
1990 -  8 Dec 1994         Bingu wa Mutharika (Malawi)        (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
Secretaries-general of
the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
 8 Dec 1994 - 17 Apr 1997  Bingu wa Mutharika (Malawi)        (s.a.)
17 Apr 1997 - Jun 1998     Sindiso Ndema Ngwenya (Zimbabwe)   (b. 1951)
                             (1st time)(acting)
Jun 1998 - Feb 2008        Erastus Joel O. Mwencha (Kenya)    (b. 1947) 
May 2008 - 18 Jul 2018     Sindiso Ndema Ngwenya (Zimbabwe)   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting to 30 Jun 2008)
18 Jul 2018 -              Chileshe Mpundu Kapwepwe (f)       (b. 1958)
                             (Zambia)

COMESA membership (21)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
21 Dec 1981 Angola1, Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho2, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique3, Rwanda, The Sudan, Swaziland4, Tanzania5, Uganda, Zambia, Zaire6, Zimbabwe
21 Jan 1993
Namibia7
 8 Dec 1994 Eritrea
 6 Jan 1999 Egypt
 7 Nov 2001 Seychelles 
 9 Nov 2005 Libya
18 Jul 2018
Tunisia
19 Jul 2018
Somalia
1Angola suspended itself from 14 Nov 2007. 2Lesotho withdrew 12 Nov 1997. 3Mozambique withdrew 12 Nov 1997. 4from 2018 Eswatini. 5Tanzania withdrew 2 Sep 2001. 6from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 7Namibia withdrew 9 Nov 2004.



The Commonwealth
 
[Flag of the United
                          Kingdom]
31 Dec 1931 - 26 Mar 1976
[Former Flag of the
                          Commonwealth of Nations 1976-2013]
26 Mar 1976 - Oct 2013
[Flag of the
                          Commonwealth of Nations]
Adopted Oct 2013
Commonwealth website
Statute of Westminster
  (11 Dec 1931)
Headquarters: London
(United Kingdom)
Comm. Day: 2nd Monday
 in March
Commonwealth Day
(24 May [1819]
Empire Day to 1958)

31 Dec 1931                "Statute of Westminster" creates the British 
                             Commonwealth of Nations.
27 Apr 1949                Renamed The Commonwealth.
 
1 Jul 1965                Commonwealth secretariat established.

Heads of the Commonwealth
31 Dec 1931 -              the Kings/Queen of the United Kingdom

Secretaries-general
 
1 Jul 1965 - 30 Jun 1975  Arnold Smith (Canada)              (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
 1 Jul 1975 - 30 Jun 1990  Sir Shridath "Sonny" Surendranath  (b. 1928 - d. 2024)
                            
Ramphal (Guyana)
 1 Jul 1990 -  3 Apr 2000  Emeka Anyaoku (Nigeria)            (b. 1933)
 3 Apr 2000 -  1 Apr 2008  Donald "Don" McKinnon (New Zealand)(b. 1939)
 1 Apr 2008 -  1 Apr 2016  Kamalesh Sharma (India)            (b. 1941)
 1 Apr 2016 -              Patricia Scotland, Baroness        (b. 1955)
                             Scotland of Asthal, of Asthal in
                             the County of Oxfordshire (f)
                             (U.K./Dominica)

Chairmen-in-office
12 Nov 1999 -  2 Mar 2002  Thabo Mbeki (South Africa)         (b. 1942)
 2 Mar 2002 -  5 Dec 2003  John Howard (Australia)            (b. 1939)
 5 Dec 2003 - 25 Nov 2005  Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria)        (b. 1937)
25 Nov 2005 - 23 Nov 2007  Lawrence Gonzi (Malta)             (b. 1953)
23 Nov 2007 - 27 Nov 2009  Yoweri Museveni (Uganda)           (b. 1944)
27 Nov 2009 - 25 May 2010  Patrick Manning                    (b. 1946 - d. 2016)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
26 May 2010 - 28 Oct 2011  Kamla Persad-Bissessar (f)         (b. 1952)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
28 Oct 2011 - 27 Jun 2013  Julia Gillard (f) (Australia)      (b. 1961)
27 Jun 2013 - 18 Sep 2013  Kevin Rudd (Australia)             (b. 1957)
18 Sep 2013 - 15 Nov 2013  Tony Abbott (Australia)            (b. 1957)
15 Nov 2013 -  9 Jan 2015  Mahinda Rajapakse (Sri Lanka)      (b. 1945)
 9 Jan 2015 - 27 Nov 2015  Maithripala Sirisena (Sri Lanka)   (b. 1951)
27 Nov 2015 - 12 Apr 2018  Joseph Muscat (Malta)              (b. 1974)
12 Apr 2018 -
24 Jul 2019  Theresa May (f) (U.K.)             (b. 1956)
24 Jul 2019 - 24 Jun 2022  Boris Johnson (U.K.)               (b. 1964)
24 Jun 2022 -
21 Oct 2024  Paul Kagame (Rwanda)               (b. 1957)
21 Oct 2024 -              Fiamē Naomi Mata'afa (f)(Samoa)    (b. 1957)

Commonwealth membership (56)
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
11 Dec 1931 Australia, Canada, Ireland1, New Zealand, Newfoundland2, South Africa3
United Kingdom
21 Jul 1932
Southern Rhodesia4
15 Oct 1947 India, Pakistan5
 4 Feb 1948 Ceylon6
 1 Aug 1953
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland7
 6 Mar 1957 Ghana
31 Aug 1957 Malaya8
 3 Jan 1958
Federation of the West Indies9
 1 Oct 1960 Nigeria10
13 Mar 1961 Cyprus
27 Apr 1961 Sierra Leone11
 9 Dec 1961 Tanganyika12
 6 Aug 1962 Jamaica
31 Aug 1962 Trinidad and Tobago
 9 Oct 1962 Uganda
10 Dec 1963 Zanzibar12
12 Dec 1963 Kenya
 6 Jul 1964 Malawi
21 Sep 1964 Malta
24 Oct 1964 Zambia
18 Feb 1965 The Gambia13
15 Oct 1965 Singapore
26 May 1966 Guyana
30 Sep 1966 Botswana
 4 Oct 1966 Lesotho
30 Nov 1966 Barbados
12 Mar 1968 Mauritius
 6 Sep 1968 Swaziland14
29 Nov 1968 Nauru15
 4 Jun 1970 Tonga
28 Aug 1970 Western Samoa16
10 Oct 1970 Fiji17
18 Apr 1972 Bangladesh
10 Jul 1973 The Bahamas
 7 Feb 1974 Grenada
16 Sep 1975 Papua New Guinea
28 Jun 1976 Seychelles
 7 Jul 1978 Solomon Islands
 1 Oct 1978 Tuvalu18
 3 Nov 1978 Dominica
22 Feb 1979 Saint Lucia
12 Jul 1979 Kiribati
27 Oct 1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines19
18 Apr 1980 Zimbabwe20
30 Jul 1980 Vanuatu
21 Sep 1981 Belize
 1 Nov 1981 Antigua and Barbuda
 9 Jul 1982 Maldives21
19 Sep 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 1 Jan 1984 Brunei Darussalam
21 Mar 1990 Namibia
 1 Nov 1995 Cameroon
12 Nov 1995 Mozambique
28 Nov 2009
Rwanda
25 Jun 2022
Gabon21, Togo
1Ireland withdrew 18 Apr 1949. 2Newfoundland government suspended 16 Feb 1934, merged into Canada 31 Mar 1949. 3South Africa withdrew 31 May 1961, rejoined 1 Jun 1994. 4Southern Rhodesia attended all Imperial conferences 21 Jul 1932 - 1 Aug 1953, then part of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. 5Pakistan withdrew 30 Jan 1972, rejoined 1 Oct 1989; suspended from councils 18 Oct 1999 - 22 May 2004 and 22 Nov 2007 - 12 May 2008. 6from 1972 Sri Lanka. 7dissolved 31 Dec 1963. 8from 16 Sep 1963 as Malaysia. 9dissolved on 31 May 1962. 10Nigeria suspended 11 Nov 1995 - 29 May 1999. 11Sierra Leone suspended from councils 11 Jul 1997 - 10 Mar 1998. 12Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged as Tanzania on 26 Apr 1964. 13The Gambia withdrew 3 Oct 2013, rejoined 8 Feb 2018. 14from 2018 Eswatini. 15Nauru special member to 1 May 1999 and 9 Jan 2006 - 26 Jun 2011; "member in arrears" Nov 2007 - 26 Jun 2011. 16from 1997 Samoa. 17Fiji withdrew 15 Oct 1987, rejoined 30 Sep 1997; suspended from councils 6 Jun 2000 - 20 Dec 2001, 8 Dec 2006 - 1 Sep 2009, and 14 Mar - 26 Sep 2014; fully suspended 1 Sep 2009 - 14 Mar 2014. 18Tuvalu special member to 1 Sep 2000. 19Saint Vincent special member to 1 Jun 1985. 20Zimbabwe suspended from councils 19 Mar 2002, withdrew 7 Dec 2003. 21Maldives special member to 20 Jul 1985; withdrew 13 Oct 2016; rejoined 1 Feb 2020. 22Gabon suspended from Councils 18 Sep 2023.

