Madagascar 
 

c.1817 - c.1881 c.1881 - 30 Sep 1895 1 Oct 1895 - 27 Sep 1896 27 Sep 1896 - 21 Oct 1958 Adopted 21 Oct 1958 Map of Madagascar Hear National Anthem  "Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô" (Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland) Adopted 27 Apr 1959 Former National Anthem (Imerina to 1896) Constitution (11 Dec 2010; in French) ---------------------------------- 1992 Constitution  (19 Aug 1992 - 11 Dec 2010)  Capital: Antananarivo (Tananarive 1896-30 Dec 1975; Antananarivo c.1610-1710, 1794 - 27 Sep 1896, Ambohimanga 1710-1794, spiritual capital 1794-1896) Currency: Ariary (MGA); 1963-31 Dec 2004 Malagasy  Franc (MGF); 1925-1945  Madagascar Franc (MGG);  1945-1963 Madagascar- Comores CFA Franc (XMCF) National Holiday: 26 Jun (1960) Independence Day Population: 29,452,714 (2024) GDP: $52.96 billion (2024) Exports: $4.68 billion (2022) Imports: $6.04 billion (2022)  Ethnic groups: Malagasay 95.9% ([Malayo-Indonesian] Merina 26.6%, and related Betsileo 11.3%, Cotiers [mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry] - Betsimisaraka 13.4%, Tsimihety 7%, Antaisaka, Sakalava 5.9%, Makua 1.1%), French 0.6%, Comorian 0.5%, Reunionese 0.4%, other 1.5% (2000) Total Armed Forces: 13,500 (2024) Merchant marine: 29 ships (2023) Religions: Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar/Malagasy Lutheran Church/Anglican Church 34%, Roman Catholic 32.3%, other Christian 8.1%, traditional/Animist 1.7%, Muslim 1.4%, other 0.6%, none 21.9% (2021) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA (signatory), AfDB, AIIB (nonregional), APM, AU (suspended), BTWC, CD, CCM, COMESA, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIF, OPCW, OST, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Madagascar Index Chronology 10 Aug 1500                First sighted by Portuguese Capt. Diogo Dias on                              dia de São Lourenço (Saint Laurence Day). The                              island is later named by the Portuguese as                              Ilha de São Lourenço (Saint Laurence Island). 24 Sep 1642 - 27 Aug 1674  French Fort-Dauphin (at Tôlanaro) on the southeast                              coast of Madagascar which French name Ȋle Dauphin. 23 Oct 1817                Radama I, King of Imerina, having conquered                               large parts of the island, enters into a                              treaty of friendship and peace with the U.K. in                              which he is recognized as king of Madagascar. 17 Dec 1885                France declares Madagascar a protectorate by Treaty                              of Tamatave (not effected).  5 Aug 1890                U.K. recognizes French protectorate over Madagascar                              (and Germany on 17 Nov 1890).  1 Mar 1895                French military invasion begins (Antananarivo                              occupied 30 Sep 1895).  1 Oct 1895                Government of the Queen of Madagascar accepts                              French protectorate by treaty. 27 Sep 1896                Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies (Colonie de                              Madagascar et dépendances) proclaimed a colony of                              France (law of 6 Aug 1896, gazetted 8 Aug 1896). 28 Jan 1897                France abolishes the kingship in Imerina. 25 Jul 1912 - 31 Dec 1946  Comoros Islands incorporated into Madagascar. 16 Jun 1940 - 14 Dec 1942  Administration loyal to Vichy France (from                              1 Jan 1943, Free French).    8 May 1942 - Sep 1944     British occupation (until 10 Sep 1942 in Diego                              Suarez and Antisarana, 23 Sep 1942 in Tananarive);                              under Free French civil administration from 1 Jan                              1943 (Diego Suarez from Sep 1944). 27 Oct 1946                Madagascar overseas territory of France. 29 Mar 1947 - Nov 1948     Malagasy uprising. 14 Oct 1958 - 31 Dec 1975  Malagasy Republic (Repoblika Malagasy = République                              Malgache [from 1965, République Malagasy]). 14 Oct 1958 - 26 Jun 1960  Member state of the Communauté (French Community). 26 Jun 1960                Independence from France. 31 Dec 1975                Democratic Republic of Madagascar (Repoblika                              Demokratika Malagasy). 18 Sep 1992                Republic of Madagascar (Repoblikan’i Madagasikara) Provinces (from 2001) Traditional States   Diégo Suarez (1886-1896)   Fort-Dauphin (1642-1674)   Nossi-Bé (1841-1896) Sainte-Marie de Madagascar (1750-1896)

