Somalia
Adopted 1 Jul 1960
|
Variant from 1 Aug 2012
|
Map
of Somalia |
Hear National Anthem
"Qolobaa Calankeed"
(Every Nation has its Own Flag)
Adopted 1 Aug
2012 |
Hear
Former Anthem
"Soomaaliya Ha Noolaato"
(Long Live Somalia)
(1 Jul 1960 - 2000)
-----------------------------------
Hear
Former Anthem
"Soomaaliyeey Toosoo"
(Somalia Wake Up)
(2000 - 1 Aug 2012)
|
Constitution
(2 Aug 2012; provisional)
-----------------------------------
Former Constitutions
(Feb
2004 - 1 Aug 2012;
23
Sep 1979 - 1991;
20
Jul 1961 - 14 Oct 1969)
|
Capital:
Mogadishu
(Muqdisho)
(Jowhar [Jowhaar] 2005-2006,
Baidoa [Baydhabo] 2006-2007,
Mogadiscio 1893-1960)
|
Currency:
Somali Shilling
(SOS); 1950-1960 Somali Somalo (SOIS); 1941-1950 East
Africa Shilling (XEAS); 1936-41
Italian East Africa Lira (AOLI); 1925-36 Italian
Lira (XITL); 1920-1925 Italian
Somaliland Rupiah (SOIR)
|
National
Holiday: 1 Jul (1960)
Foundation of the Somali
Republic
|
Population:
12,386,248 (2022)
note: current estimate
derived
from official 1975 census
|
GDP: $7.05 billion (2017)
|
Exports: $819 million
(2017)
Imports: $94.43
billion (2018)
|
Ethnic
groups: Somali 92.4%, Arab 2.2%,
Afar 1.3%,
other 4.1% (2000)
|
Total
Armed Forces: 62,000 (2011)
(factions and clans maintain
independent militias)
African Union ATMIS Force: 14,626 (2023)
U.S. Forces: 500 (2023)
Merchant marine: 4 ships (2021)
|
Religions: Muslim
(nearly all Sunni)(official) 99%, other 1%
(2005)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfCFTA
(signatory), AfDB, AFESD, AL,
AMF, AOAD, APM, Arabsat, AU, BTWC
(signatory), CAEU
(candidate), CCM, CEN-SAD, COMESA, CTBT (signatory), CWC, EAC, ESCR,
FAO, G-77, IAEA (pending), IBRD,
ICAO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC,
IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO,
ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC,
MIGA, NAM, NTBT (signatory), OIC, OPCW,
OST (signatory), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP,
UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO (observer)
|
Somalia
Index
|
Chronology
11.. - 1704
Mogadishu (Muqdisho) sultanate
1704 -
c.1726
Mogadishu under Omani
suzerainty.
1821
Barawe (Baraawe) under Omani
suzerainty.
1828 -
1861
Mogadishu under Omani
suzerainty.
1861 - 16 Jul 1893
Mogadishu under suzerainty
of Zanzibar.
17 Oct 1875 - 22 Dec 1875
Kismayu occupied by Egypt under Henry
Frederick
McKillop Pasha (b. c.1825 - d. 1879) and
renamed
Pru
Ismail (Port Ismail).
7 Sep 1877
Somali Coast Convention signed, U.K.
recognizes
Egyptian jurisdiction over the Somali
coast up to
Ras
Hafun (Egyptian Somalia) under British
protection.
20 Jul
1887
British protectorate declared over the
Somali Coast
from
Ras Jiburti to Bunder Ziadeh.
9 Feb 1889
Italian protectorate over Hobyo (Obbia)
sultanate.
7 Apr
1889
Italian protectorate over Majeerteen
(Migiurtinia)
sultanate.
31 Aug
1889
Imperial British East Africa Company
leases the
ports
of the southern Benadir (Banadir) Coast
(Barawa,
Marka, Mogadishu, and Warsheikh) north
of
Juba River from Sultan of Zanzibar,
which it
then sublets to an
Italian company.
18 Nov 1889
British East Africa Company
transfers deed to
the Benadir ports (s.a.) to Italy.
19 Nov 1889
Italian protectorate over part of the
East African
Coast
declared.
4 Mar 1890
Cession of certain islands and places on
Benadir
Coast
to British East Africa Company by
Zanzibar.
12 Aug
1892
Concession to Italy by Sultan of
Zanzibar of
Benadir
ports of Barawa (Brava), Merca
(Merka),
Mogadishu
(Mogadiscio) and Warsheikh
(Uarscheich)
for 50
years in exchange for an annual rent
(ratified 16 Jul 1893), effected 1 Sep
1896.
11 Oct 1893 - 15 Jul 1896 V.
Filonardi & Company (Societą
Filonardi e
Compagnia) administration over the
Benadir Coast.
Taking
possession of Merca on 11 Oct 1893,
Mogadishu on 18 Oct 1893 and Warsheikh
on 26 Oct
1893.
3 Sep 1897
Italy and Ethiopia border
agreement.
16 Jul 1896 - 1 May
1898 Direct rule by Italy.
1 May 1898 - 15 Mar 1905
Commercial Company of the Benadir (Compagnia
Commerciale del Benadir)
administration.
13 Jan
1905
Italy purchases sovereignty over the
Benadir ports
from
Zanzibar (effective 8 Jul 1905).
3 Mar 1905 - 1911
Revolt
of Sayyid
Muhammad `Abd Allah al-Hasan
(=
Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan)
the "Mad Mullah"
in Nugal
(Noogal).
30 Apr 1908
Italian Somalia (Somalia Italiana)
colony.
16 May 1908
Italy and Ethiopia border treaty between
Italian
Somalia and Ethiopia (ratified 16 Jun
1908).
15 Jan
1935
Italian Somalia part of Italian East
Africa with
Eritrea (and from 1936 Ethiopia)(see
Ethiopia).
1 Jun
1936
Part of Italian East Africa (province
of
Somalia, formed by the merger of the
colony
and the Ethiopian region of
Ogaden;
see Ethiopia).
19 Aug 1940 - 16 Mar 1941 Italian
occupation of British Somaliland.
25 Jan
1941
British invasion of Italian Somalia
begins (Kismayu
occupied 14 Feb 1941, Mogadishu on 25
Feb 1941).
20 Mar 1941 - 1 Apr 1950
British administration of Italian
Somalia.
1 Apr
1950
Italian Somalia becomes United Nations
trust
territory under Italian administration
(Trust Territory of Somaliland under
Italian
administration).
26 Jun
1960
Independence of British Somaliland as
the
State of Somaliland.
1 Jul
1960
Somali Republic (merger
of Somaliland and Somalia
into
Somali Republic is effected).
31 Jan 1961
Act of
Union of Somaliland and Somalia is
passed
and signed into law (retroactive
to 1 Jul 1960).
21 Oct
1969
Somali Democratic Republic
13 Jul 1977
- 15 Mar 1978 Somalia occupies
Ethiopia's Ogaden region.
16 Sep 1979
Arabic is
recognized as an official language in
accordance with Art. 3.2 of Constitution
of 1979.
1 Jan
1991
Somalia collapses, no single functioning
government.
18 May
1991
Secession of former British Somaliland;
as Republic
of Somaliland which is
proclaimed 24 May 1991 (not
internationally
recognized).
21 Jul
1991
Somali Republic
27 Jul 1992
- 27 Aug 2000 United Nations
declares Somalia to be a country
"without a government."
2 Aug
2012
Federal Republic of Somalia
|
Somalia
(from 1960)
|
Traditional
States
|
Italian
Somalia
(1889-1960)
|
Somaliland
(1830-1960,
from 1991) |
Jubaland
(1924-1926,
1998-2001.
from
2013)
|
Puntland
(1998-)
|
Southwestern
(2002-2005,
from 2014)
|
Galmudug
(2006-)
|
Himan
& Heeb
(2008-2015)
|
Hiirraan-
Shabelle
(2016-)
|
Khaatumo
(2012-2017,
from 2023)
|
Maakhir
(2007-2009)
|
Benadir
(2017-)
|
Historical
Maps
of
Somalia |
|
Italian Somaliland
-
- 11 Oct 1893 - 26 Feb 1941
|
-
- 1898 - 1903 Benadir Company
|
-
- 26 Feb 1941 - 1 Apr 1950
|
-
- 1 Apr 1950 - 12 Oct 1954
|
-
- 12 Oct 1954 - 30 Jun 1960
|
|
|
|
Commissioner
11 Oct 1893 - 15 Jul 1896 Vincenzo
Filonardi
(b. 1853 - d. 1916)
Royal Commissioners
15 Jul 1896 - 16 Sep 1896
Vincenzo Filonardi
(s.a.)