Date of
Admission
Associated Members of Commonwealth (2)
 4 Aug 1965
Cook Islands
19 Oct 1974
Niue



Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
 
[Commonwealth of
                        Independent States (CIS) temporary flag
                        1992-1994]
Jun 1992 - 15 Apr 1994 (unofficial)
[Commonwealth of
                          Independent States (CIS) flag]
15 Apr 1994 - 19 Jan 1996  (unofficial);
Adopted 19 Jan 1996
CIS website
Headquarters: Minsk
(Belarus)

 8 Dec 1991                 The agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of
                              Independent States (Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimyh Gosudarstv)
                              is signed by Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine (also known as the
                              Belavezha Accords).

21 Dec 1991                 CIS membership is extended to Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan,
                              Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
                              (a protocol to the Agreement of 8 Dec 1991 is signed in
                              Almaty on 21 Dec 1991, called Almaty Protocol).
20 Sep 2012                 Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area (CISFTA)
                              established. 

Coordinator of the Working Group for Organization
16 Jan 1992 - 14 May 1993  Ivan Mikhaylovich Korotchenya       (b. 1948)
                             (Ivan Mikhaylavich Karatchenya)
                             (Belarus)
Executive Secretaries
14 May 1993 - 29 Apr 1998  Ivan Mikhaylovich Korotchenya       (s.a.) 
                             (Belarus)
29 Apr 1998 -  2 Apr 1999  Boris Abramovich Berezovskiy        (b. 1946 - d. 2013)
                             (Russia)
 4 Mar 1999 -  2 Apr 1999  Ivan Mikhaylovich Korotchenya       (s.a.)
                             (acting for Berezovskiy)(Belarus) 
Chairmen of the Executive Committee - Executive Secretaries
 
2 Apr 1999 - 14 Jun 2004  Yuriy Fyodorovich Yarov (Russia)    (b. 1942)
14 Jun 2004 -  5 Oct 2007  Vladimir Borisovich Rushaylo        (b. 1953) 
                             (Rushailo)(Russia)
 5 Oct 2007 - 31 Dec 2022  Sergey Nikolayevich Lebedev (Russia)(b. 1948)
Secretary-general
 1 Jan 2023 -              Sergey Nikolayevich Lebedev (Russia)(s.a.)

CIS membership (9)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 8 Dec 1991
Belarus, Russia, Ukraine1
21 Dec 1991  Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova2, Tajikistan, Tukmenistan3, Uzbekistan
 9 Dec 1993 Georgia4
1Ukraine announced on 21 Sep 2015 it would continue taking part on a selective basis; ceased participation in statutory bodies 19 May 2018. 2Moldova ceased active participation 30 Nov 2022. 3Turkmenistan withdrew 26 Aug 2005, continued to participate as an associate member. 4Georgia withdrew 18 Aug 2009.

Date of 
Admission
Associate Member of CIS
26 Aug 2005
Turkmenistan



Communist International

[Flag of USSR, 1923-1955]
 
Comintern Constitution
(4 Mar 1919)
Headquarters: Moscow
(Soviet Union)
(Belgrade, Yugoslavia)
1947-1948; Bucharest,
Romania 1948-1956)

 4 Mar 1919                Communist International ("Comintern"), also known as the Third
                             International (Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional).
15 May 1943                Comintern dissolved.
22 Sep 1947 - 17 Apr 1956  Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties
                             (Communist Information Bureau)("Cominform")(Informatsionnoye
                             byuro kommunisticheskikh i rabochikh partiy).

Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (Comintern)
 6 Mar 1919 - 1926         Grigoriy Yevseyevich Zinovyev   (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
                             (Soviet Union)
1926 - 1929                Nikolay Ivanovich Bukharin      (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
                             (Soviet Union)
1929 - 1934                Political Secretaries
                           ([de facto] acting)
                           - Dmitriy Zakharovich Manuilskiy(b. 1883 - d. 1959)
                             (Soviet Union)(from 1931)
                           - Otto Ville Kuusinen (Finland) (b. 1881 - d. 1964) 
                             (to 1931)
                           - Georgi Mikhaylov Dimitrov     (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
                             (Bulgaria)
1934 - 1935                Georgi Mikhaylov Dimitrov       (s.a.)
                             (Bulgaria)
Secretary General of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (Comintern)
1935 - 15 May 1943         Georgi Mikhaylov Dimitrov       (s.a.)
                             (Bulgaria)

Chief Redactors
of the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform)
[only permanent structure formed was the redaction committee of Cominform publications]
1947 - 1950                Pavel Fyodorovich Yudin         (b. 1899 - d. 1968)
                             (Soviet Union)
1950 - 1953                Mark Borisovich Mitin           (b. 1901 - d. 1987)
                             (Gershkovich)(Soviet Union)



Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)

[Community of
                      Portuguese-Speaking Countries, 1996-2002]
17 Jul 1996 - 1 Aug 2002

[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]
 Adopted 1 Aug 2002

CPLP Website
Headquarters: Lisbon
(Portugal)

17 Jul 1996                Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)
                             (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) constituted.

Executive Secretaries
17 Jul 1996 - 20 Jul 2000  Marcolino José Carlos Moco (Angola) (b. 1953)
20 Jul 2000 - 16 Aug 2002  Dulce Maria Pereira (f)(Brazil)     (b. 1954)
16 Aug 2002 - 14 Apr 2004  João Augusto de Médicis (Brazil)    (b. 1936 - d. 2004)
15 Apr 2004 - 23 Jul 2004  Zeferino Alexandre Martins (interim)(b. 1955)
                             (Mozambique)
23 Jul 2004 - 23 Jul 2008  Luís de Matos Monteiro da Fonseca   (b. 1944)
                             (Cape Verde)
23 Jul 2008 - 22 Jul 2012  Domingos Simões Pereira             (b. 1963)
                             (Guinea-Bissau)
22 Jul 2012 - 25 Jan 2017  Murade Isaac Miguigy Murargy        (b. 1946)
                             (Mozambique)
25 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2018  Mar
ia do Carmo Trovoada Pires       (b. 1961)
                            
de Carvalho Silveira (f)
                            
(
São Tomé e Principe)
 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Jul 2021  Francisco Ribeiro Telles (Portugal) (b. 1953)
 1 Aug 2021 -              Zacarias Albano da Costa            (b. 1964)
                             (Timor-Leste)

Directors-general
 1 Feb 2008 -  3 Feb 2014  Hélder Jorge Vaz Gomes Lopes        (b. 1959)
                             (Guinea-Bissau)
 3 Feb 2014 - 10 Feb 2020  Georgina Maria Augusta Benrós       (b. 1953)
                             de Mello (f) (Cabo Verde)
10 Feb 2020 -              Armindo de Brito Fernandes          (b. 1962?)
                             (São Tomé e Principe)
 
CPLP membership (9)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
17 Jul 1996 Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde1, Guinea-Bissau2, Mozambique,
Portugal, São Tomé e Principe
 1 Aug 2002 East Timor3
23 Jul 2014 Equatorial Guinea4
1from 2013 Cabo Verde. 2Guinea-Bissau suspended Oct? 2012 - 23 Jun 2014. 3from 2003 Timor-Leste. 4Equatorial Guinea an associate observer 16 Jul 2006 - 23 Jul 2014.

