Switzerland

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Switzerland

[Swiss
Confederation War Flag c.1470-1798
(Switzerland)]

c.1470 - 14 Apr 1798

Confederation War Flag

[Flag of Helvetic Republic
1798-1803 (Switzerland)]

14 Apr 1798 - 10 Mar 1803

Helvetic Republic

[Flag
of Helvetic Republic [German obverse]
1798-1803 (Switzerland)]

14 Apr 1798 - 10 Mar 1803

German obverse

[Flag of Switzerland]
12 Sep 1848 - 12 Dec 1889 (unofficial),
Adopted 12 Dec 1889

[Flag of
Switzerland - rectangular variant]
Rectangular Variant at U.N.

Map of Switzerland Hear National Anthem
"Schweizerpsalm"/
"Cantique Suisse"/
"Salmo Svizzero"/
"Psalm Svizzer"
(Swiss Psalm)
from 12 Sep 1961
(Adopted 1 Apr 1981) Former National Anthem
"Rufst du, mein Vaterland"/
"Ô monts indépendants"/
"Ci chiami, o Patria"/
"E clomas, tger paeis"
(Do you call, my Fatherland)
(de facto c.1848-12 Sep 1961) Constitution
(1 Jan 2000)
------------------------------------
Helvetic Constitution
(12 Apr 1798-28 Oct 1801;
in French)

Capital (federal city): Bern
(22 Apr-4 Oct 1798 Aarau;
4 Oct 1798-28 May 1799 Luzern; 28 May 1799-10 Mar 1803 Bern; 10 Mar 1803-31 Dec 1814 rotated annually among - Fribourg, Bern, Solothurn, Basel, Zürich, & Luzern; 1 Jan 1815-28 Nov 1848 rotated bi-annually among - Bern, Zürich, & Luzern) Currency: Swiss Franc
(CHF) (1798-1803,
from 7 May 1850)
(prior to 1798 & 1803-1850 local coins from about 75 entities were in use as well as French, Austrian and German coins)
National Holiday: 1 Aug (1291)
Schweizer Bundesfeiertag/
Fête nationale suisse/
Festa nazionale svizzera/
Festa naziunala svizra
(Swiss National Day)
(founding of the Swiss
Confederation) Population: 8,860,574 (2024)

GDP: $733.8 billion (2023) Exports: $661.6 billion (2023)
Imports: $554.4 billion (2023) Ethnic groups: Swiss 69.2%, German 4.2%, Italian 3.2%, Portuguese 2.5%, French 2.1%, Kosovan 1.1%, Turkish 1%, other 16.7% (2020)

Total Active Armed Forces: 19,550 (2021)
(excludes 196,450 reservists)
Merchant marine: 17 ships (2023)
(includes Liechtenstein)
Religions: Roman Catholic 34.4%, Protestant 22.5%, other Christian 5.7%, Muslim 5.4%, other 1.5%, none 29.4%, unspecified 1.1% (2020)

International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (nonregional), AG, AIIB (nonregional), ANT, APM, BIS, BTWC, CCM, CD, CE, CERN, CTBT, CWC, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EITI, ESA, ESCR, Euratom (associate), Eutelsat, FAO, FATF, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partner), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, OST, PA (observer), PAM (partner), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WA, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Switzerland
Index Chronology
1 Aug 1291 Swiss Confederation founded (Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden), called forest states (Waldstätten). (no central executive authority, each canton retains sovereignty and feudal rights) (see separate cantons). 15 Nov 1315 Swiss troops defeat the Austrians under Leopold I of Habsburg at the Battle of Morgarten. 19 Jul 1318 Habsburgs relinquish suzerainty (by cease-fire agreement)over the Waldstätten. 22 Sep 1499 The Holy Roman Emperor recognizes the de facto independence of the Swiss Confederation. 8 Feb 1649 Peace of Westphalia treaties go into effect recognizing the sovereign independence of the full members of the Swiss Confederation. 5 Mar 1798 - Aug 1802 French occupation. 12 Apr 1798 Helvetic Republic(Helvetische Republik/République Helvétique); proclamation of independence of the Swiss nation and the establishment of one, indivisible, democratic and representative republic are approved by the Senate and Grand Council, representing 10 cantons, at the sessions held in Aargau (abolition of cantonal sovereignty and feudal rights). 12 Apr 1798 - 29 Dec 1813 French protectorate.27 May 1799 - Dec 1799 Austro-Russian invasion. 29 May 1801 Constitution adopted (effective 28 Oct 1801 by Loi). 2 Jul 1802 Constitution adopted (by Beschluss des Kleinen Raths). 28 Aug 1802 - 3 Oct 1802 Civil war (Stecklikrieg). 15 Oct 1802 - 9 Jan 1804 French re-occupation. 10 Mar 1803 SwissConfederation¹ (Confédération Suisse/ Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft/Confederazione Svizzera/(from 29 Apr 1939, Confederaziun Svizra) [Latin, in limited official use without Constitutional status: Confoederatio Helvetica]) re-established by19 Feb 1803Acte de Médiation/ Vermittlungsacte (cantonal sovereignty partially restored). 29 Dec 1813 Constitution voided by arrangement (Übereinkunft). 7 Aug 1815 Federal pact (Bundesvertrag) is signed by the representatives of 22 cantons of Switzerland in Zürich. 20 Nov 1815 Allied powers formally accept the neutrality of Switzerland by Congress of Vienna final act. 17 Mar 1832 Siebnerkonkordat signed by the liberal cantons (Luzern, Zürich, Bern, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Aargau, and Thurgau) as a united front against the conservative cantons. 15 Nov 1832 - 12 Aug 1833 Sarnerbund formed by the conservative cantons in response to the liberalSiebnerkonkordat (by Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Neuchâtel, and Basel-Stadt), it is dissolved by liberal cantons. 11 Dec 1845 - 1 Dec 1847 Sonderbundformed by conservative Catholic cantons (Luzern, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Fribourg, and Valais) in opposition to liberal Protestant cantons, leading to a brief civil war which is won by the liberal cantons. TheSonderbund military is led byJohann Ulrich von Salis-Soglio (b. 1790 - d. 1874),Oct - 26 Nov 1847, as commander-in-chief. 20 Nov 1848 Federal constitution effective (adopted 12 Sep 1848). 29 May 1874 Constitution effective (adopted 1 Jan 1874). 29 Apr 1939 German, French, Italian, and Rhaeto-Romansh made national languages.German, French, and Italian are made official languages by enactment of a constitutional amendment. 6 Dec 1992 In referendum Swiss voters reject European Economic Area (EEA) membership, 50.3% to 49.7%. 8 Jun 1997 In referendum Swiss voters reject accession talks with the European Union, 74.1% to 25.9%. 1 Jan 2000 Constitution effective (adopted18 Dec 1998). 4 Mar 2001 In referendum Swiss voters again rejectEuropean Union membership, 76.8% to 23.2%.