17 Sep 1896 - 26 Nov 1896 Antonio
Cecchi
(b. 1849 - d. 1896)
26 Nov 1896 - 25 Jan 1897 Emilio Dulio
(acting)
(b. 1859 - d. 1950)
26 Jan 1897 - 20 Nov 1897 Giorgio Sorrentino
(b. 1847 - d. 1919)
Royal Civil and Military Commissioner
20 Nov 1897 - 30 Apr 1898 Emilio Dulio
(s.a.)
Royal Commissioner (from 24 Dec 1899, Provisional
Consignee)
1 May 1898 - 30 Jun 1901 Emilio Dulio
(s.a.)
Governors
1 Jul 1901 -
5 Oct 1903 Emilio Dulio
(s.a.)
Jul 1901 - Apr
1902 Igino
Badolo (acting for Dulio)
5 Oct 1903 - 11 Nov 1903 Ugo Ferrandi
(acting)
(b. 1852 - d. 1928)
12 Nov 1903 - 9 Dec 1903 Eugenio
Cappello (acting)
9 Dec 1903 - 30 Apr 1905 Alessandro Sapelli
(1st time) (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
(acting to 15 Apr 1904)
Royal Commissioners
1 May 1905 - 24 Jan 1906 Luigi
Mercatelli
(b. 1853 - d. 1922)
25 Jan 1906 - 5 Feb 1906
Alessandro Sapelli (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(acting)
5 Feb 1906 - 18 May 1907 Giovanni
Cerrina Feroni (acting) (b. 1866 - d.
1952)
Civil Commissioners
18 May 1907 - 31 Aug 1907 Tommaso Carletti
(b. 1860 - d. 1919)
31 Aug 1907 - 18 Jan 1908 Alberto Corsi (acting)
Governors
18 Jan 1908 - 27 Dec 1908 Tommaso
Carletti
(s.a.)
27 Dec 1908 - 28 Apr 1910 Gino Aroldo
Macchioro Vivalba (b. 1874 - d.
1941)
28 Apr 1910 - 16 Sep 1916 Giacomo De
Martino
(b. 1849 - d. 1921)
16 Sep 1916 - 20 Jun 1920 Giovanni
Cerrina Feroni
(s.a.)
21 Jun 1920 - 8 Dec 1923 Carlo Ricci
Riveri
(b. 1860 - d. 1940)
8 Dec 1923 - 5 Jun 1928
Cesare Maria De
Vecchi,
(b. 1884 - d. 1959)
(from 3 Jul 1925) conte
(from 19 Jul 1925) di Val Cismon
5 Jun 1928 - 30 Jun 1931 Guido
Corni
(b. 1883 - d. 1946)
1 Jul 1931 - 7 Mar 1935
Maurizio Rava
(b. 1878 - d. 1935)
7 Mar 1935 - 22 May 1936 Rodolfo
Graziani
(b. 1882 - d. 1955)
7 Jan 1936 - 25 May 1936 Angelo De
Rubeis
(b.
1873 - d. 19..)
(acting [for Graziani to 22 May
1936])
25 May 1936 - 15 Dec 1937 Ruggiero
Santini
(b. 1870 - d. 1958)
15 Dec 1937 - 11 Jun 1940 Francesco Saverio
Caroselli (b. 1887 - d. 1967)
11 Jun 1940 - 31 Jan 1941 Gustavo Pesenti
(acting)
(b. 1878 - d. 1960)
31 Jan 1941 - 20 Mar 1941 Carlo De Simone
(acting)
(b. 1885 - d. 1951)
British General Officer Commanding, East Africa
Force
25 Feb 1941 - 20 Mar 1941 Alan Gordon
Cunningham
(b. 1887 - d. 1983)
Deputy Chief Political Officer
14 Mar 1941 - 3 May 1943 William Eric
Halstead Scupham (b.
1893 - d. 1958)
Chief Administrators
3 May 1943 -
1948
Denis Henry Wickham
(b. 1895 - d. 1950)
1948
Eric Armar Vully de Candole
(b. 1901 - d. 1989)
1948 - 1 Apr 1950
Geoffrey Massey Gamble
(b. 1896 - d. 1970)
Administrators
1 Apr 1950 -
1953
Giovanni Fornari
(b. 1903 - d. 2000)
1953 -
1957
Enrico Martino
(b. 1907 - d. 1981)
1957 - 24 Jul
1958
Enrico Anzilotti
(b. 1898 - d. 1983)
24 Jul 1958 - 30 Jun 1960 Mario Di Stefano
(b. 1900 - d. 1963)
Prime minister
29 Feb 1956 - 1 Jul 1960 Abdullahi
Issa
Mahamud
(b. 1922 - d. 1988) SYL
(= Cabdillaahi Ciise Maxamuud)
Somalia
Note: Names are given in the English with
Somali in parentheses.
Secretary-general and Chairman of the Political
Bureau of the Somali
Revolutionary Socialist Party of Somalia
1 Jul 1976 - 27 Jan 1991 Mohamed Siad
Barre
(b. 1919? -
d. 1995)
(= Maxamed Siyaad Barre)
President of the Legislative Assembly (ex
officio)
1 Jul 1960 - 1 Jul 1960 Aden
Abdullah Osman
Dar
(b. 1908 - d. 2007) SYL
(= Aadan Abdulle Cusmaan Daar)
Presidents
1 Jul 1960 - 10 Jun 1967 Aden
Abdullah Osman Dar
(s.a.)
SYL
(= Aadan Abdulle Cusmaan Daar)
(provisional to 6 Jul 1961)
10 Jun 1967 - 15 Oct 1969 Abdirashid Ali
Shermarke
(b. 1919 - d. 1969) SYL
(= Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke)
15 Oct 1969 - 21 Oct 1969 Sheikh Moktar Mohamed
Hussein (b. 1912 - d.
2012) SYL
(= Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen)
(president of legislative assembly [ex officio])
President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council
21 Oct 1969 - 1 Jul 1976 Mohamed Siad
Barre
(s.a.)
Mil
(= Maxamed Siyaad Barre)
Presidents
1 Jul 1976 - 27 Jan 1991 Mohamed Siad
Barre
(s.a.)
SRSP
(= Maxamed Siyaad Barre)
29 Jan 1991 - 4 Apr 1997¹ Ali Mahdi
Mohamed
(b. c.1939 - d. 2021)USC/SSA
(= Cali Mahdi Maxamed)
(interim to 21 Jul 1991)
15 Jun 1995 - 1 Aug 1996¹ Mohamed Farrah Hassan
Aydid (b. 1936 - d.
1996) USC/SNA
(= Maxamed Faarax Xasan Caydiid)
(interim, in opposition)
4 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998¹ Hussein Mohamed Farrah
Aydid (b.
1962)
USC/SNA
(= Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid)
(interim, in opposition)
4 Apr 1997 -(27 Aug 2000) Co-Chairmen
of National Salvation Council
Ali Mahdi Mohamed
(s.a.)
USC/SSA
+ Osman Hassan Ali
"Ato"
(b. 1940 - d. 2013) USC/SNA
(= Cusmaan Xasan Cali "Caato")
+ Abdulkadir
Mohamed Aden "Zobe" (b. 1919 - d. 2002) SDM
(= Cabdiqaadir Maxamed Aadan "Soobe")
+ Abdullahi Yussuf
Ahmad
(b. 1934 - d. 2012) SSDF
(= Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed)
+ Aden Abdullahi Nur
"Gabyow" (b. 192. - d.
2002) SPM
(= Aadan Cabdillaahi Nuur "Gabyow")
27 Aug 2000 - 14 Oct 2004 Abdiqasim
Salad
Hassan
(b.
1941)
Non-party
(= Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan)
(in Arta, Djibouti exile to 14 Oct 2000;
then largely confined to the Mogadishu area)
14 Oct 2004 - 29 Dec 2008 Abdullahi Yusuf
Ahmed
(s.a.)
SSDF
(= Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed)
(in Nairobi exile to 13 Jun 2005, from 26 Jul 2005
in
Jowhar, from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 8 Jan 2007
in
Mogadishu)
5 Jun 2006 - 28 Dec 2006 Sheikh
Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
(b.
