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Guatemala
 
[Spanish War Ensign (1785-1931)]
                   to 25 Sep 1821 
 
[Kingdom of Guatemala flag 1821]
           15 Sep 1821 - 22 Feb 1822 
 
[Guatemala Flag 1823, 1825-1843]
                    1 Feb 1823 - 31 Jul 1823
 
[Guatemala 1823 Flag]
                    31 Jul 1823 - 21 Aug 1823
 
[Guatemala Flag 1823-1824]
          21 Aug 1823 - 22 Nov 1824 
 
[Guatemala 1824-1825 Flag]
                   22 Nov 1824 - 1 Jan 1825
 
[Guatemala Flag 1823, 1825-1843]
              1 Jan 1825 - 26 Oct 1843
 
[Guatemala 1843 Flag]
           26 Oct 1843 - 14 Mar 1851 
 
[Guatemala 1851 Flag]
           14 Mar 1851 - 21 May 1858
 
[Guatemala 1858 Flag]
                    21 May 1858 - 17 Aug 1871
 
[Guatemala 1871 Flag]
            17 Aug 1871 - 28 Feb 1885 
 
[Guatemala - civil flag]
           Adopted 28 Feb 1885 Civil Flag
 
[Guatemala] 
          Adopted 28 Feb 1885 State Flag
 

 Map of Gatemala
 Hear National Anthem
  "Gautemala Feliz!"
(Guatemala, Be Praised!)
 Text of National Anthem
Adopted 1896
 Constitution
 (14 Jan 1986, suspended
25 May-2 Jun 1993; in Spanish) 
Capital: Guatemala City
(Ciudad de Guatemala)
(Santiago de Guatemala 1543-1776;
Almolonga 1527-1543;
Iximche 1524-1527)
Currencies: Quetzal (GTQ),
US Dollar (USD)
National Holiday: 15 Sep (1821)
Independence Day
Population: 12,293,545 (2006)
GDP: $60.57 billion (2005)
Exports: $3.71 billion (2006) 
Imports: $9.91 billion (2006) 
Ethnic groups: Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish -
in local Spanish called Ladino) and European 59.4%,
K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam 7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%,
other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%,
other 0.1% (2001) 
Total Armed Forces: 31,400 (2003)
Merchant marine: None (2006)
Religions: Roman Catholic 75.9%, Protestant 21.8%,
other and indigenous Mayan beliefs 2.3% (1995)
International Organizations/Treaties: ANT, APM, BCIE, BTWC, CACM, CAFTA, CAP, CTBT (signatory), ENMOD, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAES, LAIA (observer), LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, SEGIB, SICA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Guatemala
Index
Chronology
 
25 Jul 1524                Spanish possession. 
1527 - 1544                Subordinated to New Spain (see Mexico).
1544 - 1560                Part of Captaincy of Gracias (Yucatan, Chiapas,
                             Tabasco, Panama, and Central America).
1544 - 1564                Subordinated to Audiencia de los Confines.
1564 - 1570                Subordinated to New Spain (see Mexico).
1560                       Kingdom of Guatemala, a Captaincy-general, but
                             subordinated to New Spain (Chiapas, Costa Rica,
                             Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Yucatan, and
                             from 1786 El Salvador).
1570                       Audiencia of Guatemala 
15 Sep 1821                Independence of the colonial "Kingdom of 
                             Guatemala" (now Chaipas, Costa Rica, 
                             El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua)
 5 Jan 1822                Incorporation into Mexico.
 1 Jul 1823                Independence restored.
10 Jul 1823                United Provinces of the Centre of America
                            (also styled Republic of the Centre of America;
                             from 1825 Federal Republic of Central America).
10 Apr 1825 - 17 Apr 1839  Part of Federal Republic of Central America.
21 Mar 1847                Republic of Guatemala
13 Jun 1921 - 14 Jan 1922  Part of Federation of Central America.
Guatemala
(since 1824)
Kingdom of
Guatemala
(1524-1821)
 Central American
Federations
(1821-1840,
1844, 1852, 1889,
1921-1922)
Los Altos
(1838-1848)
 
 
 
 
 
 

Kingdom of Guatemala
 

1560                       "Kingdom of Guatemala" a Captaincy-general, but
                             subordinated to New Spain (Chiapas, Costa Rica,
                             Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Yucatan, and
                             from 1786 El Salvador).
1570                       Audiencia of Guatemala established.
15 Sep 1821                Independence of the colonial "Kingdom of 
                             Guatemala" (now Chaipas, Costa Rica, El Salvador,
                             Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

