Russia 
 

30 Jan 1705 - 11 Jun 1858 Merchant Flag;     7 May 1883 - 19 Nov 1914 State Flag;     14 Sep 1917 - 14 Apr 1918 (de facto)      11 Jun 1858 - 19 Nov 1914 Civil Ensign                    19 Nov 1914 - 14 Sep 1917                           14 Apr 1918 - 19 Jul 1918                       19 Jul 1918 - 6 Jul 1923                          6 Jul 1923 - 12 Nov 1923                       12 Nov 1923 - 18 Apr 1924                        18 Apr 1924 - 25 Dec 1991                  Re-adopted 21 Aug 1991   Map of Russia ---------------------------- Map of Administrative Divisions Hear National Anthem "Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" (Hymn of the Russian Federation) Adopted 1 Jan 2001 Hear Former Anthem "Patriotiskaya Pesnya" (The Patriotic Song) (Nov 1990-2001) Constitution  (12 Dec 1993) Capital: Moscow Currency: Russian Ruble (RUR) National Holiday: 12 June (1990) Russia Day Population: 141,377,752 (2007) GDP: $1.746 trillion (2006) Exports: $317.6 billion (2006) Imports: $171.5 billion (2006)  Ethnic groups: Russian 79.82%, Tatar 3.83%, Ukrainian 2.03%, Bashkir 1.15%, Chuvash 1.13%, Chechen 0.94%, Armenian 0.78%, Mordvin 0.58%, Belarusian  0.56%, Avar (Dagestani) 0.52%, Kazakh 0.45%, Udmurt 0.44%, Azerbaijani 0.43%, Mari 0.42%, German 0.41%, Kabardinian 0.36%, Ossetian 0.35%, other 5.8% (2002)  Total Armed Forces: 1,212,700 (2004) Declared Nuclear Power (1949): est.13,000 weapons (2002) Merchant marine: 1,178 ships (2006) Religions: Christian 57.4% (of which Orthodox 49.7%, Protestant 6.2%, Roman Catholic 1%, other Christian 0.5%), Muslim 7.6%, traditional beliefs 0.8%, Jewish 0.7%, Hindu 0.5%, Buddhist 0.4%, non-religious 27.4%, atheist 5.2% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: AC, ANT, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CBSS, CE, CIS, CSTO, CTBT, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ENMOD, FAO, G-8, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISESCO (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MTCR, NAM (guest), NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OPEC (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC Russia Index Chronology 862 - 1240                 Grand Principality of Kiev Rus'. 28 May 1136 - 15 Jan 1480  Republic of Novgorod (under suzerainty of Moscow                              from Aug 1478, annexed 15 Jan 1480). 28 Mar 1147                Moscow first mentioned. 1157 - 1327                Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal'                              (from 1327 Moscow). 1271 - 1318                First use of style of "Grand Prince of all Rus'"                              by Mikhail Yaroslav. 1362                       Kiev annexed to Lithuania. 1240 - 1480                Russian principalities under Mongol suzerainty                               (Ryazan and Vladimir from 1238).  1327                       Grand Principality of Vladimir and Moscow. 1348 - 24 Jan 1510         Pskov Republic independent (annexed by Moscow                              24 Jan 1510). 1493                       Style "Grand Prince, by the grce of God, Lord                               of All Rus'" adopted by Ivan III. 16 Jan 1547                Russian Tsardom  2 Oct 1552                Kazan Khanate annexed by Russia.  2 Jun 1554                Astrakhan Khanate occupied, annexed 1557. 26 Oct 1582                Sibir Khanate (near Tobolsk) occupied. 27 Sep 1610 -  4 Nov 1612  Polish-Lithuanian occupation of Moscow.  2 Nov 1721                Russian Empire 29 Mar 1809 -  6 Dec 1917  Personal union with Finland (formally from                              17 Sep 1809). 14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  French under occupy Moscow.  9 Jun 1815 -  5 Nov 1916  Personal union with Poland. 18 Oct 1867                Russian America (Alaska) sold to the U.S.  7 May 1875                Sakhalin Island, northern Kurile Islands annexed.  5 Sep 1905 - 25 Aug 1945  Southern Sakhalin Island and northern Kurile                               Islands annexed by Japan. 15 Mar 1917                Russia (abdication of Nikolay II; imperial style                              dropped) no official style adopted; various                               styles were in use: Russia (after 15 Mar 1917),                              Russian Republic (after 14 Sep 1917), Russian                               Soviet Republic (after 8 Nov 1917), etc. 28 Jan 1918                Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet                               Union) including Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia,                              and Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and                               Georgia). 13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.  5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan.  5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya. 31 Mar 1940 - 16 Jul 1956  Accession of Finno-Karelia.  2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia.  3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.  5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.  6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia. 11 Oct 1944                Incorporation of Tannu Tuva.  6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian                              independence.  1 Nov 1991 -              Independence declared by Republic of Chechnya                              (not recognized). 12 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a                              resolution denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922. 25 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; Russian S.F.S.R.                              becomes Russian Federation. Russia (since 1991) Administrative Divisions from 1991 Civil War Polities (1917-1921) Russian Empire (1462-1917) Occupations of Moscow (1610-1612, 1812) Alternative "White" Government (1918-1920)  Soviet Union (1922-1991) Russian SFSR (1917-1991) Russian SFSR Admin. Divisions Far Eastern Republic (1920-1922)  Ingria (Ingermanland) (1601-1703, 1919-20) Inner Horde (1801-1876) Kalmyk Khanate (1670-1771) Karafuto (1905-1945) Tannu Tuva (1911-1944) Chechnya (1822-1861, 1991-) Map of Soviet Nationalities (1982) Russian Orthodox Church

