Somali Traditional States

Muqdisho/Maqdishu

bf.1331                   Muqdisho/Maqdishu sultanate established (later called Hiraab
                            sultanate; in 20th century often referred to by the Italian
                            version Mogadiscio).
1871 - 1905               Under suzerainty of Zanzibar.
1892                      Leased to Italy.
16 Mar 1905               Annexed by Italy, part of Somalia. 

Sultans
.... - ....               Cumar = `Umar
.... - ....               Axmed I = Ahmad I
.... - ....               Maxamad I = Muhammad I
.... - ....               Axmed II = Ahmad II
.... - ....               Maxamuud = Mahmud
.... - ....               Cali = `Ali
.... - ....               Cismaan = `Uthman
.... - ....               Maxamad II = Muhammad II
1860?                     Axmed III = Ahmad III

c.1800                     Majerteen (or Harti) sultanate founded.
 7 Apr 1889                Italian protectorate, called Migiurtinia (renewed 7 Apr 1895).
1927                       Incorporated into Italian colony.

Sultans
.... - 1815                Maxamuud IV = Mahmud IV
1815 - 1842                Cismaan II = `Uthman II
1842 - 1844                Yuusuf IV = Yusuf IV
1844 - 1860                Maxamuud V Yuusuf = Mahmud V ibn Yusuf
1860 - 1927                Cismaan III Maxamuud = `Uthman III ibn Mahmud

1878                       Hobyo sultanate split off from Majerteen.
 9 Feb 1889                Italian protectorate (renewed 11 Apr 1895).
Oct 1925                   Incorporated into Italian colony (known as Obbia).

Sultans
Apr 1878 - 28 Sep 1911     Yuusuf Cali = Yusuf ibn `Ali        (d. 1911)
1911 - Oct 1925            Cali Yuusuf = `Ali ibn Yusuf        (d. 1927)

c.1750                     Geledi/Jaladi sultanate founded (later referred to as Afgoy).
 3 Sep 1908                Incorporated into Italian colony.

Sultans 
17.. - 17..                Ibraahin Adeer = Ibrahim Adeer
17.. - 1828                Maxamuud Ibrahiim Adeer
                             = Mahamud Ibrahim Adeer
1828 - 1848                Yuusuf Maxamad = Yusuf ibn Muhammad  (d. 1848)
1848 - 1878                Axmed Yuusuf = Ahmad ibn Yusuf       (d. 1878)
1878 -  3 Sep 1908         Cismaan Axmed = `Uthman ibn Ahmad    (d. 192.)

c.1769                     Habr Yunis/Habar Yoonis sultanate splits from Isaaq
                             sultanate.
1884                       British protectorate.
1899 - 1907                Recognized rule of the Mahdi.
1907                       Incorporated into British Somaliland Protectorate.
26 Jun 1960                Part of State of Somaliland.
 1 Jul 1960                Part of Somalia.

Sultans 
c.1769 - 1797              Sugulle Caynaanshe Xirsi
                             = Sugulleh Ainasha Hirsi   
1797 - 1854                Diriyeh Sugulleh Ainasha  =          (d. 1854)
                             Diiriye Sugulle Caynaashe      
1854 - 1879                Xirsi Amaan = Hersi Aman             (b. 1824 - d. 1879)      
1879 - 1907                Nuur Axmed Amaan = Nur Ahmed Aman    (b. 1841 - d. 1907)       
1881 - 1892                Cawad Diiriye = Awad Diiriye         (b. 1830 - d. 1892)
                             (in dissidence) 
1910 - 1917                Doolaal Nuur = Dolal Nur             (b. 1856 - d. 1917)
1890 - 1938                Madar Xirsi Diiriye =                (b. 1876 - d. 1938)
                             Madar Hersi Diiriye 
                             (in dissidence to 1917)
1938 - 1979                Cali Madar = `Ali Madar              (b. 1900 - d. 1979)
1979 -                     Cismaan Cali = `Uthman `Ali          (b. 1957)

Isaaq

1415 - 1559                Part of Awdal (Adal) sultanate.
c.1750                     Guled dynasty takes over Isaaq sultanate (sometimes called
                             Eidagale).
1870 - Oct 1884            Egyptians occupation of Hargeisa and Berbera.
1884                       British protectorate.
1908 - 1917                Recognized rule of the Mahdi.
26 Jun 1960                Part of State of Somaliland.
 1 Jul 1960                Part of Somalia.

 3 Mar 1905                The "Mad Mullah" declares himself Mahdi.
1911                       Rule of the Mahdi terminated by Italy.

Mahdi
 3 Mar 1905 - 1911         Siciid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan =      (b. 1864 - d. 1920)
                             Sayyid Muhammad `Abd Allah al-Hasan
                            (in Eyl [Illig] 1905-09, in Taleh [Taleex] 1909-1911)

Warsangeli/Gerad

c.1298                     Warsangeli (or Gerad) state founded.
27 Jan 1886                British protectorate treaty signed with Warsangali
                             (ratified 16 May 1886).
1908 - 1920                Recognized rule of the Mahdi.
26 Jun 1960                Part of State of Somaliland.
 1 Jul 1960                Part of Somalia.

Rulers (title Garaad)
1655 - 1675                Maxamuud = Mohamud
1675 - 1705                Naaleye = Naleye
1705 - 1750                Maxamad = Mohamed
1750 - 1789                Cali = `Ali
1789 - 1830                Maxamuud Cali = Mohamud `Ali
1830 - 1870                Aul = Aul
1870 - 1897                Cali Shire = `Ali Shire
Sultans (also referred to as Senior Akil)
1897 - 1960                Maxamuud Cali Shire
                           = Mohamud `Ali Shire                 (b. 18.. - d. 1960)
                             (in Seychelles exile May 1920 - May 1928)
1960 - 1997                Cabdisalaan Maxamuud =               (d. 1997)
                             Abdisalan Mahamud
1997 -                     Siciid Cabdisalaan Maxamuud
                             = Sayyid Abdisalaan Mahamud