Date of 
Admission
Associate Observers of CPLP (29)
16 Jul 2006
Mauritius
24 Jul 2008
Senegal
22 Jul 2014 Georgia, Japan, Namibia, Turkey5
 1 Nov 2016
Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Uruguay
18 Jul 2018
Andorra, Argentina, Chile, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Serbia,
United Kingdom

17 Jul 2021
Canada, Côte d'Ivoire, Greece, India, Ireland, Peru, Qatar, Romania, Spain, United States
27 Aug 2023
Paraguay
5from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye.


Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD)

[Community of Sahel-Saharan
              States (CEN-SAD)]

CEN-SAD website
Headquarters: N’Djamena (Chad)
(Tripoli
, Libya 4 Feb 1998 -
4 Feb 2020)
 
 4 Feb 1998                Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD) established
                             (Communauté des Etats Sahélo-Sahariens/Comunidade dos Estados
                             Sahelo-Saarianos/Comunidade dos Estados do Sahel-Saara
)
16 Feb 2013                Revised CEN-SAD Treaty signed.

Secretaries-general
1999 - 2012                Mohamed Al-Madani Al-Azhari (Libya)
2012 - 2013
                Ibrahim Sani Abani (Niger)         (b. 1962)
                             (acting to 18 Feb 2013)

Executive Secretaries

2013 - Apr 2021            Ibrahim Sani Abani (Niger)(interim)(s.a.)
12 Dec 2021 -              Brigi Rafini (Niger)               (b. 1953) 

 
CEN-SAD membership (24)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 4 Feb 1998
Burkina Faso, Chad, Libya, Mali, Niger, The Sudan
Apr 1999
Central African Republic, Eritrea, Nigeria
Feb 2000
Djibouti, The Gambia, Senegal
Feb 2001
Egypt, Morocco, Somalia, Tunisia
Mar 2002
Benin, Togo
May 2004
Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia1
Jun 2005
Ghana, Kenya1, São Tomé and Príncipe1, Sierra Leone
Jun 2007
Comoros, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau1
Jun 2008
Mauritania
Jun 2009 Cabo Verde1
1did not ratify the revised 2013 CEN–SAD Treaty and are no longer members.



Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

[Comprehensive Nuclear Test
                Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)]

CTBTO website
Headquarters: Vienna
(Austria)
CTBT Treaty
(10 Sep 1996)


10 Sep 1996                "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty" (CTBT) signed (it will be
                             ratified 180 days after ratification by 44 Annex 2
                             countries).
19 Nov 1996                Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
                             Organization (CTBTO) established.
17 Mar 1997                Provisional secretariat inaugurated.

Executive Secretaries of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive
Nuclear Test Ban
Organization
17 Mar 1997 - 31 Jul 2005  Wolfgang Hoffmann (Germany)         (b. 1937)
 1 Aug 2005 - 31 Jul 2013  Tibor Tóth (Hungary)                (b. 1954)
 1 Aug 2013 - 31 Jul 2021  Lassina Zerbo (Burkina Faso)        (b. 1963)
 1 Aug 2021 -             
Robert Floyd (Australia)            (b. 1958?)

CTBT Ratifications and CTBTO membership (178)
Date of
Ratification
Ratifying Nations
10 Oct 1996
Fiji
 3 Mar 1997
Qatar
29 May 1997
Uzbekistan
 8 Jul 1997
Japan
25 Jul 1997
Federated States of Micronesia
 8 Aug 1997
Mongolia
11 Sep 1997
Czech Republic
12 Nov 1997
Peru
20 Feb 1998
Turkmenistan
 3 Mar 1998
Slovakia
13 Mar 1998
Austria
 6 Apr 1998
France, United Kingdom
10 Jun 1998
Tajikistan
 9 Jul 1998
Australia
24 Jul 1998
Brazil
31 Jul 1998
Spain
19 Aug 1998
Grenada
20 Aug 1998
Germany
25 Aug 1998
Jordan
11 Sep 1998
El Salvador
 2 Dec 1998
Sweden
 4 Dec 1998
Argentina
18 Dec 1998
Canada, Monaco
21 Dec 1998
Denmark
15 Jan 1999
Finland
 1 Feb 1999
Italy
 2 Feb 1999
Azerbaijan
19 Mar 1999
New Zealand
23 Mar 1999
The Netherlands, Panama
30 Mar 1999
South Africa
21 Apr 1999
Greece
25 May 1999
Poland
26 May 1999
Luxembourg
 9 Jun 1999
Senegal
29 Jun 1999
Belgium
13 Jul 1999
Hungary
15 Jul 1999
Ireland, Norway
 4 Aug 1999
Mali
13 Aug 1999
Estonia
31 Aug 1999
Slovenia
14 Sep 1999
Lesotho
24 Sep 1999
South Korea
29 Sep 1999
Bulgaria
 1 Oct 1999
Switzerland
 4 Oct 1999
Bolivia
 5 Oct 1999
Mexico, Romania
 7 Feb 2000
Lithuania
16 Feb 2000
Turkey1
 8 Mar 2000
Bangladesh
14 Mar 2000
Macedonia2
17 Apr 2000
Morocco
26 Jun 2000
Iceland, Portugal
30 Jun 2000
Russia3
12 Jul 2000
Chile
 7 Sep 2000
Kiribati, Maldives
13 Sep 2000
Belarus
18 Sep 2000
United Arab Emirates
20 Sep 2000
Gabon
 5 Oct 2000
Laos
10 Nov 2000
Cambodia
30 Nov 2000
Kenya
 5 Dec 2000
Nicaragua
23 Feb 2001
The Philippines, Ukraine
 2 Mar 2001
Croatia
 6 Mar 2001
Benin
 7 Mar 2001
Guyana
14 Mar 2001
Uganda
 5 Apr 2001
Saint Lucia
29 Jun 2001
Namibia
18 Jul 2001
Holy See
23 Jul 2001
Malta
17 Sep 2001
Sierra Leone
21 Sep 2001
Uruguay
25 Sep 2001
Costa Rica
27 Sep 2001
Nigeria
 4 Oct 2001
Paraguay
10 Nov 2001
Singapore
12 Nov 2001
Ecuador, Nauru
13 Nov 2001
Jamaica
20 Nov 2001
Latvia
12 Mar 2002
San Marino
17 Apr 2002
Burkina Faso
13 May 2002
Venezuela
14 May 2002
Kazakhstan
 9 Sep 2002
Niger
27 Sep 2002
Georgia, Samoa
28 Oct 2002
Botswana
11 Mar 2003
Côte d'Ivoire
23 Apr 2003
Albania
30 Apr 2003
Mauritania
 6 May 2003
Kuwait
13 Jun 2003
Oman
11 Jul 2003
Algeria
18 Jul 2003
Cyprus
24 Sep 2003
Afghanistan
 2 Oct 2003
Kyrgyzstan
30 Oct 2003
Honduras
11 Nov 2003
Eritrea
 6 Jan 2004
Libya
26 Mar 2004
Belize
12 Apr 2004
Bahrain
13 Apr 2004
Seychelles
19 May 2004
Serbia
10 Jun 2004
The Sudan
 2 Jul 2004
Togo
21 Sep 2004
Liechtenstein
23 Sep 2004
Tunisia
28 Sep 2008
Congo (Kinshasa)
30 Sep 2004
Tanzania
30 Nov 2004
Rwanda
27 Apr 2005
Saint Kitts and Nevis
15 Jul 2005
Djibouti
 6 Sep 2005
Cook Islands
15 Sep 2005
Madagascar
16 Sep 2005
Vanuatu
 1 Dec 2005
Haiti
11 Jan 2006
Antigua and Barbuda
 6 Feb 2006
Cameroon
 7 Feb 2006
Suriname
23 Feb 2006
Zambia
 1 Mar 2006
Cape Verde4
10 Mar 2006
Vietnam
12 Jul 2006
Andorra, Armenia
 8 Aug 2006
Ethiopia
23 Oct 2006
Montenegro
26 Oct 2006
Bosnia and Hercegovina
16 Jan 2007
Moldova
 7 Aug 2007
Palau
 4 Sep 2007
Dominican Republic
30 Nov 2007
The Bahamas
14 Jan 2008
Barbados
17 Jan 2008
Malaysia
29 Jan 2008
Colombia
24 Sep 2008
Burundi
 4 Nov 2008
Mozambique
21 Nov 2008
Lebanon, Malawi
17 Aug 2009
Liberia
23 Sep 2009
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
28 Oct 2009
Marshall Islands
26 May 2010
Central Africa Republic, Trindad and Tobago
14 Jun 2011
Ghana
22 Sep 2011
Guinea
12 Jan 2012
Guatemala
 6 Feb 2012
Indonesia
10 Jan 2013
Brunei Darussalam
 8 Feb 2013
Chad
24 Sep 2013
Guinea-Bissau
27 Sep 2013
Iraq
 4 Mar 2014
Niue
 2 Sep 2014
Congo (Brazzaville)
20 Mar 2015
Angola
21 Sep 2016
Myanmar, Swaziland5
25 Sep 2018
Thailand
13 Feb 2019
Zimbabwe
 4 Feb 2021
Cuba
19 Feb 2021
Comoros
27 Mar 2022
The Gambia
31 Mar 2022
Tuvalu
30 Jun 2022
Dominica
 1 Aug 2022
Timor-Leste
21 Sep 2022
Equatorial Guinea
22 Sep 2022
São Tomé and Príncipe
20 Jan 2023
Solomon Islands
25 Jul 2023
Sri Lanka
13 Mar 2024
Papua New Guinea
1from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 2Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019 North Macedonia. 3Russia withdrew its ratification of Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on 8 Nov 2023. 4from 2013 Cabo Verde. 5from 2018 Eswatini.
 
