Organizations:  African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM) - African Development Bank (AfDB) - African Union  (AU) - Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) - Andean Community - Antarctic Treaty - Arab League - Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) - Arctic Council - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - Asian Development Bank (ADB) - Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) - Association of Caribbean States (ACS) - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - Bank for International Settlements (BIS) - Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) - Caribbean Community (CARICOM) - Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) - Central American Integration System (SICA) - Central American Parliament (Parlacen) - Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) - Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) - Colombo Plan - Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) - The Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD) - Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) - Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CRLP) - Council of the Baltic States (CBSS) - Council of Europe (CE) - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON/CMEA) - Danube Commission - Dutch Language Union (Taalunie) (DLU) - East African Community (EAC) - Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) - Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) - Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) - European Free Trade Association (EFTA) - European Union (EU) - Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO) - Group of 7 (G-7) - Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - Ibero-American Secretariat (SECIB) - Indian Ocean Commission (COI) - Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) - Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) - Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - International Court of Justice (ICJ) - International Criminal Court (ICCt) - International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) - International Labour Organization (ILO) - International Maritime Organization (IMO) - International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) - International Monetary Fund (IMF) - International Organization of Francophonie (OIF) - International Olympic Committee (IOC) -  International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) - International Organization for Migration (IOM) - International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - International Refugee Organization (IRO) - International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) - International Seabed Authority (ISA) - International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) - Islamic Development Bank (IDB) - Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICESCO) - Latin American Parliament (Parlatino) - Latin Union (LU) - League of Nations -

African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP): see Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS)

26 Mar 1961                Afro-Malagasy Organization for Economic Co-operation (OAMCE)
                             (Organisation Africaine et Malgache de Coopération Économique)
                             established by the Brazzaville charter of 15 Dec 1960.
12 Sep 1961 - 10 Mar 1963  African and Malagasy Union (Union Africaine et Malgache)(UAM),
                             Casablanca charter signed. Merged into OAMCE 10 Mar 1963.
29 Apr 1964                African and Malagasy Union for Economic Co-operation (Union
                             Africaine et Malgache de Coopération Économique)(UAMCE);
                             charter signed 10 Mar 1964, but it fails to obtain the number
                             of ratifications necessary.
 1 Jul 1964                UAMCE secretariat general begins to function.
12 Feb 1965                African and Malagasy Common Organization (Organisation Commune
                             Africaine et Malgache)(OCAM), established as merger of UAMCE and
                             UAM (charter signed 27 Jun 1966, entered into force 28 Dec 1967).
                             UAMCE is converted into the OCAM.
21 Jan 1971                Renamed African, Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
                             (Organisation Commune Africaine, Malgache et Mauricienne)(OCAMM).
Feb 1974                   Renamed African and Mauritian Common Organization
                             (Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne)(OCAM).
23 Mar 1985                Dissolved and activities were taken over by the Organization of
                             African Unity (OAU).

Secretary-general of OAMCE
Oct 1961 - May 1965        Jules Razafimbahiny (Madagascar)   (b. 1922 - d. 1992)

Secretaries-general of UAMCE (1971-74, OCAMM; 1974-85 OCAM)
May 1964 -  1 Apr 1968     Diakha Dieng (Senegal)             (b. 1933)
Apr 1968 - 1974            Falilou Kane (Senegal)             (b. 1938 - d. 2021)
Aug 1974 - 1974            Régis Franchet (Mauritius)
Nov 1974 - 1979            Sydney Moutia (Mauritius)          (b. 1932)
1979 - 1985                Ismail Amri Sued (Rwanda)          (b. 1942 - d. 2017)

 4 Aug 1963                African Development Bank agreement signed.
10 Sep 1964                African Development Bank (AfDB)(Banque Africaine de Développement)
                             (BAD) founded.
29 Nov 1972                African Development Fund, the concessional window
                             of the AfDB Group, created (operational 1974).

Presidents
 4 Nov 1964 - 21 Jan 1970  Mamoun Beheiry (The Sudan)         (b. 1925 - d. 2002)
21 Jan 1970 - 31 Aug 1976  Abdelwahab Labidi (Tunisia)        (b. 1929 - d. ....)
                             (interim to 31 Aug 1970)
 1 Sep 1976 - 31 Aug 1980  Kwame Donkoh Fordwor (Ghana)       (b. 1933)
Jul 1979 - 31 Aug 1980     Goodall Edward Gondwe (Malawi)     (b. 1936 - d. 2023)
                             (acting for Fordwor)
 1 Sep 1980 - 31 Aug 1985  Wila D'Israeli Mung'omba (Zambia)  (b. 1939 - d. 2014)
 1 Sep 1985 - 31 Aug 1995  Babacar Ndiaye (Senegal)           (b. 1936 - d. 2017)
 1 Sep 1995 - 31 Aug 2005  Omar Kabbaj (Morocco)              (b. 1942)
 1 Sep 2005 - 31 Aug 2015  Donald Kaberuka (Rwanda)           (b. 1951)
 1 Sep 2015 -              Akinwumi "Akin" Ayodeji Adesina    (b. 1960)
                             (Nigeria)

AfDB membership (81)

Date of Admission	Member Nations
10 Sep 1964	Algeria, Cameroon, Congo (Léopoldville)1, Dahomey2, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast3, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, The Sudan, Tanzania4, Togo, Uganda
11 Sep 1964	Senegal
14 Sep 1964	Egypt
22 Sep 1964	Upper Volta5
22 Oct 1964	Somalia
29 Oct 1964	Tunisia
18 Jan 1965	Rwanda
10 Feb 1965	Congo (Brazzaville)
25 Jul 1966	Malawi
1 Sep 1966	Zambia
2 Jan 1968	Burundi
26 Aug 1968	Chad
26 Aug 1970	Central African Republic
26 Jul 1971	Swaziland6
31 Mar 1972	Botswana
21 Jul 1972	Libya
31 Dec 1972	Gabon
2 Jul 1973	The Gambia, Lesotho
1 Jan 1974	Mauritius
5 May 1975	Guinea-Bissau
30 Jun 1975	Equatorial Guinea
14 Apr 1976	São Tomé and Príncipe
15 Apr 1976	Cape Verde7
3 May 1976	Comoros, Madagascar
4 Jun 1976	Mozambique
20 Sep 1977	Seychelles
12 Jul 1978	Djibouti
10 Apr 1979	United Arab Emirates8
5 Sep 1980	Zimbabwe
9 Jan 1981	Angola
15 Dec 1982	Portugal
30 Dec 1982	Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Kuwait, Norway, South Korea, Sweden,  Switzerland, Yugoslavia9
31 Dec 1982	Italy
28 Jan 1983	The Netherlands
3 Feb 1983	Japan
8 Feb 1983	United States
18 Feb 1983	(West) Germany
15 Mar 1983	Belgium
30 Mar 1983	Austria
29 Apr 1983	United Kingdom
14 Jul 1983	Brazil
6 Dec 1983	India
15 Dec 1983	Portugal, Saudi Arabia
20 Mar 1984	Spain
10 May 1985	China
2 Jul 1985	Argentina
10 Apr 1994	Namibia
13 May 1994	Eritrea
13 Dec 1995	South Africa
29 Oct 2013	Turkey
29 May 2014	Luxembourg
30 Apr 2015	South Sudan
4 Mar 2020	Ireland
11966-71 and from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa); 1971-97 Zaire. 2from 1975 Benin. 3from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire. 4United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 5from 1984 Burkina Faso. 6from 2018 Eswatini. 7from 2013 Cabo Verde. 8U.A.E. is a member only of African Development Fund (ADF) and not an AfDB member. 9Yugoslavia expelled 31 Dec 1992.

25 May 1963                Organization of African Unity (OAU)(Organisation de l'Unité
                             Africaine/Organização da Unidade Africana/Organización de la
                             Unidad Africana/Munazzamat al-Wehdat al-Ifriqiya/Umoja wa
                             Muungano wa Afrika).
 9 Jul 2002                African Union (AU)(l'Union Africaine/União Africana/Unión Africana/
                             al-Ittihad al-Ifriqiya/Umoja wa Afrika).
25 Jan 2004                African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights charter effective.
18 Mar 2004                Pan-African Parliament established.
 1 Jan 2021                "Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade
                             Agreement" (AfCFTA) commences (in force 30 May 2019, signed
                             21 Mar 2018).