Swiss Cantons
A-F and G-N
O-S and T-Z

Former Swiss
Territories
(to 1803)

Administrative
Divisions Map

Map of Swiss
Cantons in 1798

Map of Switzerland
1555 - 1791

Map of Helvetic
Republic

Historical Maps
of Switzerland

Presidents of the Executive Directory (Präsidenten des Vollziehungsdirektoriums/Präsidenten des vollziehenden Direktoriums/ Présidentes du Directoire Exécutif) 22 Apr 1798 - 31 May 1798 Johann Lucas Legrand (b. 1755 - d. 1836) Rep 1 Jun 1798 - 1 Jul 1798 Urs Viktor Oberlin (1st time) (b. 1747 - d. 1818) Pat 2 Jul 1798 - 31 Jul 1798 Pierre-Maurice Glayre (1st time) (b. 1743 - d. 1819) Rep 1 Aug 1798 - 31 Aug 1798 Frédéric-César de Laharpe (b. 1754 - d. 1838) Pat (1st time) 1 Sep 1798 - 30 Sep 1798 Peter Ochs (1st time) (b. 1752 - d. 1821) Pat 1 Oct 1798 - 21 Nov 1798 Frédéric-César de Laharpe (s.a.) Pat (2nd time) 22 Nov 1798 - 12 Jan 1799 Urs Viktor Oberlin (2nd time) (s.a.) Pat 13 Jan 1799 - 5 Mar 1799 Pierre-Maurice Glayre (2nd time) (s.a.) Rep 6 Mar 1799 - 26 Apr 1799 David Ludwig Bay (b. 1749 - d. 1832) Rep 27 Apr 1799 - 23 Jun 1799 Peter Ochs (2nd time) (s.a.) Pat 24 Jun 1799 - 4 Sep 1799 Frédéric-César de Laharpe (s.a.) Pat (3rd time) 5 Sep 1799 - 17 Nov 1799 François-Pierre Savary (b. 1750 - d. 1821) Rep 18 Nov 1799 - 7 Jan 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (b. 1753 - d. 1807) Rep Executive Power (rarely in official use: Executive Commission) (Mitglied der vollziehenden Gewalt/membre du Pouvoir Exécutif; also in official use: Vollziehungsausschuss; [rarely] Commission Executive) 7 Jan 1800 - 11 Jan 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.) Rep + François-Pierre Savary (s.a.) Rep Presidents of the Executive Commission (Präsidenten des Vollziehungsausschusses/Présidentes de la Commission exécutive) 12 Jan 1800 - 27 May 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.) Uni 28 May 1800 - 25 Jun 1800 Karl Albrecht Frisching (b. 1734 - d. 1801) Fed 26 Jun 1800 - 23 Jul 1800 François-Pierre Savary (s.a.) Uni 24 Jul 1800 - 8 Aug 1800 Johann (Hans) Konrad Finsler (b. 1765 - d. 1839) Uni Presidents of the Executive Council (Präsidenten des Vollziehungsrates/Présidentes du Conseil exécutif) 9 Aug 1800 - 30 Sep 1800 Karl Albrecht Frisching (1st time) (s.a.) Uni 1 Oct 1800 - 31 Oct 1800 Johann Rudolf Dolder (1st time) (s.a.) U-F 1 Nov 1800 - 30 Nov 1800 Karl Friedrich Zimmermann (b. 1765 - d. 1823) Uni (1st time) 1 Dec 1800 - 31 Dec 1800 Johann Jakob Schmid (1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1828) Uni 1 Jan 1801 - 31 Jan 1801 Georg Vinzenz Jost Ludwig (b. 1769 - d. 1844) Uni Rüttimann (1st time) 1 Feb 1801 - 28 Feb 1801 François-Pierre Savary (1st time) (s.a.) U-F 1 Mar 1801 - 31 Mar 1801 Karl Albrecht Frisching (2nd time) (s.a.) Fed 1 Apr 1801 - 30 Apr 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (2nd time) (s.a.) U-F 1 May 1801 - 31 May 1801 Karl Friedrich Zimmermann (s.a.) Uni (2nd time) 1 Jun 1801 - 30 Jun 1801 François-Pierre Savary (2nd time) (s.a.) U-F 1 Jul 1801 - 31 Jul 1801 Johann Jakob Schmid (2nd time) (s.a.) Uni 1 Aug 1801 - 31 Aug 1801 Georg Vinzenz Jost Ludwig (s.a.) Uni Rüttimann (2nd time) 1 Sep 1801 - 30 Sep 1801 Paulus Usteri (b. 1768 - d. 1831) Uni 1 Oct 1801 - 27 Oct 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (3rd time) (s.a.) U-F President of the ExecutivePower (Präsident der Vollziehenden Gewalt/Président du Pouvoir exécutif) 27 Oct 1801 - 22 Nov 1801 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.) Fed Landammann/Landamman (elected as Erster Landammann/Premier Landamman) 22 Nov 1801 - 20 Apr 1802 Joseph Fridolin Vinzenz Aloys (b. 1765 - d. 1818) Fed Reding von Biberegg
30 Nov 1801 - 17 Jan 1802 Johann Rudolf Frisching (b. 1761 - d. 1838) Fed (acting for absentReding)Statthalter 20 Apr 1802 - 5 Jul 1802 Georg Vinzenz Jost Ludwig (s.a.) Uni RüttimannLandammann/Landamman 5 Jul 1802 - 10 Mar 1803 Johann Rudolf Dolder (s.a.) U-FLandammann der Schweiz/Landammann de la Suisse/Landamano della Svizzera (Heads of the Confederation who were chief magistrates of the canton hosting the Diet) 10 Mar 1803 - 31 Dec 1803 Ludwig August Philipp von Affry (b. 1743 - d. 1810) Con (1st time) 1 Jan 1804 - 31 Dec 1804 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl (b. 1760 - d. 1832) Mod (1st time) 1 Jan 1805 - 31 Dec 1805 Peter Josef Johann Anton von (b. 1754 - d. 1835) Con Glutz-Ruchti 1 Jan 1806 - 31 Dec 1806 Andreas Merian (b. 1742 - d. 1811) Con 1 Jan 1807 - 31 Dec 1807 Hans von Reinhard (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1835) Con 1 Jan 1808 - 31 Dec 1808 Georg Vinzenz Jost Ludwig (s.a.) Con Rüttimann (1st time) 1 Jan 1809 - 31 Dec 