Annex 2 states that have not ratified the CTBT
China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, United States.


Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)

[Council of the Baltic Sea
              States flag]

CBSS Website
Headquarters: Stockholm
(Sweden) 

 5 Mar 1992                Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) created.
29 Jan 1998                Secretariat established.

Directors-general of the Permanent Secretariat
15 Aug 1998 - 15 Sep 2002  Jacek Starościak (Poland)          (b. 1947 - d. 2021)
15 Sep 2002 -  1 Sep 2005  Hannu Halinen (Finland)            (b. 1947)
 1 Sep 2005 -  1 Sep 2010  Gabriele Kötschau (f)(Germany)     (b. 1950)
 1 Sep 2010 - 30 Jun 2016  Jan Lundin (Sweden)                (b. 1963)
 1 Jul 2016 - 31 Aug 2016  Bernd Hemingway (Germany) (acting)
 1 Sep 2016 - 31 Aug 2021  Maira Mora (f) (Latvia)            (b. 1955)
 1 Sep 2021 -              Grzegorz Marek Poznański (Poland)  (b. 1971)

CBSS membership (10)
 Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 5 Mar 1992
Denmark, Estonia, European Commission, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia1, Sweden
18 May 1995
Iceland
 1Russia suspended from 3 Mar 2022, withdrew 17 May 2022.



Council of Europe (CE)
 
[European 12 stars
                          flag, used by Council of Europe]
Adopted 9 Dec 1955

CE website
Headquarters: Strasbourg
(France)
Hear CE Anthem
"Ode to Joy"
Adopted 5 May 1972
CE Day: 5 May (1949)
Europe Day

 5 May 1949                Council of Europe

Secretaries-general
11 Aug 1949 - 17 Jul 1953  Jacques Camille Paris (France)     (b. 1902 - d. 1953)
21 Sep 1953 - 24 Sep 1956  Léon Marchal (France)              (b. 1900 - d. 1956)
15 Sep 1957 - 15 Mar 1964  Lodovico Benvenuti (Italy)         (b. 1899 - d. 1966)
16 Mar 1964 - 15 Sep 1969  Peter Henry Berry Otway Smithers   (b. 1913 - d. 2006)
                             (U.K.)
16 Sep 1969 - 16 Sep 1974  Lujo Tončić-Sorinj (Austria)       (b. 1915 - d. 2005)
17 Sep 1974 - 17 Sep 1979  Georg Kahn-Ackermann (W. Germany)  (b. 1918 - d. 2008)
 1 Oct 1979 -  1 Oct 1984  Franz Karasek (Austria)            (b. 1924 - d. 1986)
 1 Oct 1984 -  1 Jun 1989  Marcelino Oreja y Aguirre (Spain)  (b. 1935)
 1 Jun 1989 - 31 May 1994  Catherine Lalumière (f) (France)   (b. 1935)
20 Jun 1994 -  1 Sep 1999  Nils Daniel Tarschys (Sweden)      (b. 1943)
 1 Sep 1999 -  1 Sep 2004  Walter Schwimmer (Austria)         (b. 1942)
 1 Sep 2004 -  1 Sep 2009  Terence "Terry" Anthony Gordon     (b. 1938)
                             Davis (U.K.) 
 1 Sep 2009 -  1 Oct 2009  Maud de Boer-Buquicchio (f)        (b. 1944)
                             (The Netherlands) (acting)
 1 Oct 2009 -
18 Sep 2019  Thorbjørn Jagland (Norway)         (b. 1950)
18 Sep 2019 -
18 Sep 2024  Marija Pejčinović Burić (f)        (b. 1963)
                             (Croatia)
18 Sep 2024 -              Alain Berset (Switzerland)         (b. 1972)

Presidents of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)
10 Aug 1949                Édouard Marie Herriot (France)     (b. 1872 - d. 1957)  Lib
                             (honorary)
11 Aug 1949 - 11 Dec 1951  Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (Belgium) (b. 1899 - d. 1972)  Soc
26 May 1952 - 19 May 1954  François de Menthon (France)       (b. 1900 - d. 1984)  CD
20 May 1954 - 15 Apr 1956  Alcide Guy Mollet (France)         (b. 1905 - d. 1975)  Soc
16 Apr 1956 - 20 Apr 1959  Fernand Louis Jean Dehousse        (b. 1906 - d. 1976)  Soc
                             (Belgium)
21 Apr 1959 - 23 Nov 1959  Lewis John Edwards (U.K.)          (b. 1904 - d. 1959)  Soc
25 Apr 1960 -  5 May 1963  Per Torben Federspiel (Denmark)    (b. 1905 - d. 1994)  Lib
 6 May 1963 -  1 May 1966  Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin        (b. 1907 - d. 2000)  CD
                             (France)
 2 May 1966 - 11 May 1969  Sir Geoffrey Stanley de Freitas    (b. 1913 - d. 1982)  Soc
                             (U.K.)
12 May 1969 - 14 May 1972  Olivier Reverdin (Switzerland)     (b. 1913 - d. 2000)  Lib
15 May 1972 - 20 Apr 1975  Giuseppe Vedovato (Italy)          (b. 1912 - d. 2012)  CD
21 Apr 1975 - 23 Apr 1978  Karl Czernetz (Austria)            (b. 1910 - d. 1978)  Soc
24 Apr 1978 - 10 May 1981  Henri Johan de Koster              (b. 1914 - d. 1992)  Lib
                             (The Netherlands)
11 May 1981 - 24 Apr 1983  José María de Areilza y Martínez 
  (b. 1909 - d. 1998)  Dem
                             de Rodas (Spain)
25 Apr 1983 - 20 Apr 1986  Karl Ahrens (Germany)              (b. 1924 - d. 2015)  Soc
21 Apr 1986 -  7 May 1989  Louis Jung (France)                (b. 1917 - d. 2015)  CD
 8 May 1989 - 24 Nov 1991  Anders Per-Arne Björck (Sweden)    (b. 1944)            Lib
25 Nov 1991 -  3 May 1992  Sir Geoffrey Finsberg (U.K.)       (b. 1926 - d. 1996)  ED
 4 May 1992 - 21 Jan 1996  Miguel 
Ángel Martínez Martínez     (b. 1940)            Soc
                             (Spain)
22 Jan 1996 - 24 Jan 1999  Leni Fischer (f)(Germany)          (b. 1935 - d. 2022)  CD
25 Jan 1999 - 20 Jan 2002  David Russell-Johnston, Baron      (b. 1932 - d. 2008)  Lib
                             Russell-Johnston
(U.K.)
21 Jan 2002 - 23 Jan 2005  Peter Schieder (Austria)           (b. 1941 - d. 2013)  Soc
24 Jan 2005 - 20 Jan 2008  Pierre René Hubert Marie van der   (b. 1943)            CD
                             Linden (The Netherlands) 
21 Jan 2008 - 24 Jan 2010  Lluís Maria de Puig i Olivé (Spain)(b. 1945 - d. 2012)  Soc
25 Jan 2010 - 23 Jan 2012  Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
(Turkey)          (b. 1968)            Con
23 Jan 2012 - 26 Jan 2014  Jean-Claude Mignon (France)        (b. 1950)            EPP
27 Jan 2014 - 24 Jan 2016  Anne Brasseur (f)(Luxembourg)      (b. 1950)            ALDE
25 Jan 2016 -  6 Oct 2017  Pedro Agramunt (Spain)             (b. 1951)            EPP
 6 Oct 2017 - 10 Oct 2017  Sir Roger James Gale (U.K.)(acting)(b. 1943)            EC
10 Oct 2017 - 21 Jan 2018  Stélla Kyriakídes (f) (Cyprus)     (b. 1956)            EPP
22 Jan 2018 - 25 Jun 2018  Michele Nicoletti (Italy)          (b. 1956)            Soc
25 Jun 2018 - 27 Jan 2020  Liliane Maury Pasquier (f)         (b. 1956)            Soc
                             (Switzerland)
27 Jan 2020 - 24 Jan 2022  Hendrik "Rik" Daems (Belgium)      (b. 1959)            RE
24 Jan 2022 - 22 Jan 2024  Martinus
"Tiny" Josephus Maria Kox (b. 1953)            UEL
                             (The Netherlands)
22 Jan 2024 -              Theódoros Rousópoulos (Greece)     (b. 1963)            EPP