Secretaries-general
25 May 1963 - 21 Jul 1964  Kifle Wodajo (Ethiopia) (acting)   (b. 1936 - d. 2004)
21 Jul 1964 - 15 Jun 1972  Diallo Telli (Guinea)              (b. 1925 - d. 1977)
15 Jun 1972 - 16 Jun 1974  Nzo Ekangaki (Cameroon)            (b. 1934 - d. 2005)
16 Jun 1974 - 21 Jul 1978  William Eteki Mboumoua (Cameroon)  (b. 1933 - d. 2016)
21 Jul 1978 - 12 Jun 1983  Édouard "Edem" Kodjovi Kodjo (Togo)(b. 1938 - d. 2020)
12 Jun 1983 - 20 Jul 1985  Peter Onu (Nigeria) (acting)       (b. 1931 - d. 1997)
20 Jul 1985 - 19 Sep 1989  Ide Oumarou (Niger)                (b. 1937 - d. 2002)
19 Sep 1989 - 17 Sep 2001  Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania)       (b. 1942)
17 Sep 2001 -  9 Jul 2002  Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire)         (b. 1944)
Chairmen of the Commission
 9 Jul 2002 - 16 Sep 2003  Amara Essy (Côte d'Ivoire)         (s.a.)
                             (interim)
16 Sep 2003 - 28 Apr 2008  Alpha Oumar Konaré (Mali)          (b. 1946)
28 Apr 2008 - 15 Oct 2012  Jean Ping (Gabon)                  (b. 1942)
15 Oct 2012 - 14 Mar 2017  Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma (f)         (b. 1949)
                             (South Africa)               
14 Mar 2017 -              Moussa Faki (Chad)                 (b. 1960)

Chairmen
25 May 1963 - 17 Jul 1964  Haile Selassie (Ethiopia)          (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
                             (1st time) 
17 Jul 1964 - 21 Oct 1965  Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)         (b. 1918 - d. 1970)
21 Oct 1965 - 24 Feb 1966  Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)              (b. 1909 - d. 1972)
24 Feb 1966 -  5 Nov 1966  Joseph Arthur Ankrah (Ghana)       (b. 1915 - d. 1992)
 5 Nov 1966 - 11 Sep 1967  Haile Selassie (Ethiopia)          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
11 Sep 1967 - 13 Sep 1968  Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (Congo [K.])  (b. 1930 - d. 1997)
13 Sep 1968 -  6 Sep 1969  Houari Boumedienne (Algeria)       (b. 1932? - d. 1978)
 6 Sep 1969 -  1 Sep 1970  Ahmadou Ahidjo (Cameroon)          (b. 1924 - d. 1989)
 1 Sep 1970 - 21 Jun 1971  Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2021)
21 Jun 1971 - 12 Jun 1972  Moktar Ould Daddah (Mauritania)    (b. 1924 - d. 2003)
12 Jun 1972 - 27 May 1973  Hassan II (Morocco)                (b. 1929 - d. 1999)
27 May 1973 - 12 Jun 1974  Yakubu Gowon (Nigeria)             (b. 1934)
12 Jun 1974 - 28 Jul 1975  Mohamed Siad Barre (Somalia)       (b. 1919? - d. 1995)
28 Jul 1975 -  2 Jul 1976  Idi Amin (Uganda)                  (b. 1925? - d. 2003)
 2 Jul 1976 -  2 Jul 1977  Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam          (b. 1900 - d. 1985)
                             (Mauritius) 
 2 Jul 1977 - 18 Jul 1978  Omar Bongo (Gabon)                 (b. 1935 - d. 2009)
18 Jul 1978 - 12 Jul 1979  Gaafar Nimeiry (The Sudan)         (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
12 Jul 1979 - 12 Apr 1980  William R. Tolbert, Jr. (Liberia)  (b. 1913 - d. 1980)
28 Apr 1980 -  1 Jul 1980  Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal)    (b. 1906 - d. 2001)
                             (acting)
 1 Jul 1980 - 24 Jun 1981  Siaka Stevens (Sierra Leone)       (b. 1905 - d. 1988)
24 Jun 1981 -  6 Jun 1983  Daniel arap Moi (Kenya)            (b. 1924 - d. 2020)
 6 Jun 1983 - 12 Nov 1984  Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia)   (b. 1937)
12 Nov 1984 - 18 Jul 1985  Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)          (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
18 Jul 1985 - 28 Jul 1986  Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (1st time)   (b. 1935)
28 Jul 1986 - 27 Jul 1987  Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Congo)       (b. 1943)
                             (1st time) 
27 Jul 1987 - 25 May 1988  Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 May 1988 - 24 Jul 1989  Moussa Traoré (Mali)               (b. 1936 - d. 2020)
24 Jul 1989 -  9 Jul 1990  Hosni Mubarak (Egypt) (1st time)   (b. 1928 - d. 2020)
 9 Jul 1990 -  3 Jun 1991  Yoweri Museveni (Uganda)           (b. 1944?)
 3 Jun 1991 - 29 Jun 1992  Ibrahim Babangida (Nigeria)        (b. 1941)
29 Jun 1992 - 28 Jun 1993  Abdou Diouf (Senegal) (2nd time)   (s.a.)
28 Jun 1993 - 13 Jun 1994  Hosni Mubarak (Egypt) (2nd time)   (s.a.)
13 Jun 1994 - 26 Jun 1995  Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (Tunisia)  (b. 1936 - d. 2019)
26 Jun 1995 -  8 Jul 1996  Meles Zenawi (Ethiopia)            (b. 1955 - d. 2012)
 8 Jul 1996 -  2 Jun 1997  Paul Biya (Cameroon)               (b. 1933)
 2 Jun 1997 -  8 Jun 1998  Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe)           (b. 1924 - d. 2019)
                             (1st time)
 8 Jun 1998 - 12 Jul 1999  Blaise Compaoré (Burkina Faso)     (b. 1951)
12 Jul 1999 - 10 Jul 2000  Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Algeria)     (b. 1937 - d. 2021)
10 Jul 2000 -  9 Jul 2001  Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo)          (b. 1937 - d. 2005)
 9 Jul 2001 -  2 Jan 2002  Frederick Chiluba (Zambia)         (b. 1943 - d. 2011)
 2 Jan 2002 -  9 Jul 2002  Levy Mwanawasa (Zambia)            (b. 1948 - d. 2008)
 9 Jul 2002 - 10 Jul 2003  Thabo Mbeki (South Africa)         (b. 1942)
10 Jul 2003 -  6 Jul 2004  Joaquim Chissano (Mozambique)      (b. 1939)
 6 Jul 2004 - 24 Jan 2006  Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria)        (b. 1937)
24 Jan 2006 - 29 Jan 2007  Denis Sassou-Nguesso (Congo [B.])  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
29 Jan 2007 - 31 Jan 2008  John Kufuor (Ghana)                (b. 1938)
31 Jan 2008 -  2 Feb 2009  Jakaya Kikwete (Tanzania)          (b. 1950)
 2 Feb 2009 - 31 Jan 2010  Muammar al-Qaddafi (Libya)         (b. 1942 - d. 2011)
31 Jan 2010 - 30 Jan 2011  Bingu wa Mutharika (Malawi)        (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
30 Jan 2011 - 29 Jan 2012  Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo      (b. 1942)
                             (Equatorial Guinea) 
29 Jan 2012 - 27 Jan 2013  Thomas Yayi Boni (Benin)           (b. 1952)      
27 Jan 2013 - 30 Jan 2014  Hailemariam Desalegn (Ethiopia)    (b. 1965)
30 Jan 2014 - 30 Jan 2015  Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz            (b. 1956)
                             (Mauritania)                   
30 Jan 2015 - 30 Jan 2016  Robert Mugabe (Zimbabwe)           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
30 Jan 2016 - 30 Jan 2017  Idriss Déby Itno (Chad)            (b. 1952 - d. 2021)
30 Jan 2017 - 28 Jan 2018  Alpha Condé (Guinea)               (b. 1938)
28 Jan 2018 - 10 Feb 2019  Paul Kagame (Rwanda)               (b. 1957)
10 Feb 2019 -  9 Feb 2020  Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (Egypt)       (b. 1954)
 9 Feb 2020 -  6 Feb 2021  Cyril Ramaphosa (South Africa)     (b. 1952)
 6 Feb 2021 -  5 Feb 2022  Félix Tshisekedi (Congo [K.])      (b. 1963)
 5 Feb 2022 - 18 Feb 2023  Macky Sall (Senegal)               (b. 1961)
18 Feb 2023 - 17 Feb 2024  Azali Assoumani (Comoros)          (b. 1959)
17 Feb 2024 -              Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani   (b. 1956)
                             (Mauritania)                 