1809 Ludwig August Philipp von Affry (s.a.) Con (2nd time) 1 Jan 1810 - 31 Dec 1810 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl (s.a.) Mod (2nd time) 1 Jan 1811 - 31 Dec 1811 Heinrich Daniel Balthasar Josef (b. 1754 - d. 1821) Grimm von Wartenfels 1 Jan 1812 - 31 Dec 1812 Peter Burckhardt (b. 1742 - d. 1817) 1 Jan 1813 - 6 Apr 1814 Hans von Reinhard (2nd time) (s.a.) Con (acting from 1 Jan 1814) Presidents of the Diet (Präsident der Tagsatzung/Président de la Diète/Presidente della Dieta) 6 Apr 1814 - 23 Sep 1814 Hans von Reinhard (1st time) (s.a.) Con 20 Sep 1814 - 21 Sep 1814 Johann (Hans) Konrad Finsler (s.a.) (acting forReinhard) 23 Sep 1814 - 12 Dec 1814 Johann Konrad Escher vom Luchs (b. 1743 - d. 1814) Con (acting) 12 Dec 1814 - 14 Dec 1814 Johann (Hans) Konrad Finsler (s.a.) (acting) 16 Dec 1814 -31 Dec 1815 David von Wyss II (1st time) (b. 1763 - d. 1839) Con (acting to21 Dec 1814) 1 Jan 1816 - 31 Dec 1816 Hans von Reinhard (2nd time) (s.a.) Con 1 Jan 1817 - 31 Dec 1817 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl (s.a.) Mod (1st time) 1 Jan 1818 - 31 Dec 1818 Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen (b. 1760 - d. 1833) Lib (1st time) 1 Jan 1819 - 31 Dec 1819 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar (b. 1777 - d. 1848) Lib Amrhyn (1st time) 1 Jan 1820 - 31 Dec 1820 Georg Vinzenz Jost Ludwig (s.a.) Con Rüttimann (2nd time) 1 Jan 1821 - 31 Dec 1821 David von Wyss II (2nd time) (s.a.) Con 1 Jan 1822 - 31 Dec 1822 Hans von Reinhard (3rd time) (s.a.) Con 1 Jan 1823 - 31 Dec 1823 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl (s.a.) Mod (2nd time) 1 Jan 1824 - 31 Dec 1824 Niklaus Friedrich von Mülinen (s.a.) Lib (2nd time) 1 Jan 1825 - 31 Dec 1825 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar (s.a.) Lib Amrhyn (2nd time) 1 Jan 1826 - 31 Dec 1826 Georg Vinzenz Jost Ludwig (s.a.) Con Rüttimann (3rd time) 1 Jan 1827 - 31 Dec 1827 David von Wyss II (3rd time) (s.a.) Con 1 Jan 1828 - 31 Dec 1828 Hans von Reinhard (4th time) (s.a.) Con 1 Jan 1829 - 31 Dec 1829 Niklaus Rudolf von Wattenwyl (s.a.) Mod (3rd time) 1 Jan 1830 - 31 Dec 1830 Emanuel Friedrich von Fischer (b. 1786 - d. 1870) Mod 1 Jan 1831 - 31 Dec 1831 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar (s.a.) Lib Amrhyn (3rd time) 1 Jan 1832 - 31 Dec 1832 Eduard Pfyffer von Altishofen (b. 1782 - d. 1834) Lib 1 Jan 1833 - 31 Dec 1833 Johann Jakob Hess (1st time) (b. 1791 - d. 1854) Lib 1 Jan 1834 - 31 Dec 1834 Konrad Melchior Hirzel (b. 1793 - d. 1843) Lib 1 Jan 1835 - 31 Dec 1835 Franz Karl von Tavel (b. 1801 - d. 1865) Lib 1 Jan 1836 - 31 Dec 1836 Karl Friedrich Tscharner (b. 1772 - d. 1844) Lib (1st time) 1 Jan 1837 - 31 Dec 1837 Josef Karl Xaver Leopold Leodegar (s.a.) Lib Amrhyn (4th time) 1 Jan 1838 - 31 Dec 1838 Georg Jakob Kopp (b. 1786 - d. 1859) Lib 1 Jan 1839 - 31 Dec 1839 Johann Jakob Hess (2nd time) (s.a.) Lib 1 Jan 1840 - 31 Dec 1840 Johann (Hans)Konrad von Muralt (b. 1779 - d. 1869) Con 1 Jan 1841 - 31 Dec 1841 Johann Karl Friedrich Neuhaus (b. 1796 - d. 1849) Lib 1 Jan 1842 - 31 Dec 1842 Karl Friedrich Tscharner (s.a.) Lib (2nd time) 1 Jan 1843 - 31 Dec 1843 Rudolf Rüttimann (b. 1795 - d. 1873) Con 1 Jan 1844 - 31 Dec 1844 Konstantin Siegwart-Müller (b. 1801 - d. 1869) Con 1 Jan 1845 - 3 Apr 1845 Johann Heinrich Emmanuel Mousson (b. 1803 - d. 1869) Con 5 Apr 1845 - 31 Dec 1845 Jonas Furrer (b. 1805 - d. 1861) Rad 1 Jan 1846 - 31 Dec 1846 Johann Ulrich Zehnder (b. 1798 - d. 1877) Rad 1 Jan 1847 - 28 May 1847 Alexander Ludwig Funk (1st time) (b. 1806 - d. 1871) Rad 28 May 1847 - 5 Nov 1847 Johann Ulrich Ochsenbein (b. 1811 - d. 1890) Rad (1st time) 5 Nov 1847 - 2 Dec 1847 Johann Rudolf Schneider (interim) (b. 1804 - d. 1880) Rad 2 Dec 1847 - 31 May 1848 Johann Ulrich Ochsenbein (s.a.) Rad (2nd time) 2Jun 1848 - 20 Nov 1848 Alexander Ludwig Funk (2nd time) (s.a.) Rad Presidents of the Confederation² 20 Nov 1848 - 31 Dec 1849 Jonas Furrer (1st time) (s.a.) Rad 1 Jan 1850 - 31 Dec 1850 Daniel-Henri Druey (b. 1799 - d. 1855) Rad 1 Jan 1851 - 31 Dec 1851 Martin Joseph Munzinger (b. 1791 - d. 1855) Rad 1 Jan 1852 - 31 Dec 1852 Jonas Furrer (2nd time) (s.a.) Rad 1 Jan 1853 - 31 Dec 1853 Wilhelm Matthias Naeff (b. 1802 - d. 1881) Lib 1 Jan 1854 - 31 Dec 1854 Friedrich Frey-Herosé (1st time) (b. 1801 - d. 1873) Lib 1 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1855 Jonas Furrer (3rd time) (s.a.) Rad 1 Jan 1856 - 31 Dec 1856 Jakob Stämpfli (1st time) (b. 1820 - d. 1879) Rad 1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1857 Charles Emmanuel Constant Fornerod (b. 1819 - d. 1899) Rad (1st time) 1 Jan 1858 - 31 Dec 