Presidents of the European Court of Human Rights
21 Jan 1959 -  3 May 1965  Arnold Duncan McNair, Baron McNair
(b. 1885 - d. 1975)
                             (U.K.)                          
20 May 1965 - 15 Jun 1968  René Samuel Cassin (France)        (b. 1887 - d. 1976)
27 Sep 1968 -  5 May 1971  Henri Marthe Sylvie Rolin (Belgium)(b. 1891 - d. 1973)
 5 May 1971 - 21 Jan 1974  Sir Claud Humphrey Meredith Waldock(b. 1904 - d. 1981)
                             (U.K.)    
 8 May 1974 -  9 Dec 1980  Giorgio Balladore Pallieri (Italy) (b. 1905 - d. 1980)
30 Jan 1981 - 30 May 1985  Gérard Johannes Wiarda             (b. 1906 - d. 1988)
                             (The Netherlands)
30 May 1985 - 18 Feb 1998  Rolv Einar Rasmussen Ryssdal       (b. 1914 - d. 1998)
                             (Norway)
24 Mar 1998 - 31 Oct 1998  Rudolf Bernhardt (Germany)         (b. 1925 - d. 2021)
 1 Nov 1998 - 18 Jan 2007  Luzius Wildhaber (Switzerland)     (b. 1937 - d. 2020)
19 Jan 2007 -  3 Nov 2011  Jean-Paul Costa (France)           (b. 1941 - d. 2023)
 4 Nov 2011 - 31 Oct 2012  Sir Nicolas Dusan Bratza (U.K.)    (b. 1945)
 1 Nov 2012 - 31 Oct 2015  Dean Spielmann (Luxembourg)        (b. 1962)
 1 Nov 2015 -  5 May 2019  Guido Raimondi (Italy)             (b. 1953)
 5 May 2019 -
17 May 2020  Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos         (b. 1960)
                             (Greece)
18 May 2020 - 31 Oct 2022  Róbert Ragnar Spanó (Iceland)      (b. 1972)
 1 Nov 2022 -  1 Jul 2024  Síofra O'Leary (f) (Ireland)       (b. 1968)
 2 Jul 2024 -              Marko Bošnjak (Slovenia)           (b. 1974)

Commissioners for Human Rights
15 Oct 1999 - 31 Mar 2006  Álvaro Gil-Robles y Gil-Delgado    (b. 1944)

                             (Spain)
 1 Apr 2006 - 31 Mar 2012  Thomas Hammarberg (Sweden)         (b. 1942)
 1 Apr 2012 - 31 Mar 2018  Nils Muižnieks (Latvia)            (b. 1964)
 1 Apr 2018 - 31 Mar 2024  Dunja Mijatović (f)                (b. 1964)
                             (Bosnia-Hercegovina)
 1 Apr 2024 -              Michael O' Flaherty (Ireland)      (b. 1959)

CE membership (46) 
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
 5 May 1949 Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom
 9 Aug 1949 Greece1
 3 Mar 1950 Iceland
13 Apr 1950 Turkey2
13 Jul 1950 (West) Germany3
16 Apr 1956 Austria
24 May 1961 Cyprus
 6 May 1963 Switzerland
29 Apr 1965 Malta
22 Sep 1976 Portugal
24 Nov 1977 Spain
23 Nov 1978 Liechtenstein
16 Nov 1988 San Marino
 5 May 1989 Finland
 6 Nov 1990 Hungary
21 Jan 1991
Czechoslovakia4
29 Nov 1991 Poland
 7 May 1992 Bulgaria
14 May 1993 Estonia, Lithuania, Slovenia
30 Jun 1993 Czech Republic, Slovakia
 7 Oct 1993 Romania
10 Oct 1994 Andorra
10 Feb 1995 Latvia
13 Jul 1995 Albania, Moldova
 9 Nov 1995 Macedonia5, Ukraine
28 Feb 1996 Russia6
 6 Nov 1996 Croatia
27 Apr 1999 Georgia
25 Jan 2001 Armenia, Azerbaijan
24 Apr 2002 Bosnia and Hercegovina
 3 Apr 2003 Serbia and Montenegro7
 5 Oct 2004 Monaco
11 May 2007
Montenegro
1Greece withdrew 12 Dec 1969, rejoined 28 Nov 1974. 2from 1 Jun 2022 Türkiye. 3(West) Germany an associate member to 2 May 1951. 4Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992. 5as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 2019; from 2 Feb 2019, North Macedonia. 6Russia voting rights suspended 10 Apr 2014 - 25 Jun 2019; suspended from rights of representation 25 Feb 2022; withdrew 15 Mar 2022 to be effective 31 Dec 2022; expelled 16 Mar 2022. 7from 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia.

Date of
Admission
Associate Member of CE
13 Jul 1950
Saarland8
8Saarland withdrew 31 Dec 1956, part of (West) Germany 1 Jan 1957.

Party abbreviations: Soc = Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group (named Socialist Group to Aug 2017); EC = European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance (conservative, former ED, to 2019 named European Conservatives Group, est.2014); EPP = Group of European People's Party (center-right, christian democratic, 1999-2009 named Group of European People's Party-European Democrats [EPP-ED], est.8 Jul 1976); RE = Renew Europe/Renouveler l'Europe (liberal, centrist, former ALDE, est.20 Jun 2019); UEL = Group of the Unified European Left (left-wing, est.2004);
- Former groupings: ALDE = Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe (liberal and centrist, former ELDR, est.20 Jul 2004-20 Jun 2019, renamed RE); CD = Christian Democrat Group (1965-1976); Cen = Centrist; Con = Conservative; Dem = Democrat; ED = European Democrats Group (conservative, 1970-1979 named Group of Independent Representatives, conservative, Eurosceptic, 17 Jul 1979-1 May 1992, 2009-2014, renamed EC); Lib = Liberals and Allies Group (liberal, named 1976-13 Dec 1985 Liberal and Democratic Group, 13 Dec 1985-19 Jul 1994 named Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group, from 19 Jul 1994 named Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party, 23 Jun 1953 - 20 Jul 2004, renamed ALDE) 

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA/COMECON)
 

[Council for Mutual
                        Economic Assistance (CMEA/COMECON) speculative
                        flag 1949-1991]
 23 Jan 1949 - 28 Jun 1991

Headquarters: Moscow
(Soviet Union)
CMEA Charter
(14 Dec 1959)

 8 Jan 1949                Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)("COMECON")
                             (Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi)
established by U.S.S.R.
                             and other communist bloc nations.