 1 Jun 2021 - 27 Jun 2022  Parliament suspended.

Presidents of the Pan-African Parliament
18 Mar 2004 - 29 May 2009  Gertrude Ibengwe Mongella (f)      (b. 1945)
                             (Tanzania)
29 May 2009 - 28 May 2012  Idriss Ndélé Moussa (Chad)         (b. 1959 - d. 2013)
28 May 2012 - 29 May 2015  Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi (Nigeria)    (b. 1964 - d. 2019)
29 May 2015 -  1 Mar 2020  Roger Nkodo Dang (Cameroon)        (b. 1963)
 1 Mar 2020 -  1 Apr 2020  Fortune Charumbira (Zimbabwe)      (b. 1962)
                             (1st time)(acting)
 1 Apr 2020 -  1 Mar 2021  Bouras Djamel (Algeria)(acting)    (b. 1960)
 1 Mar 2021 - 11 Jan 2024  Fortune Charumbira (Zimbabwe)      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting to 29 Jun 2022)
23 Aug 2023 - 25 Mar 2024  Ashebir Woldegiorgis Gayo (Ethiopia)
                             (acting [for Charumbira to 11 Jan 2024])
25 Mar 2024 -              Fortune Charumbira (Zimbabwe)      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)

Presidents of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
Jul 2006 - 2008            Gérard Niyungeko (Burundi)         (b. 1954)
                             (1st time)
Sep 2008 - 2010            Jean Mutsinzi (Rwanda)             (b. 1938 - d. 2019)
2010 - 2012                Gérard Niyungeko (Burundi)         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
2012 - 2014                Sophia Abena Boafoa Akuffo (f)     (b. 1949)
                             (Ghana)
2014 -  5 Sep 2016         Augustino Steven Lawrence          (b. 1945 - d. 2020)
                             Ramadhani (Tanzania)
 5 Sep 2016 - 31 May 2021  Sylvain Oré (Côte d'Ivoire)
31 May 2021 -              Imani Daud Aboud (f)(Tanzania)

Secretary-general of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
19 Mar 2020  -             Wamkele Keabetswe Mene             (b. 1977?)
                             (South Africa)

AU membership (55)

Date of Admission	Member Nations
25 May 1963	Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic1, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Léopoldville)2, Dahomey3, Egypt4, Ethiopia, Gabon5, Ghana, Guinea6, Ivory Coast7, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar8, Mali9, Mauritania10, Morocco11, Niger12, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, The Sudan13, Tanganyika14, Togo15, Tunisia, Uganda, Upper Volta16, Zanzibar14
13 Dec 1963	Kenya
13 Jul 1964	Malawi
16 Dec 1964	Zambia
9 Mar 1965	The Gambia
31 Oct 1966	Botswana, Lesotho
23 Aug 1968	Mauritius
24 Sep 1968	Swaziland17
12 Oct 1968	Equatorial Guinea
19 Nov 1973	Guinea-Bissau18
11 Feb 1975	Angola
18 Jul 1975	Cape Verde19, Comoros20, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe
29 Jun 1976	Seychelles
27 Jun 1977	Djibouti
18 Jun 1980	Zimbabwe
22 Feb 1982	Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic
1 Jun 1990	Namibia
24 May 1993	Eritrea21
6 Jun 1994	South Africa
27 Jul 2011	South Sudan22
1C.A.R. suspended from 25 Mar 2013 - 31 Mar 2016. 2Congo (Kinshasa) 1966-71 and from 1997; 1971-97 Zaire; halted its participation 12 Nov 1984 - 28 Jul 1986. 3from 1975 Benin. 4Egypt suspended 5 Jul 2013 - 17 Jun 2014. 5Gabon suspended 31 Aug 2023. 6Guinea suspended 29 Dec 2008 - 9 Dec 2010 and from 10 Sep 2021. 7from 1985 Côte d'Ivoire; suspended 9 Dec 2010 - 21 Apr 2011. 8Malagasy Republic to 30 Dec 1975; Madagascar suspended 10 Jul 2002 - 10 Jul 2003 and 20 Mar 2009 - 27 Jan 2014. 9Mali suspended 23 Mar - 24 Oct 2012, 19 Aug - 9 Oct 2020 and from 1 Jun 2021. 10Mauritania suspended 4 Aug 2005 - 10 Apr 2007 and 9 Aug 2008 - 1 Jul 2009. 11Morocco withdrew 12 Nov 1984; rejoined 31 Jan 2017. 12Niger suspended 19 Feb 2010 - 16 Mar 2011 and from 22 Aug 2023. 13The Sudan suspended 6 Jun - 6 Sep 2019 and from 27 Oct 2021. 14Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 Apr 1964 to form United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed Tanzania 1 Nov 1964. 15Togo suspended 25 Feb - 27 May 2005. 16from 1984 Burkina Faso; suspended 18-26 Sep 2015 and from 31 Jan 2022. 17from 2018 Eswatini. 18Guinea-Bissau suspended 17 Apr 2012 - 17 Jun 2014. 19from 2013 Cabo Verde. 20Comoros suspended 20 Feb 1978 - 23 Feb 1979. 21Eritrea suspended its participation 20 Nov 2009 - 17 Jan 2011. 22South Sudan suspended 16 Jun - 14 Oct 2020 for dues arrears.

 
 3 Jul 1978                Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT) signed.
25 Feb 1995                Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)(Organización del
                             Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica/Organização do Tratado de
                             Cooperação Amazônica [OTCA]).
13 Dec 2002                Permanent secretariat inaugurated.

26 May 1969                Andean Pact (Acuerdo de Cartagena) established.
25 Oct 1979                Andean Parliament (Parlamento Andino) established.
10 Mar 1996                Renamed Andean Community (Comunidad Andina)(CAN).
 1 Aug 1997                Secretariat established.

Secretaries-general
 1 Aug 1997 -  7 Aug 2002  Sebastián Alegrett Ruiz (Venezuela)(b. 1942 - d. 2002)
19 Sep 2002 - 15 Jan 2004  Guillermo Fernández de Soto        (b. 1953)
                             (Colombia) 
15 Jan 2004 - 28 Jul 2006  Edward Allan Wagner Tizón (Peru)   (b. 1942)
28 Jul 2006 -  1 Feb 2007  Alfredo Luis Fuentes Hernández     (b. 1949)
                             (Colombia) (acting)
 1 Feb 2007 -  7 May 2010  Federico "Freddy" Ehlers Zurita    (b. 1945)
                             (Ecuador)   
 7 May 2010 – 18 Feb 2013  Adalid Contreras Baspineiro
                             (Bolivia) (interim)
18 Feb 2013 -  1 Mar 2013  Ana María Tenenbaum de Reátegui (f)(b. 1954)
                             (Peru) (acting)
 1 Mar 2013 - 17 Jun 2013  Santiago Cembrano Cabrejas
                             (Colombia) (interim)
17 Jun 2013 - 11 Jan 2016  Pablo Guzmán Laugier (Bolivia)     (b. 1957)
11 Jan 2016 - 17 Jun 2018  Walker San Miguel Rodríguez        (b. 1963)
                             (Bolivia)
17 Jun 2018 - 15 Oct 2018  Luz Marina Monroy Acevedo (f)
                             (Colombia) (interim)
15 Oct 2018 - 11 Jan 2019  Héctor Quintero Arredondo
                             (Colombia)
11 Jan 2019 - 23 May 2023  Jorge Hernando Pedraza Gutiérrez   (b. 1963)
                             (Colombia)
23 May 2023 -  1 Sep 2023  Diego Fernando Caicedo Pinoargote
                             (Ecuador) (interim)
 1 Sep 2023 -              Gonzalo Alfonso Gutiérrez Reinel   (b. 1955)
                             (Peru)