1964)
UIC
(= Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed)
(chairman of the Union of Islamic Courts;
from 24
Jun 2006, chairman of executive
council of the Islamic Courts in Somalia;
controlling Mogadishu and parts
of southern Somalia)
29 Dec 2008 - 31 Jan 2009 Sheikh Aden Mohamed Nuur
"Madobe" (b. 1956)
Non-party
(=
Sheekh Aadan Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe")
(acting; in Baidoa, from Jan 2009 in Djibouti
exile)
31 Jan 2009 - 20 Aug 2012 Sheikh Sharif Sheikh
Ahmed
(s.a.)
Non-party
(= Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed)
20 Aug 2012 - 28 Aug 2012 Muse Hassan Abdulle
(acting) (b. 1940?)
(= Muuse Xasan Sheekh Sayyid Abdulle)
28 Aug 2012 - 16 Sep 2012 Mohamed Osman Jawari
(acting) (b. 1945 - d.
2024) Non-party
(= Maxamed Sheekh Cismaan Jawaari)
16 Sep 2012 - 8 Feb 2017 Hassan Sheikh Mahamud
(1st time) (b. 1955)
PDP
(= Xasan
Sheekh Maxamuud)
8 Feb 2017 - 23 May 2022
Mohamed Abdullahi
Mohamed
(b. 1962)
Non-party
"Farmajo"
(= Maxamed Cabdillaahi Maxamed
"Farmaajo")
23 May 2022
-
Hassan Sheikh Mahamud (2nd time)
(s.a.)
UPD
(= Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud)
Prime ministers
13 Jul 1960 - 14 Jun 1964 Abdirashid Ali
Shermarke
(s.a.)
SYL
(= Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke)
14 Jun 1964 - 15 Jul 1967 Abdirizak Haji
Hussein
(b. 1924 - d. 2014) SYL
(= Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen)
(acting to 27 Sep 1964)
15 Jul 1967 - 1 Nov 1969 Mohamed
Haji Ibrahim Egal
(b. 1928 - d.
2002) SYL
(= Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal)
1 Nov 1969 - 1 Feb 1987 Post
abolished
1 Feb 1987 - 3 Sep 1990 Mohamed Ali
Samatar
(b. 1931 - d. 2016) SRSP
(= Maxamed Cali Samatar)
3 Sep 1990 - 24 Jan 1991 Mohamed
Hawadle Madar
(b. 1939 - d.
2005) SRSP
(= Maxamed Xawaadle Madar)
24 Jan 1991 - May 1993¹ Omar Arteh
Ghalib
(b. 1930 - d. 2020) USC
(= Cumar Carte Qaalib)
(de facto to 3 Jan 1997)
May 1993 - 8 Oct 2000 Vacant¹
8 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001 Ali Khalif
Galaydh
(b. 1941 - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Cali Khaliif Galaydh)
(in Djibouti exile to 13 Oct 2000)
28 Oct 2001 - 12 Nov 2001 Osman Jama Ali
(acting)
(b.
1941)
Non-party
(= Cusmaan Jaamac Cali)
12 Nov 2001 - 8 Dec 2003 Hassan Abshir
Farah
(b. 1945 - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Xasan Abshir Faarax)
8 Dec 2003 - 23 Dec 2004 Mohamed Abdi
Yusuf
(b. 1941)
Non-party
(= Maxamed Cabdi Yuusuf)
23 Dec 2004 - 30 Oct 2007 Ali Mohamed
Ghedi
(b.
1952)
Non-party
(= Cali Maxamed Geedi)
(in Nairobi exile to 18 Jun 2005, then in Jowhar,
from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 28 Dec 2006 in
Mogadishu)
30 Oct 2007 - 24 Nov 2007 Salim Aliyow Ibrow
(acting) (b. 194.)
Non-party
(= Saalim Caliyoow Ibroow)
24 Nov 2007 - 14 Feb 2009 Nur Hassan Hussein
"Adde" (b.
1938 - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Nuur Xasan Xuseen "Cadde")
(in Mogadishu to Dec 2008, then in
Baidoa,
from Jan
2009 in Djibouti exile)
14 Feb 2009 - 24 Sep 2010 Omar
Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke
(b. 1960)
Non-party
(= Cumar
Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke)
(1st time)
24 Sep 2010 - 1 Nov 2010 Abdiwahid Ilmi Omar
Gonjeh (acting)
Non-party
(= Cabdiwaaxid Cilmi Cumar "Goonjeex")
1 Nov 2010 - 19 Jun 2011
Mohamed Abdullahi
Mohamed
(s.a.)
Non-party
"Farmajo"
(= Maxamed Cabdillaahi Maxamed "Farmaajo")
19 Jun 2011 - 17 Oct 2012 Abdiweli
Mohamed
Ali
(b. 1965)
Non-party
(= Abdiweli Maxamed Cali)
(acting to 28 Jun 2011)
17 Oct 2012 - 21 Dec 2013 Abdi Farah
Shirdon
(b. 1958)
Non-party
(= Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon)
21 Dec 2013 - 24 Dec 2014 Abdiweli Sheikh
Ahmed
(b.
1959)
Non-party
(= Cabdiweli Sheekh Axmed)
24 Dec 2014 - 1 Mar 2017 Omar
Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke
(s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd
time)
1 Mar 2017 - 25
Jul 2020 Hassan Ali
Khayre
(b.
1968)
Non-party
(= Xasan Cali Khayre)
25 Jul 2020 - 27
Sep 2020 Mahdi Mohamed
Guled (acting)
(b. 1973)
Non-party
(= Mahdi Maxamed
Guuleed)
27 Sep 2020 - 25 Jun 2022 Mohamed Hussein
Roble
(b. 1963)
Non-party
(= Maxamed Xuseen
Rooble)
(declared suspended by President 27 Dec 2021 -
10 Jan 2022, not recognized by Roble)
25 Jun 2022
-
Hamza Abdi
Barre
(b. 1973?)
UPD
(= Xamse Cabdi Barre)
Somali Reconciliation and
Restoration Council (SSRC) (counter-government, at
Baidoa)
Chairmen (rotating monthly)
26 Mar 2001 -
200.² Hussein
Mohamed Farrah Aydid
(s.a.)
USC/SNA
(= Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid)
+ Hilowle Iman
Omar
(b. 1938? - d. 2010) USC
(= Hilowle Iimaan Cumar)
+ Aden Abdullahi Nur
"Gabyow" (s.a.)
SPM/SSA
(= Aadan Cabdillaahi Nuur "Gabyow")
+ Hassan Mohammed Nur "Shatigadud" (b. 1946
- d. 2013) RRA
(= Xasan Maxamed Nuur "Shaatigaduud")
+ Abdullahi Sheikh
Ismail
(b. 1940? - d. 2021) SSNM
(= Cabdillaahi
Sheekh Ismaaciil)
Secretaries-general
26 Mar 2001 - Dec 2001?
Mowlid Ma'ane Mohamud
(b.
19.. - d. 2012) SAMO
(= Mowliid Maane Maxamuud)
Aug? 2002 - 2003
Mohamed Omar Dalha
(b.
1954)
SAMO/SNA
(= Maxamed Cumar Dalxa)
African Union Missions in Somalia
-
Special Representatives of the Chairperson of the
African Union Commission
for Somalia and Heads of African
Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM)
Nov 2007 - Nov 2009
Nicolas Bwakira
(Burundi)
(b. 1941 - d. 2021)
1 Nov 2009 - 1 Nov 2012 Boubacar
Gaoussou Diarra (Mali) (b. 1952 - d.
2021)
1 Nov 2012 - 2 Jul 2014 Mahamat Khatir
Saleh Annadif (Chad)(b. 1956)
2 Jul 2014 - 1 Oct 2014 Lydia Wanyoto
Mutende (f) (Uganda) (b. 1971)
(acting)
1 Oct 2014 - 7 Oct 2015 Maman Sambo
Sidikou
(Niger) (b.
1949)
4 Dec 2015 - 31 Mar 2022 Francisco Caetano
José Madeira (b. 1954)
(Mozambique)
Special Representatives of the Chairperson
of the African Union Commission
for Somalia and Heads of African Union Transition
Mission in Somalia (ATMIS)
1 Apr 2022 - 2022
Francisco Caetano José
Madeira (s.a.)
(Mozambique)
2022
Fiona Lortan (f) (South Africa)
(acting)
1 Sep 2022
-
Mohamed El-Amine Souef (Comoros) (b. 1962)
Force Commanders of the African
Union Mission in Somalia
(from 1 Apr 2022, African Union
Transition Mission in Somalia)
14 Feb 2007 - 3 Mar 2008 Levi Karuhanga
(Uganda) (b.