Governors
1524 - 1526                Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras      (b. c.1486 - d. 1541)
                             (1st time)
1526                       Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras
1526 - 1527                Pedro de Portocarrero
1527 - 1529                Jorge de Alvarado (1st time)
1529 - 1530                Augustín Francisco de Orduña
1530 - 1533                Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras      (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1533 - 1535                Jorge de Alvarado (2nd time)
1535 - 1536                Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras      (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
1536 - 1539                Alonso Maldonado (1st time)
1539 - 1540                Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras      (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
1540 - 1541                Francisco de la Cueva y Villacreces
                             (1st time)
1541 - 11 Sep 1541         Beatriz de Alva de la Cueva (f)
1541 - 1542                Francisco de la Cueva y Villacreces
                             (2nd time)
                           - jointly with -
1541 - 1542                Francisco Marroquín
1542 - 1548                Alonso Maldonado (2nd time)
1548 - 1554                Alonso López Cerrato 
1554 - 1558                Antonio Rodríguez de Quesada 
1558 - 1559                Pedro Ramírez de Quiñónes
1559 - 1563                Juan Núñez de Landecho 
1564 - 1568                Francisco Briceño 
1568                       García Pérez de Manzanedo 
                            (elected but did not serve)
1568 - 1570                Antonio González 
Governor/Presidents
1570 - 1572                Antonio González 
1572 - 1577                Pedro de Villalobos 
1577 - 1587                Diego García de Valverde 
1587 - 1592                Pedro Mallén de Rueda 
1593 - 1596                Francisco de Sande Picón
1596 - 1598                Álvaro Gómez de Abounza
1598 - 1608                Alonso Criado de Castilla 
1609 - 1627                Antonio Peraza de Ayala Castilla
                             y Rojas, conde de La Gomera
1627 - 1634                Diego de Acuña 
1634 - 1642                Álvaro de Quiñónes y Osorio y
                             Miranda, marqués de Lorenzana
1642 - 1649                Diego de Avendaño 
1649 - 1654                Antonio de Lara Mogroviejo 
1654 - 1657                Fernando de Altamirano y Velasco, 
                             conde de Santiago de Calimaya 
1657 - 1658                Audiencia
1658                       Jerónimo Garcés Carrillo de Mendoza,
                             conde de Priego 
                            (elected but did not serve)
1659 - 1668                Martín Carlos de Mencos 
1668 - 1670                Sebastián Álvarez Alfonso Rosica
                             de Caldas
1670 - 1672                Juan de Santa Maria Sáenz Manñosca
                             y Murillo
1671 - 1678                Fernando Francisco de Escobedo 
1648 - 1681                Lope de Sierra Osorio
1681 - 1683                Juan Miguel de Agurto y Álava
                             (interim) 
1683 - 1688                Enrique Enríquez de Guzmán 
1688 - 1691                Jacinto de Barrios y Leal (1st time)
1691 - 1694                Francisco Lope de Ursino y Orbaneja
1694 - 1695                Jacinto de Barrios y Leal (2nd time)
1695 - 1696                Audiencia
1696 - 1700                Gabriel Sánchez de Berrospe
1700 - 1702                Juan Jeronimo Heduardo
1702 - 1703                Alonso de Ceballos y Villagutierre
1704 - 1706                José Osorio Espinosa de los Monteros
1706 - 1716                Toribio José de Cosío y Campo
                             marqués de Torre Campo
1716 - 1724                Francisco Rodríguez de Rivas
1724 - 1733                Pedro Antonio de Echevers y
                             Subiza
1733 - 1742                Pedro Rivera y Villalón
1742 - 1748                Tomás Rivera y Santa Cruz
1748 - 1752                José Araujo y Río
1752 - 1753                José Vásquez Prego Montaos y 
                             Sotomayor
1753 - 1754                Juan de Velarde y Cienfuegos
                             (1st time) 
1754 - 1760                Alonso de Arco y Moreno
1760 - 1761                Juan de Velarde y Cienfuegos 
                             (2nd time) (acting) 
14 Jun 1761 - 1765         Alonso Fernández de Heredia        (d. 1772)
 3 Dec 1765 - 10 May 1771  Pedro de Salazar y Herrera Nájera  (d. 1771)
                             y Mendoza 
May 1771 - Jun 1773        Juan Gonzáles Bustillo y Villaseñor 
                             (acting)
Jun 1773 - 1779            Martín de Mayorga
 5 Apr 1779 -  3 Apr 1783  Matías de Gálvez García Madrid y
                             Cabrera (acting to 14 May 1779)
 3 Apr 1783 - 29 Dec 1789  José de Estachería
1789 - 1794                Bernardo Troncoso Martínez del Rincón
1794 - 1801                José Dolmás y Valle
28 Jul 1801 - 1811         Antonio González Molliedo y Saravia
1811 - 28 Mar 1818         José de Bustamente y Guerra
28 Mar 1818 - 15 Sep 1821  Carlos de Urrutia y Montoya