Presidents of the Andean Parliament
Aug 1980 - Dec 1981        Héctor Echeverri Correa (Colombia) (b. 1937 - d. 2012)
Dec 1981 - Mar 1983        Raúl Oswaldo Baca Carbo (Ecuador)  (b. 1931 - d. 2014)
Mar 1983 - May 1984        Godofredo González González        (b. 1920 - d. 1990)
                             (Venezuela)    
May 1984 - Dec 1984        Ricardo Monteagudo (Peru)          (b. 1923 - d. 2005)
28 Jul 1985 - 11 Dec 1985  Jorge Tadeo Lozano Osorio          (b. 1936 - d. 2013)
                             (Colombia)
Dec 1985 - Mar 1987        Julio Garrett Ayllón (Bolivia)     (b. 1925 - d. 2018)
Mar 1987 - Mar 1989        Humberto Peláez Gutiérrez          (b. 1939 - d. 2020)
                             (Colombia)
Mar 1989 - 1990            Wilfrido Lucero Bolaños (Ecuador)  (b. 1935 - d. 2022)
1990 - Sep 1992            Romualdo Gustavo Biaggi Rodríguez  (b. 1923 - d. 2011)
                             (Peru)
Sep 1992 - Sep 1994        Paciano José Padrón Valladares
                             (Venezuela)
Sep 1994 - Dec 1995        Victor Hugo Cárdenas Conde         (b. 1951)
                             (Bolivia)
Dec 1995 - Dec 1997        Julio César Turbay Quintero        (b. 1950)
                             (Colombia)
Dec 1997 - Dec 1999        Heinz Rodolfo Moeller Freile       (b. 1937)
                             (Ecuador)
Dec 1999 - May 2001        Óscar Andrés Reggiardo Sayán       (b. 1941)
                             (Peru)
May 2001 - Nov 2001        Luís Juan Alva Castro (Peru)       (b. 1942)
Nov 2001 - Nov 2003        Jhannett María Madriz Sotillo (f)  (b. 1964)
                             (Venezuela)
Nov 2003 - Nov 2005        Víctor Enrique Urquidi Hodgkinson  (b. 1951)
                             (Bolivia)
Nov 2005 - Nov 2007        Luis Fernando Duque García         (b. 1952)
                             (Colombia)              
26 Nov 2007 - Aug 2009     Ivonne Juez de Abdel Baki (f)      (b. 1952)
                             (Ecuador)
Aug 2009 - 23 Nov 2009     Fausto Rodrigo Lupera Martínez     (b. 1947)
                             (Ecuador)
23 Nov 2009 - 21 Jul 2010  Rosa Marina León Flores (f)(Peru)  (b. 1959) 
21 Jul 2010 -  5 Aug 2011  Wilbert Bendezú Carpio (Peru)      (b. 1954)
 5 Aug 2011 - 25 Jul 2012  Rebeca Elvira Delgado Burgoa (f)   (b. 1966)
                             (Bolivia)
25 Jul 2012 - 24 Jul 2013  Héctor Helí Rojas Jimenez          (b. 1954)
                             (Colombia)
24 Jul 2013 - 14 Jul 2014  Pedro de la Cruz (Ecuador)
14 Jul 2014 - 22 Jul 2015  Javier Reátegui Rosselló (Peru)    (b. 1944)
22 Jul 2015 - 23 Jul 2016  Luis Fernando Duque García         (b. 1952)
                             (Colombia)
23 Jul 2016 - 17 Jul 2017  Edith Mendoza Fernández (f)        (b. 1983)
                             (Bolivia)
17 Jul 2017 - 18 Jul 2018  Fernando Meza Moncada (Chile)      (b. 1946)
18 Jul 2018 - 27 Jul 2019  Hugo Quiróz Vallejo (Ecuador)      (b. 1963)
27 Jul 2019 - 23 Nov 2020  Víctor Rolando Sousa Huanambal     (b. 1961)
                             (Peru)
23 Nov 2020 - 29 Jul 2021  Gonzalo Adolfo Mendoza Leigue      (b. 1964)
                             (Bolivia)
29 Jul 2021 -  3 Aug 2022  Juan Pablo Letelier Morel (Chile)  (b. 1961)
 3 Aug 2022 - 14 Jul 2023  Gloria Flórez Schneider (f)        (b. 1962)
                             (Colombia)
14 Jul 2023 -              Cristina Eugenia Reyes Hidalgo (f) (b. 1981)
                             (Ecuador)

Andean Community membership (4)

Date of Admission	Member Nations
26 May 1969	Bolivia, Chile1, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru2
13 Feb 1973	Venezuela3
1Chile withdrew 30 Oct 1976. 2Peru membership suspended at its own request 26 Aug 1992 - 4 Apr 1994, resumed full participation 25 Jun 1997. 3Venezuela withdrew 22 Apr 2006; on 21 Feb 2020 the disputed Guaidó government announced re-entry of Venezuela.
Date of Admission	Associate Members of CAN (5)
7 Jul 2005	Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
20 Sep 2006	Chile

 1 Dec 1959                "Antarctic Treaty" signed.
23 Jun 1961                Antarctic Treaty comes into effect.
 1 Sep 2004                Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS) inaugurated.

Executive Secretaries of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
 1 Sep 2004 - 31 Aug 2009  Johannes "Jan" Huber (Netherlands) (b. 1947)
 1 Sep 2009 - 31 Aug 2017  Manfred Reinke (Germany)           (b. 1952)
 1 Sep 2017 -              Albert Alexander Lluberas Bonaba
                             (Uruguay)

Antarctic Treaty membership (56) 

Dates of  Membership	Member Nations
23 Jun 1961	Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Soviet Union1, United Kingdom, United States
14 Jun 1962	Czechoslovakia2
20 May 1965	Denmark
30 Mar 1967	The Netherlands
15 Sep 1971	Romania
19 Nov 1974	East Germany3
16 May 1975	Brazil
11 Sep 1978	Bulgaria
5 Feb 1979	West Germany3
11 Jan 1980	Uruguay
16 Mar 1981	Papua New Guinea4
18 Mar 1981	Italy
10 Apr 1981	Peru
31 Mar 1982	Spain
8 Jun 1983	China
19 Aug 1983	India
27 Jan 1984	Hungary
24 Apr 1984	Sweden
15 May 1984	Finland
16 Aug 1984	Cuba
28 Nov 1986	South Korea
8 Jan 1987	Greece
21 Jan 1987	North Korea
25 Aug 1987	Austria
15 Sep 1987	Ecuador
4 May 1988	Canada
31 Jan 1989	Colombia
15 Nov 1990	Switzerland
31 Jul 1991	Guatemala
28 Oct 1992	Ukraine
1 Jan 1993	Czech Republic, Slovakia
24 Jan 1996	Turkey
24 Mar 1999	Venezuela
17 May 2001	Estonia
27 Dec 2006	Belarus
30 May 2008	Monaco
29 Jan 2010	Portugal
31 Oct 2011	Malaysia
1 Mar 2012	Pakistan
27 Jan 2015	Kazakhstan
23 Mar 2015	Mongolia
13 Oct 2015	Iceland
22 Apr 2019	Slovenia
11 Aug 2022	Costa Rica
14 Feb 2023	San Marino
1Soviet Union dissolved 25 Dec 1991, succeeded by Russia. 2Czechoslovakia dissolved 31 Dec 1992; on 1 Jan 1993 succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia. 3East and West Germany united 3 Oct 1990. 4date of deposit of notification of succession by Papua New Guinea; effective 16 Sep 1975 the date of its independence.

Arab League website

Headquarters: Cairo (Egypt) (Tunis, Tunisia Jun 1979-Sep 1990)

AL Day: 22 Mar (1945) Arab League Day

22 Mar 1945                League of Arab States (Arab League)(Jami'a ad-Duwal al-'Arabiyya).

Secretaries-general
22 Mar 1945 - 14 Sep 1952  Abdel Rahman Azzam (Egypt)         (b. 1893 - d. 1976)
                             (27 Dec 1945-30 Jul 1952, Abdel Rahman Azzam Pasha)
14 Sep 1952 -  1 Jun 1972  Abdel Khaliq Hassuna (Egypt)       (b. 1898 - d. 1992)
 1 Jun 1972 - 24 Mar 1979  Mahmoud Riad (Egypt)               (b. 1917 - d. 1992)
24 Mar 1979 - 28 Jun 1979  Vacant
28 Jun 1979 -  3 Sep 1990  Chedli Klibi (Tunisia)             (b. 1925 - d. 2020)
 4 Sep 1990 - 15 May 1991  Assad al-Assad (Lebanon) (interim) (b. 1920)
15 May 1991 - 15 May 2001  Esmat Abdel Meguid (Egypt)         (b. 1923 - d. 2013)
15 May 2001 -  1 Jul 2011  Amr Moussa (Egypt)                 (b. 1936)
 1 Jul 2011 -  1 Jul 2016  Nabil al-Arabi (Egypt)             (b. 1935)
 1 Jul 2016 -              Ahmed Aboul Gheit (Egypt)          (b. 1942)

Arab League membership (22)

Date of  Admission	Member Nations
22 Mar 1945	Egypt1, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria2, Transjordan3, Yemen (Sana)4
28 Mar 1953	Libya5
19 Jan 1956	The Sudan
1 Jan 1958	Tunisia
1 Oct 1958	Morocco
20 Jul 1961	Kuwait
16 Aug 1962	Algeria
12 Dec 1967	Yemen (Aden)4
11 Sep 1971	Bahrain, Qatar
29 Sep 1971	Oman
6 Dec 1971	United Arab Emirates
26 Nov 1973	Mauritania
14 Feb 1974	Somalia
9 Sep 1976	Palestine Liberation Organization5
4 Sep 1977	Djibouti
20 Nov 1993	Comoros
1Egypt suspended 26 Mar 1979 - 23 May 1989. 2Syria merged with Egypt to form United Arab Republic 22 Feb 1958; seceded from U.A.R. 29 Sep 1961 and rejoined Arab League 28 Oct 1961; suspended 16 Nov 2011 - 7 May 2023; seat given to Syrian National Coalition 6 Mar 2013 - 9 Mar 2014. 3from 1946 Jordan. 4Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sana) united in 1990 as Yemen. 5Libya announced its withdrawal 24 Oct 2002; this would be effective one year later; Libya canceled (16 Jan 2003), reaffirmed (3 Apr 2003), and again canceled (25 May 2003) the decision to withdraw; suspended 22 Feb 2011 - 25 Aug 2011. 5from 15 Nov 1988 State of Palestine.

