Mexico
Map
of Mexico |
Hear
National Anthem
"Himno Nacional Mexicano"
(National Anthem of Mexico) or "Mexicanos,
al grito de guerra"
(Mexicans, to the War Cry)
|
Text
of National Anthem
in use from 15
Sep 1854;
Adopted
4 May 1943 |
Constitution
(5 Feb 1917)
-------------------------------
Former Constitutions
(1824, 1836,
1843, 1857;
imperial 1822
& 1865)
|
Capital:
Mexico City
(Ciudad de México)
(México Tenochtitlán 1524-1585;
Cuernavaca 4 Oct - 15 Nov 1855, imperial
summer capital 1864 - 1867; Juárez:
Veracruz 4 May 1858 - 11 Jan 1861)
|
Currency:
Mexican Peso
(MXN); Mexican Silver Peso
(MXP) 1822-31 Dec 1992; Spanish Escudo
(XESE) 1535-1822 |
National
Holiday: 16 Sep (1810)
Día del Grito de Independencia
(Cry of
Independence Day )
|
Population:
130,739,927 (2024)
|
GDP: $2.87
trillion (2023)
|
Exports:
$649.3 billion (2023)
Imports: $673.8
billion (2023)
|
Ethnic groups:
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%,
predominantly Amerindian 21%,
Amerindian 7%
other (mostly European) 10% (2012)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 216,000 (2021)
Merchant marine:
674 ships (2023)
|
Religions:
Roman Catholic 78%,
Protestant/evangelical Christian 11.2%,
other 0.002%, unaffiliated (includes
atheism) 10.6% (2020) |
International
Organizations/Treaties: ACS,
AG, APEC, APM, BCIE (nonregional), BIS,
BTWC, CAN (observer), CAP (observer),
Caricom (observer), CCM, CD, CDB, CE
(observer), CELAC, CPTPP, CTBT, CWC, EBRD, ECOWAS
(observer), EITI (suspended), ESCR, FAO,
FATF, G-5, G-15,
G-20, G-24, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA,
ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES,
LAIA, LAP,
LU (permanent observer), Mercosur (observer), MIGA,
Moon, NAM (observer), NEA, NPT, NSG,
NTBT, OAS, OECD, OIF (observer), OPANAL,
OPCW, OPEC (cooperation), OST, PA, Paris Club
(associate), PCA, SEGIB, SICA
(observer), UN, UNASUR
(observer), UNCLOS, UNCTAD,
UNESCO,
UNFCC,
UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, WA,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
Mexico Index
|
Chronology
1428 - 1521
Aztec Empire (Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān)("Mexica
Triple
Alliance") in central Mexico, with a
capital at
Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City).
8
Nov
1519
Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés
enters Mexico-
Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City).
29
Jun
1520
Death of Aztec huēyi tlahtoāni (emperor)
Moctezuma.
31 Aug
1521
Spanish colony of New Spain (Nueva
España)
(modern Mexico, Costa Rica,
Cuba, Dominican Rep.,
El Salvador, Guatemala,
Haiti [to 1697],
Honduras, Jamaica [to 1656],
Nicaragua, Venezuela
[to 1739], U.S.
states of Arizona, California,
Colorado, Florida,
Nevada, New Mexico, Texas,
Utah, and Louisiana
[1766-1803]).
13 Dec
1527
Real Audiencia de México
established in Mexico City
14 Feb
1530
Spanish overthrow the Purépecha
(Tarascan) Empire.
11 May
1535
Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato
de Nueva
España).
16 Sep 1810 - 19 Mar 1811
Independence revolt led by Hidalgo.
6
Nov
1813
Independence of "Northern America" (América
Septentrional)
and/or "Mexican America" (América
Mexicana) declared by the
Congress of Anáhuac
at Chilpancingo (insurrection
against Spain).
24 Oct
1814
Constitution of Apatzingán
promulgated.
15 Dec
1815
Insurrection extinguished.
24 Feb
1821
Establishment of New Spain as an
independent empire
is
proposed in a plan of government (Plan
de
Iguala)
issued at Iguala.
24 Aug
1821
Mexican Empire (Imperio Mexicano).
28 Sep
1821
Declaration
of Independence of the Empire.
29 Mar
1823
Mexico (México).
1 Jul
1823
Central America
independent (see Guatemala).
31 May
1841 - 17 Aug 1848 Yucatan
declares independence (re-incorporated
during 15 Dec 1843 - 1 Jan 1846).
4 Oct
1824
United Mexican States (Estados
Unidos Mexicanos).
23 Oct
1835
Mexican Republic (República
Mexicana).
2 Mar
1836
Texas
declares independence.
14 Nov
1837
Spain
formally recognizes independence of
Mexico.
17 Jan
1840 - 6 Nov 1840
Attempted secession by Republic
of the Rio
Grande.
22 Aug
1846
United Mexican States (Estados
Unidos Mexicanos);
República Mexicana continued
in official use.
14 Sep
1847 - 1 Aug 1848 Northern
and Central Mexico occupied by the
United States during the
Mexican-American War.
2
Feb
1848
Mexican cession territories
ceded to the U.S.
14
Dec 1862 - 12 Mar 1867 Foreign
intervention.
11 Jul
1863 - 21 Jun 1867 Mexican
Empire (Imperio Mexicano)(under
French
occupation).
21 Jun
1867
Imperial forces in Mexico City
surrendered to the
armed forces of the United Mexican
States.
21 Jun
1867
United Mexican States (restored);
Mexican Republic
continued in official use.
1 May 1917
United Mexican States (Estados
Unidos Mexicanos).
|
Mexico
(since 1810)
|
States
A-L
and M-Z
|
New
Spain
(1521-1821)
|
New
Spain
Provinces
|
Chiapas
(1821-1824) |
Republic
of
Rio
Grande
(1840) |
Yucatán
(1821-1824,
1841-1848) |
Historical
Maps
of Mexico
(1821-1974)
|
Map
of Mexican
Revolution
(1910-1920) |
|
|
New Spain
Captains General and Chief Justices of the Chapter
(Capitán
General y Justicia Mayor Capitular)
13 Aug 1521 - 24 Dec 1521 Hernán Cortés de Monroy
y Pizarro (b. 1485 - d. 1547)
Altamirano (1st time)
24 Dec 1521 - 30 Dec 1521 Cristóbal
de Tapia (acting)
(royal governor)
30 Dec 1521 - 15 Oct 1522 Hernán Cortés de
Monroy y Pizarro (s.a.)
Altamirano (2nd time)
Royal
Governors and Captains General (Gobernador
Real y Capitán General)
15 Oct 1522 - 12 Oct 1524 Hernán Cortés
de Monroy y Pizarro (s.a.)
Altamirano (2nd time)
12 Oct 1524 - 24 May 1525 Lieutenant
Governors (acting)
- Alonso
de Estrada
(b. 1470 - d. 1530)
(to 29 Dec 1524, 17 Feb - 20 Apr 1525)
-
Rodrigo de Albornoz
(to 29 Dec 1524, 17 Feb - 20 Apr 1525)
- Alonso
de Zuazo (Suazo)
(b. 1466 - d. 1539)
- Pedro
Almíndez Chirino (Chirinos) (d. 1549)
(from 29 Dec 1524)
- Gonzalo
de Salazar
(b. 1492 - d. 1564)
(from 29 Dec 1524)
24 May 1525 - 28 Jan 1526 Gonzalo de
Salazar
(s.a.)