Russian Empire
 

11 Jun 1858 - 19 Nov 1914 Civil Ensign

19 Nov 1914 - 14 Sep 1917

1699 - 15 Mar 1917                     Flag of the Tsar

Map of Russian Empire	Hear National Anthem "Bozhe, Tsarya Khrani" (God Save the Tsar) (Dec 1833 - Mar 1917)	Hear Provisional Anthems  (Mar 1917-1922) ---------------------------- Former Anthem (1816-1833) "Molitva Russkikh" (The Prayer of the Russians)	Fundamental Law  (23 Apr 1906-23 Mar 1917)
Capital: St. Petersburg (Petrograd  from 1914;  Moscow  to 1710)	Currency: Russian Ruble (RUES)	National Holiday:  6 May (1868) Birthday of Czar Nicholas II	Population: 91,500,000 (1914)
GNP: $N/A	Exports: $348,959,000 (1914) Imports: $365,709,000 (1914)	Ethnic groups: Russian, Polish, Finnish, Ukrainian, Tatar, Belarusian, German, Jewish, Latvian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Georgian, Armenian, Azeri, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Romanian, Tajik, Eskimo
Total Armed Forces: 1,300,000 (1914) Merchant marine: 906 (1908)		Religions: Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Muslim, Protestant, Jewish, Buddhist, Shamanist, non-religious
International Organizations/Treaties to 1922:  ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU

Grand Princes
 5 Apr 1462 -  6 Nov 1505  Ivan III                           (b. 1440 - d. 1505)
 6 Nov 1505 - 13 Dec 1533  Vasily IV                          (b. 1479 - d. 1533)
13 Dec 1533 - 26 Jan 1547  Ivan IV "Grozny"                   (b. 1530 - d. 1584)
                             (Ivan IV "the Terrible")
1533 - 1534                Mikhail L'vovch Glinsky -Regent
13 Dec 1533 - 13 Apr 1538  Yelena Glinskaya (f) -Regent       (b. 1506/07 - d. 1538)
1534 - 21 Apr 1538         Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Ovchina-   (d. 1539)
                             Telepnyov-Obolensky -Regent
13 Apr 1538 - 26 Jan 1547  Regency disputed:
                           - Prince Vasily Vasilyevich        (d. 1538)
                              Shuisky 
                              (13 Apr 1538 - Nov 1538)
                          - Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky   (d. 1542)
                              (Oct 1538 - 1540 and 1542 - 24 May 1542)
                          - Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Belsky    (d. 1542)
                              (Jul 1540 - Jan 1542)
                          - Ioasaf, Archbishop of Moscow      (d. 1555)
                              (1540 - 13 Jan 1542)
                          - Andrey Mikhailovich Shuisky       (d. 1543)
                              (1542 -  8 Jan 1544)
                          - Ivan Ivanovich Kubensky           (d. 1546)
                              (1544 and 1545 - 1546)
                          - Fyodor Semyonovich Vorontsov      (d. 1546)
                              (1543 - 31 Jul 1546)
                          - Mikhail Vasilyevich Glinsky       (d. 1559)
                              (1546 - 26 Jan 1547)
                          - Yury Vasilyevich Glinsky          (d. 1547)
                              (1543 - 26 Jan 1547)
Tsars¹
26 Jan 1547 - 28 Mar 1584  Ivan IV "Grozny"                   (s.a.)
28 Mar 1584 - 17 Jan 1598  Fyodor I (Theodor I)               (b. 1557 - d. 1598)
28 Mar 1584 - 16 Jan 1598  Regents
                           - Prince Ivan Petrovich Shuisky    (d. 1588)
                               (to 1587)
                           - Prince Ivan Fyodorovich          (b. c.1529 - d. 1586)
                               Mstislavsky (to 1585)
                           - Nikita Romanovich Yuryev         (b. 153. - d. 1585) 
                               (to Aug 1584)
                           - Boris Fyodorovich Godunov        (b. 1552 - d. 1605)
                           - Bogdan Yakovlevich Belsky        (d. 1611) 
                               (to Apr 1584)
17 Jan 1598 -  3 Mar 1598  Irina Fyodorovna                   (b. 1557 - d. 1603) 
                             Godunova (f) -Regent
 3 Mar 1598 - 23 Apr 1605  Boris Godunov                      (s.a.)
23 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605  Fyodor II                          (b. 1589 - d. 1605)
25 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605  Mariya Grigoryevna                 (b. 156. - d. 1605)
                             Skuratova (f) -Regent
30 Jun 1605 - 27 May 1606  Dmitry I                           (b. 1581 - d. 1606)
                            (first "false" Dmitry; claimed to
                             be Dmitry [d. 1591], son of Ivan IV)
27 May 1606 - 27 Jul 1610  Vasily V Shuisky                   (b. 1522 - d. 1612)
                             (coronated 1 Jun 1606)
Aug 1607 - 21 Dec 1610     Dmitry (in rebellion)              (d. 1610)
                             (second "false" Dmitry real name 
                             unknown; claimed to be first false Dmitry)
27 Jul 1610 -  4 Nov 1612  Council of Seven Boyars 
                            (from 6 Sep 1610 for absent Vladislav)
                           - Prince Fyodor Ivanovich          (d. 1624)
                               Mstislavsky 
                           - Prince Ivan Mikhailovich         (d. 1627)
                               Vorotynsky (to Mar 1611)
                           - Mikhail Fyodorovich Nagoy        (d. 1612)
                               (from Mar 1611)
                           - Prince Andrey Vasilyevich        (b. 156. - d. 1612)
                               Trubetskoy 
                           - Prince Vasily Vasilyevich        (b. 155. - d. 1611)
                               Golitsyn (to 8 Apr 1611) 
                           - Ivan Simeyonovich Kurakin        (d. 1632) 
                               (from 8 Apr 1611)
                           - Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov- (b. 1576 - d. 1646)
                               Obolenskiy
                           - Ivan Nikitich Romanov            (b. 156. - d. 1640)
                           - Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev      (d. 1649/50)
 6 Sep 1610 -  4 Nov 1612  Vladislav (Wladyslaw)              (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
                             (remained in Poland)
17 Apr 1611 - 26 Jul 1613  Council of All the Land
                           (in opposition to the Poles and Vladislav)
                           - Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov       (d. 1611)
                              (to 1 Aug 1611)
                           - Prince Dmitry Timofeyevich       (b. 157. - d. 1625)
                               Trubetskoy 
                           - Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky        (d. 1614)
                              (to 7 Aug 1612)
21 Jul 1613 - 23 Jul 1645  Mikhail III (Michael III)          (b. 1591 - d. 1645)
21 Jul 1613 -  4 Jul 1619  Princess Kseniya Ivanovna          (d. 1637)
                             Shestova (f) -Regent
 4 Jul 1619 - 11 Oct 1633  Filaret, Patriarch of              (b. 1554 - d. 1633)
                             Moscow -Regent