King¹
23 Oct 1817 - 27 Jul 1828  Radama I (Radamamanjaka I)           (b. 1792 - d. 1828)
Queen¹
 3 Aug 1828 - 16 Aug 1861  Ranavalona I (= Ramavo)              (b. c.1785 - d. 1861)
                            (Rabodoandrianampoinimerina Ranavalomanjaka I)
King¹
16 Aug 1861 - 12 May 1863  Radama II (Rakotosehenondradama)     (b. 1829 - d. 1863)
Queens¹
13 May 1863 -  1 Apr 1868  Rasoherina (Rasoherinamanjaka)       (b. 1814 - d. 1868)
 2 Apr 1868 - 13 Jul 1883  Ranavalona II (Ranavalomanjaka II)   (b. 1829 - d. 1883)
                             (= Ramoma)        
13 Jul 1883 - 27 Sep 1896  Ranavalona III (Ranavalomanjaka III) (b. 1861 - d. 1917)
                             (= Razafindrahety)(continues in Imerina to 27 Feb 1897)
French Military Commanders
 1 Mar 1895 -  6 May 1895  Léon Frédéric Hubert Metzinger       (b. 1842 - d. 1914)
                             (acting)
 6 May 1895 -  1 Jan 1896  Jacques Charles René Achille Duchesne(b. 1837 - d. 1918)
                             (general commander-in-chief corps expéditionnaire de Madagascar)
 1 Jan 1896 - 30 Sep 1896  Émile Jean François Régis Voyron     (b. 1838 - d. 1921)
                             (general commander-in-chief corps d'occupation à Madagascar)
30 Sep 1896 - 31 Jul 1897  Joseph Simon Gallieni                (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
                             (general commander-in-chief corps d'occupation à Madagascar)
Governors-general
31 Jul 1897 - 11 May 1905  Joseph Simon Gallieni                (s.a.)
11 May 1905 -  1 Jan 1906  Charles Louis Lépreux (acting)       (b. 1856 - d. 1930)
 1 Jan 1906 - 13 Dec 1909  Victor Augagneur                     (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
13 Dec 1909 - 16 Jan 1910  Hubert Auguste Garbit (1st time)     (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
                             (acting)
16 Jan 1910 - 31 Oct 1910  Henri François Charles Cor (acting)  (b. 1864 - d. 1932)
31 Oct 1910 -  5 Aug 1914  Albert Jean George Marie Louis       (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
                             Picquié
 5 Aug 1914 - 24 Jul 1917  Hubert Auguste Garbit (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                             (acting to 14 Oct 1914)
24 Jul 1917 -  1 Aug 1918  Martial Henri Merlin                 (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
 1 Aug 1918 - 12 Jul 1919  Abraham Schrameck                    (b. 1867 - d. 1948)
12 Jul 1919 - 22 Jun 1920  Marie Casimir Joseph Guyon (acting)  (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
22 Jun 1920 - 13 Mar 1923  Hubert Auguste Garbit (3rd time)     (s.a.)
13 Mar 1923 - 20 Feb 1924  Auguste Charles Désiré Emmanuel      (b. 1878 - d. 1957)
                             Brunet (acting)
20 Feb 1924 - 30 Jan 1929  Marcel Achille Olivier               (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
30 Jan 1929 -  1 May 1930  Hugues Jean Berthier (acting)        (b. 1868 - d. 1958)
 1 May 1930 - 22 Apr 1939  Léon Henri Charles Cayla (1st time)  (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
22 Apr 1939 - 10 Jun 1939  Léon Maurice Valentin Réallon        (b. 1882 - d. 1960)
                             (acting)
10 Jun 1939 - 30 Jul 1940  Jules Marcel de Coppet               (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
30 Jul 1940 - 11 Apr 1941  Léon Henri Charles Cayla (2nd time)  (s.a.)
11 Apr 1941 - 30 Sep 1942  Armand Léon Annet                    (b. 1888 - d. 1982)
 8 May 1942 - 11 Oct 1942  Robert Grice Sturges                 (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
                            (general officer commanding British Forces on Madagascar)
 8 May 1942 - 1942         Maurice Stanley Lush                 (b. 1896 - d. 1990)
                            (U.K. military administrator Madagascar)
26 Sep 1942 - Apr 1943     Francis James Rennell Rodd, Baron    (b. 1895 - d. 1978)
                             Rennell
                            (U.K. chief political officer, East Africa Command)
30 Sep 1942 -  7 Jan 1943  Victor Marius Bech (acting)          (b. 1891 - d. 1979)
11 Oct 1942 - Sep 1944     Gerald Russell Smallwood             (b. 1889 – d. 1977)
                            (U.K. general officer commanding Madagascar [Islands Area])
 1 Jan 1943 -  3 May 1943  Paul Louis Victor Marie              (b. 1884 - d. 1975)
                             Legentilhomme
                            (High commissioner French Possessions in the Indian Ocean)
 3 May 1943 - 27 Mar 1946  Pierre de Saint-Mart                 (b. 1885 - d. 1965)
27 Mar 1946 - 19 May 1946  Robert Boudry (interim)              (b. 1893 - d. 1973) 
High Commissioners
19 May 1946 - 23 Dec 1947  Jules Marcel de Coppet               (s.a.)
 8 Mar 1948 - Dec 1949     Pierre Gabriel Adhéaume de Chevigné  (b. 1909 - d. 2004)
 3 Feb 1950 - Oct 1954     Robert Isaac Bargues                 (b. 1900 - d. 1989)
Oct 1954 -  1 May 1959     Jean Louis Marie André Soucadaux     (b. 1904 - d. 2001)
President
 1 May 1959 - 11 Oct 1972  Philibert Tsiranana                  (b. 1912 - d. 1978)  PSD
Jan 1970 -  25 May 1970    Triumvirate (acting for Tsiranana)
                           - André Haja Resampa                 (b. 1924 - d. 1993)  PSD
                           - Jacques Félicien Rabemananjara     (b. 1913 - d. 2005)  PSD
                           - Calvin Tsiebo                      (b. 1902 - d. 2008)  PSD
Heads of the Government
18 May 1972 -  5 Feb 1975  Gabriel Ramanantsoa                  (b. 1906 - d. 1979)  Mil
 5 Feb 1975 - 11 Feb 1975  Richard Ratsimandrava                (b. 1931 - d. 1975)  Mil
President of the Military Directory
12 Feb 1975 - 15 Jun 1975  Gilles Andriamahazo                  (b. 1919 - d. 1989)  Mil
President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, Head of State and Government
15 Jun 1975 -  4 Jan 1976  Didier Ignace Ratsiraka              (b. 1936 - d. 2021)  AREMA+FNDR
Presidents
 4 Jan 1976 - 27 Mar 1993  Didier Ignace Ratsiraka (1st time)   (s.a.)               AREMA+FNDR
27 Mar 1993 -  4 Sep 1996  Albert Zafy                          (b. 1927 - d. 2017)  UNDD
 4 Sep 1996 -  9 Feb 1997  Norbert Lala Ratsirahonana           (b. 1938)            AVI
                             (prime minister, Head of State and Government)
 9 Feb 1997 -  6 May 2002  Didier Ignace Ratsiraka (2nd time)   (s.a.)               AREMA
                             (in dissidence, in Toamasina to 5 Jul 2002)
22 Feb 2002 - 17 Mar 2009  Marc Ravalomanana                    (b. 1949)            TIM
                             (in dissidence to 6 May 2002)
President of the Military Directory
17 Mar 2009                Hippolyte Raharison Ramaroson        (b. 1951)            Mil
President of the High Transitional Authority
17 Mar 2009 - 24 Jan 2014  Andry Nirina Rajoelina (1st time)    (b. 1974)            TGV
                             (in opposition from 7 Feb 2009)
Presidents
24 Jan 2014 -  7 Sep 2018  Hery Martial Rajaonarimampianina     (b. 1958)            HVM
                             Rakotoarimanana
 7 Sep 2018 - 19 Jan 2019  Rivo Rakotovao (acting)              (b. 1960)            HVM
19 Jan 2019 -  9 Sep 2023  Andry Nirina Rajoelina (2nd time)    (s.a.)               TGV
 9 Sep 2023 - 27 Oct 2023  Christian Louis Ntsay (acting)       (b. 1961)            Non-party
27 Oct 2023 - 16 Dec 2023  Richard Ravalomanana (acting)        (b. 1959)            TGV
16 Dec 2023 - 14 Oct 2025  Andry Nirina Rajoelina (3rd time)    (s.a.)               TGV
14 Oct 2025 -              Michael Randrianirina                (b. 1973)            Mil
                             (president of council of the presidency
                             for re-foundation of the republic to 17 Oct 2025)