+ Pedro
Almíndez
Chirino
(s.a.)
(acting)
29 Jan 1526 — 24 Jun 1526 Alonso de Estrada
(1st time) (s.a.)
+
Rodrigo de Albornoz
(acting)
24 Jun 1526 - 3 Jul 1526
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y
Pizarro (s.a.)
Altamirano (3rd time)
4 Jul 1526 - 16 Jul 1526 Luis Ponce
de León (acting)
(b. c.1460 - d. 1526)
16 Jul 1526 - 1 Mar 1527 Marcos de
Aguilar (acting)
(b. c.1461 - d. 1527)
2 Mar 1527 — 22 Aug 1527 Alonso de
Estrada (2nd time)
(s.a.)
+
Gonzalo de Sandoval
(b. 1497 - d. 1528)
+ Luis
de la Torre (1st time)
(acting)
22 Aug 1527 - 8 Dec 1528 Alonso de Estrada
(3rd time) (s.a.)
+ Luis de la Torre (2nd time)
(acting, de facto)
9 Dec 1528 - 21 Dec 1529 Nuño
Beltrán de Guzmán
(b. 1490 - d. 1558)
(president of Real Audiencia de
México)
21 Dec 1529 - 23 Dec 1530 Juan Ortiz de
Matienzo (acting)
(b. c.1485 – d. c.1535)
(president of Real Audiencia
de México)
23 Dec 1530 - 14 Nov 1535 Sebastián
Ramírez de Fuenleal (b.
c.1490 - d. 1547)
(president of Real Audiencia
de México)
Viceroys of
New Spain (Virrey de la Nueva España)
14 Nov 1535 - 25 Nov 1550
Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco
(b. 1495 - d. 1552)
(appointed
17 Apr 1535)
25 Nov 1550 - 31 Jul 1564 Luis
de Velasco y Ruiz de
(b. 1511 - d. 1564)
Alarcón
1 Aug 1564 - 19 Oct 1566
Francisco de Ceinos (Ceynos) Obregón (d. 1568/69)
y Guerra de la Vega
(1st time)
(president of Real Audiencia de México)
19 Oct 1566 - 14 Apr 1567 Gastón
de Peralta y Bosquet,
(b. 1510 - d. 1587)
marqués
de Falces, conde de
Santisteban
de Lerín y barón de
Marcilla
11 Nov 1567 - 14 Apr 1568 Alonso
de Muñoz
(b.
c.1512 - d. 1568)
+ Luis Carrillo (to Apr 1568)
(d. 1568)
(visitadores; Royal
Commissioners)
14 Apr 1568 - 4 Nov 1568
Francisco de Ceinos (Ceynos) Obregón (s.a.)
y Guerra de
la Vega (2nd time)
(president of Real Audiencia de México)
5 Nov 1568 - 4
Oct 1580 Martín Enríquez de Almansa
(b. 1508/11 - d. 1583)
y
Ulloa
4 Oct 1580 - 29 Jun 1583
Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza Jiménez, (b. 1518
- d. 1583)
conde de Coruña
29 Jun 1583 - 24 Sep 1584 Luis
de Villanueva y Zapata
(b. c.1505 - d. 1584?)
(president of Real Audiencia de México)
25 Sep 1584 - 17 Nov 1585 Pedro Moya de
Contreras,
(b. c.1527 - d. 1591)
arzobispo de México
18 Nov 1585 - 25 Jan 1590 Álvaro
Manrique de Zúñiga,
(b. 1532 - d. 1604)
marqués de Villamanrique
25 Jan 1590 - 5 Nov 1595
Luis de Velasco y Castilla, conde
(b. 1534 - d. 1617)
de Santiago (1st time)
5 Nov 1595 - 26 Oct 1603
Gaspar de Zúñiga Acevedo y Velasco, (b. 1560 - d.
1606)
conde de Monterrey
26 Oct 1603 - 2 Jul 1607
Juan Manuel de Mendoza y Luna,
(b. 1571 - d. 1628)
marqués
de Montesclaros
2 Jul 1607 - 17 Jun 1611
Luis de Velasco y Castilla, conde (s.a.)
de Santiago y (from 18
Jul 1609)
marqués de Salinas del Río Pisuerga
(2nd time)
17 Jun 1611 - 22 Feb 1612 Fray
Francisco García Guerra, (b.
1547 - d. 1612)
arzobispo de México (interim)
22 Feb 1612 - 18 Oct 1612 Pedro
Otálora
(b. 1570 - d. 1624)
(president of Real Audiencia
de México)
18 Oct 1612 - 14 Mar 1621 Diego Fernández
de Córdoba y Lopez (b. 1578 - d. 1630)
de las Roelas Benavides y Melgarejo,
marqués de Guadalcázar
14 Mar 1621 - 21 Sep 1621 Páez
(Paz) de Vallecillo
(president of Real Audiencia)
21 Sep 1621 - 15 Jan 1624 Diego Carrillo
de Mendoza y Pimentel, (b. c.1560 - d. 1636)
marqués de Gelves y conde de Priego
15 Jan 1624 - 3 Nov 1624 the
Real Audiencia de México
[president unknown]
3 Nov 1624 - 16 Sep
1635 Rodrigo Pacheco y Osorio,
(b. 1580 - d.
1652)
marqués de Cerralbo
16 Sep 1635 - 28 Aug 1640 Lope
Díez de Aux y Armendáriz
(b. c.1575 - d. 1644)
Saavedra, marqués de Cadereyta
28 Aug 1640 - 9 Jun 1642
Diego López Pacheco Cabrera y
(b. 1599 - d. 1653)
Bobadilla, marqués de Villena,
duque de Escalona
9 Jun 1642 - 23 Nov 1642 Juan de
Palafox y Mendoza,
(b. 1600 - d. 1659)
obispo de Puebla de los Ángeles
(interim)
23 Nov 1642 - 13 May 1648 García
Sarmiento de Sotomayor (b.
c.1590 - d. 1659)
Enríquez y Luna, conde de
Salvatierra,
marqués de Sobroso
13 May 1648 - 22 Apr 1649 Marcos
de Torres y Rueda,
(b. 1591 - d. 1649)
obispo de Yucatán (interim)
22 Apr 1649 - 28 Jun 1650 Matías
de Peralta Cabeza de Vaca (b.
1581 - d. 1655)
(president of Real Audiencia
de México)
28 Jun 1650 - 15 Aug 1653 Luis Enríquez de
Guzmán y Coresma, (b. c.1600 - d.
1667)
marqués de Villaflor y
conde de Alba de Liste
15 Aug 1653 - 16 Sep 1660
Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, (b.
1619 - d. 1676)
duque de Alburquerque
16 Sep 1660 - 29 Jun 1664 Juan
Francisco Jacinto de la Cerda (b. 1604 - d.
1678)
de la Lama y de la Cueva Leyva
Arteaga y Gamboa, conde de Baños,
marqués de la Adrada
29 Jun 1664 - 15 Oct 1664 Diego
Osorio de Escobar y Llamas, (b. 1608 - d.
