Kazakhstan 
     

1731 -  5 Dec 1917     5 Dec 1917 - May 1919 (de facto to Aug 1920)                       30 Dec 1922 - 25 Dec 1991                        10 Dec 1991 - 4 Jun 1992                             Adopted 4 Jun 1992      Map of Kazakhstan  Hear National Anthem "Mening Qazaqstanym" (My Kazakhstan) Adopted 6 Jan 2006  Former National Anthem "National Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan" 1992 - 6 Jan 2006  Constitution (30 Aug 1995) Capital: Astana (Aqmola 1997- 6 May 1998; Almaty 1993-10 Dec 1997; Alma-Ata 1929-1993; Kzyl-Orda 1925-1929) Currency: Tenge (KZT) National Holiday: 25 Oct (1990) Republic Day  Population: 15,340,533 (2008) GDP: $176.9 billion (2008) Exports: $66.5 billion (2008) Imports: $37.5 billion (2008) Ethnic groups: Kazakh (Qazaq) 57.2%, Russian 27.2%, Ukrainian 3.1%, Uzbek 2.7%, German 1.6%, Tatar 1.6%,  Uighur 1.5%, other 5.1% (2003)  Total Active Armed Forces: 65,800 (2006) Former Nuclear Power: 1,400 weapons (1991-1995) Merchant marine: 5 ships (2008) Religions: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 42.7%, nonreligious 29.3%, Christian 16.7% (of which Orthodox 8.6%), atheist 10.9%, other 0.4% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, BWC, CFE, CIS, CSTO, CTBT, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, ENMOD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISESCO, ISA (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, KP, MIGA, NAM (observer), NPT, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC (observer), OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC Kazakhstan Index Chronology 1645                       Russians found Guryev (Atyrau). 1778                       Russians found Semipalatinsk (Semey). 1822 - 1855                Gradually annexed by Russia (Middle Kazakh Horde                               1822; Little Horde, Akmolimsk [Astana/Aqmola]                              and steppe region in 1824; Great Horde 1848;                               Vernyy [Almaty] 1854; and Zaysan 1864).   5 Dec 1917 - 26 Aug 1920  Provisional People's Council (Government) of                               Kazakh Autonomy under the Alash Orda; with two                              capitals Dzhambeyty (western capital) and                               Semipalatinsk (eastern capital). Abolished                              by Ufa Directory Nov 1918, but exists de facto                              until 26 Aug 1920). 26 Aug 1920                Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic                               within the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Russia) 15 Jun 1925                Renamed Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist                              Republic.  5 Dec 1936                Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. 25 Oct 1990                State sovereignty declared. 10 Dec 1991                Republic of Kazakhstan 16 Dec 1991                Independence declared. 25 Dec 1991                Final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.). Kazakhstan Administrative Divisions Kazakh S.S.R. (1920-1991) Kazakh Khanates (1680-1847) Historical Maps of Kazakhstan

Chairman of the Provisional People's Council of Kazakh Autonomy
 5 Dec 1917 - Nov 1918     Alikhan Nurmukhamedovich           (b. 1870 - d. 1937)  AO
                             Bukeykhanov 
                            (de fact to 9 Mar 1920)
Extraordinary Soviet Commissar
May 1918 - Jul 1919        Alibey Togzhanovich Dzhangildin    (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
President
24 Apr 1990 -              Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev      (b. 1940)    KPK;1991 Non-party;
                                                                                1995 PUKU/OTAN

Prime ministers
14 Oct 1991 - 12 Oct 1994  Sergey Aleksandrovich Tereshchenko (b. 1951)
12 Oct 1994 - 10 Oct 1997  Akezhan Magzhanovich Kazhegeldin   (b. 1952)            PUKU
10 Oct 1997 -  1 Oct 1999  Nurlan Utebuluyevich Balgimbayev   (b. 1947)            PUKU
 1 Oct 1999 - 28 Jan 2002  Kasymzhomart Kemelevich Tokayev    (b. 1953)            OTAN
                             (acting to 12 Oct 1999)
28 Jan 2002 - 13 Jun 2003  Imangali Nurgaliyevich             (b. 1956)            OTAN
                             Tasmagambetov
13 Jun 2003 - 10 Jan 2007  Danial Kenzhetayevich Akhmetov     (b. 1954)            OTAN
10 Jan 2007 -              Karim Kazhymkanovich Masimov       (b. 1965)            OTAN

Territorial Disputes: Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan; field demarcation of the boundaries with Turkmenistan commenced in 2005, and with Uzbekistan in 2004; demarcation is scheduled to get underway with Russia in 2007; demarcation with China was completed in 2002; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains under discussion; equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states.