Prime ministers
1828                       Ralala
1828 - 1829                Andrianamba
1829 - 1830                Rainimahay
1830 - 1833                Andriamihaja                         (d. 1833)
1833 - 18 Oct 1852         Rainiharo                            (b. 17.. - d. 1852)  Mil
Oct 1852 - 14 Jul 1864     Rainivoninahitriniony                (b. 1821 - d. 1869)  Non-party
14 Jul 1864 - 14 Oct 1895  Rainilaiarivony                      (b. 1828 - d. 1896)  Non-party
15 Oct 1895 - 11 Oct 1896  Rainitsimbazafy                      (b. 1835? - d. 1905) Non-party
Oct 1896 - 28 Feb 1897     Ombalahivelo Rasanjy (acting)        (b. 1851 - d. 1918)  Non-party
                             (secretary general)
Vice President of the Government Council
27 May 1957 - 30 Jul 1958  Philibert Tsiranana                  (s.a.)               PSD
President of the Government Council
30 Jul 1958 -  1 May 1959  Philibert Tsiranana                  (s.a.)               PSD
Prime ministers
 1 May 1959 - 13 Jan 1976  Post abolished 
13 Jan 1976 - 30 Jul 1976  Joël Rakotomalala                    (b. 1929 - d. 1976) AREMA+FNDR
12 Aug 1976 -  1 Aug 1977  Justin Rakotoniaina                  (b. 1933 - d. 2001) AREMA+FNDR
 1 Aug 1977 - 12 Feb 1988  Désiré Rakotoarijaona                (b. 1934)           AREMA+FNDR
12 Feb 1988 -  8 Aug 1991  Victor Ramahatra                     (b. 1945)           AREMA+FNDR
 8 Aug 1991 -  9 Aug 1993  Guy Razanamasy                       (b. 1928 - d. 2011)  Non-party
 9 Aug 1993 - 30 Oct 1995  Francisque Ravony                    (b. 1942 - d. 2003)  CSDDM
30 Oct 1995 - 28 May 1996  Emmanuel Rakotovahiny                (b. 1938 - d. 2020)  UNDD
28 May 1996 - 21 Feb 1997  Norbert Ratsirahonana                (s.a.)               AVI
21 Feb 1997 - 23 Jul 1998  Pascal Rakotomavo                    (b. 1934 - d. 2010)  AREMA
23 Jul 1998 - 31 May 2002  Tantely Andrianarivo                 (b. 1954 - d. 2023)  AREMA
                             (under house arrest by Ravalomanana from 27 May 2002)
26 Feb 2002 - 20 Jan 2007  Jacques Sylla                        (b. 1946 - d. 2009)  Non-party
                             (appointed by Ravalomanana) 
31 May 2002 -  5 Jul 2002  Jean-Jacques Rasolondraibe           (b. 1947)            AREMA
                             (interim; appointed by Ratsiraka)
20 Jan 2007 - 17 Mar 2009  Charles Rabemananjara                (b. 1947)            Mil
17 Mar 2009 - 10 Oct 2009  Monja Roindefo                       (b. 1965)            MONIMA
                             (appointed by Rajoelina on 7 Feb 2009;
                             continues in opposition to 13 Nov 2009)
10 Oct 2009 - 20 Dec 2009  Eugène Régis Mangalaza               (b. 1950)            Non-party
22 Oct 2009 - 13 Nov 2009  Cécile Marie Ange Dominique          (b. 1958)            TGV
                             Manorohanta (f)(acting for Mangalaza)
20 Dec 2009 -  2 Nov 2011  Albert Camille Vital                 (b. 1952)            Mil
 2 Nov 2011 - 16 Apr 2014  Omer Beriziky                        (b. 1950)            Non-party
16 Apr 2014 - 17 Jan 2015  Roger Kolo                           (b. 1943)            HVM
17 Jan 2015 - 13 Apr 2016  Jean Ravelonarivo                    (b. 1959)            Mil
13 Apr 2016 -  6 Jun 2018  Solonandrasana Olivier Mahafaly      (b. 1964)            HVM
 6 Jun 2018 -  7 Oct 2025  Christian Louis Ntsay                (s.a.)               Non-party
 7 Oct 2025 - 22 Oct 2025  Ruphin Fortunat Dimbisoa Zafisambo                        Mil
22 Oct 2025 -  9 Mar 2026  Herintsalama Andriamiasy             (b. 1961)            Non-party
                             Rajaonarivelo
16 Mar 2026 -              Mamitiana Rajaonarison               (b. 1973)            Mil