Central America
 
United States (Provinces) of Central America (1823-1824)
 21 Aug 1823 - 22 Nov 1824; 1842 - 1844 
 
state flag Federal Republic of Central America (1824-1841)
     22 Nov 1824 -  2 Feb 1841 State flag
 
Civil flag Federal Republic of Central America (1824-1841)
   22 Nov 1824 - 2 Feb 1841 Civil Ensign
 
[Central American Federation flag 1851-52]
                 2 Apr 1851 - 10 Nov 1852
 
[Greater Republic of Central America flag 1898]
            1 Nov 1898 - 30 Nov 1898
Map of  Central America
Capital: San Salvador,
El Salvador 1835-1840;
(Sonsonate, El Salvador
1834-1835; Guatemala City,
Guatemala 1823-1834;
Leon, Nicaragua 1851-1852)
Population: N/A (1830)

15 Sep 1821                Independence of the colonial "Kingdom of Guatemala" 
                             (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
                             and Chiapas).
 5 Jan 1822                Incorporation into Mexico.
11 Jan 1822 - 10 Feb 1823  El Salvador in secession.
 1 Jul 1823                Independence from Mexico (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, 
                             Honduras, and Nicaragua).
10 Jul 1823                United Provinces of the Centre of America (also styled
                             "Republic of the Centre of America").
10 Apr 1825                Federal Republic of Central America
1838                       Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras exit the Federation.
 5 Jun 1838 - 26 May 1839  State of Los Altos part of the federation.
17 Apr 1839                Guatemala exits the Federation.
1840                       Federation effectively dissolved after successive secessions
                             of the states. 
 2 Feb 1841                El Salvador becomes a republic, officially ending the Federation.
17 Jul 1842 -  1 Dec 1844  Abortive attempt to create Confederation of Central America 
                             (El Salvador, Guatemala [withdraws], Honduras, and Nicaragua).
13 Oct 1852 - 10 Nov 1852  Abortive attempt to create Federation of Central America 
                             (El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua).
1898 - 30 Nov 1898         Abortive attempt to restore the Central American federation as
                             Republic of Greater Central America (El Salvador, Honduras,
                             Nicaragua).
13 Jun 1921 - 14 Jan 1922  Federation of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras).
 14 Jan 1922                Guatemala leaves the federation. 
 4 Feb 1922                El Salvador leaves the federation.
 7 Feb 1922                Honduras exit officially ends the federation.
  