AMU website

Secretariat: Rabat (Morocco); Advisory Council: Algiers; Maghreb Bank: Tunis; Judicial Instance: Nouakchott

17 Feb 1989                Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)(Ittihad al-Maghrib al-'Arabi/
                             Union du Maghreb Arabe).

Secretaries-general
23 Oct 1991 - 26 Feb 2002  Mohamed Amamou (Tunisia)           (b. 1933 - d. 2014)
26 Feb 2002 -  1 Feb 2006  Habib Boularès (Tunisia)           (b. 1933 - d. 2014)
                             (= Habib Bulearaas)
 1 Feb 2006 -  5 May 2016  Habib Ben Yahia (Tunisia)          (b. 1938)
 5 May 2016 -              Taïeb Baccouche (Tunisia)          (b. 1944)
                             (= Tayeb El Backouche)
                             (acting from 1 Aug 2022)

AMU membership (5)

Date of  Admission	Member Nations
17 Feb 1989	Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia

19 Sep 1996                Arctic Council established by the Ottawa Declaration.
17 Sep 1998                Inauguration of the council.
 1 Feb 2013                Permanent secretariat inaugurated.

1991 - Jul 2007	Adopted Jul 2007
APEC website	Headquarters: Singapore (Singapore)

 6 Nov 1989                Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) founded.
12 Feb 1993                Secretariat inaugurated.

Executive Directors
12 Feb 1993 - 1994         William Bodde, Jr. (U.S.)           (b. 1931 - d. 2020)
1994 - 1995                Rusli Noor (Indonesia)              (b. 1927)
1995 - 1996                Shōjirō Imanishi (Japan)            (b. 1940) 
1996 - 1997                Armando Quizon Madamba (Philippines)(b. 1938)
1997 - 1998                Jack Alexander Whittleton (Canada)  (b. 1940?)
1998 -  4 Jan 1999         Dato' Noor Adlan (Malaysia)         (b. 1939)
 4 Jan 1999 -  4 Jan 2000  Timothy James Hannah (New Zealand)  (b. 1939)
 4 Jan 2000 -  1 Jan 2001  Serbini Ali (Brunei Darussalam)     (b. 1955)
 1 Jan 2001 -  1 Jan 2002  Zhang Yan (China)                   (b. 1950)
 1 Jan 2002 -  1 Jan 2003  Alejandro de la Peña Navarrete      (b. 1951)
                             (Mexico)
 1 Jan 2003 -  1 Jan 2004  Piamsak Milintachinda (Thailand)    (b. 1950)
 1 Jan 2004 -  1 Jan 2005  Mario Hernán Artaza Rouxel (Chile)  (b. 1937)
 1 Jan 2005 -  1 Jan 2006  Choi Seok Young (South Korea)       (b. 1955)
 1 Jan 2006 -  1 Jan 2007  Tran Trong Toan (Vietnam)           (b. 1952)
 1 Jan 2007 -  1 Jan 2008  Colin S. Heseltine (Australia)      (b. 1947)
 1 Jan 2008 -  1 Jan 2009  Juan Carlos Capuñay Chávez (Peru)   (b. 1949)
 1 Jan 2009 -  1 Jan 2010  Michael Tay (Singapore)             (b. 1959) 
 1 Jan 2010 -  1 Jan 2013  Dato Muhamad Noor Yacob (Malaysia)  (b. 1951)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2018  Alan Bollard (New Zealand)          (b. 1951)
 1 Jan 2019 -              Tan Sri Datuk Rebecca Fatima Sta    (b. 1958)
                             Maria (f)(Malaysia)

APEC membership (21)

Date of  Admission	Member Economies
6 Nov 1989	Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States
12 Nov 1991	China, Hong Kong, Chinese Taipei (Taiwan)
17 Nov 1993	Mexico, Papua New Guinea
11 Nov 1994	Chile
14 Nov 1998	Peru, Russia, Vietnam

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

22 Aug 1966                Asian Development Bank (ADB) established.
19 Dec 1966                Operations begin.

Presidents (all from Japan except as noted)
24 Nov 1966 - 24 Nov 1972  Takeshi Watanabe                   (b. 1906 - d. 2010)
25 Nov 1972 - 23 Nov 1976  Shirō Inoue                        (b. 1915 - d. 2010)
24 Nov 1976 - 23 Nov 1981  Tarōichi Yoshida                   (b. 1919 - d. 2014)
24 Nov 1981 - 23 Nov 1989  Masao Fujioka                      (b. 1924 - d. 2021)
24 Nov 1989 - 23 Nov 1993  Kimimasa Tarumizu                  (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
24 Nov 1993 - 15 Jan 1999  Mitsuo Satō                        (b. 1933 - d. 2002)
16 Jan 1999 - 31 Jan 2005  Tadao Chino                        (b. 1934 - d. 2008)
 1 Feb 2005 - 18 Mar 2013  Haruhiko Kuroda                    (b. 1944)
18 Mar 2013 - 28 Apr 2013  Bindu N. Lohani (Nepal)(acting)    (b. 1948)
28 Apr 2013 - 17 Jan 2020  Takehiko Nakao                     (b. 1956)
17 Jan 2020 -              Masatsugu Asakawa                  (b. 1958)

ADB membership (68)

Date of  Admission	Member Nations
22 Aug 1966	Afghanistan, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, United States, Western Samoa1
29 Aug 1966	The Netherlands
30 Aug 1966	(West) Germany, Laos
21 Sep 1966	Singapore
22 Sep 1966	Vietnam2, Taiwan3
26 Sep 1966	United Kingdom
29 Sep 1966	Ceylon4, Sweden
29 Sep 1966	Austria, New Zealand
30 Sep 1966	Cambodia, Italy
24 Nov 1966	Indonesia
19 Dec 1966	Australia
31 Dec 1967	Switzerland
27 Mar 1969	Hong Kong
2 Apr 1970	Fiji
27 Jul 1970	France
8 Apr 1971	Papua New Guinea
29 Mar 1972	Tonga
14 Mar 1973	Bangladesh
26 Apr 1973	Burma5
30 Apr 1973	Solomon Islands
28 May 1974	Gilbert and Ellice Islands67
20 Apr 1976	Cook Islands
14 Feb 1978	Maldives
15 Apr 1982	Bhutan, Vanuatu
14 Feb 1986	Spain
10 Mar 1986	China
4 Apr 1990	Marshall Islands
26 Apr 1990	Federated States of Micronesia
15 Apr 1991	Turkey
17 Sep 1991	Nauru
22 Feb 1991	Mongolia
3 May 1993	Tuvalu
19 Jan 1994	Kazakhstan
13 Apr 1994	Kyrgyzstan
31 Aug 1995	Uzbekistan
20 Apr 1998	Tajikistan
22 Dec 1999	Azerbaijan
31 Aug 2000	Turkmenistan
2 Apr 2002	Portugal
23 Jul 2002	East Timor7
25 Sep 2003	Luxembourg
29 Dec 2003	Palau
20 Sep 2005	Armenia
27 Apr 2006	Brunei Darussalam
24 Jul 2006	Ireland
2 Feb 2007	Georgia
11 Mar 2019	Niue
1from 1997 Samoa. 2Republic of Vietnam to 30 Apr 1975, then Republic of South Vietnam; from 2 Jul 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam; succession recognized by ADB on 23 Sep 1976 retroactive to 2 Jul 1976. 3upon the admission of the People's Republic of China on 10 Mar 1986 the Republic of China (Taiwan) is re-designated "Taipei, China" and continues its membership under that designation. 4from 1972 Sri Lanka. 5from 1989 Myanmar. 6in 1975 Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu) separated from the Gilbert Islands which alone remained a member of the Bank; from 1979 Gilbert Islands renamed Kiribati. 7from 2003 Timor-Leste.

 8 Aug 1967                Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) created.
24 Feb 1976                Secretariat established.