1673)
obispo de Puebla de los Ángeles
(interim)
15 Oct 1664 - 20 Nov 1673
Antonio Sebastián Álvarez de Toledo (b. 1622
- d. 1715)
Molina y Salazar, marqués de
Mancera
20 Nov 1673 - 13 Dec 1673 Pedro
Nuño Colón de Portugal y (b.
1618 - d. 1673)
Castro, duque de Veragua y
de la Vega, marqués de Jamaica,
marqués de Villamizar y conde de
Gelves
13 Dec 1673 - 7 Nov 1680
Payo Enríquez de Rivera Manrique,
(b. 1622 - d. 1684)
arzobispo de México
7 Nov 1680 - 16 Jun 1686
Tomás Antonio Manuel Lorenzo de la (b.
1638 - d. 1692)
Cerda
y Enríquez de Ribera, conde
de Paredes y marqués de la Laguna
de
Camero Viejo, conde de Paredes
de Nava
16 Jun 1686 - 20 Nov 1688
Melchor Portocarrero Lasso de la (b.
1636 - d. 1705)
Vega y Rojas, conde de la Monclova
20 Nov 1688 - 27 Feb 1696 Gaspar
de la Cerda Sandoval Silva y (b. 1653 - d. 1697)
Mendoza, conde de Galve
27 Feb 1696 - 18 Dec 1696 Juan
de Ortega Cano Montañés y (b.
1627 - d. 1708)
Patiño, obispo de Michoacán
(1st time)(acting)
18 Dec 1696 - 4 Nov 1701
José Sarmiento y
Valladares,
(b. 1643 - d. 1688)
conde de Moctezuma y de Tula
4 Nov 1701 - 27 Nov 1702
Juan de Ortega Cano Montañés
y (s.a.)
Patiño, arzobispo de México
(2nd time) (acting)
27 Nov 1702 - 13 Nov 1710
Francisco Fernández de la
Cueva (b. 1666 - d.
1733)
Enríquez, duque de Alburquerque,
marqués de Cuéllar, conde de Ledesma
13 Nov 1710 - 16 Jul 1716
Fernando de Alencastre Noroña
y (b. 1662 - d.
1717)
Silva, marqués de Valdefuentes,
duque de Linares
16 Jul 1716 - 15 Oct 1722
Baltasar de Zúñiga Guzmán Sotomayor (b. 1658
- d. 1727)
y
Mendoza, marqués de Valero,
duque de Arión
15 Oct 1722 - 17 Mar 1734 Juan
de Acuña, marqués
de
(b. 1657 - d. 1734)
Casafuerte
17 Mar 1734 - 17 Aug 1740 Juan
Antonio de Vizarrón y
(b. 1682 - d. 1747)
Eguiarreta, arzobispo de México
17 Aug 1740 - 23 Aug 1741 Pedro
de Castro y Figueroa y Salazar, (b. 1678 - d.
1741)
marqués de Gracía Real,
duque de la Conquista
23 Aug 1741 - 3 Nov 1742
Pedro Malo de Villavicencio
(b. 1673 - d. 1744)
(president of Real Audiencia de México)
3 Nov 1742 - 9 Jul
1746 Pedro Cebrián y Agustín,
conde (b. 1687
- d. 1752)
de Fuenclara
9 Jul 1746 - 9 Nov
1755 Juan Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas,(b.
1681 - d. 1766)
conde de Revilla Gigedo (Revillagigedo)
9 Nov 1755 - 5 Feb 1760
Agustín de Ahumada y
Villalón, (b.
1700 - d. 1760)
marqués de las Amarillas
5 Feb 1760 - 28 Apr 1760
Francisco Antonio de Echévarri
(b. 1700 - d. 1774)
(president
of Real Audiencia de México)
28 Apr 1760 - 5 Oct 1760
Francisco Antonio Cagigal de
la (b. 1691 - d.
1777)
Vega (interim)
6 Oct 1760 - 24 Aug 1766
Joaquín Juan de Montserrat y Cruillas,(b. 1700 - d.
1771)
marqués de Cruillas
24 Aug 1766 - 22 Sep 1771 Carlos
Francisco de
Croix,
(b. 1703 - d. 1778)
marqués de Croix
22 Sep 1771 - 9 Apr 1779
Antonio María de Bucareli y
Ursúa (b. 1717 - d. 1779)
Henestrosa y Lasso de la Vega
10 Apr 1779 - 22 Aug 1779
Francisco Romá y Rosell
(b. c.1727 - d. 1784)
(president of Real Audiencia de México)
22 Aug 1779 - 28 Apr 1783 Martín
de Mayorga y Ferrer
(b. 1721 - d. 1783)
28 Apr 1783 - 20 Oct 1784 Matías
de Gálvez García Madrid y
(b. 1717 - d. 1784)
Gallardo
20 Oct 1784 - 17 Jun 1785
Vicente de Herrera y Rivero
(b. 1743 - d. 1794)
(president of Real Audiencia de México)
17 Jun 1785 - 30 Nov 1786
Bernardo Vicente Polinar
de (b.
1746 - d. 1786)
Gálvez y Gallardo, conde de Gálvez
30 Nov 1786 - 8 May 1787
Eusebio Ventura Beleña
(b. 1736 - d. 1794)
(president of Real Audiencia de México)
8 May 1787 - 16 Aug 1787
Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta,
(b. 1729 - d. 1800)
arzobispo de México (acting)
16 Aug 1787 - 16 Oct 1789 Manuel
Antonio Flórez
Maldonado (b. 1723 -
d. 1799)
Martínez de Angulo y Bodquín
16 Oct 1789 - 11 Jul 1794 Juan
Vicente de Güemes Pacheco de (b.
1738 - d. 1799)
Padilla y Horcasitas, conde
de Revilla Gigedo (Revillagigedo)
11 Jul 1794 - 31 May 1798 Miguel
de la Grúa Talamanca
(b. c.1750 - d. 1812)
de Carini y Branciforte, marqués
de
Branciforte
31 May 1798 - 30 Apr 1800 Miguel
José de Azanza Alegría,
(b. 1746 - d. 1826)
duque de Santa Fe
30 Apr 1800 - 4 Jan 1803
Félix Ignacio Juan Nicolás Antonio (b.
1733 - d. 1826)
José
Joaquín Buenaventura Berenguer
de Marquina y FitzGerald
4 Jan 1803 - 15 Sep 1808
José Joaquín Vicente de Iturrigaray (b. 1742
- d. 1815)
y
Aróstegui de Gaínza y Larrea
15 Sep 1808 - 19 Jul 1809 Pedro
de
Garibay
(b. 1729 - d. 1815)
19 Jul 1809 - 8 May 1810
Francisco Javier de Lizana
y
(b. 1749 - d. 1811)
Beaumont, arzobispo de México
8 May 1810 - 14 Sep 1810
Pedro Catani
(b. 1739 - d. c.1815)
(president of Real Audiencia de México)
14 Sep 1810 - 30 Sep
1812 Francisco Javier Venegas de
Saavedra (b. 1754 - d. 1838)
y
Rodríguez de Arenzana, marqués
de la Reunión de Nueva España
Superior Polical Chiefs
(Jefes políticos superiores de
Nueva España)
30 Sep 1812 - 4 Mar 1813 Francisco Javier
Venegas de Saavedra (s.a.)
y Rodríguez de Arenzana, marqués
de la Reunión de Nueva España
4 Mar 1813 - 4 May 1814 Félix María
Calleja del
Rey,
(b. 1753 - d. 1828)
conde de Calderón
Viceroys
4 May 1814 - 20 Sep 1816 Félix María Calleja
del
Rey,
(s.a.)
conde de Calderón
20 Sep 1816 - 31 May 1820 Juan
Ruíz de Apodaca y Eliza López (b. 1754
- d. 1835)
de Letona y Lasquetty, conde de
Venadito
Superior Polical Chiefs
31 May 1820 - 5 Jul 1821
Juan Ruíz de Apodaca y Eliza López
(s.a.)
de Letona y Lasquetty, conde de
Venadito
5 Jul 1821 - 3 Aug 1821 Pedro
Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez (b. 1769 - d. 1822)
y
Sicardo (acting)
3 Aug 1821 - 27 Sep 1821
Juan José Rafael Teodomiro
de
(s.a.)