1858 Jonas Furrer (4th time) (s.a.) Rad 1 Jan 1859 - 31 Dec 1859 Jakob Stämpfli (2nd time) (s.a.) Rad 1 Jan 1860 - 31 Dec 1860 Friedrich Frey-Herosé (2nd time) (s.a.) Lib 1 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1861 Melchior Joseph Martin Knüsel (b. 1813 - d. 1889) Lib (1st time) 1 Jan 1862 - 31 Dec 1862 Jakob Stämpfli (3rd time) (s.a.) Rad 1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1863 Charles Emmanuel Constant Fornerod (s.a.) Rad (2nd time) 1 Jan 1864 - 31 Dec 1864 Johann Jakob Dubs (1st time) (b. 1822 - d. 1879) Lib 1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865 Johann Carl Emmanuel Schenk (b. 1823 - d. 1895) Rad (1st time) 1 Jan 1866 - 31 Dec 1866 Melchior Joseph Martin Knüsel (s.a.) Lib (2nd time) 1 Jan 1867 - 31 Oct 1867 Charles Emmanuel Constant Fornerod (s.a.) Rad (3rd time) 1 Nov 1867 - 31 Dec 1868 Johann Jakob Dubs (2nd time) (s.a.) Lib (acting to 31 Dec 1867) 1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1869 Friedrich Emil Welti (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1899) Lib 1 Jan 1870 - 31 Dec 1870 Johann Jakob Dubs (3rd time) (s.a.) Lib (acting to 1 Feb 1870) 1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1871 Johann Carl Emmanuel Schenk (s.a.) Rad (2nd time) 1 Jan 1872 - 31 Dec 1872 Friedrich Emil Welti (2nd time) (s.a.) Lib 1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1873 Paul Cérésole (b. 1832 - d. 1905) Lib 1 Jan 1874 - 31 Dec 1874 Johann Carl Emmanuel Schenk (s.a.) Rad (3rd time) 1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1875 Johann Jakob Scherer (Schaerer) (b. 1825 - d. 1878) Dem 1 Jan 1876 - 31 Dec 1876 Friedrich Emil Welti (3rd time) (s.a.) Lib 1 Jan 1877 - 31 Dec 1877 Joachim Heer (b. 1825 - d. 1879) Lib 1 Jan 1878 - 31 Dec 1878 Johann Carl Emmanuel Schenk (s.a.) Rad (4th time) 1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Johann Bernhard Hammer (1st time) (b. 1822 - d. 1907) Lib 1 Jan 1880 - 31 Dec 1880 Friedrich Emil Welti (4th time) (s.a.) Lib 1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1881 Numa Droz (1st time) (b. 1844 - d. 1899) Rad (acting to 22 Feb 1881) 1 Jan 1882 - 31 Dec 1882 Simeon Bavier (b. 1825 - d. 1896) Lib 1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883 Antoine Louis John Ruchonnet (b. 1834 - d. 1893) Rad (1st time) 1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884 Friedrich Emil Welti (5th time) (s.a.) Lib 1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885 Karl Johann Emanuel Schenk (s.a.) Rad (5th time) 1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886 Adolf Deucher (1st time) (b. 1831 - d. 1912) Rad 1 Jan 1887 - 31 Dec 1887 Numa Droz (2nd time) (s.a.) Rad 1 Jan 1888 - 27 Nov 1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Hertenstein (b. 1825 - d. 1888) Lib 27 Nov 1888 - 31 Dec 1889 Johann Bernhard Hammer (2nd time) (s.a.) Lib (acting to 31 Dec 1888) 1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890 Antoine Louis John Ruchonnet (s.a.) Rad (2nd time) 1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891 Friedrich Emil Welti (6th time) (s.a.) Lib 1 Jan 1892 - 31 Dec 1892 Walter Hauser (1st time) (b. 1837 - d. 1902) Dem 1 Jan 1893 - 31 Dec 1893 Karl Johann Emanuel Schenk (s.a.) Rad (6th time) 1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894 Emil Johann Rudolf Frey (b. 1838 - d. 1922) FDP 1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895 Josef Zemp (1st time) (b. 1834 - d. 1908) KVP 1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896 Adrien-Louis Lachenal (b. 1849 - d. 1918) FDP 1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897 Adolf Deucher (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898 Eugène Ruffy (b. 1854 - d. 1919) FDP 1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899 Eduard Müller (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1919) FDP 1 Jan 1900 - 31 Dec 1900 Walter Hauser (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1901 - 31 Dec 1901 Ernst Brenner (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1911) FDP 1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902 Josef Zemp (2nd time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903 Adolf Deucher (3rd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1904 - 31 Dec 1904 Hugo-Robert Comtesse (1st time) (b. 1847 - d. 1922) FDP 1 Jan 1905 - 31 Dec 1905 Marc-Émile Ruchet (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1912) FDP 1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906 Johann Ludwig Forrer(1st time) (b. 1845 - d. 1921) FDP 1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Eduard Müller (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1908 - 31 Dec 1908 Ernst Brenner (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1909 - 31 Dec 1909 Adolf Deucher(4th time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1910 Hugo-Robert Comtesse(2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Marc-Émile Ruchet (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1912 - 31 Dec 1912 Johann Ludwig Forrer (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1913 - 31 Dec 1913 Eduard Müller (3rd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914 Hermann Arthur Hoffmann (b. 1857 - d. 1927) FDP 1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915 Giuseppe Motta (1st time) (b. 1871 - d. 1940) KVP 1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916 Camille Decoppet (b. 1862 - d. 1925) FDP 1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917 Edmund Julius Schulthess (1st time)(b. 1868 - d. 1944) FDP 1 Jan 1918 - 31 Dec 1918 Felix Louis Calonder (b. 1863 - d. 1952) FDP 1 Jan 1919 - 31 Dec 1919 Gustave Ador (b. 1845 - d. 1928) LPS 1 Jan 1920 - 31 Dec 1920 Giuseppe Motta (2nd time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1921 - 31 Dec 1921 Edmund Julius Schulthess (2nd time)(s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1922 - 31 Dec 1922 Robert Haab (1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1939) FDP 1 Jan 1923 - 31 Dec 1923 Karl Alfred Scheurer (b. 1872 - d. 1929) FDP 1 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1924 Ernest-Louis Chuard (b. 1857 - d. 1942) FDP 1 Jan 1925 - 31 Dec 1925 Jean-Marie Musy (1st time) (b. 1876 - d. 1952) KVP 1 Jan 1926 - 31 Dec 1926 Heinrich Häberlin (1st time) (b. 1868 - d. 1947) FDP 1 Jan 1927 - 31 Dec 1927 Giuseppe Motta (3rd time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1928 - 31 Dec 1928 Edmund Julius Schulthess (3rd time)(s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1929 - 31 Dec 1929 Robert Haab (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1930 - 31 Dec 1930 Jean-Marie Musy (2nd time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1931 - 31 Dec 1931 Heinrich Häberlin(2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1932 - 31 Dec 1932 Giuseppe Motta (4th time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1933 - 31 Dec 1933 Edmund Julius Schulthess (4th time)(s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1934 - 31 Dec 1934 Marcel Édouard Ernest Pilet-Golaz (b. 1889 - d. 1958) FDP (1st time) 1 Jan 1935 - 31 Dec 1935 Rudolf Minger (b. 1881 - d. 1955) BGP 1 Jan 1936 - 31 Dec 1936 Albert Meyer (b. 1870 - d. 1953) FDP 1 Jan 1937 - 31 Dec 1937 Giuseppe Motta (5th time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1938 - 31 Dec 1938 Johannes Baumann (b. 1874 - d. 1953) FDP 1 Jan 1939 - 31 Dec 1939 Philipp Etter (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1977) KVP 1 Jan 1940 - 31 Dec 1940 Marcel Édouard Ernest Pilet-Golaz (s.a.) FDP (2nd time) 1 Jan 1941 - 31 Dec 1941 Ernst Wetter (b. 1877 - d. 1965) FDP 1 Jan 1942 - 31 Dec 1942 Philipp Etter (2nd time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1943 - 31 Dec 1943 Enrico Celio (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1980) KVP 1 Jan 1944 - 31 Dec 1944 Walter Stampfli (b. 1884 - d. 1965) FDP 1 Jan 1945 - 31 Dec 1945 Adolf Eduard von Steiger (1st time)(b. 1881 - d. 1962) BGP 1 Jan 1946 - 31 Dec 1946 Karl Kobelt (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1968) FDP 1 Jan 1947 - 31 Dec 1947 Philipp Etter (3rd time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1948 - 31 Dec 1948 Enrico Celio (2nd time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1949 - 31 Dec 1949 Ernst Nobs (b. 1886 - d. 1957) SPS 1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1950 Max-Édouard Petitpierre (1st time) (b. 1899 - d. 1994) FDP 1 Jan 1951 - 31 Dec 1951 Adolf Eduard von Steiger (2nd time)(s.a.) BGP 1 Jan 1952 - 31 Dec 1952 Karl Kobelt (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1953 - 31 Dec 1953 Philipp Etter (4th time) (s.a.) KVP 1 Jan 1954 - 31 Dec 1954 Rodolphe Rubattel (b. 1896 - d. 1961) FDP 1 Jan 1955 - 31 Dec 1955 Max-Édouard Petitpierre (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1956 - 31 Dec 1956 Markus Feldmann (b. 1897 - d. 1958) BGP 1 Jan 1957 - 31 Dec 1957 Hans Streuli (b. 1892 - d. 1970) FDP 1 Jan 1958 - 31 Dec 1958 Thomas Emil Leo Holenstein (b. 1896 - d. 1962) KCVP 1 Jan 1959 - 31 Dec 1959 Paul Chaudet (1st time) (b. 1904 - d. 1977) FDP 1 Jan 1960 - 31 Dec 1960 Max-Édouard Petitpierre (3rd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1961 - 31 Dec 1961 Friedrich Traugott Wahlen (b. 1899 - d. 1985) BGP 1 Jan 1962 - 31 Dec 1962 Paul Chaudet (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Willy Spühler (1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1990) SPS 1 Jan 1964 - 31 Dec 1964 Ludwig von Moos (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. 