1956 - d. 2016)
3 Mar 2008 - 7 Jul
2009 Francis Okello (Uganda)
7 Jul 2009 - 15 Jun 2011
Nathan Mugisha (Uganda)
15 Jun 2011 - 2 May 2012
Fredrick Mugisha
(Uganda)
(b. 1963)
2 May 2012 - 16 Dec 2013
Andrew Gutti (Uganda)
16 Dec 2013 - 15 Dec 2014 Silas
Ntigurirwa (Burundi) (b.
1968)
15 Dec 2014 - 23 Dec 2015 Jonathan Kipkemoi Rono
(Kenya)
(acting to Apr 2015)
Dec 2015 - Mar 2016 Nakibus
Lakara (Uganda) (acting) (b. 1960)
Mar 2016 - 18 Jul 2016 Mohamedesha
Zeyinu (Ethiopia)
(acting)
18 Jul 2016 - 31 Jan 2018 Osman Noor Soubagleh
(Djibouti)
31 Jan 2018 - 31 Jan 2019 Jim
Besigye Owoyesigire (Uganda) (b. c.1960)
1 Feb 2019 - 31 Aug 2020 Tigabu Yilma
Wondimhunegn
(Ethiopia)
31 Aug 2020 - Dec 2022 Diomčde
Ndegeya
(Burundi)
(b. 1963)
2 Feb 2023 - 17 May 2023 Marius Ngendabanka
(Burundi) (b. 1974)
(1st
time) (acting)
17 May 2023 - 1 Apr 2024 Sam Okiding
(Uganda)
(b. 1962)
1 Apr 2024 - 29 Jul 2024 Marius
Ngendabanka
(Burundi)
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
29 Jul 2024 -
Samuel "Sam" Kavuma
(Uganda) (b. 1960)
¹From Nov 1991 there was no
effective and/or recognized national government; parts
of the country were controlled by different warlords,
significant among them Mohamed Farrah
Hassan Aydid (s.a.), who claimed to be president
from 15 Jun 1995 to his death 1 Aug 1996, followed by
his son Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aydid
(s.a.) 4 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998. De facto the state was
in anarchy without any central governmental
structures.
²As of Nov 2004, Aydid, Shatigadud, and Ismail
were members of Prime Minister Ali Mohamed Ghedi's
government.
Territorial Disputes: Ethiopian forces invaded
southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from
Mogadishu in Jan. 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists
provide port facilities in Berbera to landlocked
Ethiopia and have established commercial ties with other
regional states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland"
"governments" seek international support in their
secessionist aspirations and overlapping border claims;
the undemarcated former British administrative line has
little meaning as a political separation to rival clans
within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo
region; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia
fighting in Somalia from spreading south across the
border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists;
Somalia submitted claims to the waters around the
Socotra archipelago in a 3 Jul 2014 declaration to the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS), which Yemen rejects.
Party abbreviations: RRA =
Rahanweyn Resistance Army (Raxanweyn clan based,
allied with the SDM, fights Aideed controlled militia in
the Bakool/Bay regions, est.1995); SAMO = Somali
African Muki Organization (represents Bantu minority in
the lower Juba Valley, est.1984); SDM = Somali
Democratic Movement (Digil/Rahanweyn clan, split 1992
into 2 factions: pro-Ali Mahdi/SSA faction led by
bdulkadir Muhammad Aden, and pro-Aydid/SNA faction led
by Adam Uthman Abdi and Yasin Ma'alim Abdullahi); SNA
= Somali National Alliance (coalition created by M.
Aydid from his faction of USC, an SDM faction, Omar
Jess' SPM faction and SSNM [withdrew 1993], there is a
Gedo based faction led by Col. Isak Bihi, est.1992); SNF
= Somali National Front (Siyad Barre personalist, seeks
restoration of SRSP government, est.1991); SSA =
Somali Salvation Alliance (grouping of 12 anti-Aydid
factions, led by Ali Mahdi: USC/SSA, SAMO, SNU, USF,
SDA, SDM, SPM, SSDF, SNDU, SNF, SSNM and the Ali Ato
faction of the USC/SNA, est.1992); SSIC =
Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga (Somali Supreme Islamic
Courts Council, Islamist, to 24 Jun 2006 UIC); SPM =
Somali Patriotic Movement (founded by Omar Jess;
Ogaden clan based, divided into 2 factions, one led by Aden
Abdullahi Nur "Gabyow" and allied with Morgan,
and member of SSA; the other led by Gedi Ugas Madhar
allied with USC in SNA, est.1989); SSDF
= Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta
Soomaaliyeed (Somalia Salvation Democratic Front,
founded as Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia,
est.1978); SSNM = Somali Salvation National
Movement (southern coast based, mainly Bimal/Dir clan,
set up under Aydid sponsorship to support Omar Jess' SPM
against SNF, part of SNA 1992-93, allied with Ali Mahdi
from 1993, member of SSA); UIC = Midowga
Maxaakiimta Islaamiga (Union of Islamic
Courts, islamist, est.6 Jun 2006); UPD =
Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka (Union for Peace
and Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative,
nationalist, former PDP, est.4 Oct 2018); USC-SNA
= United Somali Congress-Somali National Alliance (originally
pro-Mohammed Aidid and anti-UN intervention, split
from USC, est.Jan 1991); USC/SNA-d
= United Somali Congress/Somali National
Alliance-dissidents; USC/SSA = United Somali
Congress-Somali Salvation Alliance
(originally anti-Mohammed Aidid and anti-UN
intervention, split from USC, est.Jan 1991); USRP
= Unity for the Somali Republic Party (est.1999); Mil
= Military;
- Former parties: PDP
= Xisbiga Nabadda Iyo Horumarka (Peace and
Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative,
economic liberal, Apr 2011-4 Oct 2018, renamed
UPD); SNL =
Somali National League (Isaaq
clan based, pro-British Somaliland independence, liberal
left, named Somaliland National
Society 1935-47, pan-Somali
nationalist, 1947-Oct 1969);
SRSP = Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka
Soomaaliyeed (Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party,
'scientific socialist' combined socialism and Islam with
Marxism, 1 Jul 1976-Jan 1991 only legal party, 1 Jul
1976-Jan 1991); SYL = Ururka Dhalinyarada
Soomaaliyeed (Somalia Youth League, pro-independence,
Somalia nationalist, conservative, 15 May 1943-Oct
1969); USC = United Somali Congress
(anti-Siad Barre, Hawiye clan based,
subsequently divided into factions, 1987-1992)
British Somaliland
and Somaliland
-
- Feb 1884 - 2 Dec
1904
-
|
-
- 2 Dec 1904 - 19 Aug
1940,
- 16 Mar 1941 - 18 Dec
1950
|
-
- 18 Dec 1950 - 25 Jun
1960
-
|
-
- 26 Jun 1960 - 1 Jul
1960
|
-
- 18 May 1991 - 14 Oct
1996
|
-
- Adopted 14 Oct 1996
|
Map
of Somaliland
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Samo ku Waar"
(Live in Eternal Peace)
Adopted 1997
|
Former
National Anthem
"Kaana Siib Kanna Saar"
(The Somaliland Flag)
(26 Jun - 1 Jul 1960)
|
Constitution
(31 May 2001)
------------------------------
1960
Constitution
(26 Jun 1960-1 Jul 1960)
|
Capital:
Hargeisa (Hargeysa)
(Berbera 1870 - Apr 1941)
|
Currency:
Somaliland
Shilling
(SQS); 1991-94 Somali
Shilling
(SOS); 1941-60
East African
Shilling (XEAS); 1884-1940
Indian Rupee (INR)
|
National Holiday:
26 Jun (1960)
Independence Day
|
Population:
5,712.319 (2021)
650,000 (1959)
347,400 (1936)
153,018 (1905)
|
GDP: $2.6
billion (2018)
|
Exports:
$176.6 million (1998);
$2.5 million (1953)
Imports: $200
million (1998);
$4.6 million (1953)
|
Ethnic groups:
Somali (mainly Issaq clan, but also
Gadabuursi, Ciise,
Dhulbahante, and Warsanglei) (1996)
|
Total Armed
Forces: 15,350 (2010)
Merchant marine:
N/A
|
Religions:
Muslim (Sunni)(official) 99.63%,
Christian 0.24%,
Hindu 0.08% (2000)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: None
(1960); from 1991: C (observer
applicant), UNPO
|
|
1546
Ottoman occupation.
1546 -
1548
Rule of the Adal Imams.
1548
Zayla (Zeila)(Saylac) part of the Ottoman Empire.
1630 -
1830
Under the Grand Sharifs of Mecca.