French Residents-general
14 May 1886 - 17 Nov 1888  Charles Marie Le Myre de Vilers      (b. 1833 - d. 1918)
                             (1st time)(chargé d'affaires)
14 Mar 1888 - 17 Nov 1888  Paul Augustin Jean Larrouy (1st time)(b. 1847 - d. 1906)
                             (acting for Le Myre)
17 Nov 1888 - 11 Oct 1891  Louis Maurice Bompard                (b. 1854 - d. 1935)
                             (acting to 12 Dec 1889)
11 Oct 1891 - 19 Aug 1892  Jean Aurélien Lacoste (acting)       (b. 1837 - d. 1904)
                             (delegate of the resident)
19 Aug 1892 - 19 Sep 1894  Paul Augustin Jean Larrouy (2nd time)(s.a.)
19 Sep 1894 - 15 Oct 1894  Albert François Ildefonse            (b. 1861 - d. 1944)
                             d'Anthouard (acting)
                             (Anthoüard de Wasservas)
15 Oct 1894 - 26 Dec 1894  Charles Marie Le Myre de Vilers      (s.a.)
                             (plenipotentiary) (2nd time)
Sep 1894 - 21 Feb 1895     Achille Ranchot                      (b. 1860 - d. 1897)
                             (acting [for de Vilers to 26 Dec 1894])
21 Feb 1895 -  1 Dec 1895  Robert Édouard Alphonse Chaloin      (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
                             (acting)
16 Jan 1896 - 30 Sep 1896  Hippolyte Laroche                    (b. 1848 - d. 1914)
30 Sep 1896 - 31 Jul 1897  Joseph Simon Gallieni                (s.a.)