1990) KCVP 1 Jan 1965 - 31 Dec 1965 Hans-Peter Tschudi (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 2002) SPS 1 Jan 1966 - 31 Dec 1966 Hans Schaffner (b. 1908 - d. 2004) FDP 1 Jan 1967 - 31 Dec 1967 Roger Bonvin (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 1982) KCVP 1 Jan 1968 - 31 Dec 1968 Willy Spühler (2nd time) (s.a.) SPS 1 Jan 1969 - 31 Dec 1969 Ludwig von Moos (2nd time) (s.a.) KCVP 1 Jan 1970 - 31 Dec 1970 Hans-Peter Tschudi (2nd time) (s.a.) SPS 1 Jan 1971 - 31 Dec 1971 Rudolf Gnägi (1st time) (b. 1917 - d. 1985) SVP 1 Jan 1972 - 31 Dec 1972 Nello Celio (b. 1914 - d. 1995) FDP 1 Jan 1973 - 31 Dec 1973 Roger Bonvin (2nd time) (s.a.) CVP 1 Jan 1974 - 31 Dec 1974 Ernst Brugger (b. 1914 - d. 1998) FDP 1 Jan 1975 - 31 Dec 1975 Pierre Graber (b. 1908 - d. 2003) SPS 1 Jan 1976 - 31 Dec 1976 Rudolf Gnägi (2nd time) (s.a.) SVP 1 Jan 1977 - 31 Dec 1977 Kurt Furgler (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2008) CVP 1 Jan 1978 - 31 Dec 1978 Willi Ritschard (b. 1918 - d. 1983) SPS 1 Jan 1979 - 31 Dec 1979 Hans Hürlimann (b. 1918 - d. 1994) CVP 1 Jan 1980 - 31 Dec 1980 Georges-André Chevallaz (b. 1915 - d. 2002) FDP 1 Jan 1981 - 31 Dec 1981 Kurt Furgler (2nd time) (s.a.) CVP 1 Jan 1982 - 31 Dec 1982 Fritz Honegger (b. 1917 - d. 1999) FDP 1 Jan 1983 - 31 Dec 1983 Pierre Aubert (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 2016) SPS 1 Jan 1984 - 31 Dec 1984 Leon Schlumpf (b. 1925 - d. 2012) SVP 1 Jan 1985 - 31 Dec 1985 Kurt Furgler (3rd time) (s.a.) CVP 1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1986 Alphons Egli (b. 1924 - d. 2016) CVP 1 Jan 1987 - 31 Dec 1987 Pierre Aubert (2nd time) (s.a.) SPS 1 Jan 1988 - 31 Dec 1988 Anton Otto Stich-Stampfli (b. 1927 - d. 2012) SPS (1st time) 1 Jan 1989 - 31 Dec 1989 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 1998) FDP 1 Jan 1990 - 31 Dec 1990 Arnold Koller (1st time) (b. 1933) CVP 1 Jan 1991 - 31 Dec 1991 Flavio Cotti (1st time) (b. 1939 - d. 2020) CVP 1 Jan 1992 - 31 Dec 1992 René Felber (b. 1933 - d. 2020) SPS 1 Jan 1993 - 31 Dec 1993 Adolf Ogi (b. 1942) SVP 1 Jan 1994 - 31 Dec 1994 Anton Otto Stich-Stampfli (s.a.) SPS (2nd time) 1 Jan 1995 - 31 Dec 1995 Kaspar Villiger (1st time) (b. 1941) FDP 1 Jan 1996 - 31 Dec 1996 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 1997 - 31 Dec 1997 Arnold Koller (2nd time) (s.a.) CVP 1 Jan 1998 - 31 Dec 1998 Flavio Cotti (2nd time) (s.a.) CVP 1 Jan 1999 - 31 Dec 1999 Ruth Dreifuss (f) (b. 1940) SPS 1 Jan 2000 - 31 Dec 2000 Adolf Ogi (2nd time) (s.a.) SVP 1 Jan 2001 - 31 Dec 2001 Moritz Leuenberger (1st time) (b. 1946) SPS 1 Jan 2002 - 31 Dec 2002 Kaspar Villiger (2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 Pascal Roger Couchepin(1st time) (b. 1942) FDP 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2004 Joseph Deiss (b. 1946) CVP 1 Jan 2005 - 31 Dec 2005 Samuel Jörg Schmid (b. 1947) SVP 1 Jan 2006 - 31 Dec 2006 Moritz Leuenberger (2nd time) (s.a.) SPS 1 Jan 2007 - 31 Dec 2007 Micheline Anne Marie Calmy-Rey (f) (b. 1945) SPS (1st time) 1 Jan 2008 -31 Dec 2008 Pascal Roger Couchepin(2nd time) (s.a.) FDP 1 Jan 2009 - 31 Dec 2009 Hans-Rudolf Merz (b. 1942) FDP 1 Jan 2010 - 31 Dec 2010 Doris Leuthard Hausin (f)(1st time)(b. 1963) CVP 1 Jan 2011 - 31 Dec 2011 Micheline Anne Marie Calmy-Rey (f) (s.a.) SPS (2nd time) 1 Jan 2012 - 31 Dec 2012 Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf(f) (b. 1956) BDP 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2013 Ulrich "Ueli" Maurer (1st time) (b. 1950) SVP 1 Jan 2014 - 31 Dec 2014 Didier Eric Burkhalter (b. 1960) FDP 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2015 Simonetta Myriam Sommaruga (f) (b. 1960) SPS (1st time) 1 Jan 2016 - 31 Dec 2016 Johann Niklaus Schneider-Ammann (b. 1952) FDP 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2017 Doris Leuthard Hausin (f)(2nd time)(s.a.) CVP 1 Jan 2018 - 31 Dec 2018 Alain Berset (b. 1972) SPS 1 Jan 2019 - 31 Dec 2019 Ulrich "Ueli" Maurer (2nd time) (s.a.) SVP 1 Jan 2020 - 31 Dec 2020 Simonetta Myriam Sommaruga (f) (s.a.) SPS (2nd time) 1 Jan 2021 - 31 Dec 2021 Guy Parmelin (b. 1959) SVP 1 Jan 2022 - 31 Dec 2022 Ignazio Cassis (b. 1961) FDP 1 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023 Alain Berset (b. 1972) SPS 1 Jan 2024 - 31 Dec 2024 Viola Patricia Amherd (f) (b. 1962) DM 1 Jan 2025 - Karin Keller-Sutter (f) (b. 1963) FDP