Secretaries-general
 7 Jun 1976 - 18 Feb 1978  Hartono R. Dharsono (Indonesia)    (b. 1925 - d. 1996)
19 Feb 1978 - 10 Jul 1978  Umarjadi Notowijono (Indonesia)    (b. 1910 - d. ....)
10 Jul 1978 - 30 Jun 1980  Datuk Ali bin Abdullah (Malaysia)  (b. 1922)
 1 Jul 1980 -  1 Jul 1982  Narciso G. Reyes (Philippines)     (b. 1914 - d. 1996)
18 Jul 1982 - 15 Jul 1984  Chan Kai Yau (Singapore)           (b. 1930)
16 Jul 1984 - 15 Jul 1986  Phan Wannamethee (Thailand)        (b. 1923)
16 Jul 1986 - 16 Jul 1989  Roderick Yong (Brunei)             (b. 1933?)
17 Jul 1989 -  1 Jan 1993  Rusli Noor (Indonesia)             (b. 1927)
 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1997  Datuk Ajit Singh (Malaysia)        (b. 1938)
 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 2002  Rodolfo Certeza Severino           (b. 1936 - d. 2019)
                             (Philippines)
 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2007  Ong Keng Yong (Singapore)          (b. 1954)
 1 Jan 2008 - 31 Dec 2012  Surin Pitsuwan (Thailand)          (b. 1949 - d. 2017)
 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2017  Le Luong Minh (Vietnam)            (b. 1952)
 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2022  Dato' Paduka Lim Jock Hoi          (b. 1951)
                             (Brunei Darussalam)
 1 Jan 2023 -              Kao Kim Hourn (Cambodia)           (b. 1966)

ASEAN membership (10)

Date of  Admission	Member Nations
8 Aug 1967	Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
7 Jan 1984	Brunei Darussalam
28 Jul 1995	Vietnam
23 Jul 1997	Laos, Myanmar
30 Apr 1999	Cambodia

25 Jun 1992                Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) founded.
 1 May 1999                Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).

CARICOM website

Headquarters: Georgetown (Guyana)

CARICOM Day: 1st Monday in July CARICOM Day

 1 Aug 1973                Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) inaugurated.

Secretaries-general of Caribbean Community and Common Market
1973 - 1974                William Demas                      (b. 1929 - d. 1998)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
1974 - Aug 1977            Sir Alister McIntyre (Grenada)     (b. 1932 - d. 2019)
Aug 1977 - Nov 1978        Joseph Adolphus Tyndall (Guyana)   (b. 1927)
                             (acting)
 1 Nov 1978 - Sep 1983     Kurleigh King (Barbados)           (b. 1933 - d. 1998)
Sep 1983 - 31 Jul 1992     Roderick Rainford (Jamaica)        (b. 1940)
 1 Aug 1992 - 31 Dec 2010  Edwin Wilberforce Carrington       (b. 1938)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
 1 Jan 2011 - 15 Aug 2011  Lolita Janet Applewhaite (f)
                             (Barbados) (acting)
15 Aug 2011 - 15 Aug 2021  Irwin LaRocque (Dominica)          (b. 1955)
15 Aug 2021 -              Carla Natalie Barnett (f)(Belize)  (b. 1958)

to 2007

Adopted 2007

1991 - 1999	1999 - 2000	2000 - 2013
Adopted 2013

1999 - 30 Oct 2006	Adopted 30 Oct 2006
Parlacen website	Headquarters: Guatemala City (Guatemala)

28 Oct 1991                Central American Parliament (Parlamento Centroamericano)(Parlacen)
                             established as the parliamentary assembly of Central American
                             Integration System (SICA).

Presidents
28 Oct 1991 - 28 Oct 1992  Roberto Vicente Carpio Nicolle     (b. 1930 - d. 2022)
                             (Guatemala)
28 Oct 1992 - 28 Oct 1993  Ilsa Díaz Zelaya (f) (Honduras)    (b. 1942)
28 Oct 1993 - 28 Oct 1994  José Francisco Guerrero Munguía    (b. 1937 - d. 1994)
                             (El Salvador) 
28 Oct 1994 - 28 Oct 1995  Víctor Augusto Vela Mena           (b. 1940)
                             (1st time) (Guatemala)
28 Oct 1995 -  2 Dec 1995  Roland Valenzuela Oyuela (Honduras)(b. 1914 - d. 1995)
 6 Dec 1995 – 28 Oct 1996  Raúl Zaldívar Guzmán (Honduras)    (b. 1931)  
28 Oct 1996 - 28 Oct 1997  Ernesto Lima Mena (El Salvador)    (b. 1960)
28 Oct 1997 - 28 Oct 1998  Marco Antonio Solares Pérez        (b. 1956)
                             (Guatemala)
28 Oct 1998 - 28 Oct 1999  Carlos Roberto Reina (Honduras)    (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
28 Oct 1999 - 28 Oct 2000  José Ernesto Somarriba Sosa        (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
                             (Nicaragua)
28 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001  Hugo Heberto Guiraud Gargano
                             (Panama)
28 Oct 2001 - 28 Oct 2002  José Rodrigo Marcelo Samayoa Rivas (b. 1948)
                             (El Salvador)
28 Oct 2002 - 28 Oct 2003  Víctor Augusto Vela Mena           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (Guatemala) 
28 Oct 2003 - 28 Oct 2004  Mario Facussé Handal (Honduras)    (b. 1946)
28 Oct 2004 - 28 Oct 2005  Fabio Gadea Mantilla (Nicaragua)   (b. 1931)
28 Oct 2005 - 28 Oct 2006  Julio Palacios Sambrano (Panama)   (b. 1965)
28 Oct 2006 - 26 Oct 2007  Ciro Cruz Cepeda Peña (El Salvador)(b. 1945 - d. 2022)
26 Oct 2007 - 28 Oct 2008  Julio Guillermo González Gamarra
                             (Guatemala)
28 Oct 2008 - 28 Oct 2009  Gloria Guadalupe Oquelí Solórzano  (b. 1941)
                             de Macoto (f)(Honduras)
28 Oct 2009 - 28 Oct 2010  Jacinto José Suárez Espinoza       (b. 1947)
                             (Nicaragua)
28 Oct 2010 - 31 Oct 2011  Dorindo Jayán Cortéz Marciaga
                             (Panama)
31 Oct 2011 - 28 Oct 2012  Manuel "Manolo" de Jesus Pichardo  (b. 1962)
                             Arías (Dominican Rep.)
28 Oct 2012 - 25 Oct 2013  Leonel Vásquez Búcaro (El Salvador)(b. 1963)
25 Oct 2013 - 28 Oct 2014  Paula Rodríguez (f) (Guatemala)
28 Oct 2014 - 28 Oct 2015  Armando Bardales Paz (Honduras)
28 Oct 2015 - 28 Oct 2016  José Antonio Alvarado Correa       (b. 1951)
                             (Nicaragua)              
28 Oct 2016 - 28 Oct 2017  Priscilla Weeden de Miró (f)
                             (Panama)
28 Oct 2017 - 28 Oct 2018  Tony Raful Tejada (Dominican Rep.) (b. 1951)
28 Oct 2018 - 25 Oct 2019  Irma Segunda Amaya Echeverría (f)  (b. 1961)
                             (El Salvador)
25 Oct 2019 - 14 Jan 2020  Juan Alfonso Fuentes Soria         (b. 1947)
                             (Guatemala)
14 Jan 2020 - 28 Oct 2020  Nadia Lorena de León Torres (f)
                             (Guatemala)
29 Oct 2020 - 28 Oct 2021  Fanny Carolina Salinas Fernández (f)
                             (Honduras)
28 Oct 2021 - 28 Oct 2022  Guillermo Daniel Ortega Reyes
                             (Nicaragua)
28 Oct 2022 - 28 Oct 2023  Amado Cerrud Acevedo (Panama)
28 Oct 2023 -              Silvia García Polanco (f)          (b. 1966)
                             (Dominican Republic)

PARLACEN membership (6)

Date of  Admission	Member Parliaments
28 Oct 1991	El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras
21 Jan 1997	Nicaragua
1 Sep 1999	Panama1
30 Oct 2006	Dominican Republic
1Panama withdrew 24 Nov 2010; opposition Panamanians (including Dorindo Cortéz) remained in the parliament; rejoined 28 Jan 2013.

 

Text of the Baghdad Pact (4 Feb 1955)

Headquarters: Ankara (Turkey) (Baghdad, Iraq 1955-1958)

15 Apr 1955                "Pact of Mutual Cooperation" (Baghdad Pact) signed.
22 Nov 1955                Middle East Treaty Organization (MENTO).
19 Aug 1959                Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).
26 Sep 1979                CENTO dissolved.