O'Donojú y O'Ryan
27 Sep 1821 - 21 Oct 1822 Vacant
21 Oct 1822 - 1 Oct 1823 Francisco Lemaur de
la Muraire (b. 1769 - d.
1857)
(inteirm)
Mexico
Generalissimo of the North American Armies
16 Sep 1810 - 21 Mar 1811 Miguel
Gregorio Antonio Hidalgo y (b. 1753 - d. 1811)
Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y
Villaneñor
President of the Supreme Government
Junta of America
21 Aug 1811 - 15 Sep 1813 José
Ignacio Antonio López Rayón (b. 1773 - d. 1832)
Generalissimo of the North American
Armies
15 Sep 1813 - 14 Mar 1814 José
María Teclo Morelos y Pérez (b. 1765
- d. 1815)
Pavón
President of the Supreme Mexican Congress
14 Mar 1814 - 24 Oct 1814 José
María Nestorio Liceaga y Reyna(b. 1780? - d.
1818)
Presidents of the Supreme Mexican
Government
24 Oct 1814 - 24 Feb 1815 José
María Nestorio Liceaga y Reyna(s.a.)
24 Feb 1815 - 13 Nov 1815 José
María Teclo Morelos y Pérez (s.a.)
Pavón
13 Nov 1815 - 15 Dec 1815 Ignácio
Alas
(b. 1780 - d. 1843)
15 Dec 1815 -
1817 Executive
Commission
- José Manuel Rafael Simeón de (b. 1789 -
d. 1832)
Mier
y Terán y Teruel
- Ignácio
Alas
(s.a.)
- Antonio
Cumplido
(d. af.1823)
President of the Provisional
Governing Junta
(pending the acceptance of the throne
by Fernando VII)
24 Aug 1821 - 28 Sep 1821 Agustín Cosme Damián de
Iturbide (b. 1783 - d. 1824) Mil
y Arámburu
President of the Regency of the
Empire (pending the acceptance of the
throne by Fernando VII)
28 Sep 1821 - 19 May 1822
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide
(s.a.)
Mil
y Arámburu
Emperor¹
19 May 1822 - 29 Mar 1823 Agustín
I
(s.a.)
(= Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide
y Arámburu)
(takes oath of office 22 May 1822)
President of the Constituent Congress
(de facto supreme executive power)
29 Mar 1823 - 2 Apr 1823
José Mariano
Marín
(b. 1782 - d. 1863) Lib
Presidents of the Supreme Executive
Power
2 Apr 1823 - 30 Apr 1823
Pedro Celestino Negrete Santesteban(b. 1777 - d.
1846) Lib
1 May 1823 - 31 May 1823
José Mariano Buenaventura de
(b. 1772 - d. 1852) Lib
Michelena y Gil de Miranda
(1st time)
1 Jun 1823 - 30 Jun 1823
Nicolás Bravo Rueda (1st time)
(b. 1786 - d. 1854) Lib
1 Jul 1823 - 31 Jul 1823
José Mariano Buenaventura de
(s.a.)
Lib
Michelena y Gil de Miranda
(2nd time)
1 Aug 1823 - 31 Aug 1823
Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez (b. 1756 - d.
1830) Lib
de Alemán (1st time)
(= José Miguel Domínguez)
1 Sep 1823 - 30 Sep 1823
Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña
(b. 1783 - d. 1831) Lib
(1st time)
1 Oct 1823 - 31 Oct 1823
José Mariano Buenaventura
de
(s.a.)
Lib
Michelena y Gil de Miranda
(3rd time)
1 Nov 1823 - 30 Nov 1823
Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez
(s.a.)
Lib
de Alemán (2nd
time)
1 Dec 1823 - 8 Dec
1823 Vicente Ramón Guerrero
Saldaña
(s.a.)
Lib
(2nd time)
8 Dec 1823 - 31 Dec 1823
Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez (s.a.)
Lib
de Alemán (3rd time)
1 Jan 1824 - 31 Jan 1824
José Mariano Buenaventura
de
(s.a.)
Lib
Michelena y Gil de Miranda
(4th time)
1 Feb 1824 - 29 Feb 1824
Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez (s.a.)
Lib
de Alemán (4th time)
1 Mar 1824 - 31 Mar 1824
Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña
(s.a.)
Lib
(3rd time)
1 Apr 1824 - 30 Apr 1824
Nicolás Bravo Rueda (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Lib
1 May 1824 - 31 May 1824
Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez (s.a.)
Lib
de Alemán (5th time)
1 Jun 1824 - 30 Jun 1824
Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña
(s.a.)
Lib
(4th time)
1 Jul 1824 - 31 Jul 1824
Guadalupe Victoria (1st
time) (b. 1786 - d.
1843) Lib
(= José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix)
1 Aug 1824 - 31 Aug 1824
Nicolás Bravo Rueda (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Lib
1 Sep 1824 - 30 Sep 1824
Miguel Ramón Sebastián Domínguez (s.a.)
Lib
de
Alemán (6th time)
1 Oct 1824 - 10 Oct 1824
Guadalupe Victoria (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Lib
Presidents
10 Oct 1824 - 1 Apr 1829
Guadalupe
Victoria
(s.a.)
Lib
1 Apr 1829 - 4
Feb 1830 Vicente Ramón Guerrero
Saldaña
(s.a.)
Lib
(absent from 18 Dec 1829; deposed on 4 Feb
1830,
but
continues in dissidence to 20 Jan 1831)
18 Dec 1829 - 23 Dec 1829 José Maria
Bocanegra y Villalpando (b. 1787 - d.
1862) Lib
(acting for absent
Guerrero)
23 Dec 1829 - 1 Jan 1830 Provisional
Supreme Executive Power
- José Pedro Vélez de Zúñiga
(b. 1787 - d. 1848) Lib
- Lucas Ignacio de Paula Alamán y (b. 1792 - d.
1853) Con
Escalada
- José Luis Quintanar y Soto
(b. 1772 - d. 1837) Mil
(acting for Guerrero)
1 Jan 1830 - 26 Dec 1832
Anastasio Bustamante y Oseguera (b.
1780 - d. 1853) Con
(1st time)(acting [ostensibly for Guerrero to 4 Feb
1830])
14 Aug 1832 - 27 Dec 1832 Melchor de Eca y
Múzquiz (b. 1790 - d.
1844) Lib
(acting [for Bustamante to 26 Dec 1832])
26 Dec 1832 - 1 Apr 1833 Manuel
Gómez Pedraza y Rodríguez (b. 1789 - d.