Superior Political Chiefs
15 Sep 1821 -  5 Jan 1822  Gabino Gaínza y Fernández de       (b. 1753 - d. 1829)
                             Medrano 
 1 Jul 1823 - 10 Jul 1823  Vicente Filísola                   (b. 1785 - d. 1850)
Supreme Executive Power (3 members; chair rotating monthly)
10 Jul 1823 -  4 Oct 1823  First Triumvirate
                           - Antonio Rivera Cabezas           (b. 1784 - d. 1851)
                           - Pedro José Antonio Molina        (b. 1777 - d. 1854)
                               Mazariegos 
                           - Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz     (b. 1764 - d. 1828)
 4 Oct 1823 - 29 Apr 1825  Second Triumvirate
                           - Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz     (s.a.)
                              (6 Oct 1823 - 15 Mar 1824)
                           - Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga       (b. 1768 - d. 1847)  Lib
                              (15 Mar - 20 Oct 1824)
                           - José Manuel de la Cerda y Aguilar
                              (from 20 Oct 1824)
                           - Tomás Antonio O'Horan y Argüello
                           - José Santiago Milla Pineda       (b. 1783 - d. ....)
                               Arriaga (to 5 Feb 1824)
                           - José Cecilio Díaz del Valle y    (b. 1780 - d. 1834)  Con
                               Díaz del Valle (from 5 Feb 1824) 
Presidents
29 Apr 1825 - 13 Apr 1829  Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga         (s.a.)               Lib
13 Apr 1829 - 25 Jun 1829  José Francisco Morazán Quezada     (b. 1792 - d. 1842)  Lib
                             (1st time)(General-in-Chief) 
25 Jun 1829 - 16 Sep 1830  José Francisco Barrundia (acting)  (b. 1787 - d. 1854)
16 Sep 1830 - 16 Sep 1834  José Francisco Morazán Quezada     (s.a.)               Lib
                             (2nd time) 
16 Sep 1834 - 14 Feb 1835  José Gregorio Salazar Lara (acting)(b. 1773 - d. 1838)
14 Feb 1835 -  1 Feb 1839  José Francisco Morazán Quezada     (s.a.)               Lib
                             (3rd time) 
 1 Feb 1839 - Mar 1840     Diego Vigil Cocaña (acting)        (b. 1799 - d. 1845)
Chairman of the Federal Assembly
Mar 1844 - 29 Mar 1844     Juan Nepomuceno Fernandez Lindo    (b. 1790 - d. 1857)  Con
                             y Zelaya
Supreme Delegate
29 Mar 1844 -  1 Dec 1844  Fruto Chamorro Pérez               (b. 1806 - d. 1855)
Provisional Presidents
13 Oct 1852 - 28 Oct 1852  José Trinidad Cabañas Fiallos      (b. 1805 - d. 1871) 
                             (elected, did not take office)
28 Oct 1852 - 10 Nov 1852  Francisco Castellón Sanabria       (d. 1855)
Federal Executive Council
1898 - 30 Nov 1898         Delegates
                           - Ángel Ugarte (Honduras)
                           - Salvador Gallegos (El Salvador) 
                           - Manuel Coronel Matus  (Nicaragua)

Provisional Federal Council
13 Jun 1921 -  7 Feb 1922  Delegates (from 1 Oct 1921, style Chief of State)
                           - José Vicente Martínez
                              (to 14 Jan 1922)(Guatemala)
                           - José Martínez Suárez
                              (to 4 Feb 1922)(El Salvador)
                           - Dionisio Gutiérrez (Honduras)

Party abbreviations: Con = Conservative; Lib = Liberal


Guatemala

10 Jul 1823                State of Guatemala; constituent state of the Central American 
                             Federation to 17 Apr 1839.
21 Mar 1847                Republic of Guatemala
13 Jun 1921 - 14 Jan 1922  State of Guatemala during a later aborted attempt at
                             recreating a Central American Federation.