  ¹Rulers style:
(a) c.1817 - 27 Sep 1896: Mpanjakany Madagascar (also Mpanjaka ny Madagascar); in relation with foreigners: Roi/Reine de Madagascar ("King/Queen of Madagascar"), often with commendatory additions.

Territorial Disputes: Claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de
Nova Island (all administered by France); the vegetated drying cays of Banc du Geyser, which were claimed by Madagascar in 1976, also fall within the EEZ claims of the Comoros and France (Glorioso Islands, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands).

Party abbreviations: AREMA = Andry sy Riana Enti-Manavotra an'i Madagasikara/Association pour la Renouveau de Madagascar (Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar, socialist, part of FNDR 1976-90, formerly 1976-29 Nov 1997 named Antoky ny Revolisiona Malagasy/Avant-garde pour la Révolution Malgache [Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution], est.14 May 1976); AVI = Asa Vita no Ifampitsarana (People Judged by One's Work, centrist, mainly highlands based, est.1993); HVM = Hery Vaovao ho an'i Madagasikara (New Forces for Madagascar, est.2013); MONIMA = Madagasikara otronin'ny Malagasy/Mouvement Nationaliste et Indépendant de Madagascar (Madagascar for the Malagasy/National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar, est.29 Jul 1958); TGV = Tanora malaGasy Vonona (Young Malagasies Determined, reformist, Rajoelina personalist, est.2007); TIM = Tiako'i Madagasikara/J'aime Madagascar (I Love Madagascar Party, reformist, Ravalomanana personalist, est.3 Jul 2002); UNDD = Union Nationale pour la Développement et le Démocratie (National Union for Development and Democracy, Zafy personalist, ecological, anti-AREMA, est.1989); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: CSDDM = Comité de Soutien à la Démocratie et au Développement à Madagascar (Support Committee for Democracy Development in Madagascar, anti-Ratsiraka, Dec 1992-1996); FNDR = Front National pour la Défense de la Révolution (National Front for the Defense of the Revolution, socialist, only legal political organization 1976-1990, included AREMA, 29 Dec 1976-Mar 1990); PSD = Parti Social Démocre (Social Democratic Party, socialist, 1956-Mar 1974, merged into Parti Socialist Malgache [Malagasy Socialist Party])

 

Capital: Diégo-Suarez

Population: 4,567 (1887)

17 Dec 1885                Diégo-Suarez (Antsiranana) port ceded to France by
                             Madagascar (Établissements Français de Diego-Suarez).
 6 Aug 1896                Incorporated into Madagascar.