Secretaries-general
15 Dec 1955 - 31 Dec 1958  Awni al-Khalidy (Iraq)             (b. 1912 - d. 1985)
 1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1961  Mirza Osman Ali Baig (Pakistan)    (b. 1904 - d. 1992)
Jan 1962 - Jan 1968        Abbas Ali Khalatbari (Iran)        (b. 1912 - d. 1979)
Jan 1968 -  1 Feb 1972     Turgut Menemencioğlu (Turkey)      (b. 1914 - d. 2010)
 1 Feb 1972 - Jan 1975     Nassir Assar (Iran)                (b. 1926 - d. 2015)
Jan 1975 -  1 Aug 1977     Haluk Bayülken (Turkey)            (b. 1921 - d. 2007)
Aug 1977 - Mar 1978        Sirdar Hasan Mahmud (Pakistan)     (b. 1928)
                             (acting)
31 Mar 1978 - 1979         Kamuran Gürün (Turkey)             (b. 1924 - d. 2004)

CENTO membership 

Date of  Admission	Member Nations
15 Apr 1955	Iraq1, Turkey2, United Kingdom
23 Sep 1955	Pakistan3
23 Oct 1955	Iran4
1Iraq withdrew 24 Mar 1959. 2Turkey withdrew 15 Mar 1979. 3Pakistan withdrew 12 Mar 1979. 4Iran withdrew 13 Mar 1979.

Adopted 1971	Variant Flag
Colombo Plan website	Headquarters: Colombo (Sri Lanka)

28 Nov 1950                Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development
                             in South and South-East Asia established.
 1 Jul 1951                Plan came into full operation.    
 7 Dec 1977                Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social 
                             Development in Asia and the Pacific (CESDAP). 
25 Nov 1980                Duration of the plan extended indefinitely.

Directors Executive of the Colombo Plan Bureau
Aug 1951 - Sep 1953        Geoffrey M. Wilson (U.K.)         (b. 1910 - d. 2004)
Sep 1953 - Feb 1956        Pearce William Edward Curtin      (b. 1907 - d. 1997)
                             (Australia)
Apr 1956 - Aug 1957        Nathan Keyfitz (Canada)           (b. 1913 - d. 2010)
Aug 1957 - Jul 1959        Robert Hunter Wade (New Zealand)  (b. 1916 - d. 2011)
Jul 1959 - Dec 1961        John Kenneth Thompson (U.K.)      (b. 1913 - d. 1985)
Dec 1961 - Jan 1964        Sashichirō Matsui (Japan)         (b. 1913 - d. 2001)
Jan 1964 - Mar 1966        James Lawrence Allen (Australia)  (b. 1913 - d. 1990)
Mar 1966 - Jun 1969        D. Alan Strachan (U.S.)           (b. 1903 - d. 1996)
Jun 1969 - Aug 1973        Alan Burton Connelly (Canada)     (b. 1908 - d. 1991)
Aug 1973 - Dec 1975        Ian Kerr McGregor (New Zealand)
Jan 1976 - Feb 1979        Leonore E.T. Storar (f) (U.K.)    (b. 1920 - d. 1997)
14 Feb 1979 - Feb 1982     Noboru Yabata (Japan)
Feb 1982 - Feb 1985        Eriks Ingevics (Australia)        (b. 1929 - d. 2016)
Feb 1985 - Jan 1986        Donald R. Toussaint (U.S.)        (b. 1927 - d. 1986)
Jul 1986 - Jul 1991        Gilbert H. Sheinbaum (U.S.)       (b. 1929 - d. 2020)
Jul 1991 - Dec 1994        John Cornelius Ryan (New Zealand) (b. 1935 - d. 2012)
Secretaries-general of the Colombo Plan 
Jan 1995 - Mar 1999        Kim Hak-Su (South Korea)          (b. 1938)
Apr 1999 - Jun 2003        U. Sarat Chandran (India)         (b. 1953)
Jun 2003 - Aug 2007        Kittipan Kanjanapipatkul          (b. 1947)
                             (Thailand)
Aug 2007 - Aug 2011        Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia (f)        (b. 1952)
                             (from Feb 2009, Dato' Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia)
                             (Malaysia)
15 Aug 2011 - 28 Nov 2013  Adam Naseer Maniku (Maldives)
28 Nov 2013 -  2 May 2014  Tay Bian How (Malaysia)(acting)   (b. 1954?)
 2 May 2014 -  1 May 2018  Dasho Kinley Dorji (Bhutan)
                             (Kun-legs Rdo-rje)
 1 May 2018 - Dec 2021     Phan Kieu Thu (f) (Vietnam)       (b. 1971)
 1 May 2022 -              Benjamin Panganiban Reyes
                             (The Philippines)

Colombo Plan membership (28)

Date of  Admission	Member Nations
28 Nov 1950	Australia, Canada1, Ceylon2, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, United Kingdom3
1951	Cambodia4, Laos, South Vietnam5, United States
Mar 1952	Burma6, Nepal
Feb 1953	Indonesia
5 Oct 1954	Japan, Philippines, Thailand
7 Oct 1957	Malaya7
1959	Singapore
Nov 1962	Bhutan, South Korea
12 Nov 1963	Afghanistan, Maldives
1966	Iran
1972	Bangladesh, Fiji
1973	Papua New Guinea
15 Jun 2004	Mongolia8, Vietnam9
20 Nov 2008	Brunei Darussalam10
25 Apr 2012	Saudi Arabia11
11 Aug 2021	Chile
1Canada withdrew 1992. 2from 1972 Sri Lanka. 3U.K. withdrew 1991. 4Cambodia withdrew 15 Jun 2004. 5from 2 Jul 1976 succeeded by Socialist Republic of Vietnam; announced Dec 1978 it did not regard itself as a member. 6from 1989 Myanmar. 7from 1963 Malaysia. 8Mongolia provisional member May 1998 - 15 Jun 2004. 9Vietnam  provisional member 5 Nov 2001 - 15 Jun 2004. 10Brunei provisional member to 11 Oct 2012. 11Saudi Arabia provisional member to 11 Oct 2012.

COMESA website

Headquarters: Lusaka (Zambia)

COMESA Day:  8 Dec (1994) COMESA Day

21 Dec 1981                Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States 
                             (PTA) signed (ratified 30 Sep 1982).
 8 Dec 1994                Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
                             (treaty signed 9 Nov 1993).

Secretaries-general of the Preferential Trade Area
Jan 1983 - 1984            Simeon Moses Kiingi (Uganda)       (d. ....)
                             (interim)
1984 - 1990                Bax Dale Nomvete (South Africa)    (b. 1922 - d. 2000)
1990 -  8 Dec 1994         Bingu wa Mutharika (Malawi)        (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
Secretaries-general of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
 8 Dec 1994 - 17 Apr 1997  Bingu wa Mutharika (Malawi)        (s.a.)
17 Apr 1997 - Jun 1998     Sindiso Ndema Ngwenya (Zimbabwe)   (b. 1951)
                             (1st time)(acting)
Jun 1998 - Feb 2008        Erastus Joel O. Mwencha (Kenya)    (b. 1947) 
May 2008 - 18 Jul 2018     Sindiso Ndema Ngwenya (Zimbabwe)   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting to 30 Jun 2008)
18 Jul 2018 -              Chileshe Mpundu Kapwepwe (f)       (b. 1958)
                             (Zambia)

COMESA membership (21)

Date of  Admission	Member Nations
21 Dec 1981	Angola1, Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho2, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique3, Rwanda, The Sudan, Swaziland4, Tanzania5, Uganda, Zambia, Zaire6, Zimbabwe
21 Jan 1993	Namibia7
8 Dec 1994	Eritrea
6 Jan 1999	Egypt
7 Nov 2001	Seychelles
9 Nov 2005	Libya
18 Jul 2018	Tunisia
19 Jul 2018	Somalia
1Angola suspended itself from 14 Nov 2007. 2Lesotho withdrew 12 Nov 1997. 3Mozambique withdrew 12 Nov 1997. 4from 2018 Eswatini. 5Tanzania withdrew 2 Sep 2001. 6from 1997 Congo (Kinshasa). 7Namibia withdrew 9 Nov 2004.

31 Dec 1931                "Statute of Westminster" creates the British 
                             Commonwealth of Nations.
27 Apr 1949                Renamed The Commonwealth.
 1 Jul 1965                Commonwealth secretariat created.

Heads of the Commonwealth
31 Dec 1931 -              the Kings/Queen of the United Kingdom

Secretaries-general
 1 Jul 1965 - 30 Jun 1975  Arnold Smith (Canada)              (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
 1 Jul 1975 - 30 Jun 1990  Sir Shridath Ramphal (Guyana)      (b. 1928)
 1 Jul 1990 -  3 Apr 2000  Emeka Anyaoku (Nigeria)            (b. 1933)
 3 Apr 2000 -  1 Apr 2008  Don McKinnon (New Zealand)         (b. 1939)
 1 Apr 2008 -  1 Apr 2016  Kamalesh Sharma (India)            (b. 1941)
 1 Apr 2016 -              Patricia Scotland, Baroness        (b. 1955)
                             Scotland of Asthal (f)
                             (Dominica/U.K.)