1830
Under
de facto hereditary governors.
1870
Egypt occupies Berbera and
Zayla.
1873
Subordinated to Red Sea province of Egyptian Sudan.
7 Sep 1877
Somali Coast Convention signed, U.K. recognizes Egyptian
jurisdiction over the Somali Coast up to Ras Hafun under
under British protection (not ratified by
Ottoman Empire).
Oct
1884
Abandonment by Egypt of the
the Somali Coast.
1884
British take over
Egyptian administration (Somali Coast).
27 Jan 1886
British protectorate treaties signed with Somali clans
(Warsangali
on 27 Jan 1886 [ratified 16 May 1886], Habr Awal on 15
Mar 1886
[ratified 15 Sep 1886]).
20 Jul
1887
British protectorate over the Somali Coast from Ras
Jibuti to
Bunder Ziadeh proclaimed (subordinated to British India
until
1 Oct 1898)(Somali Coast).
2/9 Feb 1888
Anglo-French agreement on spheres of
influence over Somali Coast.
5/25 May 1894
Anglo-Italian agreement on spheres
of influence over Somali Coast.
1 Oct 1898
British Protectorate
of the Somali Coast.
16 Mar
1900
(British) Somaliland Protectorate.
18 Mar
1902
(British) Somali Coast Protectorate.
1 Apr
1905
(British) Somaliland Protectorate.
3 Mar 1905 - 1911
Revolt of Sayyid Muhammad `Abd
Allah al-Hasan "Mad Mullah" in
Nugal (Noogal).
1932
British Somaliland border with Ethiopia
demarcated.
3 Aug 1940
Italian invasion
begins (Hargeisa occupied 5 Aug, Berbera
19 Aug).
19 Aug 1940 - 16 Mar 1941 Occupied by
Italy.
16 Mar 1941
British re-occupation of
Berbera (and Hargeisa on 20 Mar
1941).
26 Jun
1960
Independence of British Somaliland as State of
Somaliland.
1
Jul
1960
Unification with Italian Somalia to form Somali
Republic.
31 Jan 1961
Act of Union of Somaliland and
Somalia is passed and signed
into law (retroactive
to 1 Jul 1960).
18 May
1991
Secession of former British Somaliland (regions of
Awdal,
Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag and Sool) from Somalia
(not internationally recognized).
24 May
1991
Republic of Somaliland proclaimed (not
internationally
recognized).
13 Feb
1995
Awdal Republic declared independence in Awdal region by
Issa and
Gadabursi clans (not effected).
8 Sep 2009
Awdalland Republic or Adal State declared
separation from
Somaliland by Gadabursi
clans, as an autonomous part of Somalia
(not effected).
Governors
1630 - 1830
the Grand Sharifs of Mecca (see Saudi Arabia)
1830 -
1841
Sayyid Muhammad al-Barr
1841 -
1855
Haji
Shermarki bin Ali
Salil (d. 1861)
(1st time)
1855 -
1857
Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad (1st time)
1857 -
1861
Haji Shermarki bin Ali
Salil (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1861 -
1874
Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad (2nd time)
Egyptian commander
1869 - 1870?
Ahmad Rashid
Husni
Pasha
(b. 1834 - d. 1905)
Egyptian governors
1870 -
1874?
Abdirahman Bey
1874 -
1878
Muhammad Ra'uf
Pasha
(b. 1832 - d. 1888)
1878 - 1880
Radhwan (Raduan)
Pasha
1880 - Dec
1882
Muhammad Nadi Pasha
(b. 1836 - d. ....)
Dec 1882 - 1884
Rida Pasha
British Political Agents
Feb 1884 - Feb 1889
Frederick Mercer
Hunter
(b. 1844 - d. 1898)
Aug 1884 - Feb 1889
Langton Prendergast Walsh
(b. 1856 - d. 1827)
(acting for for Hunter)
Feb 1889 - Aug
1893 Edward
Vincent Stace
(b. 1841 - d. 1903)
(acting to 18..)
Aug 1893 - 18 Nov 1896 Charles
William Henry Sealy
(b. 1846 - d. 1932)
Mar 1895 - 18 Nov 1895
William Butler Ferris
(b. 1851 - d. 1929)
(acting for Sealy)
18 Nov 1896 - 12 Feb 1897 William Butler Ferris
(s.a.)
Feb 1897 - 1 Oct 1898
James Hayes Sadler
(b. 1851 - d. 1922)
Consuls-general
1 Oct 1898 - 11 Sep 1901 James
Hayes
Sadler
(s.a.)
11 Sep 1901 - 18 Mar 1902 Harry Edward
Spiller Cordeaux (b. 1870
- d. 1943)
(acting)
Commissioner and Consul-general
18 Mar 1902 - Apr 1905 Eric John
Eagles
Swayne
(b. 1863 - d. 1929)
Commissioners
1 Apr 1905 - Mar 1906
Eric John Eagles
Swayne
(s.a.)
Mar 1906 - Jul 1907
Harry Edward Spiller
Cordeaux (s.a.)
(1st time)(acting to Jun 1906)
Jul 1907 - Jan 1908 William
Southern Malcolm Jones (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
(acting)
Jan 1908 - Jan 1910
Harry Edward Spiller
Cordeaux (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jan 1910 - Jun 1910 Sir
William Henry
Manning
(b. 1863 - d. 1932)
Jun 1910 - Feb 1911
Horace Archer Byatt (1st
time) (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
Feb 1911 - Aug 1911
Robert Edward Salkeld (acting)
(b. 1873 - d. 1927)
Aug 1911 - Jul 1912
Horace Archer Byatt (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Jul 1912 - Oct
1912 Geoffrey
Francis Archer (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
(acting)
Oct 1912 - Jun 1913
Horace Archer Byatt (3rd
time) (s.a.)
Jun 1913 - Oct
1913 Geoffrey
Francis Archer (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
Oct 1913 - May
1914 Horace
Archer Byatt (4th time)
(s.a.)
22 May 1914 - Feb 1915 Geoffrey Francis
Archer (3rd time) (s.a.)
Feb 1915 - May 1915
Thomas Astley
Cubitt (acting) (b. 1871 - d.
1939)
May 1915 - Mar 1916
Geoffrey Francis Archer (4th time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1916 - Jun 1916
Gerald Henry Summers (1st
time) (b. 1885 - d. 1925)
(acting)
Jun 1916 - Jan 1918
Geoffrey Francis Archer (5th time)
(s.a.)
Jan 1918 - May 1918
Gerald
Henry Summers (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
May 1918 - Jun 1919
Geoffrey Francis Archer
(6th time) (s.a.)
Jun 1919 - Oct
1919 Gerald
Henry Summers (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
Governors
23 Oct 1919 - 17 Aug 1922 Geoffrey
Francis
Archer
(s.a.)
(from 5 Jun 1920, Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer)
6 Sep 1922 - 29 Nov 1925 Gerald
Henry
Summers
(s.a.)
(from 3 Jun 1925, Sir
Gerald Henry Summers)
29 Nov 1925 - 18 Jun 1932 Harold Baxter
Kittermaster (b.
1879 - d. 1939)
(from 4 Jun 1928, Sir Harold
Baxter Kittermaster)
(acting to 26 Jan 1926)
Commissioner
21 Jun 1932 - 10 May 1935 Arthur Salisbury
Lawrance (b. 1880
- d. 1965)
(from 1 Jan 1934, Arthur
Salisbury Lawrance)
Governors
10 May 1935 - 2 Mar 1939 Sir
Arthur Salisbury Lawrance
(s.a.)
2 Mar 1939 - 18 Aug 1940 Vincent
Goncalves
Glenday
(b. 1891 - d. 1970)
Italian Military governors
19 Aug 1940 - 27 Aug 1940
Guglielmo
Nasi
(b. 1879 - d. 1971)
(commanding officer Eastern Sector)
27 Aug 1940 - 16 Mar 1941 Carlo De Simone
(b. 1885 - d. 1951)
(general officer commanding Somaliland Army
[Esercito
del Somaliland])
British Military governors
16 Mar 1941 - 23 Mar 1941 George Ranald Macfarlane
Reid (b. 1893 - d. 1991)
(air officer commanding British Forces Aden)
23 Mar 1941 - 8 Apr 1941 Ferdinand Lindley
Augustus (b. 1888 - d. 1967)
Buchanan (acting)
(general officer commanding 2nd
South African Infantry Brigade)
8 Apr 1941 - 3 Mar 1943 Arthur
Reginald Chater
(b. 1896 - d. 1979)
3 Mar 1943 - 7
Apr 1948 Gerald Thomas Fisher
(b. 1887 - d. 1965)
7 Apr
1948 - 15 Jun 1948 Edward Barry
(acting)
(b. 1896 - d. 1952)
15 Jun 1948 - 14 Nov 1948 Gerald
Reece
(b. 1897 - d. 1985)
Governors
15 Nov 1948 - 5 Feb 1954 Gerald
Reece
(s.a.)