¹The name "Swiss Confederation" (ConfédérationSuisse) does not appear in the Mediation Act of 1803, but the Diet decided on 5 Jul1803 to make a seal bearing the inscriptionSchweizerischeEidgenossenschaft ("Swiss Confederation"). NapoléonBonaparte (b. 1769 - d. 1821) used the title ofMédiateur de la Confédération Suisse("Mediator of the Swiss Confederation") from about 1809, but the style was not approved by Swiss law and he was not given any office of state under the Act. The Pact of 1815 stipulates that "the XXII Cantons are constituted in the Swiss Confederation" (la Confédération Suisse), while, in the constitutions of 1848 and 1874, "the Swiss Confederation"(la Confédération Suisse)is at the same time the object of the charter and the sovereign people and cantonswho adopts it.

²Full title (in German):Bundespräsident("Federal President"),(in French/Italian and from 29 Apr 1938, Romansch):Président de la Confédération/Presidente della Confederazione/(from 29 Apr 1983): President da la Confederaziun("President of the Confederation"). The Swiss government consists of seven members of the Federal Council who are electedfor a four year mandate by both chambers of the federal parliament sitting together as the Federal Assembly. The President of the Swiss Confederation is elected for 1 year and is regarded asPrimus inter pares, or first among equals, for this period.