1851) Lib
1 Apr 1833 - 1 Apr 1837
Antonio López de Santa Anna
y (b. 1794 - d.
1876) Lib
Pérez de Lebrón (1st time)
(Texas prisoner 22
Apr - 26 Nov 1836, then
in the U.S. Nov 1836 - 31 Jan 1837)
1 Apr 1833 - 16 May 1833 José María
Valentín Gómez de la (b. 1781 - d.
1858) Lib
Vara y Martínez Farías (1st time)
(acting for Santa Anna)
28 Jan 1835 - 1 Mar 1836 Miguel Francisco
Barragán Andrade (b. 1789 - d.
1836) Lib
(acting for Santa Anna)
27 Feb 1836 - 19 Apr 1837 José Justo
Corro Silva (interim) (b. 1794 - d.
1864) Con
(acting for Barragán to 1 Mar 1836,
then acting for Santa Anna to 1 Apr 1837)
19 Apr 1837 - 6 Oct 1841
Anastasio Bustamante y Oseguera
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time)
18 Mar 1839 - 10 Jul 1839 Antonio
López de Santa Anna y
(s.a.)
Lib
Pérez de Lebrón
(acting for Bustamante)
10 Jul 1839 – 17 Jul 1839 Nicolás Bravo
Rueda
(s.a.)
Lib
(acting for Bustamante)
23 Sep 1841 – 1 Oct 1841 Francisco Javier
Echeverría (b. 1797
- d. 1852) Con
(acting for Bustamante)
6 Oct 1841 - 10 Oct 1841 Vacant
10 Oct 1841 - 1 Feb 1844 Antonio López de
Santa y Pérez
(s.a.)
Lib
de Lebrón Anna (2nd time)
(provisional)
26 Oct 1842 - 3 Mar 1843 Nicolás Bravo
Rueda
(s.a.)
Lib
(acting for Santa Anna)
4 Oct 1843 - 4 Jun 1844 José
Valentín Raimundo Canalizo (b. 1794 -
d. 1850) Lib
Bocadillo (acting for Santa Anna
to 1 Feb
1844; then interim)
4 Jun 1844 - 21 May 1845
Antonio López de Santa y Pérez
(s.a.)
Lib
de Lebrón Anna (3rd time)
(captured by a belligerent force 15 Jan 1845)
12 Sep 1844 - 21 Sep 1844 José
Joaquín Antonio Florencio de (b. 1792 - d.
1854) Lib
Herrera
y Ricardos
(acting for Santa Anna)
21 Sep 1844 - 7 Dec 1844 José Valentín
Raimundo Canalizo
(s.a.)
Lib
Bocadillo (acting for Santa
Anna)
15 Dec 1844 - 30 Dec 1845 José Joaquín Antonio
Florencio de (s.a.)
Lib
Herrera y Ricardos (1st time)
(interim to 16 Sep 1845)
30 Dec 1845 - 4 Jan 1846 Vacant
2 Jan 1846 - 4 Aug 1846 José
Mariano Epifanio Paredes y
(b. 1797 - d. 1849) Con
Arrillaga
(General-in-Chief to 4 Jan 1846,
then interim)
5 Aug 1846 - 24 Dec 1846 José Mariano de
Salas Barbosa (b. 1797 - d.
1867) Con
(General-in-chef, exercising supreme executive power)
(1st time)
24 Dec 1846 - 16 Sep 1847 Antonio
López de Santa Anna y
(s.a.)
Lib
Pérez de Lebrón (4th time)(interim)
24 Dec 1846 - 22 Mar 1847 José María Valentín
Gómez de la
(s.a.)
Lib
Vara y Martínez Farías (2nd time)
(acting for Santa Anna)
1 Apr 1847 - 19 May 1847 Pedro
María Anaya y de Álvarez (b. 1794 -
d. 1854) Lib
(acting
for Santa Anna)
16 Sep 1847 - 22 Sep 1847 Vacant
22 Sep 1847 - 12 Nov 1847 Manuel José
de la Peña y Peña (b. 1789
- d. 1850) Lib
(1st time) (acting)
12 Nov 1847 - 8 Jan 1848
Pedro María Anaya y de Álvarez (s.a.)
Lib
(interim)
8 Jan 1848 - 3 Jun
1848 Manuel José de la Peña y
Peña
(s.a.)
Lib
(2nd time)(acting to 15 May 1848, then interim)
3 Jun 1848 - 15 Jan 1851
José Joaquín Antonio Florencio de
(s.a.)
Lib
Herrera y Ricardos (2nd time)
15 Jan 1851 - 6 Jan 1853 José
Mariano García de Arista y (b. 1802 -
d. 1855) Lib
Nuez
6 Jan 1853 - 7 Feb 1853 Juan Bautista
Ceballos Gómez (b.
1811 - d. 1859) Lib
Sañudo
(provisional to 6 Jan 1853, then interim)
7 Feb 1853 - 20 Apr 1853 Manuel
Apolinario José
María (b. 1802 - d.
1853) Con
Ignacio Lombardini de la Torre
(acting)(repository of the Supreme Executive
Power)
20 Apr 1853 - 12 Aug 1855
Antonio López de Santa Anna
y
(s.a.)
Con
Pérez de Lebrón (5th time)
12 Aug 1855 - 15 Aug
1855 Vacant
13 Aug 1855 - 15 Aug 1855 Rómulo Díaz de la Vega
(1st time) (b. 1804 - d. 1877) Mil/Con
(Division General-in-Chief of the Forces of District of
Mexico)
15 Aug 1855 - 12 Sep 1855 Martín
Carrera Sabat (interim) (b. 1806
- d. 1871) Con
12 Sep 1855 - 4 Oct 1855
Rómulo Díaz de la Vega (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/Con
(governor of District of Mexico and
Commander-in-Chief)
4 Oct 1855 - 30 Nov 1857 Juan
Álvarez Hurtado (interim)
(b. 1790 - d. 1867) Mil/Lib
(in dissidence as general-in-chief of
the
Army Restorer of Liberty 14 Mar - 4 Oct 1855)
11 Dec 1855 - 21 Jan 1858 José
Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de (b. 1812 - d.
1863) Lib
los
Ríos (acting for Álvarez to 1 Dec
1857; provisional from 19 Dec 1857)
19 Jan 1858 - 15 Jun 1861 Benito
Pablo Juárez
García
(b. 1806 - d. 1872) Lib
(in opposition [interim to 15 Jun 1861];
in Mexico City 11 Jan 1861 - 31 May 1863;
in dissidence from 31 May 1863)
21 Jan 1858 - 23 Dec 1858 Félix
María Zuloaga
Trillo
(b. 1813 - d. 1898) Mil/Con
(= José Félix de la Santísima Trinidad Zuloaga Trillo)
(1st time)(General-in-chief to 24 Jan 1858; then
interim)
23 Dec 1858 - 2 Jan 1859 Vacant
2 Jan 1859 - 22 Jan 1859 José
Manuel Susano de la
Luz (b. 1817 - d.