Jul 1971                   Comprehensive Program for the Further Extension and Improvement
                             of Cooperation and the Further Development of Socialist
                             Economic Integration by the Comecon Member Countries adopted.
17-18 Dec 1985             Comprehensive Program for Scientific and Technical Progress
                             up to the Year 2000 adopted.
28 Jun 1991                COMECON agrees to dissolve in 90 days (effective 28 Aug 1991).

Secretaries to the Council (all from Soviet Union)
26 Apr 1949 - 24 Nov 1950  Aleksandr Ivanovich Loshchakov     (b. 1910 - d. 2010)
24 Nov 1950 - 20 May 1958  Aleksandr A. Pavlov 
20 May 1958 - 20 Oct 1983  Nikolay Vasilyevich Fadeyev        (b. 1911 - d. ....)
                             (Faddeyev
20 Oct 1983 - 28 Aug 1991  Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Sychev    (b. 1933 - d. 2023)
                             (Sychyov)

COMECON membership 
Date of
Admission
Member Nations
25 Jan 1949 Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet
Union 
21 Feb 1949 Albania1
29 Sep 1950 East Germany2
 7 Jun 1962 Mongolia
11 Jul 1972 Cuba
29 Jun 1978 Vietnam
1Albania inactive since Dec 1961, but did not formally withdraw. 2East Germany withdrew 2 Oct 1990.

Date of
Admission
Associate Member of Comecon
17 Sep 1964
Yugoslavia


Customs Cooperation Council (CCC): see World Customs Organization (WCO)


Danube Commission
 

[European
                          Commission of the Danube (CED) flag
                          1878-1948]
1878 - 1948 CED Flag
(in use from c.1861)
[Danube Commission
                          Official flag]
Adopted 14 Dec 1950
[Danube
                          Commission Official flag, reverse]
Reverse
DC website
Headquarters: Budapest (Hungary)
(Galați/Galatz, Romania
  1856-1954; Technical Cmte. HQ: Sulina, Romania 1856-1938)

30 Mar 1856                European Commission of the Danube (Commission Européenne
                             du Danube
)(CED)(first meets on 4 Nov 1856) created by the
                             Treaty of Paris at the close of the Crimean War (the CED's
                             term extended 24 Apr 1866, 13 Mar 1871, and 10 Mar 1883).
 2 Nov 1865                Public Act placed the CED ", its officers, works and establishments
                             under the protection of international law."
13 Jul 1878                Treaty of Berlin provided CED act "completely independently from
                             the territorial government."
 7 May 1918 - Nov 1918     Commission of the Mouth (Estuary) of the Danube, created by the
                             Central Powers (members:
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany,
                             Ottoman Empire, and Rumania).
Nov 1918 - 1919            Allies form the Commandement de la Navigation du Danube, with
                             Ernest Troubridge (U.K.)(b. 1862 - d. 1926) as Admiral Commanding
                             on the Danube.
23 Jul 1921                European Commission of the Danube (Commission Européenne
                             du Danube)(CED)(revived), created by the Definitive Statute of
                             the Danube, provided for in the Treaty of Versailles (effective
                             30 Jun 1922).
23 Jul 1921 - 12 Sep 1940  International Commission of the Danube (CID)(Commission
                             Internationale du Danube
) created to administer the upper Danube
                             River (from
Brăila, Rumania to Ulm, Germany)(members: Austria to
                             13 Mar 1938, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia to 15 Mar 1939, France,
                             Italy, Germany to 14 Nov 1936, Rumania, and U.K.).
18 Aug 1938                "Sinaia Arrangement" ends the supranational power the CED had
                             hitherto exercised over the Maritime Danube (ratified 9 May 1939)
12 Sep 1940 - 1944         Council of the Fluvial Danube (for the Danube from Brăila, Rumania
                             to Bratislava, Slovakia), in Vienna chaired by Germany (members:
                             Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Rumania,
Slovakia, Yugoslavia
                            
[to 17 Apr 1941], and Soviet Union [20 Feb - Jun 1941]).
10 Feb 1947                Paris Peace Treaties signed by the Allies with Romania, Hungary,
                             and Bulgaria guarantee free navigation of the Danube River.
18 Aug 1948                The Danube Commission (DC)(Commission du Danube/Donaukommission/
                             Dunayskaya Komissiya
) created by the Belgrade Convention
                             (enters into force 11 May 1949, first meeting on 11 Nov 1949).
23 Apr 1977                France,
Greece, Italy, U.K, with Romania in Rome transfer and
                             redistribute the assets of the former CED (in force 4 Feb 1981).

Secretary-general of the Central Office (Bureau Central)
Jul 1857 - 1872            Édmond Mohler (France)             (d. 1883)
Secretaries-general of the Internal Administration
1872 - 1873                Édmond Mohler (1st time)(France)   (s.a.)
1874 - 1878                E. de Wolf (Wolff)(Germany)
                             (1st time)
1878 - 1883                Édmond Mohler (2nd time)(France)   (s.a.)

1883 - 1888                E. de Wolf (Wolff)(Germany)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
Secretaries of the Internal Administration
1888 - 1892                Henri Bellanger (France)
1892 - 1903                Auguste Gauvain (France)
           (b. 1861 - d. 1931)
1903 - 21 Mar 1906        
J.M. Savoye (France)               (b. 18.. - d. 1906)
1906 - 1908                Gaston Donnet (France)             (b. 1867 - d. 1908)
1908 - 1911                Gustave Demorgny (France)          (b. 1869 - d. 1937)
1911 - 1913                Francis Rey (France)
Secretaries-general of the European Commission of the Danube

1913 - 1938                Francis Rey (France)
1938 - 194.                Étienne Thilly (France)
Secretary of the Danube Commission

Nov 1949 - 1953            Grigoriy Nikolayevich Morozov  
                             (Soviet Union)
Directors of the Secretariat and Operational Services of the Danube Commission
1953 - 1960                Kiril Halachev (Bulgaria)
         (b. 1900 - d. 1972)
1960 - 1963                Martin Rusu (Romania)
1963 - 1966                Nae Androne (Romania)
1966 - 1972                Luka Yakovlevich Kapikrayan        (b. 1913 - d. 1988)
                             (Soviet Union)
Directors of the Secretariat of the Danube Commission
1972 - 1978                György Antal Fekete (Hungary)      (b. 1919 - d. 1996)
1978 - 1984                Ľudovít
Kincel (Czechoslovakia)  
1984 - 1990                Đorđe (Djordje) Lalošević          (b. 1928 - d. 1996)
                             (Yugoslavia)  

1990 - 1994                Hellmuth Strasser (Austria)        (b. 1934 - d. 2019)
Directors-general
of the Secretariat of the Danube Commission
1994 - 2000                Hellmuth Strasser (Austria)        (s.a.)