Territorial Disputes: None identified.

Party abbreviations: DM = Die Mitte/Le Centre/Alleanza del Centro/Allianza dal Center (The Middle/Center Alliance, centrist, christian democratic, merger of CVP and BDP, est.1 Jan 2021);FDP= Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz/PartiRadical-DémocratiqueSuisse/Partito Liberale Radicale Svizzero (Freethinking-Democratic Party of Switzerland, liberal, center-right, from 1 Jan 2009 named FDP.The Liberals [FDP.Die Liberalen/PLR.Les Libéraux-Radicaux], est.25 Feb 1894);SPS= Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz/PartiSocialiste Suisse/PartitoSocialista Svizzero (Social-Democratic Party of Switzerland, social-democratic, est.21 Oct 1888);SVP=Schweizerische Volkspartei/Union Démocratique duCentre/Unione Democratica del Centro/Partida Populara Svizra(Swiss People's Party/Democratic Union of the Center, nationalist, conservative,Eurosceptic, formerly BGP, est.22 Sep 1971); Mil = Military; - Former parties: BDP = Bürgerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz/Parti Bourgeois Démocratique Suisse/Partito Borghese Democratico Svizzera (Citizens' Democratic Party of Switzerland, center-right, split from SVP, 1 Nov 2008-31 Dec 2020, merged into DM);BGB = Schweizer Bauern-, Gewerbe- und Bürgerpartei (Swiss Party of Farmers, Traders and Citizens, nationalist, conservative,Eurosceptic, split from FDP, 23 Dec 1936-22 Sep 1971, renamed SVP); Con= Konservative (Conservatives, conservative republicans, 1798-1881, mostly joining KKP);CVP = Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz/Parti Démocrate-Chrétien/Partito Popolare Democratico Svizzero/ Partida Cristiandemocratica Svizra (Christian Democratic People's Party, christian-democratic; named 1881-1894 Catholic People's Party, 1894-1912 Catholic People's Party, 1912-1957 Conservative People's Party, 1957-12 Dec 1970 Conservative Christian Social People's, 18 Jul 1881-31 Dec 2020, merged into DM);Dem =Demokratische Bewegung/Mouvement Démocratique/Movimento Democratico (Democratic Movement, center-left, 1861-22 Feb 1894, mostly joining FDP);Fed= Föderalisten (Federalists, de-centralists, supported return to cantonal sovereignty, 1799-1803);KCVP= Konservativ-Christlichsoziale Volkspartei (Conservative Christian Social People's Party, conservative - Catholic, former KPV, 10 Feb1957-12 Dec 1970, renamed CVP);KKP= Katholisch-Konservative Partei der Schweiz (Catholic-Conservative Party of Switzerland, conservative - Catholic,18 Jul 1881-11 Dec 1894, renamed KVP); KVP= Katholische Volkspartei (Catholic People's Party, conservative - Catholic, former KKP,named 22 Apr 1912-10 Mar 1957 Konservative Volkspartei [Conservative People's Party], 1 Dec 1894-10 Mar 1957,renamedKCVP); Lib= Liberale (Liberals, center-right, c.1814-25 Feb 1894, mostly joining FDP, some elements later form LPS); LPS=Liberale Partei der Schweiz/Parti Libéral Suisse/Partito Liberale Svizzero/Partida Liberala Svizra(Liberal Party of Switzerland, liberal, 8 Oct 1913-1 Jan 2009, merged into FDP); Mod = Moderate (Moderates, moderate republicans,c.1803-c.1832);Pat= Patrioten (Patriots, liberal, radical reformers, 1789-1800, joined Uni);Rep= Republikaner (Republicans, conservative, moderate reformers, 1798-1800, mostly joining Uni); Rad = Radikale (Radicals, "freethinking", center-left, c.1832-1848, mostly joining Lib/FDP);Uni= Unitarier (Unitarians,centralist, supported unitary centralized state, 1800-1803); U-F =Unitarier-Föderalisten (Unitarians-Federalists, leaders alternating between Uni and Fed camps, 1801-1803)