23 Jul 1645 -  7 Feb 1676  Aleksey (Alexis)                   (b. 1629 - d. 1676)
23 Jul 1645 - 28 Jul 1645  Evdokiya Lukyanovna                (b. 1608 - d. 1645)
                             Streshneva (f) -Regent
 7 Feb 1676 -  7 May 1682  Fyodor III                         (b. 1661 - d. 1682)
 7 May 1682 -  2 Nov 1721  Pyotr I (Peter I)                  (b. 1672 - d. 1725)
                           - jointly with -
 2 Jun 1682 -  8 Feb 1696  Ivan V                             (b. 1666 - d. 1696)
                             (specified to be First Tsar 4 Jun 1682)
 7 May 1682 -  8 Jun 1682  Natalya Kirillovna                 (b. 1651 - d. 1694)
                             Naryshkina (f) -Regent (1st time)
 5 Jun 1682 -  9 Jul 1682  Mariya Ilyinichna                  (b. 1626 - d. 1699)
                             Miloslavskaya (f) -Regent
 8 Jun 1682 - 22 Sep 1689  Sofiya Alekseyevna                 (b. 1657 - d. 1704)
                             Romanova (f) -Regent
                            (from 1686, styled Grand Princess and Autocrat)
22 Sep 1689 -  4 Feb 1694  Natalya Kirillovna                 (s.a.)
                             Naryshkina (f) -Regent (2nd time)
 8 Feb 1696 - 1697         Prince Boris Alekseyevich          (b. 1641 - d. 1714)
                             Golitsyn -Regent
20 Mar 1697 -  4 Sep 1698  Regency
                           - Prince Fyodor Yuryevich          (b. 1640 - d. 1717)
                               Romodanovsky 
                           - Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin        (b. 1668 - d. 1705) 
                           - Prince Pyotr Ivanovich           (d. c.1717) 
                               Prozorovsky
                           - Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev        (b. 1644 - d. 1719)
Emperors¹ (also 1809-1917 Grand Dukes of Finland; and 1815-1915 Kings of Poland)²
 2 Nov 1721 -  8 Feb 1725  Pyotr I "Veliky"                   (s.a.)
                             (Peter I "the Great")
 8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727  Yekaterina I -Empress (Catherine I)(b. 1684 - d. 1727)
18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730  Pyotr II (Peter II)                (b. 1715 - d. 1730)
30 Jan 1730 - 13 Feb 1730  Supreme Privy Council
                           - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich       (b. 1665 - d. 1737)
                               Golitsyn 
                           - Prince Vasily Lukich Dolgoruky   (b. c.1670 - d. 1739)
                           - Prince Aleksey Grigoryevich      (d. 1734)
                               Dolgoruky 
                           - Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich     (b. 1667 - d. 1750)
                               Dolgoruky 
                           - Gavril Ivanovich Graf Golovkin   (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
                           - Baron Andrey Ivanovich Osterman  (b. 1686 - d. 1747)
                              (Heinrich Johann Friedrich Ostermann)
                           - Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich      (b. 1675 - d. 1730) 
                               Golitsyn 
                           - Prince Vasily Vladimirovich      (b. 1667 - d. 1746)
                               Dolgoruky 
13 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740  Anna -Empress                      (b. 1693 - d. 1740)
28 Oct 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Ivan VI (official style Ivan III)  (b. 1740 - d. 1764)
28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov 1740  Ernest Johann Biron -Regent        (b. 1690 - d. 1772)
20 Nov 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Anna Leopoldovna (f) -Regent       (b. 1718 - d. 1746)
 6 Dec 1741 -  5 Jan 1762  Yelizaveta -Empress (Elizabeth)    (b. 1709 - d. 1762)
 5 Jan 1762 -  9 Jul 1762  Pyotr III (Peter III)              (b. 1728 - d. 1762)
 9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796  Yekaterina II "Velikaya" -Empress  (b. 1729 - d. 1796)
                             (Catherine II "the Great")
 5 Oct 1773 - 15 Sep 1774  Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev         (b. c.1742 - d. 1775)
                             (in rebellion [from 1774 claimed to be Peter III]) 
17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (Paul I)                   (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
24 Mar 1801 -  1 Dec 1825  Aleksandr I                        (b. 1777 - d. 1825)
                             (Alexander I "the Blessed")
 1 Dec 1825 - 26 Dec 1825  Konstantin (Constantine)           (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
                             (proclaimed, but did not accept)
26 Dec 1825 -  2 Mar 1855  Nikolay I (Nicholas I)             (b. 1796 - d. 1855)
 2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881  Aleksandr II                       (b. 1818 - d. 1881)
                             (Alexander II "the Liberator")
13 Mar 1881 -  1 Nov 1894  Aleksandr III                      (b. 1845 - d. 1894)
                             (Alexander III "the Peace-maker")
 1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917  Nikolay II (Nicholas II)³           (b. 1868 - d. 1918)
Acting heads of state
15 Mar 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  the heads of government
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (b. 1883 - d. 1936)  RSDLP-B
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919  Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov        (b. 1885 - d. 1919)  RSDLP-B/RCP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919  Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky    (b. 1874 - d. 1951)  RCP
                             (acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (b. 1875 - d. 1946)  RCP