(from 8 Jun 1950, Sir Gerald Reece)
5 Feb 1954 - 24 Jun 1959 Sir
Theodore Ouseley Pike
(b.
1904 - d. 1987)
(from 2 Jan 1956, Sir Theodore Ouseley Pike)
24 Jun 1959 - 11 Jul 1959 Philip Carrel
(acting)
(b. 1915 - d. 2000)
13 Jul 1959 - 25 Jun 1960 Sir Douglas Basil Hall
(b. 1909 - d. 2004)
Prime minister (de facto head
of state)
26 Jun 1960 - 1 Jul 1960 Mohamed
Haji Ibrahim Egal
(b. 1928 - d. 2002) SNL
(= Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal)
Presidents
28 May 1991 - 16 May 1993 Abdurahman
Ahmad Ali
"Tuur" (b.
1931 - d. 2003) SNM
(= Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali "Tuur")
16 May 1993 - 3 May 2002 Mohamed Haji
Ibrahim Egal
(s.a.)
SNM;2001 UDUB
(= Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal)
3 May 2002 - 27 Jul 2010 Dahir Riyale
Kahin
(b.
1952)
UDUB
(= Daahir Rayaale Kaahin)
27 Jul 2010 - 14 Dec 2017 Ahmed Mohamed Mohamud
"Silanyo" (b. 1936)
KNM
(= Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo")
14 Dec 2017
-
Musa Bihi
Abdi
(b. 1948) KNM
(= Muuse Bixi Cabdi)
Territorial Disputes: Internationally
recognized as part of Somalia; territorial dispute with
Puntland over eastern Sanaag and Sool provinces;
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to
land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with
regional states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with
"Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial
limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from
neighboring states.
Party abbreviations: KNM
= Kulmiye Nabad, Midnimo iyo Horumar iyo (Solidarity
Peace, Unity, and Development Party, "Kulmiye", social
liberal, center-left, Somaliland
regionalist, est.May 2002); XW
= Xisbiga Waddani (Patriotic Party, "Waddani",
nationalist, populist, Islamic democratic, Somaliland
regionalist, split from Justice
and Welfare Party [Ururka Caddaalada iyo Daryeelka],
est.2012);
- Former parties: SNM
= Dhaq Dhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed (Somali National
Movement, Isaaq clan-family, anti-Siad
Barre 1981-91, Somaliland separatist
from 1991, split into pro- and anti-Egal factions
1991-96, est.1981); SNL = Somali
National League (Isaaq clan based, pro-British
Somaliland independence, liberal left,
named Somaliland National Society 1935-47,
pan-Somali nationalist, 1947-Oct 1969); UDUB
= Ururka Dimuqraadiga Umada Bahawday (For Unity,
Democracy, and Independence [also called United
Democratic Peoples' Party], nationalist, Islamic
democratic, Somaliland regionalist,
Jul 2001-Dec 2011)
Jubaland
15 Jul
1924 - 1 Jul 1926
|
1998 -
11 Jun 1999
|
1999 - 18 Jun 2001
|
Adopted 15 May 2013
|
Map
of Jubaland |
Capital: Bu'ala (Bu'aale)
(from 15 May 2013)
(Kismayo [Kismaayo]
1925-1926, 1993-2001) |
Constitution
(1 Aug 2015,
provisional) |
Population:
1,360,633
(2014 est.) |
1836 - 1861
Coastal area ruled by Oman.
1861 - 1893
Coastal
area ruled Zanzibar.
17 Oct 1875 - 22 Dec 1875 Kismayu
occupied by Egypt under Henry Frederick
McKillop Pasha (b. c.1825 - d. 1879) and renamed
Pru
Ismail (Port Ismail).
24 May
1887
Sultan of Zanzibar leases coastal areas
to the British
East Africa Association (from 3 Sep 1888, Imperial British
East Africa Company), effective 15 Oct 1888 (see
under Kenya).
1 Jul
1895
Hinterland part of the (British) East Africa Colony
(see Kenya),
while the coastal domains of Zanzibar are under
U.K. protectorate are part (British) East Africa
Protectorate.
15 Jul
1924
Jubaland (or Trans-Juba) ceded to Italy by
Anglo-Italian
convention (ratified 1 May 1925), effected by
take 29 Jun 1925.
10 Jul 1925 - 30 Jun 1926 Briefly
organized as the Commissariat General of
Trans-Juba
(Commissariato
generale dell'Oltregiuba).
10 Jun
1926
Annexed to Italian Somalia (published 5 Jul
1925).
3 Sep
1998
Somali National Front and the elders of the Digil
and
Rahanwein clans plan to establish a State of
Jubaland.
11 Jun
1999
Leader ousted from regional capital Kismayo by the Allied
Somali Forces (ASM)(later called Juba Valley Alliance).
18 Jun
2001
Juba Valley Alliance installs a new administration
supporting the Mogadishu government.
24 Sep 2006
Kismayo
taken by troops of the Supreme Islamic Council of
Somalia.
1 Jan
2007
Kismayo taken by forces of the central government.
3 Apr 2011 - 15 My
2013 Azania Region is proclaimed with
Mohamed Abdi Mohamed "Gandhi"
(Maxamed Cabdi Maxamed "Gaandi")(b.
1949 - d. 2021) as president,
however it
remains largely based in Kenya.
15 May 2013
Jubaland State of
Somalia established at Bu'ale.
27 Aug
2013
Agreement between the federal government of Somalia and
Juba
delegation to create a Juba interim administration.
20 Jan 2014
Interim Administration
of Juba established as recognized by Somali
government.
6 Jun 2015 - 14 Jun 2020 Jubaland breaks ties
with central government.
High Commissioner of Trans-Juba
10 Jul 1925 - 31 Dec 1926
Corrado
Zoli
(b. 1877 - d. 1951)
Chairmen of the Somali
National Front
22 Feb 1993 - 11
Jun 1999 Mohamed Said Hersi "Morgan"
(b. 1949)
Mil/SPM
(= Maxamed Siciid Xirsi "Moorgan")
(briefly recaptures Kismayo 6-7 Aug 2001)
11 Jun 1999 - 18 Jun
2001 Ahmed Warsame Mohamed
ASF/JVA
(= Axmed Warsame Maxamed)
President
15 May 2013 - 20 Jan 2014 Sheikh
Ahmed Mohamed Islam "Madobe"(b.
1961)
RM
(1st time)(= Sheekh Axmed Maxamed Islaam Madoobe)
Chairman of the Executive Council of
Interim Administration of Juba
20 Jan 2014 - 6 Jun 2015
Sheikh Ahmed Mohamed Islam "Madobe"(s.a.)
RM
President
6 Jun 2015 -
Sheikh Ahmed Mohamed Islam
"Madobe"(s.a.)
RM
(2nd time)
Party abbreviations: ASF
= Allied Somali Forces (Marehan, Ogadeni, and Habr Geduir
factions, and SNF, pro-Somali transitional government,
1999-2001, renamed JVA); JVA
= Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba (Juba Valley Alliance,
pro-Somali transitional government, grouping of Marehan,
Ogadeni and Habr Gedir factions, former ASF, Jubaland
regionalist, 2001-2008); RM =
Raskamboni Movement (jihadist Islamic
movement, Jubaland regionalist, est.Oct 2009);
Mil = Military
Puntland
23 Jul 1998 - 22 Dec 2009 |
Adopted 22 Dec 2009 |
Map
of Puntland |
Hear
National Anthem
"Soomaaliyeey Toosoo"
(Somalia Wake Up) |
Text of Anthem
Adopted 2000
|
Constitution
(May 2012)
---------------------------
Transitional Constitution
(1 Jul 2001 - May 2012)
|
Capital: Garowe
(Garoowe)
|
Currency: Somali
Shilling (SOS)
|
National Holiday: 1 Jul (1960)
Foundation of the Somali Republic
|
Population:
4,285,000
(2016 est.)
|
GDP: $5 billion
(2015)
|
Exports: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic groups:
Somali (mainly Darod clan)
|
Total Security Forces:
10,000 (2012)
Merchant marine: N/A
|
Religions: Muslim
(nearly all Sunni)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: None |
1 Aug
1998
Part of northeastern Somalia (regions of Bari and
Nugaal
[claims Sool and eastern Sanaag]) declared
autonomous
as Regional State of Puntland by
Darod clans (not recognized).