 1 Jul 2000 - 2007         Danail Nedialkov
(Bulgaria)        (b. 1954)
2007 - 2013                István Valkár (Hungary)            (b. 1950)
 1 Jul 2013 - 30 Jun 2019  Petar Margić (Croatia)             (b. 1953)
 1 Jul 2019 -              Manfred Seitz (Austria)            (b. 1963)

Presidents of the Danube Commission
Nov 1949 - 1950            Teodor Rudenco (Romania)           (b. 1909 - d. 1967)
1950 - 1954                Grigore Preoteasa (Romania)        (b. 1915 - d. 1957)
1954 - 1957                Endre Sik (Hungary)                (b. 1891 - d. 1978)
1957 - 1960                Karel Štekl (Czechoslovakia)       (b. 1911 - d. ....)
1960 - 1961                Slavoljub Petrović (Yugoslavia)    (b. 1920 - d. 2013)
1961 - 1963                Mustafa Vilović (Yugoslavia)       (b. 1917 - d. 19..)
1963 - 1965                Georgiy Apollinaryevich Denisov    (b. 1909 - d. 1996) 
                             (Soviet Union)
1965 - 1966                Fyodor Yegorovich Titov            (b. 1910 - d. 1989) 
                             (Soviet Union)
1966 - 1969                Vassil Bogdanov (Bulgaria)         (b. c.1913)
1969 - 1972                Kurt Enderl (Austria)              (b. 1913 - d. 1985)
1972 - 1975                Ioan "Ion" Cotoţ (Romania)         (b. 1921)
1975 - 1978                Václav Moravec (Czechoslovakia) 
1978 - 1981                István Roska (Hungary)             (b. 1926 - d. 2008)
1981 - 1984                Radovan Urošev (Yugoslavia)        (b. 1919 - d. 2004)
1984 - 1985                Vladimir Nikolayevich Bazovskiy    (b. 1917 - d. 1993)
                             (Soviet Union)          
1985 - 1987                Boris Ivanovich Stukalin
          (b. 1923 - d. 2004)
                             (Soviet Union)  

1987 - 1989                Venelin Todorov Kotsev
(Bulgaria)  (b. 1926 - d. 2002)
1989 - 1990                Vesselin Filev
(Bulgaria)
1990 - 1991                Simion Pop (Romania)               (b. 1930 - d. 2008)
1991 - 1993                Ion Diaconu (Romania)              (b. 1938)
1993 - 1996                Gy
örgy Misur (Hungary)             (b. 1933 - d. 2021)
1996 - 1999                Eva Mitrov
á (f)(Slovakia)          (b. 1937)
1999 - 2000                Július Hauser
(Slovakia)           (b. 1953)
2000 - 2002                Hellmuth Strasser (Austria)        (s.a.)
2002 - 2005                Stanko Nick (Croatia)              (b. 1935 - d. 2010)
May 2005 - 2008            Milovan Božinović (Serbia)         (b. 1947)
2008 - 14 Dec 2009         Igor Sergeyevich Savolskiy         (b. 1943 - d. 2020)

                             (Russia)
28 Dec 2009 - 4 Jun 2011   Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Tolkach   (b. 1948)

                             (Russia)
 4 Jun 2011 - 30 May 2012  Dimitar Ikonomov (Bulgaria)        (b. 1955)
30 May 2012 -  3 Jun 2014  Biserka Benisheva (f) (Bulgaria)   (b. 1953)
 3 Jun 2014 -  9 Jun 2017  Rade Drobac (Serbia)               (b. 1950)
 9 Jun 2017 -
11 Dec 2020  Gordan Grlić Radman (Croatia)      (b. 1958)
11 Dec 2020 -              Liubov Vasilovna Nepop (f)(Ukraine)(b. 1971)

Danube Commission membership (11)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
11 May 1949 Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia1, Hungary, Romania,
Soviet Union2, Ukrainian S.S.R.3, Yugoslavia4
 7 Jan 1960
Austria
 1 Jan 1993
Slovakia
26 Mar 1998
Croatia, Germany, Moldova
 4 Feb 2003
Serbia4
1Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 membership succeeded by Slovakia. 2Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, membership succeeded by Russia; Russia suspended from 17 Mar 2022. 3from 1991 Ukraine. 4from 4 Feb 2003 called Serbia and Montenegro; on 5 Jun 2006 succeeded by Serbia.

European Commission of the Danube (CED) membership 1856-1948
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
30 Mar 1856
Austria1, France, Prussia2, Russia3, Sardinia4, Ottoman Empire5, United Kingdom
13 Jul 1878
Rumania
13 May 1939
Germany2
1as Austria-Hungary 21 Dec 1867-31 Oct 1918; membership terminated 10 Jan 1920. 2from 1 Jan 1871 Germany; membership terminated 10 Jan 1920, re-joined 13 May 1939. 3Russia membership terminated 10 Jan 1920. 4from 17 Mar 1861 Italy. 5Ottoman membership terminated 10 Jan 1920.



Dutch Language Union (Taalunie) (DLU)

[Dutch Language Union
              (Nederlandse Taalunie) logo flag]

DLU website
Headquarters: The Hague
 (The Netherlands)

 9 Sep 1980                Treaty on the Dutch Language Union signed.
 1 Apr 1982                Dutch Language Union (Nederlandse Taalunie).

Secretaries-general
 1 Jan 1982 -  1 Apr 1984  Bernard J.E.M. de Hoog             (b. 1918 - d. 1984)
                             (The Netherlands)
1984 - 1992                Oscar de Wandel (Belgium/Flemish)  (b. 1947)
 1 Mar 1993 - 31 Dec 1997  Greetje van den Bergh (f)          (b. 1947)
                             (The Netherlands)
 1 Jan 1998 -  1 Apr 1998  Johanna Lamberdina Maria "Joep"    (b. 1939 - d. 2017)
                             Baartmans-van den Boogaart (f)
                             (The Netherlands)(acting)
 1 Apr 1998 - Sep 2004     Koen "Piet" Jaspaert               (b. 1957)
                             (Belgium/Flemish)
 1 Nov 2004 - 24 Apr 2012  Linde van den Bosch (f)            (b. 1963)
                             (The Netherlands)
24 Apr 2012 -  1 Jan 2013  Marc le Clercq (The Netherlands)
                           + Michel Penders (Belgium/Flemish)
                           (acting)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Aug 2016  Geert Joris (Belgium/Flemish)      (b. 1960)
 1 Sep 2016 - 31 Jan 2017  Maya Rispens (f)(The Netherlands)
                           + Kevin De Coninck (Belgium/Flemish)
                           (acting)
 1 Feb 2017 - 29 Feb 2020  Hans Bennis (The Netherlands)      (b. 1951)
 1 Mar 2020 -  8 Jun 2023  Kris Van de Poel (f)               (b. 1950)
                             (Belgium/Flemish)
 9 Jun 2023 -  1 Jul 2023  Gerbert Gerrit Pieter Grades Kunst (b. 1966)
                             (The Netherlands)
                           + Leander Price (Belgium/Flemish)
                           + Catia Cucchiarini (f)(Netherlands)
                             (acting for Kunst)
                           + Steven Vanhooren (Belgium/Flemish)
                             (acting for Price)
                           (acting)
 1 Jul 2023 -              Luc Delrue (Belgium/Flemish)       (b. 1958)
                             (interim)

DLU membership (3)
Date of 
Admission
Members
 1 Apr 1982
Flemish Community (Belgium), The Netherlands1
12 Dec 2003
Suriname2
1from 27 Nov 2013 membership extended to include the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius). On 8 Feb 2019 Aruba, Curaçao and Sint-Maarten sign Declaration of Intent for Dutch as a Foreign Language. 2Suriname an associate member.



East African Community (EAC)
 
[East African
                          High Commission and East African Common
                          Services Organization (EACSO) flag 1961-1968]
1961 - 1968 EACSO
[former East
                          African Community flag 1968-1977]
5 Nov 1968 - 1 Jul 1977 EAC
[East African
                          Community (EAC) flag]
Adopted 1 May 1997
EAC website
Headquarters: Arusha
(Tanzania)
(
EAC: Arusha 1967-77;
EAHC and EACSO:
Nairobi, Kenya
1948-1967)
EAC Anthem
"Wimbo wa Jumuiya
Afrika Mashariki"
(East African
Community Anthem)
Adopted 3 Dec 2010
ECA Day: 30 Nov (1993)
East African
Community  Day

 1 Jan 1948                East Africa High Commission (EAHC) established (by the East
                             Africa [High Commission] Order-in-Council, 19 Dec 1947).
 9 Dec 1961                East African Common Services Organization (EACSO)(replacing
                             the East Africa High Commission). 

 6 Jun 1967                East African Community (EAC) established (treaty signed on
                             1 Dec 1967).