Chief Advisers
1699 - 1706                Count Fyodor Aleksyevich Golovkin  (b. 1650 - d. 1706)
1706 - 1709                Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin    (s.a.)
State Chancellors
1709 - 31 Jan 1734         Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin    (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
                             (from 21 Nov 1731, also First Cabinet Minister)
31 Jan 1734 - 21 Nov 1740  Baron Heinrich Johann Friedrich    (s.a.) 
                             von Ostermann -First cabinet minister
21 Nov 1740 - 15 Nov 1742  Prince Aleksey Mikhailovich        (b. 1680 - d. 1742)
                             Cherkassky
15 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758  Count Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev- (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
                             Ryumin (acting to 15 Jul 1744)
26 Feb 1758 - Mar 1765     Count Mikhail Illarionovich        (b. 1714 - d. 1767)
                             Vorontsov (acting to 23 Nov 1758)
Mar 1765 -  9 Mar 1775     Prince Aleksandr Mikhailovich      (b. 1723 - d. 1807)
                             Golitsyn (acting)
 9 Mar 1775 - 13 Apr 1775  Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin       (b. 1718 - d. 1783)
                             (acting)
13 Apr 1775 -  2 May 1797  Count Ivan Andreyevich Ostermann   (b. 1725 - d. 1811)
                             (acting to 20 Nov 1796)
 2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799  Count Aleksandr Andreyevich        (b. 1747 - d. 1799)
                             Bezborodko
17 Apr 1799 -  6 Oct 1799  Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (acting) (b. 1768 - d. 1834)
 6 Oct 1799 - 18 Nov 1800  Count Nikita Petrovich Panin       (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
                             (acting)
18 Nov 1800 -  4 Mar 1801  Stepan Alekseyevich Kolychev       (b. 1746 - d. 1805) 
                             (acting)
 4 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802  Prince Aleksandr Borisovich        (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
                             Kurakin (acting)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804  Count Aleksandr Romanovich         (b. 1741 - d. 1805)
                             Vorontsov
Foreign ministers
28 Jan 1804 - 29 Jun 1806  Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski      (b. 1770 - d. 1861)
29 Jun 1806 - 11 Sep 1807  Andreas Eberhard Baron Budberg,    (b. 1750 - d. 1812)
                             gen. von Bönninghausen
11 Sep 1807 - 13 Jan 1810  Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev       (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
Chairpersons at the Joint Meetings of the State Council, 
Chairpersons in the Committee of Ministers
(the Emperors were the Chairmen, but never used the style)
13 Jan 1810 -  1 Apr 1812  Count Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (s.a.)
10 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816  Count Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov   (b. 1736 - d. 1816)
                            (from 1814, Prince Nikolay 
                             Ivanovich Saltykov) 
 6 Jun 1816 - 18 Apr 1827  Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin  (b. 1753 - d. 1827)
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834  Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey    (s.a.)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838  Count Nikolay Nikolayevich         (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
                             Novosiltsov
21 Apr 1838 -  5 Mar 1847  Ilarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov    (b. 1777 - d. 1847) 
                             (from 1839, Prince Ilarion 
                             Vasilyevich Vasilchikov)
21 Jan 1848 -  5 Oct 1848  Vasily Vasilyevich, Graf Levashov  (b. 1783 - d. 1848)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856  Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov     (b. 1785 - d. 1857)
                             (from 1849, Prince Aleksandr
                             Ivanovich Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861  Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov          (b. 1786 - d. 1861)
                             (from 1856, Prince Aleksey 
                             Fyodorovich Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 -  2 Mar 1864  Count Dmitry Nikolayevich Bludov   (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
 7 Mar 1864 -  4 Mar 1872  Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin            (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
 9 Mar 1872 -  1 Jan 1880  Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev        (b. 1797 - d. 1880)
                             (from 24 Dec 1877, Count Pavel 
                             Nikolayevich Ignatyev) 
 6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881  Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev       (b. 1815 - d. 1890)
                             (from 2 Mar 1880, Count Pyotr 
                             Aleksandrovich Valuyev) 
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887  Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern    (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
                             (Mikhail von Reutern)
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895  Nikolay Khristianovich Bunge       (b. 1823 - d. 1895)
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903  Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo          (b. 1834 - d. 1903)  Non-party
29 Aug 1903 -  5 May 1906  Sergey Yulyevich Witte             (b. 1849 - d. 1915)  Non-party
                             (from 1 Oct 1905, Count Sergey Yulyevich Witte)
Prime ministers (Chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
 6 Nov 1905 -  5 May 1906  Count Sergey Yulyevich Witte       (s.a.)               Non-party
 5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (b. 1839 - d. 1917)  Non-party
                             (1st time) 
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911  Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin         (b. 1862 - d. 1911)  Non-party
16 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914  Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov    (b. 1853 - d. 1943)  Non-party
                             (acting to 22 Sep 1911 [for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911])
12 Feb 1914 -  2 Feb 1916  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (2nd time)
 2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916  Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer      (b. 1848 - d. 1917)  Non-party
23 Nov 1916 -  9 Jan 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov       (b. 1862 - d. 1928)  Non-party
 9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917  Prince Nikolay Dmitriyevich        (b. 1850 - d. 1925)  Non-party
                             Golitsyn
15 Mar 1917 - 23 Mar 1917  Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov    (b. 1861 - d. 1925)  KDP
Minister-chairmen of the Provisional Government
23 Mar 1917 - 21 Jul 1917  Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov    (s.a.)               KDP
21 Jul 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky     (b. 1881 - d. 1970)  SRP
                             (in opposition until 18 Nov 1917)
18 Nov 1917 -  2 Dec 1917  Sergey Nikolayevich Prokopovich    (b. 1871 - d. 1955)  SRP
                             (acting [for Kerensky] in opposition)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
 8 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilich Lenin               (b. 1870 - d. 1924)  RSDLP-B/
                             (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov)                              RCP