1 Jul
2001
Regional State of Puntland of Somalia
18 Feb 2012
Recognized as an autonomous state
within Somalia by Garowe II
conference.
18 Jun
2012
Puntland State of Somalia
31 Mar
2024
Puntland withdraws recognition of the Somali federal
government
following adoption of new constitutional amendments.
Chairmen of the Somali Salvation
Democratic Front
1991 - 22 Aug 1994
Mohamed Abshir Muse
(b. 1926 - d. 2017)
SSDF
(= Maxamed Abshir Muuse)
22 Aug 1994 - 1 Aug
1998 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
(b. 1934 - d. 2012)
SSDF
(= Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed)
State President
1 Aug 1998 - 30 Jun
2001 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (1st time)
(s.a.)
SSDF
(continues in rebellion)
Presidents
1 Jul 2001 - 14 Nov 2001 Yusuf Haji
Nur
(acting)
(b. 19.. - d. 2019) Non-party
(= Yuusuf Xaaji Nuur)
14 Nov 2001 - 21 Nov 2001 Jama
Ali Jama
Non-party
(= Jaamac Cali Jaamac)
(continues in rebellion to 8 May 2002)
21 Nov 2001 - 14 Oct
2004 Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Non-party
14 Oct 2004 - 8 Jan 2005 Mohamed
Abdi Hashi (acting)
(b. 195. - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi)
8 Jan 2005 - 11 Jan 2009 Mohamud Muse Hersi
"Adde"
(b. 1937 - d. 2017) Non-party
(= Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi "Cadde")
11 Jan 2009 - 14 Jan 2014 Abdirahman Mohamud
"Farole" (b. 1945)
Non-party;
(= Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed "Faroole")
2012: USH
14 Jan 2014 - 8 Jan 2019 Abdiweli Mohamed
Ali
(b. 1965) UDAD
(= Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali)
8 Jan 2019
-
Said Abdullahi Mohamed "Deni" (b.
1967)
Non-party;
(= Saciid Cabdullaahi Maxamed "Deni")
May 2020:USK
Territorial Disputes: Internationally
recognized as part of Somalia; territorial dispute with
Somaliland over eastern Sanaag and Sool provinces;
"Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland"
secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan
loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states.
Party abbreviations (Political
parties banned in Puntland Aug 1998-Sep 2012): SSDF
= Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed
(Somalia Salvation Democratic Front, founded as
Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia, divided into
two factions- Mohamed Abshir Muse and Abdullahi Yussuf
Ahmed, est.1978); UDAD = Ururka Dadka Puntland
(Puntland People's Party, Puntland
regionalist, est.Jun 2013); USH = Urur
Siyaasadeedka Horseed (Pioneer Political Association,
center-right, Puntland regionalist, est.14
Nov 2012); USK = Urur Siyaasadeedka
Kaah (Kaah Political Association, democratic, Puntland
regionalist)
Khaatumo
2012 - 2013
|
2013 - 20 Oct 2017, from 5 Aug 2023
|
Map of Khaatumo
|
Capital:
Taleh (Taleex)
(temporary);
2023: Las Anod
(Laascaanood)
|
Population:
N/A |
12 Jan 2012
Part of
northeastern Somalia (in western Sool province
between Somaliland and Puntland)
declares itself autonomous
from Somaliland as Somali
Regional Administration of Khaatumo
(not recognized by Puntland,
Somalia or Somaliland), established
mainly by the Dhulbahante
sub-clan of the Harti Darod clan and
claiming all
of Sool, Sanaag, and
Cayn provinces.
20 Oct 2017
Merged into Somaliland.
5 Aug
2023
SSC-Khaatumo Central Administration declared claiming to
be a
separate
administration within Somalia, in rebellion
against
Somaliland (not recognized by Somaliland,
Puntland, Somalia).
19 Oct
2023
Somali federal government recognizes the SSC-Khaatumo
Central
Administration in the Sool, Sanaag, and Cayn provinces.
Presidents
12 Jan 2012 - 1 Sep
2014 Co-Presidents
[rotating every 6 months]
- Ahmed Ilmi Osman "Karash"
(= Axmed Cilmi Cismaan "Karaash")
(to ... 2013)
- Abdi Nur Ilmi Qaje "Binde"
(= Cabdi Nuur Cilmi Qaaje "Biindhe")
(to ... 2013)
- Mohamed Yusuf Jama "Indhasheel"
Mil
(=
Maxamed Yuusuf Jaamac
"Indhosheel")
1 Sep 2014 - 20 Oct 2017 Ali
Khalif Galaydh
(b. 1941 - d. 2020) Non-party
(= Cali Khaliif Galaydh)
20 Oct
2017
Post abolished
President of the Central Committee of the
Administration of Sool, Sanaag, and Cayn
5 Aug 2023
-
Abdikhadir Ahmed Aw-Ali "Firdhiye" (b. 1972)
Mil
(= Cabdiqaadir Axmed
Aw-Cali "Firdhiye")
Maakhir
1 Jul 2007 - 1 May
2008
|
1 May 2008 - 11 Jan
2009
|
1 Jul 2007
Part of northeastern
Somalia (in western Sanaag province
between Puntland and Somaliland) declares
itself autonomous
from Somaliland as Maakhir
State of Somalia (not recognized by
Puntland, Somalia or Somaliland), established
by the Warsangeli
sub-clan of Darood.
25 - 26 Feb 2008
Somaliland aligned force lays siege to
Hadaaftimo and Badhan.
9 Jul 2008 (hours)
Somaliland occupies the port of Laas Qoray (Las
Khorey).
11 Jan 2009
Incorporated into Puntland.
President
1 Jul 2007 - 11 Jan 2009 Jibrell Ali
Salad
(b. 1939)
(=
Jibriil Cali Salaad)
(in exile from Apr 2008?)
Apr 2008 - 11 Jan 2009 Abdullahi Ahmed
Jama "Ilkajir" (b. 1951)
Mil
(=
Cabdillaahi Axmed Jaamac "Ilkajiir")
(de facto)
Southwestern Somalia
1 Apr 2002 - c.2006
|
27 Jan 2014 - 27 Mar 2014
|
27 Mar 2014 - 11 Aug
2014 |
Adopted 11 Aug 2014
|
Map of Southwestern State
|
Capital: Barawe (Baraawe)
(from 8 Nov 2014)
(Baidoa [Baydhabo] 2002-2014)
|
Population:
6,268,245
(2022 est.)
|
1 Apr
2002
State of Southwestern Somalia is proclaimed by
the Rahanwein Resistance Army (not recognized).
10 Feb 2006
Baidoa taken by forces of the central government.
3 Mar 2014
A new Southwestern
State of Somalia (Dowlad Goboleedka
Koonfur Galbeed ee Soomaaliya; in Maay
Maay: Koofur Orsi)
formed.
Presidents
1 Apr 2002 -
200.
Hassan Mohamed Nur "Shatigadud" (b. 1946 -
d. 2013) Mil/RRA
(= Xasan Maxamed Nuur "Shaatigaduud")
(loses control of Baidoa 3 Oct 2002¹)
3 Mar 2014 - 3 Dec
2014 Madobe Nunow Mohamed
(b.
1948 - d. 2017) Non-party
(= Madoobe Nuunow Maxamed)
3 Dec 2014 - 7
Nov 2018 Sharif Hassan Sheikh
Aden
(b. 1954)
Non-party
(= Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan)
7 Nov 2018 - 19 Dec
2018 Abdulkadir Sharif Shekhuna Maye
(= Cabdiqaadir Shariif
Sheekhunaa Maye)
(acting)
19 Dec 2018
-
Abdiaziz Hassan
Mohamed
(b.
1970)
Non-party
"Laftagaren"
(= Cabdicasiis Xasan Maxamed
"Laftagareen")
¹From 3 Oct 2002 (except 14-16 Dec 2002) Baidoa
was controlled by Sheikh Adan Mohamed Nur
"Madobe" (= Sheekh Aadan Maxamed Nuur
"Madoobe")(b. 1956) officially reconciled with
Shatigadud since 23 Sep 2003) and Mohamed Ibrahim
Habsade (= Maxamed Ibraahim Xaabsade)(b. 1952 - d.