Commandants
1886 - 1887                Henri Paul Marie Caillet          (b. 1830 - d. 1895)
1887 -  6 Aug 1896         Ernest Emmanuel Froger            (b. 1848 - d. 1926)

1506 - 15..                Portugese constructed fort at "Fauzer" Lake, near Taolagnaro
                             to exploit gold.
24 Jun 1642                King Louis XIII grants Madagascar, then named île Dauphine,
                             and adjacent islands to the Compagnie de l'Orient
                             (by lettres patentes).
24 Sep 1642                French Fort-Dauphin (at Tolagnaro) established on the southeast
                             coast of Ȋle Dauphin (Madagascar).
Aug 1664                   Renamed Eastern France (France orientale)(by charter of 
                             Compagnie Royale des Indes Orientales with Fort-Dauphin as
                             its headquarters).
 1 Jul 1665                Name île Dauphine restored.
27 Aug 1674                Abandoned.
 5 Sep 1768 - Feb 1771     Attempted French re-settlement.
1804 - 18 Feb 1811         French Madasgacar coastal trading posts are united as a
                             sub-government (with Tamatave as its headquarters) by the
                             governor of Île Bourbon.
1807/18 Feb 1811           French trading posts at Foulpointe (Mahavelona) and Tamatave
                             (Toamasina)(1811) are captured by the British.

Governors
24 Sep 1642 -  4 Dec 1648  Jacques de Pronis (1st time)      (b. 1619 - d. 1655)
 4 Dec 1648 - 12 Feb 1655  Étienne de Flacourt (interim)     (b. 1607 - d. 1660)
12 Feb 1655 - 23 May 1655  Jacques de Pronis (2nd time)      (s.a.) 
                             (acting)
23 May 1655 - 1655         Jean des Perriers (Duperrier)
                             (acting)
1655 - 1656                Martin Gueston (acting)
1656 - 29 May 1657         Charles de la Chaussée, seigneur  (d. 1672)
                             de Champmargou (1st time)(acting)
29 May 1657 - 19 May 1661  Pierre du Rivau
19 May 1661 -  8 Jul 1665  Charles de la Chaussée, seigneur  (s.a.)
                             de Champmargou (2nd time)
 8 Jul 1665 - 14 Dec 1665  Pierre de Beausse                 (b. 1598 - d. 1665)
                             (president of sovereign council)
14 Dec 1665 - Sep 1666     Gilles Montaubon                  (d. 1666)
Sep 1666 - 10 Mar 1667     Charles de la Chaussée, seigneur  (s.a.)
                             de Champmargou (3rd time)(acting)
10 Mar 1667 -  3 Dec 1670  François de Lopès, marquis de     (d. 1672) 
                             Montdevergues
 3 Dec 1670 - 26 Jun 1671  Jacob Blanquet de La Haye         (b. 1621 - d. 1677)
26 Jun 1671 -  6 Dec 1672  Charles de la Chaussée, seigneur  (s.a.)
                             de Champmargou (4th time)(acting)
 6 Dec 1672 - 27 Aug 1674  Jean de la Bretesche
Commandant
 5 Sep 1768 - Feb 1771     Louis Laurent de Faidherbe,       (b. 1725 - d. 1777) 
                             comte de Maudave 
                            (Féderbe, comte de Modave)

French Commercial agent at Tamatave (agent général français à Tamatave)
1804 - 18 Feb 1811         Jean-Baptiste Sylvain Roux        (b. 1765 - d. 1823)

 

Capital: Hellville (Hell-Ville)

Population: 11,300 (1885)

1649 - 1650                English colony on an island (Nosy Komba?) near Nosy Be - abandoned
                             due to disease and local hostility.
14 Jul 1840                Nossi-Bé (Nosy-Be) Island a French colony (subordinated to
                             Île de Bourbon [Réunion]); Nosy Be and some small surrounding
                             islands (Nosy Comba, Sakatia, Nosy Faly, Nosy Mitsiu, etc.)
                             ceded to France by Tsimohekou, queen of Buéni, and the Sakalava
                             (Établissements de Nossi-Bé).
25 Mar 1843                Subordinated to Mayotte.
14 Jul 1877                Nossi-Bé a separate French colony (Nossi-Bé et dépendances).
 6 Aug 1896                Incorporated into Madagascar.