1862) Con
Robles Pezuela (acting)
(in charge of Public Power)
22 Jan 1859 - 23 Jan 1859 José Mariano de Salas
Barbosa
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time) (acting)
24 Jan 1859 - 2 Feb 1859
Félix María Zuloaga
Trillo
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time) (interim)
2 Feb 1859 - 13 Aug 1860 Miguel Gregorio de
la
Luz
(b. 1831 - d. 1867) Con
Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo
(1st time) (interim)
13 Aug 1860 - 15 Aug 1860 José
Ignacio Pavón
(acting) (b.
1791 - d. 1866) Con
(= José Ignacio María del Corazón de
Jesús de Santa Clara
Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Antonio de Padua Pavón
Jiménez
(depository of the Executive Power)
15 Aug 1860 - 24 Dec 1860 Miguel Gregorio de la
Luz
(s.a.)
Con
Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo
(2nd time) (interim)
28 Dec 1860 - 23 Mar 1862 Félix María
Zuloaga
Trillo
(s.a.)
Con
(3rd time) (interim)
21 Apr 1862 - 12 Jan 1863 Juan Nepomuceno
Almonte
(b. 1803 - d. 1869) Con
(interim Supreme Chief of the Mexican Nation)
(not recognized by the French "intervention" forces)
22 Jun 1863 - 24 Jun 1863 Teodosio
Lares
(b. 1806 - d. 1870) Con
(President of the Superior Governing Junta)
25 Jun 1863 - 19 May 1864 Supreme
Provisional Executive Power
(from 11 Jul 1863, Regency of the Empire)
- Juan Nepomuceno
Almonte
(s.a.)
Con
- Juan Bautista Pascual José de (b.
1812 - d. 1884) Con
Ormaechea y Ernaiz, obispo de
Tulancingo (to
18 Oct 1863)
- José Mariano de Salas Barbosa
(s.a.)
Con
- José Antonio Pelagio
de la (b. 1816 - d. 1891) Con
Santísima Trinidad de Labastida
y Dávalos, arzobispo de México
(18 Oct - 17 Nov 1863)
Lieutenant of the Empire
19 May 1864 - 29 May 1864 Juan
Nepomuceno
Almonte
(s.a.)
Con
Emperor¹
29 May 1864 - 15 May 1867
Maximiliano
I
(b. 1832 - d. 1867)
(= Fernando Maximiliano José de Austria y
Baviera)
(accepted the crown 10 Apr 1864, lands at Veracuz on 29
May 1864)
Lieutenant of the Empire
15 May 1867 - 21 Jun 1867
Leonardo Teófilo Guadalupe Ignacio (b. 1820 - d.
1913) Con
del Corazón de Jesús Márquez Araujo
Presidents
15 Jun 1861 - 18 Jul 1872 Benito
Pablo Juárez
García
(s.a.)
Lib
(in opposition from 21 Jan 1858)
19 Jul 1872 - 28 Nov 1876 Sebastián Marcos
Francisco de (b. 1825 - d.
1889) Lib
Paula Lerdo de Tejada y Corral
(interim to 30 Nov 1872; continues in dissidence to 25
Jan 1877)
28 Oct 1876 - 17 Jan 1877 José
María Iglesias Inzáurraga
(b. 1823 - d. 1891) Lib
(= José Antonio de Jesús Telésforo Iglesias Inzáurraga)
(interim, in dissidence)
28 Nov 1876 - 30 Nov 1880 José
de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz
(b. 1830 - d. 1915) Mil;1877 Lib
Mori (1st time)(general-in-chief of
Constitutionalist Army in charge of
the
executive power to 5 May 1877,
then interim president)
(de facto ruler to 1 Dec 1884)
6 Dec 1876 - 15 Feb 1877
Juan Nepomuceno Méndez
(b. 1820 - d. 1894) Lib
(acting for Díaz)
1 Dec 1880 - 30 Nov 1884 Manuel del Refugio
González Flores (b. 1833 - d. 1893) Lib
1 Dec 1884 - 25 May 1911
José de la Cruz Porfirio
Díaz
(s.a.)
PNP
Mori (2nd time)
5 Oct 1910 - 21 May 1911
Francisco Ignacio Madero González
(b. 1873 - d. 1913) PCP
(provisional, in dissidence)
25 May 1911 - 6 Nov 1911 Francisco
León de la Barra y
(b. 1863 - d. 1939) Non-party
Quijano (interim)
6 Nov 1911 - 19 Feb 1913
Francisco Ignacio Madero González
(s.a.)
PCP
6 Nov 1911 - 19 Feb 1913
Pascual Orozco Vázquez
(b. 1882 - d. 1915) PNA
(pretender in opposition; in Chihuahua)
15 Feb 1913
(hours) Emilio
Vázquez Gómez
(b. 1858 - d. 1926) PNA
(pretender, in opposition)
18 Feb 1913 - 19 Feb 1913 José
Victoriano Huerta Márquez (b.
1850 - d. 1916) Mil
(in charge of the executive power, in dissidence)
19 Feb 1913 (minutes) Pedro José
Domingo de la Calzada (b. 1858 - d. 1952)
Non-party
Manuel
María Lascuráin Paredes
(interim)
19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914 José
Victoriano Huerta Márquez (s.a.)
Mil
(interim)
19 Feb 1913 - 15 Jul 1914 José
Venustiano Carranza Garza
(b. 1859 - d. 1920) PNA
(pretender, in opposition; in Coahuila and Sonora)
19 Jun 1914 - 10 Apr 1919
Emiliano Zapata Salazar
(b. 1879 - d. 1919) Conv
(commander of Liberation Army of
the South; in rebellion, in Morelos)
15 Jul 1914 - 13 Aug 1914 Francisco
Sebastián Carvajal y (b. 1870 -
d. 1932) Non-party
Gual (interim)
20 Aug 1914 - 31 Oct 1914 José
Venustiano Carranza Garza
(s.a.)
PNA
(1st time)(first chief of Constitutionalist
Army in charge of the executive power;
continues in dissidence to 1 May 1917)
30 Sep 1914 - 29 Jul 1920
Francisco "Pancho"
Villa
(b. 1878 - d. 1923) Conv
(commander of Division of the North;
in
rebellion, in Chihuahua)
31 Oct 1914 - 6 Nov 1914
Antonio Irineo Villarreal González (b. 1879 - d.
1944) PL
(president of Sovereign Revolutionary Convention)
6 Nov 1914 - 16 Jan 1915
Eulalio Martín Gutiérrez Ortiz
(b. 1881 - d. 1939) Conv
(provisional; continues in dissidence
to 2 Jun 1915)
16 Jan 1915 - 10 Jun 1915 Roque
Victoriano González de la
(b. 1885 - d. 1962) Conv
Garza (acting) (loyal to Zapata)
10 Jun 1915 - 10 Oct 1915
Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagos (b. 1878 - d.
1932) Conv
Cházaro Mortero (acting)
(in charge of the Executive Power of
the Nation)
10 Oct 1915 - 21 May 1920 José
Venustiano Carranza de la
(s.a.)