 1 Jul 1977                EAC dissolved.
30 Nov 1993                "Agreement establishing the Permanent Commission for East
                             African Co-operation" signed.
14 Mar 1996                Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East
                             African Co-operation
inaugurated.
30 Nov 1999                "Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community"
                             signed (enters into force 7 Jul 2000).
 
7 Jul 2000                East African Community re-established (formal launch 15 Jan 2001).
30 Nov 2001                East African Legislative Assembly and East African Court of
                             Justice established.

 1 Jan 2005                EAC Customs Union operational (common market 1 Jan 2010).

Chairmen of the East Africa High Commission
 1 Jan 1948 -  9 Dec 1961  the governors of Kenya
Secretaries-general
of the East African Common Services Organization
 
9 Dec 1961 - Mar 1962     Sir Edgeworth Beresford David (UK) (b. 1908 - d. 1965)
                             (administrator)
Mar 1962 - 1963            Amishadai Larson Adu (Ghana)       (b. 1914 - d. 1977)

Jan 1964 -  1 Dec  1967    Dunstan Alfred Omari (Tanzania)    (b. 1922 - d. 1993)
Secretaries-general of the East African Community
 1 Dec 1967 - 1968         Dunstan Alfred Omari (Tanzania)    (s.a.)

1968 - Jun 1971            Zerubaberi Hosea Kwamya Bigirwenkya(b. 1927 - d. 1992)
                             (Uganda)
Jun 1971 - 25 Apr 1974     Charles Gatere Maina (Kenya)       (b. 1931 - d. 2018)
25 Apr 1974 -  1 Feb 1977  Edwin Isaac Mbiliewi Mtei          (b. 1932)
                             (Tanzania)        
 1 Feb 1977 - 14 Mar 1996  Post abolished
Secretary-general of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for East African Co-operation
14 Mar 1996 - 
7 Jul 2000  Francis Kirimi Muthaura (Kenya)    (b. 1946)
Secretaries-general of the East African Community
 7 Jul 2000 -
24 Apr 2001  Francis Kirimi Muthaura (Kenya)    (s.a.)
24 Apr 2001 - 24 Apr 2006  Nuwe Amanya Mushega (Uganda)       (b. 1946)

25 Apr 2006 - 24 Apr 2011  Juma Volter Mwapachu (Tanzania)    (b. 1942)
25 Apr 2011 - 24 Apr 2016  Richard Sezibera (Rwanda)          (b. 1964)
25 Apr 2016 - 24 Apr 2021  Libérat Mfumukeko (Burundi)        (b. 1964)
25 Apr 2021 - 16 Apr 2024  Peter Mutuku Mathuki (Kenya)       (b. 1969)

16 Apr 2024 -              Annette Mutaawe Ssemuwemba (f)
                             (Uganda) (interim)

Speakers of the East African Legislative Assembly
29 Nov 2001 -  5 Jun 2007  Abdulrahman O. Kinana (Tanzania)   (b. 1951)
 5 Jun 2007 -  5 Jun 2012  Abdirahin Haithar Abdi (Kenya)     (b. 1967?)
 5 Jun 2012 - 17 Dec 2014  Margaret N. Zziwa (f) (Uganda)     (b. 1963)
19 Dec 2014 - 17 Dec 2017  Daniel Fred Kidega (Uganda)        (b. 1973)
19 Dec 2017 - 19 Dec 2022  Martin Karoli Ngoga (Rwanda)

20 Dec 2022 -              Joseph Ntakirutimana (Burundi)

Judge Presidents of the East African Court of Justice
 1 Dec 2001 - Nov 2007     Moijo Mataiya ole Keiwua (Kenya)   (b. 1944? - d. 2011)
Jul 2008 - Oct 2008        Joseph Nyamihana Mulenga (Uganda)  (b. 1938 - d. 2012)
Oct 2008 - May 2014        Harold Reginald Nsekela (Tanzania) (b. 1944 - d. 2020)
May 2014 - Feb 2021        Emmanuel Ugirashebuja (Rwanda)     (b. 1976)
27 Feb 2021 -              Nestor Kayobera (Burundi)

EAC membership (8)
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
 7 Jul 2000 Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
 1 Jul 2007
Burundi, Rwanda
 5 Sep 2016
South Sudan1
 8 Apr 2022
Congo (Kinshasa)2
 4 Mar 2024
Somalia
1provisional member 16 Apr - 5 Sep 2016. 2provisional member 29 Mar - 11 Jul 2022. 
 
EAC membership 1967-1977
Date of 
Admission
Member Nations 1967-1977
 6 Jun 1967 Kenya1, Tanzania1, Uganda1
1original EAC dissolved 1 Jul 1977.


 
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)  

[Economic Community of Central
              African States flag]

ECCAS website
Headquarters: Libreville
 (Gabon)

18 Dec 1984                Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
                             (Communauté Économique des États de l'Afrique Centrale/
                             Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Central/Comunidad
                             Económica de los Estados de África Central
[CEEAC])

                             established by Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa
                             (Union Douanière et Économique de l'Afrique Centrale)(UDEAC).

1992 - 1999                Inactive.

Secretaries-general
1984 - 1990                Vincent de Paul Lunda Bululu       (b. 1942)
                            
(Zaire)
1991 - 1998                Crispin Kasasa Mutati Chinyata     (b. 1933 - d. 2022)
                             (Zaire)
1998 - 28 Feb 2012         Louis Sylvain-Goma                 (b. 1941)
                             (Congo [Brazzaville])
28 Feb 2012 -  5 Aug 2013  Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido       (b. 1947)
                             (Chad)
 5 Aug 2013 - 31 Aug 2020  Ahmad Allam-Mi (Chad)              (b. 1948)
President of the Commission
 1 Sep 2020 -              Gilberto da Piedade Veríssimo 
                             (Angola)

ECCAS membership (11)
 Date of 
Admission
Member Nations
18 Dec 1984
Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon1, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Principe, Zaire2
21 Jan 1999
Angola, Rwanda3
1Gabon suspended from 4 Sep 2023. 2from 1997, Congo (Kinshasa). 3Rwanda withdrew Jun 2007, rejoined 17 Aug 2016.



Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

[Economic Community of West
                African States (ECOWAS) flag]
 
ECOWAS website
----------------------------
ECOPARL website
Headquarters: Abuja
(Nigeria)
(Lagos, Nigeria 1975-1991)
ECOWAS Day:
week of 28 May (1975)
ECOWAS Day

28 May 1975                Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)(Communauté
                             
Économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest [CEDEAO]/
                             Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental
)
                             established.
20 Jun 1975                ECOWAS treaty enters into force.
14 Mar 2002                ECOWAS parliament established.

Executive Secretaries
Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1984     Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara           (b. 1938)
                             (Ivory Coast)
 
1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1988  Momodu Munu (Sierra Leone)         (b. 1938 - d. 2021)
 1 Jan 1989 - 31 Jan 1993  Abass Bundu (Sierra Leone)         (b. 1948)
 1 Feb 1993 - 30 Sep 1997  Édouard Benjamin (Guinea)          (b. 1941 - d. 2017)
 1 Oct 1997 -  6 Feb 2002  Lansana Kouyaté (Guinea)           (b. 1950)

 
6 Feb 2002 -  1 Jan 2007  Mohamed Ibn Chambas (Ghana)        (b. 1950)
Presidents of the Commission
 1 Jan 2007 - 16 Feb 2010  Mohamed Ibn Chambas (Ghana)        (s.a.)
16 Feb 2010 -
 1 Mar 2012  James Victor Gbeho (Ghana)         (b. 1935)
 1 Mar 2012 -  8 Apr 2016  Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo             (b. 1953)
                             (Burkina Faso)      
 8 Apr 2016 -  1 Mar 2018  Marcel Alain de Souza (Benin)      (b. 1953 - d. 2019)
 1 Mar 2018 - 13 Jul 2022  Jean-Claude Kassi Brou             (b. 1953)
                             (Côte d'Ivoire)
13 Jul 2022 -             
Omar Alieu Touray (Gambia)         (b. 1965)

Chairmen
1977 - 1978                Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo)          (b. 1937 - d. 2005)
                             (1st time) 
1978 - 1979                Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria)        (b. 1937)
1979 - 1980