Party abbreviations: KPK = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Kazakhstana/Communist Party of Kazakhstan; OTAN = "Fatherland" Party (pro-presidential, est.1999, renamed Nur-Otan on 22 Dec 2006); 
- Former parties: AO = Alash Orda (Kazakh-Kirghiz nationalist, initially anti-Bolshevik,
Jul 1917-Mar 1920; continues as pro-Soviet to 1928); PUKU = People's Union of Kazakhstan Unity (pro-presidential, 1995-99, part of OTAN 1 Mar 1999)

26 Aug 1920                Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 
                             within the Russian S.F.S.R.
15 Jun 1925                Renamed Kazakh A.S.S.R.
 5 Dec 1936                Kazakh A.S.S.R within Russian S.F.S.R. becomes Kazakh S.S.R.

Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party
30 Apr 1919 - Aug 1920     Stanislav Stanislavovich Pestkovsky     (b. 1882 - d. 1937)
Aug 1920 - Jan 1921        Ivan Alekseyevich Akulov                (b. 1888 - d. 1937)
Jan 1921 - Ju1 1921        Mukhamedkhafiy Murzagaliyev             (b. 1887 - d. 1941)
Jul 1921 - 1921            Mariya Mikhaylovna Kostelovskaya (f)    (b. 1878 - d. 1964)
1921 - Sep 1924            Georgy Alekseyevich Korostelyev         (b. 1885 - d. 1932)
1924 - 19 Feb 1925         Viktor Ivanovich Naneyshvili            (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
Secretaries of the Kazakh Regional Committee ("Kazkraykom") of the Communist Party
19 Feb 1925 - Jun 1925     Viktor Ivanovich Naneyshvili            (s.a.)
12 Sep 1925 - Feb 1933     Filipp Isayevich Goloshchekin           (b. 1886 - d. 1941)
Feb 1933 -  5 Dec 1936     Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan                (b. 1887 - d. 1939)
First Secretaries of the Kazakh Communist Party (CPK)
 5 Dec 1936 -  3 May 1938  Levon Isayevich Mirzoyan                (s.a.)
 3 May 1938 - 14 Sep 1945  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Skvortsov        (b. 1899 - d. 1974)
14 Sep 1946 -  6 Mar 1954  Zhumabay Shayakhmetovich Shayakhmetov   (b. 1902 - d. 1966)
 6 Mar 1954 -  7 May 1955  Panteleimon Kondratyevich Ponomarenko   (b. 1902 - d. 1984)
 7 May 1955 -  6 Mar 1956  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev                   (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
 6 Mar 1956 - 26 Dec 1957  Ivan Dmitriyevich Yakovlev              (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
26 Dec 1957 - 19 Jan 1960  Nikolay Ilich Belyayev                  (b. 1903 - d. 1966)
19 Jan 1960 - 26 Dec 1962  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Kunayev         (b. 1912 - d. 1993)
                             (1st time) 
26 Dec 1962 -  7 Dec 1964  Ismail Yusupovich Yusupov               (b. 1914 - d. 2005)
 7 Dec 1964 - 16 Dec 1986  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Kunayev         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
16 Dec 1986 - 22 Jun 1989  Gennady Vasilyevich Kolbin              (b. 1927 - d. 1998)
22 Jun 1989 - 28 Aug 1991  Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev         (b. 1940)

Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee 
10 Jul 1919 - 1920         Stanislav Stanislavovich Pestkovsky     (s.a.) 
1920 - Aug 1920            Sakhiygirey Argancheyev 
Aug 1920 - Oct 1920        Viktor Alekseyevich Radus-Zenkovich     (b. 1877 - d. 1967) 
Oct 1920                   Abdrakhman Aytiyevich Aytiyev           (b. 1886 - d. 1936) 
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
12 Oct 1920 - 19 Apr 1925  Seytgali Mendeshevich Mendeshev         (b. 1882 - d. 1937)  CPSU
19 Apr 1925 - 1927         Zhalau Mynbayev                                              CPSU
1927 - 1933                Eltay Ernazarov                         (b. 1887 - d. 1945)  CPSU
11 Oct 1933 - 22 Jun 1937  Uzakbay Dzhelderbayevich Kulumbetov     (b. 1891 - d. 1938)  CPSU
Jun 1937 - Jul 1937        Ismail Salvafeka (acting)                                    CPK
Jul 1937 - 28 Oct 1937     Alibey Togzhanovich Dzhangildin (acting)(b. 1884 - d. 1953)  CPK
28 Oct 1937 - 15 Jul 1938  Nurbapa Umirzakov                       (b. 1907)            CPK
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 17 Jul 1938  Satken Daulenovich Daulenov             (b. 1907 - d. 1984)  CPK
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
17 Jul 1938 - Jan 1947     Abdisamet Kazakpayev                    (b. 1898 - d. 1959)  CPK
Jan 1947 - 20 Mar 1947     I.K. Lukyanets (acting)                                      CPK
20 Mar 1947 - 23 Jan 1954  Daniyal Kerimbayevich Kerimbayev        (b. 1909 - d. 1982)  CPK
23 Jan 1954 - 19 Apr 1955  Nurtas Dandibayevich Undasynov          (b. 1904 - d. 1989)  CPK
19 Apr 1955 - 20 Jan 1960  Zhumabek Akhmetovich Tashenev           (b. 1915 - d. 1986)  CPK
20 Jan 1960 - 25 Aug 1960  Fazyl Karibzhanovich Karibzhanov        (b. 1912 - d. 1960)  CPK
25 Aug 1960 -  3 Jan 1961  Kapitalina Nikolayevna Krykova (f)                           CPK
                             (acting)
 3 Jan 1961 -  5 Apr 1965  Isagali Sharipovich Sharipov            (b. 1905 - d. 1976)  CPK
 5 Apr 1965 - 20 Dec 1978  Sabir Bilyalovich Niyazbekov            (b. 1912 - d. 1989)  CPK
20 Dec 1978 - 14 Dec 1979  Isatay A. Abdukarimov                   (b. 1923)            CPK
14 Dec 1979 - 22 Feb 1984  Sattar Nurmashevich Imashov             (b. 1925 - d. 1984)  CPK
22 Feb 1984 - 22 Mar 1984  Andrey P. Plotnikov (acting)                                 CPK
22 Mar 1984 - 27 Sep 1985  Bayken Ashimovich Ashimov               (b. 1917 - d. 2010)  CPK
27 Sep 1985 -  9 Feb 1988  Salamat Mukashevich Mukashev            (b. 1927 - d. 2004)  CPK
 9 Feb 1988 - Dec 1988     Zakash Kamalidenovich Kamalidenov       (b. 1936)            CPK
Dec 1988 - 10 Mar 1989     Vera Vasilyevna Sidorova (f) (acting)   (b. 1934)            CPK 
10 Mar 1989 - 22 Feb 1990  Makhtay Ramazanovich Sagdiyev           (b. 1929)            CPK
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
22 Feb 1990 - 24 Apr 1990  Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev         (s.a.)               CPK

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
12 Oct 1920 - 1921         Viktor Alekseyevich Radus-Zenkovich     (s.a.) 
1921 - Sep 1922            Mukhamedkhafiy Murzagaliyev             (b. 1887 - d. 1941)  CPSU
Sep 1922 - Oct 1924        Saken Seyfullin                         (b. 1894 - d. 1939)  CPSU
Oct 1924 - May 1928        Nygmet Nurmakovich Nurmakov             (b. 1895 - d. 1937)  CPSU
May 1928 - Sep 1937        Uraz Dzaizakovich Isayev                (b. 1899 - d. 1938)  CPSU
Sep 1937 - 17 Jul 1938     Ibragim Tausiyevich Tazhiyev            (b. 1904 - d. 1960)  CPK
17 Jul 1938 - 15 Mar 1946  Nurtas Dandybayevich Undasynov          (s.a.)               CPK
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 - 24 Mar 1954  Nurtas Dandybayevich Undasynov          (s.a.)               CPK
24 Mar 1954 - 31 Mar 1955  Elubay Bazimovich Taibekov              (b. 1901 - d. 1991)  CPK
31 Mar 1955 - 20 Jan 1960  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Kunayev         (s.a.)               CPK
                             (1st time)
20 Jan 1960 -  6 Jan 1961  Zhumabek Akhmetovich Tashenev           (s.a.)               CPK
 6 Jan 1961 - 13 Sep 1962  Salken Daulenovich Daulenov             (b. 1907 - d. 1984)  CPK
13 Sep 1962 - 26 Dec 1962  Masymkhan Beysembayevich Beysembayev    (b. 1908 - d. 1987)  CPK
                             (1st time) 
26 Dec 1962 -  7 Dec 1964  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Kunayev         (s.a.)               CPK
                             (2nd time)
 7 Dec 1964 - 31 Mar 1970  Masymkhan Beysembayevich Beysembayev    (s.a.)               CPK
                             (2nd time)
31 Mar 1970 - 22 Mar 1984  Bayken Ashimovich Ashimov               (s.a.)               CPK
22 Mar 1984 - 27 Jul 1989  Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev         (s.a.)               CPK
27 Jul 1989 - 20 Nov 1990  Uzakbay Karamanovich Karamanov          (b. 1937)            CPK
Prime minister
20 Nov 1990 - 14 Oct 1991  Uzakbay Karamanovich Karamanov          (s.a.)               CPK

Party abbreviations: CPK = Communist Party of Kazakhstan (communist)