Supreme Chiefs of State
10 Jul 1823 - 15 Sep 1824  direct rule by Federation government
15 Sep 1824 - 12 Oct 1824  Alejandro Díaz Cabeza de Vaca 
                             (provisional)
12 Oct 1824 - 13 Oct 1826  Juan Nepomuceno Barrundia Cepeda 
                             (1st time)
13 Oct 1826 -  2 Jan 1827  direct rule by Federation government
 2 Jan 1827 -  1 Mar 1827  José Domingo Estrada (acting)
 1 Mar 1827 - 13 Apr 1829  Mariano de Aycinena y Piñol        (b. 1789 - d. 1855)
13 Apr 1829 - 30 Apr 1829  Mariano Zenteno (provisional)
30 Apr 1829 - 23 Aug 1829  Juan Barrundia (2nd time)
23 Aug 1829 - 10 Feb 1831  Pedro José Antonio Molina          (s.a.)
                             Mazariegos 
10 Feb 1831 - 28 Aug 1831  Gregorio Márquez (acting)
28 Aug 1831 -  3 Mar 1838  José Felipe Mariano Gálvez         (b. 1794 - d. 1862)
 3 Mar 1838 - 29 Jul 1838  Pedro José Valenzuela Jáuregui     (b. 1797 - d. ....)
                             (acting)
29 Jul 1838 - 30 Jan 1839  Mariano Rivera Paz (1st time)      (b. 1804 - d. 1849)
                             (acting)
30 Jan 1839 - 13 Apr 1839  Carlos Salazar Castro (provisional)(b. 1800 - d. 1867)
13 Apr 1839 -  3 Dec 1839  Mariano Rivera Paz (2nd time)      (s.a.)
                             (acting)
Presidents
 3 Dec 1839 - 25 Feb 1842  Mariano Rivera Paz (1st time)      (s.a.)               Con
14 Dec 1841 - 14 May 1842  José Venancio López Requena        (b. 1791 - d. 1863)
                             (acting for Rivera Paz to 25 Feb 1842)
14 May 1842 - 14 Dec 1844  Mariano Rivera Paz (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Con
14 Dec 1844 - 16 Aug 1848  José Rafael Carrera Turcios        (b. 1814 - d. 1865)  Con
                             (1st time) 
16 Aug 1848 - 28 Nov 1848  Juan Antonio Martínez (interim)    (d. 1854)
28 Nov 1848 -  3 Jan 1849  José Bernardo Escobar (interim)    (b. 1797 - d. 1849)
 3 Jan 1849 -  6 Nov 1851  Mariano Paredes (interim)          (b. 1800? - d. 1856)
 6 Nov 1851 - 14 Apr 1865  José Rafael Carrera Turcios        (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time)(styled Perpetual President from 21 Oct 1854)
14 Apr 1865 - 24 May 1865  Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol (acting) (b. 1802 - d. 1897)  Con
24 May 1865 - 29 Jun 1871  Vicente Cerna Sandoval             (b. 1810 - d. 1885)  Con
29 Jun 1871 -  4 Jun 1873  Miguel García Granados Zavala      (b. 1809 - d. 1878)  Lib
                             (in rebellion from 3 Jun 1871)
 4 Jun 1873 -  2 Apr 1885  Justo Rufino Barrios Auyón         (b. 1835 - d. 1885)  Lib
 2 Apr 1885 -  5 Apr 1885  Alejandro M. Sinibaldi (acting)    (b. 1825 - d. 1896)
 6 Apr 1885 - 15 Mar 1892  Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián   (b. 1845 - d. 1907)  Lib
                             (acting to 15 Mar 1886)
15 Mar 1892 -  8 Feb 1898  José María Reina Barrios           (b. 1854 - d. 1898)  Lib
 8 Feb 1898 - 15 Apr 1920  Manuel José Estrada Cabrera        (b. 1857 - d. 1924)  Lib
                             (acting to 2 Oct 1898)
15 Apr 1920 - 10 Dec 1921  Carlos Herrera y Luna              (b. 1856 - d. 1930)  Lib
                             (acting to 15 Sep 1920; Head of State from 13 Jun 1921)
10 Dec 1921 - 26 Sep 1926  José María Orellana Pinto          (b. 1872 - d. 1926)  Lib
                             (Head of State to 14 Jan 1922; acting to 4 Mar 1922)
26 Sep 1926 -  2 Jan 1931  Lázaro Chacón González             (b. 1873 - d. 1931)  Lib
                             (acting to 18 Dec 1926)
 2 Jan 1931 - 14 Feb 1931  José María Reina Andrade (acting)  (b. 1860 - d. 1947)  Lib
14 Feb 1931 -  4 Jul 1944  Jorge Ubico y Castañeda            (b. 1878 - d. 1946)  Lib
 4 Jul 1944 - 20 Oct 1944  Juan Federico Ponce Vaides (acting)(b. 1889 - d. 1956)  Lib
20 Oct 1944 - 15 Mar 1945  Revolutionary Government Junta
                           - Francisco Javier Arana Castro    (b. 1905 - d. 1949)  Mil
                           - Jacobo Arbenz Guzman             (b. 1913 - d. 1971)  Mil
                           - Jorge Toriello Garrido           (d. 1998)            Mil
15 Mar 1945 - 15 Mar 1951  Juan José Arévalo Bermejo          (b. 1904 - d. 1990)  PAR
15 Mar 1951 - 27 Jun 1954  Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán               (s.a.)               PAR
27 Jun 1954 - 28 Jun 1954  Carlos Enrique Díaz de León                             Mil
                             (provisional)
28 Jun 1954 - 29 Jun 1954  Government Junta
                           - Elfego Hernán Monzón Aguirre     (b. 1912 - d. 1981)  Mil
                              (junta chairman) 
                           - Carlos Enrique Díaz de León                           Mil
                           - José Ángel Sánchez                                    Mil
29 Jun 1954 -  8 Jul 1954  Elfego Hernán Monzón Aguirre       (s.a.)               Mil
                             (junta chairman)
 8 Jul 1954 - 26 Jul 1957  Carlos Castillo Armas              (b. 1914 - d. 1957)  Mil
                            (in rebellion as head of the Provisional 
                             Government from 16 Jun 1954 - 2 Jul 1954;
                             junta chairman  8 Jul 1954 - 1 Sep 1954)
27 Jul 1957 - 24 Oct 1957  Luis Arturo González López (acting)(b. 1900 - d. 1965) 
24 Oct 1957 - 26 Oct 1957  Óscar Mendoza Azurdia              (b. 1917)            Mil
                             (chairman of military junta)
27 Oct 1957 -  2 Mar 1958  Guillermo Flores Avendaño (acting) (b. 1894 - d. 1982)  Mil 
 2 Mar 1958 - 31 Mar 1963  José Miguel Ramón Ydígoras Fuentes (b. 1895 - d. 1982)  PRN 
31 Mar 1963 -  1 Jul 1966  Alfredo Enrique Peralta Azurdia    (b. 1908 - d. 1997)  Mil 
                             (Head of government to 5 May 1966 and then Head of State)
 1 Jul 1966 -  1 Jul 1970  Julio César Méndez Montenegro      (b. 1915 - d. 1996)  PR 
 1 Jul 1970 -  1 Jul 1974  Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio         (b. 1918 - d. 2003)  Mil/MLN 
 1 Jul 1974 -  1 Jul 1978  Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García      (b. 1930)            Mil/MLN/PID
 1 Jul 1978 - 23 Mar 1982  Fernando Romeo Lucas García        (b. 1924 - d. 2006)  Mil/PID/PR
23 Mar 1982 -  8 Aug 1983  José Efraín Ríos Montt             (b. 1926)            Mil
                             (chairman of military junta to 9 Jun 1982)
 8 Aug 1983 - 14 Jan 1986  Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores      (b. 1930)            Mil
                             (Chief of State)
14 Jan 1986 - 14 Jan 1991  Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo       (b. 1942)            PDCG 
14 Jan 1991 -  5 Jun 1993  Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías        (b. 1945)            MAS
 6 Jun 1993 - 14 Jan 1996  Ramiro de León Carpio              (b. 1942 - d. 2002)  Non-party
14 Jan 1996 - 14 Jan 2000  Álvaro Enrique Arzú Irigoyen       (b. 1946)            PAN
14 Jan 2000 - 14 Jan 2004  Alfonso Antonio Portillo Cabrera   (b. 1951)            FRG
14 Jan 2004 - 14 Jan 2008  Óscar José Rafael Berger Perdomo   (b. 1946)            GANA
14 Jan 2008 -              Álvaro Colom Caballeros            (b. 1951)            UNE
 