Conv;1917 PLC
Garza (2nd time)(first chief
of Constitutionalist
Army in charge of the executive power;
in dissidence until 1 May 1917)
23 Apr 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 Felipe Adolfo de
la Huerta Marcor (b. 1881 - d. 1955)
PLC
(interim supreme chief of Constitutionalist
Liberal
Army to 1 Jun 1920, then substitute
president)
1 Dec 1920 - 30 Nov 1924
Álvaro Obregón
Salido
(b. 1880 - d. 1928) PLM
1 Dec 1924 - 30 Nov 1928
Plutarco Elías
Calles
(b. 1877 - d. 1945) PLM
(from 1928, self-styled Jefe Máximo de la
Revolución
[Maximum Chief of the Revolution])
1 Dec 1928 - 5 Feb 1930 Emilio Cándido
Portes
Gil
(b. 1890 - d. 1978) PNR
(provisional)
5 Feb 1930 - 4 Sep
1932 Pascual Ortiz
Rubio
(b. 1877 - d. 1963) PNR
4 Sep 1932 - 30 Nov 1934
Abelardo Luján
Rodríguez
(b. 1889 - d. 1967) PNR
(substitute)
1 Dec 1934 - 30 Nov 1940
Lázaro Cárdenas del
Río
(b. 1895 - d. 1970) PNR;1938 PRM
1 Dec 1940 - 30 Nov 1946
Manuel Ávila
Camacho
(b. 1897 - d. 1955) PRM;1946 PRI
1 Dec 1946 - 30 Nov 1952
Miguel Alemán Váldes
(b. 1900 - d. 1983) PRI
1 Dec 1952 - 30 Nov 1958
Adolfo Tomás Ruiz
Cortines
(b. 1889 - d. 1973) PRI
1 Dec 1958 - 30 Nov 1964
Adolfo López
Mateos
(b. 1910 - d. 1969) PRI
1 Dec 1964 - 30 Nov 1970
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños Cacho (b. 1911 -
d. 1979) PRI
1 Dec 1970 - 30 Nov 1976
Luis Echeverría
Álvarez
(b. 1922 - d. 2022) PRI
1 Dec 1976 - 30 Nov 1982
José Guillermo Abel López Portillo (b. 1920 - d.
2004) PRI
y Pacheco
1 Dec 1982 - 30 Nov 1988 Miguel de la Madrid
Hurtado (b.
1934 - d. 2012) PRI
1 Dec 1988 - 30 Nov 1994
Carlos Salinas de
Gortari
(b.
1948)
PRI
1 Dec 1994 - 30 Nov 2000
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de
León (b.
1951)
PRI
1 Dec 2000 - 30 Nov 2006
Vicente Fox
Quesada
(b.
1942)
PAN
1 Dec 2006 - 30 Nov 2012
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (b.
1962)
PAN
1 Dec 2012 - 30 Nov 2018 Enrique
Peña
Nieto
(b. 1966)
PRI
1 Dec 2018 - 30 Sep 2024 Andrés Manuel López
Obrador (b.
1953)
MORENA
1 Oct 2024
-
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo (f)
(b.
1962)
MORENA
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
13 Jun 1864 - 6 Oct 1866 José María
de la Asunción Juan (b. 1809 -
d. 1869) Con
Nepomuceno de Lacunza y Blengua
6 Oct 1866 - 19 Mar
1867 Teodosio
Lares
(s.a.)
Con
19 Mar 1867 - 15 May 1867 José
Santiago Vidaurri Valdéz
(b. 1808 - d. 1867) Con
15 May
1867
Post abolished
Commanding generals of the French Expeditionary
Corps
5 Mar 1862 - 24 Sep
1862 Charles Ferdinand
Latrille, (b.
1814 - d. 1892)
comte de Lorencez
24 Sep 1862 - 5 Sep 1863
Elié Frédéric
Forey
(b. 1804 - d. 1872)
5 Sep 1863 - 12 Mar 1867
François Achille
Bazaine
(b. 1811 - d. 1888)
U.S. Commanding generals in Mexico City
14 Sep 1847 - 18
Feb 1848 Winfield Scott
(b. 1786 - d. 1866)
18 Feb 1848 - 16 Mar 1848
William Orlando Butler
(b. 1791 - d. 1880)
16 Mar 1848 - 12 Jun 1848
Stephen Watts Kearny
(b. 1794 - d. 1848)
¹Full style of the rulers:
(a) 19 May 1822
- 29 Mar 1823: por la Divina Providencia y
por el Congreso de la Nación, primer Emperador
constitucional de México ("by the Divine
Providence and by the Congress of the Nation, first
constitutional Emperor of Mexico");
(b) 10 Apr 1864
- 15 May 1867: Emperador de México
("Emperor of Mexico"), long form: por la
gracia del Dios y la Voluntad de la Gente, Emperador
de México ("by the grace of God and the
Will of the People, Emperor of Mexico").
Territorial Disputes: Aabundant
rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-U.S.
border region has ameliorated periodically strained
water-sharing arrangements; the U.S. has intensified
security measures to monitor and control legal and
illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across its
border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of
impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who
cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and
the U.S.; Belize and Mexico are working to solve minor
border demarcation discrepancies arising from
inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty.
Party abbreviations: MORENA = Movimiento
Regeneración Nacional (National Regeneration Movement,
center-left, reformist, populist, social
democratic, Cardenism, est.10 Jul 2014); PAN
= Partido Acción Nacional (National Action Party,
conservative, christian democratic, est.16 Sep 1939); PRI
= Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional
Revolutionary Party, centerist, socialist,
constitutionalist, 1929-1989 state party, 4 Mar 1929-30
Mar 1938 Partido Nacional Revolucionario [National
Revolutionary Party][PNR]; 30
Mar 1938-18 Jan 1946 Partido de la Revolución Mexicana
[Party of the Mexican Revolution][PRM],
est.4 Mar 1929); Mil =
Military;
- Former
parties: Con
= Partido Conservador (Conservative Party, conservative,
Catholic, Criollism and monarchist 1849-67, Lib
opposition, 1822-1867); Conv =
Convencionistas (Conventionists, Villistas
and Zapatistas supporters of Convention
of Aguascalientes, incl. Carranza, 1914-1915);
Lib = Partido Liberal (Liberal
Party or Progressive Party [Partido del Progreso],
liberal, republican, secular, 1822-1884,
succeeded by PNP); PCP =
Partido Constitucionalista Progresista (Progressive Constitutionalist
Party, liberal, Maderismo, pro-Madero, then
Carranza, 1910-1929, merged into PNR); PL =
Partido Liberal Mexicano (Mexican Liberal Party,
liberal, agrarian, Magonism, anti-Porfiriato,
1905-1918); PLC =
Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (Constitutionalist
Liberal Party, social democatic, 1916-1924); PLM
= Partido Laborista Mexicano (Mexican Labour Party,
social democratic, 1919-1940); PNA
= Partido Nacional Antirreeleccionista (National
Anti-Reelection Party, democratic, constitutionalist,
anti-Porfirio Díaz, 22 May 1909-1929);
PNP = Partido Nacional Porfirista (Porfirist
National Party, authoritarian,
Porfiriato, pro-Porfirio Diaz, 1884-1 Jan
1935)
Chiapas
- 31 Jul 1823 - 14 Sep 1824
|
Map
of Chiapas
|
Capital: San
Cristóbal de
Las Casas (1786-1892)
|
Population: 144,100
(1850)
|
-
- 1529 -
1821
Part of the colonial Kingdom of Guatemala (see
provinces
-
of New
Spain).
-
20 Sep
1786
Intendencia de Ciudad Real de Chiapas.
-
1 Sep
1821
Chiapas declares its acceptance of Mexico's Plan de
Iguala,
-
expecting Guatemala to follow.