2015). From Mar 2005 Habsade controlled the city after
driving off Shatigadud and Madobe (who were both
ministers in the central government of Prime Minister
Ali Mohamed Ghedi = Cali Maxamed Geedi). In
Aug 2006 Habsade himself became a minister in Ghedi's
government.
Party abbreviations: RRA
= Rahanweyn Resistance Army (Raxanweyn clan based,
allied
with
the SDM, fights Aydid controlled militia in the
Bakool/Bay regions, est.1995); Mil
= Military
Galmudug
14 Aug 2006 - 200.
|
200. - 8 Jul 2010
|
8 Jul 2010 - 17 Jun 2015
|
Adopted 17 Jun 2015
|
|
|
14 Aug 2006
Part of north central Somalia (regions of Galgadud and
Mudug)
declared autonomous as Galmudug
State of Somalia.
Nov 2006 - 25 Dec 2006
Partly occupied by troops of Supreme
Islamic Council of
Somalia.
18 Feb 2012
Proclaimed as an autonomous state
within Somalia by Garowe II
conference.
30 Jul
2014
Federal Government of Somalia officially endorses a new
central
regions state, following agreement signed in Mogadishu
between
representatives from Galmudug, Himan
and Heeb, and Ahlu Sunna
wal Jama'a (establishment of interim administration in
the
central regions confirmed 17 Apr 2015).
Presidents
14 Aug 2006 - 14 Aug 2009
Mohamed Warsame Ali "Kimiko"
(b. 1937 - d. 2019) Non-party
(= Maxamed Warsame Cali "Kiimiko")
14 Aug 2009 - 14 Aug 2012 Mohamed Ahmed
Alin
(b. 1951 - d. 2023) Non-party
(= Maxamed Axmed Calin)
14 Aug 2012 - 23 Jul 2015 Abdi Hasan Awale
"Qeybdid" (b. 1948)
Non-party
(= Cabdi Xasan Cawaale "Qeybdiid")
23 Jul 2015 - 26 Feb 2017 Abdi Karim
Hussein "Guled" (b.
1967)
PDP
(= Cabdi Kariim Xuseen "Guuleed")
26 Feb 2017 - 3 May 2017 Mohamed
Hashi Abdi "Arabay"
(acting)
Non-party
(= Maxamed Xaashi Cabdi "Carabeey")
3 May 2017 - 12 Apr 2020 Ahmed
Duale Geelle
"Haaf"
(b.
1949)
Non-party
(= Axmed Ducaale Geelle "Xaaf")
30 Jan 2020 - 29 Feb 2020 Mohammed Ali Hasan
("Shakir") (b.
1974)
ASWJ
(= Maxamad Cali Xasan)
(in opposition)
12 Apr 2020
-
Ahmed Abdi Kariye
"Qorqor"
(b. 1968)
Non-party
(= Axmad Cabdi Kaariye "QoorQoor")
(recognized by federal government)
Chief minister
6 Dec 2017 - 2 Feb 2020 Mohammed Ali
Hasan ("Shakir")
(s.a.)
ASWJ
Party abbreviations: ASWJ = Ahlu
Suna Waljamaaca (Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, multi-clan, Sunni
Sufi, est.2009); UPD = Xisbiga
Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka (Union for Peace and
Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative,
nationalist, former PDP, est.4 Oct 2018);
- Former parties: PDP
= Xisbiga Nabadda Iyo Horumarka (Peace and
Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative,
economic liberal, Apr 2011-4 Oct 2018, renamed UPD)
Himan and Heeb
12 Jun
2008 - 10 Jun 2011
|
10 Jun 2011 - 17 Apr 2015
|
12 Jun
2008
Himan and Heeb (Ximan iyo Xeeb) autonomous state declared
by
Saleebaan sub-clan of the Habr Gidr Hawiye around Adado
(not recognized).
30 Jul
2014
Federal Government of Somalia officially endorses a new
central
regions state, following agreement signed in Mogadishu
between
representatives from Galmudug,
Himan and Heeb, and Ahlu Sunna
wal
Jama'a (establishment of interim administration in the
central regions confirmed 17 Apr 2015).
Presidents
12 Jun 2008 - 13 Jun 2013 Mohamed Abdullahi
Aden "Ticey"
(b. 1972)
(= Maxamed Cabdillaahi Aadan
"Tiiceey")
13 Jun 2013 - 16 Apr
2015 Abdullahi Ali Mohamed "Barleh"
(= Cabdillaahi Cali Maxamed "Baarleex")
Hiiraan and Shabelle (HirShabelle)
Adopted 17 Oct 2016
|
17 Oct 2016
HirShabelle (Hiiraan-Shabelle) Administration.
Presidents
17 Oct 2016 - 14 Aug 2017 Ali
Abdullahi Osoble
(b. 19..)
Non-party
(= Cali Cabdillaahi Cosoble)
17 Aug 2017 - 23 Oct 2017 Ali Abdullahi
Hussein "Gudlawe" (b. 1974)
(= Cali Cabdillaahi Xuseen "Guudlaawe")
(1st time) (acting)
23 Oct 2017 - 2 Nov 2020 Mohamed Abdi
Waare
(b. 1960)
(= Maxamed Cabdi Waare)
2 Nov 2020 -
Ali Abdullahi Hussein
"Gudlawe"
(s.a.)
Non-party
(= Cali Cabdillaahi Xuseen "Guudlaawe")
(2nd
time)(acting to 12 Nov 2020)
Hiiraan
25 Jun 2023 - 25 Sep 2023
|
Map of Hiiraan
|
Capital: Baledweyne
(Beledweyne) |
Population: 566,431
(2019 est.) |
17 Oct 2016
Part of HirShabelle
(Hiiraan-Shabelle) Administration.
18 Jun
2023
Forces loyal to deposed local governor Ali Jeyte
Osman take
control of key areas in the city of Beledweyne.
25 Jun 2023 - 25 Sep 2023 Hiiraan
state administration declared in unilateral secession
from HirShabelle (not recognized by HirShabelle
or Somalia).
President of the State Administration¹
25 Jun 2023 - 25 Sep 2023 Ali Jeyte Osman
(interim)
(= Cali Jeyte Cismaan)
(governor Mar 2020 - 17 Jun 2023)
¹From 25 Sep 2023 Osman was
part of the central government of Hassan Sheikh Mahamud
(= Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud).
Benadir
Former
Flag
|
Current Flag
|
Map
of Benadir |
Capital: Mogadishu
(Muqdisho)
|
Population:
5,500,280
(2022 est.) |
14 Apr
2017
Benadir (Banaadir) Regional Administration recognized
as
a regional state of Somalia.
Governors of Benadir and
Mayors of Mogadishu
13 Jul 2010 - 27 Feb 2014 Mohamud Ahmed Nur
"Tarzan" (b. 1955?)
Non-party?
(=
Maxamuud Axmed Nuur "Tarsan")
27 Feb 2014 - 2 Nov 2015 Hassan Mohamed
Hussein "Mungab" (b. 1972)
Non-party
(= Xasan Maxamed Xuseen "Muungaab")
2 Nov 2015 - 15 Apr 2017
Yusuf Hussein Jima'ale "Madale (b.
1965)
PDP
(= Yuusuf Xuseen Jimcaale "Madaale")
(1st time)
15 Apr 2017 - 21 Jan 2018 Thabit
Abdi Mohamed
(b. 1982?)
Non-party?
(= Taabid Cabdi Maxamed)
21 Jan 2018 - 1 Aug 2019 Abdirahman
Omar Osman "Yarisow" (b. 1965 - d.
2019) Non-party
(= Cabdiraxmaan Cumar
Cusmaan "Yariisow") August
22 Aug 2019 - 14 Sep 2022 Omar Mohamud
Mohamed "Finnish" (b. 1965)
USC/SSA
(= Cumar Maxamuud Maxamed "Filishh")
14 Sep 2022 -
Yusuf Hussein Jima'ale
"Madale" (s.a.)
UPD
(= Yuusuf Xuseen Jimcaale "Madaale")
(2nd time)
Party
abbreviations: UPD =
Xisbiga Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka (Union for Peace
and Development Party, Islamic democracy, conservative,
nationalist, former PDP, est.4 Oct 2018);
USC/SSA = United Somali Congress-Somali
Salvation Alliance (originally Mohammed Aidid and UN
intervention, opposed split from USC, est.Jan 1991);
- Former parties: PDP
= Xisbiga Nabadda Iyo Horumarka (Peace and Development
Party, Islamic democracy, conservative, economic liberal,
Apr 2011-4 Oct 2018, renamed UPD)
© Ben Cahoon
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