Territorial Disputes: Annual ministerial meetings under the OAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and Confidence Building Measures continue to address Guatemalan land and maritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea; the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves in lieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squatting in the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region. 
Party abbreviations: FRG = Frente Republicano Guatemalteco (Republic Guatemalan Front, authoritarian); GANA = Gran Alianza Nacional (Grand National Alliance); MAS = Movimiento de la Acción De la Solidaridad (Solidarity Action Movement, authoritarian); PAN = Partido de Avanzade Nacional (National Progress Party, conservative); PAR = Partido Revolucionario de la Acción (Revolutionary Action Party); PDCG = Partido Democracia Cristiana Guatemalteco (Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party, christian-democratic); UNE = Unidad Nacional de la Esperanza (National Unity of Hope, social-democratic); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Con = Conservative; Lib = Liberal; MLN = Movimiento Nacional de la Liberación (National Liberation Movement, authoritarian); PID = Democrático Institucional Partido (Democratic Institutional Party, authoritarian); PR = Revolucionario Partido (Revolutionary Party, conservative); PRDN = Partido Democrático Nacional de Reconciliation/del Rescate (National Democratic Reconciliation/Redemption Party)

Los Altos

[Los Altos State Flag 1838-1848]
 
Map of  Los Altos
Capital: Quetzaltenango
Population: N/A (1838)

 2 Feb 1838                State of Los Altos (Republica del Sexto Estado de los Altos) 
                            (independence from State of Guatemala) constituent state 
                             of the Central American Federation (s.a.) to 26 May 1839.
 5 Jun 1838                Independence recognized by Guatemala.
27 Jan 1840                Re-incorporated into Guatemala.
 5 Sep 1848                Independence again.
21 Oct 1848                Re-incorporated into Guatemala.

 2 Feb 1838 - Mar 1838     Provisional Government
                           - Marcelo Molina
                           - José María Gálvez
                           - José Antonio Aguilar
President of the Governing Junta
Mar 1838 - 28 Dec 1838     Marcelo Molina
Chiefs of State
28 Dec 1838 - 27 Jan 1840  Marcelo Molina
 5 Sep 1848 - 21 Oct 1848  Interim Government
                           - Fernando Antonio Dávila
                           - José Velazco
                           - Rafael de La Torre





©2000  Ben Cahoon