-
3 Sep
1821
Chiapas declares its independence from Spain (Provincia
de
-
Ciudad Real de Chiapas).
-
26 Sep
1821
Chiapas, confronted with the declaration of
independence of
-
the Kingdom of Guatemala
on 15 Sep 1821, protests its inclusion
-
in the text of that declaration and the fact that it
does not
-
adhere to Mexico.
-
16 Jan
1822
The Regency of the Mexican Empire decrees the
incorporation of
-
Chiapas.
-
8 Jun
1823
Chiapas establishes a Provisional Supreme Government
Junta.
-
1 Jul
1823
The declaration of independence of the United
Provinces of Central
-
America omits Chiapas and does not include it in the
list of
-
Provinces invited to re-join.
-
30 Jul
1823
The United Provinces of Central America recognize the
Chiapas
-
Provisional Supreme Government Junta and declare the
right of
-
Chiapas to decide its future freely.
-
31 Jul
1823
The "absolute" independence of Chiapas declared.
-
5 Sep
1823
General Filísola (who governed Central America
originally on
-
behalf of Mexico, but later served to facilitate the
transition
-
to independence) dissolves the Junta and re-installs
the Imperial
-
Diputación Provincial.
-
24 Oct
1823
Leaders of the Plan de Chiapas Libre
proclaim the right of Chiapas
Province to chose between Mexico or Central America.
- 26 Oct
1823
Revolts in various parts of the Province demand
independence by
the Plan de Chiapa Libre.
-
31 Oct
1823
The Junta is re-installed.
-
26 May
1824
Mexico's Constituent Congress declares that Chiapas is
free to
-
choose its future.
-
24 Jul
1824
The district of Soconusco declares its will to be
incorporated
-
into Guatemala. It is eventually successful, but
remains a source
-
of discord between Guatemala and Mexico throughout the
19th
-
century.
-
14 Sep
1824
Following a referendum on either joining Federal
Republic of
-
Central America or Mexico, the government junta
proclaims the
-
definitive incorporation of Chiapas
into Mexico.
Intendant and Political
Chief
Sep 1821 - 31 Jan 1822
Juan Nepomuceno Batres Nájera
Political Chiefs
31 Jan 1822 - 1822
Manuel José de
Rojas (1st time)
22 Aug 1822 -
1822
Tiburcio Farrera Farrera
1822 - 27 Sep 1823
Luis Antonio García (1st time)
27 Sep 1823 - 29 Oct
1823 Manuel José de Rojas (2nd time)
30 Oct 1823 - 2 Dec 1823 Luis
Antonio García (2nd time)
2 Dec 1823 - 16 Feb 1824 Manuel Zebadúa
(de
facto from Jan 1824)
16 Feb 1824 - 5 Dec
1824 Gregorio Suasnávar
Presidents of the Provisional Government Junta
(in opposition)
31 May 1823 – 20 Jun 1823 Fernando Luis
Corona
20 Jun 1823 - 1823
Francisco Guillén
President of the Provincial Junta
1823 - 5 Sep 1823
José Diego Lara
Mexican Army Commanders
31 Aug 1823 – 5 Sep 1823 Vicente
Filísola
(b. 1789 - d. 1850)
6 Sep 1823 - 4 Nov 1823 Felipe
Codallos Núñez
(b. 1790 - d. 18..)
Presidents of the
Provisional Supreme Junta
17 Aug
1823 - 2 Dec 1823 Matías
Ruiz (in opposition)
(head of ayuntamiento
in Comitán)
5 Sep 1823 - 29 Oct 1823 Junta
abolished
29 Oct 1823 -
1823
Luis Antonio García
c.9 Dec 1823-c.9 Jan 1824 Carlos Castañón
16 Feb 1824 - 1824 Manuel
Ignacio Escarra (1st time)
c.24 Mar1824-c.24 Apr1824 José Siméón
Moguel
c.24 Apr1824-c.25 Aug1824 Manuel Ignacio Escarra
(2nd time)
c.12 Sep 1824-c.14 Sep1824 Manuel de Jesús Robles
Republic of the Rio Grande
17 Jan 1840 - 6 Nov 1840
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Alternate Version
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Map of Rio Grande
Republic
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Capital:
Laredo
(Guerrero
1840-Mar 1840;
Victoria, Texas
Mar-Nov 1840)
|
Currency:
Mexican Silver Peso (MXP)(1840) |
Population:
N/A
|
17 Jan
1840
Federalist leaders in states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and
Tamaulipas declare independence from the centralist
government of Mexico as the Republic of the Rio
Grande
(República del Río
Grande).
6
Nov
1840
Leaders surrender to the Mexican army.
President of the Republic of the
Rio Grande
17 Jan 1840 - 6 Nov 1840 Jesús de
Cárdenas Duarte
Yucatán
- 20 Oct 1841 - 15 Dec 1843,
- 1 Jan 1846 - 17 Aug 1848
|
Map
of the Yucatán |
Capital:
Mérida |
Currency: Mexican
Silver Peso (MXP) (1841-1843, 1846-1848)
|
Constitution
(20 Oct 1841;
in Spanish) |
Population:
504,600
(1850 est.) |
15 Sep
1821
Captaincy-general of Yucatán declares independence from
Spain.
2
Nov
1821
Incorporation into Mexican
Empire (see Mexican states).
16 Mar
1841
Independence rebellion begins.
1 Oct 1841
Republic of Yucatán (República de
Yucatán).
20 Oct
1841
Yucatán declares independence from
Mexico.
15 Dec
1843
Re-incorporated into Mexico.
1
Jan
1846
Independence declared.
23 Feb
1847
Re-incorporation into Mexico declared at
Mérida; Campeche proclaims
itself the "State of Yucatán" and subsequently
occupies entire
peninsula.
17 Aug
1848
Re-incorporated into Mexico.
Superior Political Chief
1
Jan 1821 - 12 Nov 1821 Juan María de Echéverri
y Chacón (b. 1764 - d. 1823)
Governors
22 Aug 1840 - 11
Jun 1841 Santigao Méndez Ibarra (1st time)
(b. 1789 - d. 1872)
11 Jun 1841 - 13
Oct 1841 Miguel Barbachano
Terrazo
(b. 1806 - d. 1859)
(1st time)
13 Oct 1841 - 18
Aug 1842 Santigao Méndez Ibarra (2nd time)
(s.a.)
18 Aug 1842 - 14
Nov 1843 Miguel Barbachano
Terrazo
(b. 1806 - d. 1859)
(2nd time)
14 Nov 1843 - 15
May 1844 Santiago Méndez Ibarra (3rd time)
(s.a.)
15 May 1844
- 2 Jun 1844 Miguel Barbachano
Terrazo
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
2
Jun 1844 - 1 Jan 1846 José Tiburcio López
Constante (b. c.1790 - d. 1858)
(4th time)
1
Jan 1846 - 23 Jan 1847 Miguel Barbachano
Terrazo
(s.a.)
(4th time)
23 Jan 1847
- 3 Oct 1847 Domingo Barret (provisional)
3
Oct 1847 - 26 Mar 1848 Santiago Méndez Ibarra (4th
time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1848 - 13
Feb 1853 Miguel Barbachano
Terrazo
(s.a.)
(5th time)
© Ben Cahoon
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