Commandants (Commandant particulier)
 3 Feb 1841 - 1842         François Gouhot                    (b. 1802 - d. 1862)
17 Jun 1842 - 1842         Pierre Passot                      (b. 1806 - d. 1885)
 8 Nov 1842 - 1845         Charles Auguste Joseph Morel       (b. 1803 - d. 1875)
15 Jun 1845 - 1848         Henri Martin Lamy                  (b. 1802 - d. 18..)
15 Nov 1848 - 1851         Jean Ernest Marchaisse             (b. 1814 - d. 1866)
16 Apr 1850 - 1850         Pierre Desbeaux
29 May 1850 - 1850         Louis Raoult
14 Aug 1850 - 1851         Alexandre Louis Berg               (b. 1805 - d. 1874)
12 Jun 1851 - 14 Nov 1852  Jean Théophile Lapeyre-Bellair     (b. 1814 - d. 1852)
15 Nov 1852 - 1852         Victor Édouard Harmand (interim)   (b. 1822 - d. 1857)
1852                       Thomas Joseph Dupuis (1st time)    (b. 1813 - d. 1991)
                             (interim)
28 Mar 1853 - 1853         André Brisset                      (b. 1808 - d. 1876)
28 May 1853 - 1854         Thomas Joseph Dupuis (2nd time)    (s.a.)
13 Sep 1854 - 1855         Louis Antoine-Ernest Arnoux        (b. 1817 - d. 1890)
18 Apr 1855 - 1855         Joseph Méciste Septans (interim)   (b. 1812 - d. 1887)
10 Sep 1855 - 1858         Thomas Joseph Dupuis (3rd time)    (s.a.)
 7 Jan 1858 - 1860         Paul-Gustave Sachet (interim)      (b. 1817 - d. ....)
1860 - 1861                Paul Duperrier
27 Jun 1861 - 1865         Vincent Dérussat                   (b. 1806 - d. 1890)
11 Jan 1865 - 1866         Pierre Lucas (interim)             (b. 1825 - d. 189.)
 4 May 1866 - 1866         Pierre Édouard Paté (interim)
29 May 1866 - 1868         Joseph Ferdinand Hayes             (b. 1814 - d. 1897)
 4 Jul 1868 -  5 Mar 1869  Louis Jean Chériner (interim)      (b. 1828 - d. 1869)
 5 Mar 1869 - 1869         Jean-Baptiste Joseph Charles       (b. 1836 - d. 1909)
                             Barnier (1st time)
21 Mar 1869 - 1869         Henri Boyer (interim)              (b. 1837 - d. ....)
26 May 1869 - 1870         Aimé Ernest Justin Champy          (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
                             (1st time)
12 Oct 1870 - 1871         Patrice Louis Jules Ventre de la   (b. 1813 - d. 1892)
                             Touloubre 
 4 Mar 1871 - Mar 1871     Aimé Ernest Justin Champy          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
19 Mar 1871 - 1872         Jean-Baptiste Joseph Charles       (b. 1836 - d. 1909)
                             Barnier (2nd time)
27 Mar 1872 - 1873         Alexandre Marie Le Clos            (b. 1828 - d. 1886)
 2 Mar 1873 - 1873         Ernest Guerie
27 Apr 1873 - 1874         Honoré Henri Léchelle              (b. 1827 - d. 1889)
 1 Feb 1874 - 1875         Claude Michel Jacques Louis        (b. 1820 - d. 1904) 
                             François Fontaine
25 Feb 1875 - 1876         Joseph Marie Carle (interim)       (b. 1830 - d. ....)  
 7 Jan 1876 - 1877         Arthur Paul Feutray (interim)      (b. 1829 - d. 1881)
Nov 1876 - 1876            Guial (interim)
31 Dec 1876 - 1877         Louis Masson (interim)
Feb 1877 - 1877            François Aimé Marie Édmond Ferriez (b. 1834 - d. 1890)
                             (interim)
14 Jan 1878 - 1881         Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Seignac,    (b. 1833 - d. 1902)
                             dit Seignac-Lesseps (1st time)
22 Feb 1881 - 1881         Auguste Anne Lefèvre-Dubua         (b. 1827 - d. 1909)
                             (interim)
 1 Dec 1881 - 1883         Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Seignac,    (s.a.)
                             dit Seignac-Lesseps (2nd time)
24 Nov 1883 - 1886         Alexandre Charles Le Maître        (b. 1836 - d. 1888)
 3 May 1886 - 1886         Furcy Augustin Armanet (1sttime)   (b. 1855 - d. 1911)
                             (interim)
 3 Jun 1886 - 1888         Léon Émile Clément Thomas          (b. 1840 - d. 1925)
28 Jan 1888 - 1888         Pierre Louis Clovis Papinaud       (b. 1844 - d. 1900)
 1 Mar 1888 - 1889         Furcy Augustin Armanet (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 5 Mar 1889 - Mar 1890     Joseph Pascal François (1st time)  (b. 1853 - d. 1914)
Mar 1890 - Jul 1890        Eutrope Louis Marie Broni (interim)(b. 1846 - d. 1895)
Jul 1890 - Aug 1890        Joseph François Raoul Pierre Sers  (b. 1847 - d....)
                             (interim)
Aug 1890 - Jul 1891        Joseph Pascal François (2nd time)  (s.a.)
Jul 1891 -  2 Jan 1892     Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac        (b. 1854 - d. 1916)
 2 Jan 1892 -  6 Aug 1896  Joseph Pascal François (3rd time)  (s.a.)