Chairmen-in-office
12 Nov 1999 -  2 Mar 2002  Thabo Mbeki (South Africa)         (b. 1942)
 2 Mar 2002 -  5 Dec 2003  John Howard (Australia)            (b. 1939)
 5 Dec 2003 - 25 Nov 2005  Olusegun Obasanjo (Nigeria)        (b. 1937)
25 Nov 2005 - 23 Nov 2007  Lawrence Gonzi (Malta)             (b. 1953)
23 Nov 2007 - 27 Nov 2009  Yoweri Museveni (Uganda)           (b. 1944)
27 Nov 2009 - 26 May 2010  Patrick Manning                    (b. 1946 - d. 2016)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
26 May 2010 - 28 Oct 2011  Kamla Persad-Bissessar (f)         (b. 1952)
                             (Trinidad and Tobago)
28 Oct 2011 - 27 Jun 2013  Julia Gillard (f) (Australia)      (b. 1961)
27 Jun 2013 - 18 Sep 2013  Kevin Rudd (Australia)             (b. 1957)
18 Sep 2013 - 15 Nov 2013  Tony Abbott (Australia)            (b. 1957)
15 Nov 2013 -  9 Jan 2015  Mahinda Rajapakse (Sri Lanka)      (b. 1945)
 9 Jan 2015 - 27 Nov 2015  Maithripala Sirisena (Sri Lanka)   (b. 1951)
27 Nov 2015 - 12 Apr 2018  Joseph Muscat (Malta)              (b. 1974)
12 Apr 2018 - 24 Jul 2019  Theresa May (f) (U.K.)             (b. 1956)
24 Jul 2019 - 24 Jun 2022  Boris Johnson (U.K.)               (b. 1964)
24 Jan 2022 -              Paul Kagame (Rwanda)               (b. 1957)

Commonwealth membership (56)

Date of Admission	Member Nations
11 Dec 1931	Australia, Canada, Ireland1, New Zealand, Newfoundland2, South Africa3,  United Kingdom
21 Jul 1932	Southern Rhodesia4
15 Oct 1947	India, Pakistan5
4 Feb 1948	Ceylon6
1 Aug 1953	Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland7
6 Mar 1957	Ghana
31 Aug 1957	Malaya8
3 Jan 1958	Federation of the West Indies9
1 Oct 1960	Nigeria10
13 Mar 1961	Cyprus
27 Apr 1961	Sierra Leone11
9 Dec 1961	Tanganyika12
6 Aug 1962	Jamaica
31 Aug 1962	Trinidad and Tobago
9 Oct 1962	Uganda
10 Dec 1963	Zanzibar12
12 Dec 1963	Kenya
6 Jul 1964	Malawi
21 Sep 1964	Malta
24 Oct 1964	Zambia
18 Feb 1965	The Gambia13
15 Oct 1965	Singapore
26 May 1966	Guyana
30 Sep 1966	Botswana
4 Oct 1966	Lesotho
30 Nov 1966	Barbados
12 Mar 1968	Mauritius
6 Sep 1968	Swaziland14
29 Nov 1968	Nauru15
4 Jun 1970	Tonga
28 Aug 1970	Western Samoa16
10 Oct 1970	Fiji17
18 Apr 1972	Bangladesh
10 Jul 1973	The Bahamas
7 Feb 1974	Grenada
16 Sep 1975	Papua New Guinea
28 Jun 1976	Seychelles
7 Jul 1978	Solomon Islands
1 Oct 1978	Tuvalu18
3 Nov 1978	Dominica
22 Feb 1979	Saint Lucia
12 Jul 1979	Kiribati
27 Oct 1979	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines19
18 Apr 1980	Zimbabwe20
30 Jul 1980	Vanuatu
21 Sep 1981	Belize
1 Nov 1981	Antigua and Barbuda
9 Jul 1982	Maldives21
19 Sep 1983	Saint Kitts and Nevis
1 Jan 1984	Brunei Darussalam
21 Mar 1990	Namibia
1 Nov 1995	Cameroon
12 Nov 1995	Mozambique
28 Nov 2009	Rwanda
25 Jun 2022	Gabon21, Togo
1Ireland withdrew 18 Apr 1949. 2Newfoundland government suspended 16 Feb 1934, merged into Canada 31 Mar 1949. 3South Africa withdrew 31 May 1961, rejoined 1 Jun 1994. 4Southern Rhodesia attended all Imperial conferences 21 Jul 1932 - 1 Aug 1953, then part of Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. 5Pakistan withdrew 30 Jan 1972, rejoined 1 Oct 1989; suspended from councils 18 Oct 1999 - 22 May 2004 and 22 Nov 2007 - 12 May 2008. 6from 1972 Sri Lanka. 7dissolved 31 Dec 1963. 8from 16 Sep 1963 as Malaysia. 9dissolved on 31 May 1962. 10Nigeria suspended 11 Nov 1995 - 29 May 1999. 11Sierra Leone suspended from councils 11 Jul 1997 - 10 Mar 1998. 12Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged as Tanzania on 26 Apr 1964. 13The Gambia withdrew 3 Oct 2013, rejoined 8 Feb 2018. 14from 2018 Eswatini. 15Nauru special member to 1 May 1999 and 9 Jan 2006 - 26 Jun 2011; "member in arrears" Nov 2007 - 26 Jun 2011. 16from 1997 Samoa. 17Fiji withdrew 15 Oct 1987, rejoined 30 Sep 1997; suspended from councils 6 Jun 2000 - 20 Dec 2001, 8 Dec 2006 - 1 Sep 2009, and 14 Mar - 26 Sep 2014; fully suspended 1 Sep 2009 - 14 Mar 2014. 18Tuvalu special member to 1 Sep 2000. 19Saint Vincent special member to 1 Jun 1985. 20Zimbabwe suspended from councils 19 Mar 2002, withdrew 7 Dec 2003. 21Maldives special member to 20 Jul 1985; withdrew 13 Oct 2016; rejoined 1 Feb 2020. 22Gabon suspended from Councils 18 Sep 2023.
Date of Admission	Associated Members of Commonwealth (2)
4 Aug 1965	Cook Islands
19 Oct 1974	Niue

 8 Dec 1991                 The agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of
                              Independent States (Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimyh Gosudarstv)
                              is signed by Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine (also known as the
                              Belavezha Accords).
21 Dec 1991                 CIS membership is extended to Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan,
                              Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
                              (a protocol to the Agreement of 8 Dec 1991 is signed in
                               Almaty on 21 Dec 1991).

Coordinator of the Working Group for Organization
16 Jan 1992 - 14 May 1993  Ivan Mikhaylovich Korotchenya       (b. 1948)
                             (Ivan Mikhaylavich Karatchenya)
                             (Belarus)
Executive Secretaries
14 May 1993 - 29 Apr 1998  Ivan Mikhaylovich Korotchenya       (s.a.) 
                             (Belarus)
29 Apr 1998 -  2 Apr 1999  Boris Abramovich Berezovskiy        (b. 1946 - d. 2013)
                             (Russia)
 4 Mar 1999 -  2 Apr 1999  Ivan Mikhaylovich Korotchenya       (s.a.)
                             (acting for Berezovskiy)(Belarus) 
Chairmen of the Executive Committee - Executive Secretaries
 2 Apr 1999 - 14 Jun 2004  Yuriy Fyodorovich Yarov (Russia)    (b. 1942)
14 Jun 2004 -  5 Oct 2007  Vladimir Borisovich Rushaylo        (b. 1953) 
                             (Rushailo)(Russia)
 5 Oct 2007 - 31 Dec 2022  Sergey Nikolayevich Lebedev (Russia)(b. 1948)
Secretary-general
 1 Jan 2023 -              Sergey Nikolayevich Lebedev (Russia)(s.a.)

CIS membership (9)

Date of  Admission	Member Nations
8 Dec 1991	Belarus, Russia, Ukraine1
21 Dec 1991	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova2, Tajikistan, Tukmenistan3, Uzbekistan
9 Dec 1993	Georgia4
1Ukraine announced on 21 Sep 2015 it would continue taking part on a selective basis; ceased participation in statutory bodies 19 May 2018. 2Moldova ceased active participation 30 Nov 2022. 3Turkmenistan withdrew 26 Aug 2005, continued to participate as an associate member. 4Georgia withdrew 18 Aug 2009.
Date of  Admission	Associate Member of CIS
26 Aug 2005	Turkmenistan