 

Capital: Ambodifotafra (1819-1896)

Population: 7,600 (1885)

30 Jul 1750                Île de Sainte-Marie-de-Madagascar (Nosy Boraha) ceded to
                             the French East India Company (Compagnie française des
                             Indes orientales) by Beti, daughter of Ratzimilao, chief
                             of the Betsimarake.
Dec 1754                   Abandoned. 
15 Oct 1818                Sainte-Marie de Madagascar French territory (Établissements
                             Français à Madagascar)(included coastal posts at Tamatave,
                             Pointe-à-Larré, Foulepointe, and Tintingue to 1825 and 1829-1831)
                             (subordinated to Île de Bourbon [Réunion]).
 2 Mar 1843                Subordinated to Mayotte.
18 Oct 1853                Separate colony of Sainte-Marie de Madagascar.
27 Oct 1876                Subordinated to Réunion.
 4 May 1888                Subordinated to Diégo-Suarez.
28 Jan 1896                Incorporated into Madagascar.

Administrator
30 Jul 1750 - Dec 1754     sieur Gosse                        (d. 1754)
Dec 1754 - 1819            None
Commandants (Commandant particulier)
12 Jun 1819 - 15 Apr 1821  Jean-Louis Joseph Carayon          (b. 1794 - d. 1872)
                             (1st time)
15 Apr 1821 -  2 Apr 1823  Jean-Baptiste Sylvain Roux         (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
 2 Apr 1823 - 29 Apr 1823  François-Fortuné Joachim Albrand   (b. 1795 - d. 1826)
29 Apr 1823 - Oct 1826     Bertrand Hercule Blévec (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1866)
 9 Oct 1826 - 1827         Giraud (interim)
20 Jun 1827 -  9 Aug 1828  Jean-Louis Joseph Carayon          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(interim)
  9 Aug 1828 -  9 Oct 1829  Schoell (interim)                  (d. 1829)
 9 Oct 1829 - 16 Nov 1829  Giraud (interim)
16 Nov 1829 - 1830         Jean-Louis Joseph Carayon          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)(interim)
1830 - 1841                direct rule from Île de Bourbon (Réunion)
1841 - 1849                Raymond Vergès                     (b. 1796 - d. 1850)
1849 - 1850                Pierre Balthazar Mermier           (b. 1806 - d. 18..) 
                             (1st time)(interim)
1850 - 1851                André Brisset (interim)            (b. 1808 - d. 1876)
1851 - 1853                Pierre Balthazar Mermier           (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time)(interim)
1853                       Félix Sylvain Grébert (interim)    (b. 1807 - d. ....)
1853 - 1855                Jean-Pierre Thomas Durand          (b. 1810 - d. 1883)
                             (interim to 18 Oct 1853)
14 Nov 1855 - 1858         Anne Jean Baptiste Raffenel        (b. 1809 - d. 1858)
1858 - 1868                Jean-Paul de la Grange             (b. 1827 - d. ....)
11 Jan 1868 - 1873         Louis Justin Ignace Blandinières   (b. 1814 - d. 1905)
21 Mar 1873 - 1878         Charles Honoré Vassal              (b. 1833 - d. 1900)
1878 -  6 Aug 1896         direct rule from Réunion/Diégo-Suarez