Occupations of Moscow

Polish-Lithuanian Commanders
27 Sep 1610 - Oct 1610     Stanislaw Zólkiewski               (b. 1547 - d. 1620)
Oct 1610 - 1612            Aleksander Korwin Gosiewski        (d. 1639)
1612 -  4 Sep 1612         Jan Karol Chodkiewicz              (b. 1560 - d. 1621)
 4 Sep 1612 -  4 Nov 1612  Mikolaj Strus (acting)             (d. 1627)
French Governor
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph     (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
                             Mortier 

Alternative "White" Governments

Chairmen of the Provisional All-Russian Government (PARG)("Ufa Directory")
23 Sep 1918 -  5 Nov 1918  Nikolay Dmitriyevich Avksentyev    (b. 1878 - d. 1943)  SRP
                             (in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
 7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Vasily Georgiyevich Boldyrev       (b. 1875-d. af.1932) Mil
                             (in Omsk)
Supreme Governor
18 Nov 1919                Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky       (b. 1863 - d. 1928)  SRP
                             (temporary head of state)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak      (b. 1874 - d. 1920)  Mil
                             (to 12 Nov 1919 in Omsk, then Nizhneudinsk)
Commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South Russia
15 Jan 1920 -  4 Apr 1920  Anton Ivanovich Denikin            (b. 1872 - d. 1947)  Mil
                             (to Mar 1920 in Novorossiysk, then Sevastopol)
 4 Apr 1920 - 16 Nov 1920  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel   (b. 1878 - d. 1928)  Mil
                             (from 11 Apr 1920 styled Governor and Commander-in-Chief of
                             the Armed Forces in the South of Russia; from 19 Aug 1920
                             Governor of the South of Russia and Commander-in-Chief of
                             the Russian Army)(in Sevastopol)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
 4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919  Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodsky       (s.a.)               SRP 
                             (appointed by the PARG; discharged by Kolchak) 
23 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920  Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev     (b. 1885 - d. 1920)
                             (appointed by Kolchak; arrested 15 Jan 1920)
Chairman of the Government of the South of Russia
19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein   (b. 1857 - d. 1921)  Non-party
                             (in Sevastopol)

 ¹The full style of the ruler was:
(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Tsar'/Tsaritsa i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya N.N. vseya Rossiy Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God Great Sovereign Tsar/Tsarina and Grand Prince/Princess, N.N., of All Russia, Autocrat");
(b) from 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy; Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel'. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatsk, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, and all the Northern Region; Lord/Lady and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia; Lord/Lady of the Circassian and Mountain princes and of other lands");
(c) Style from 6 May 1906: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'  Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa Tavricheskogo, Tsar' Gruzinskiy; Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy; Naslednik Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King of Poland, King of Siberia, King of the Chersonnese Taurics, and King of Georgia; Lord of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia, Bialystok, Karelia, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatks, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and Grand Duke of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and all the Northern Region; Lord and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia and the provinces of Armenia; Lord of the Circassian and Mountain princes; Lord of Turkestan; Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands");
- The shortened style was: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N.,
Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress 
and Autocrat, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and of other lands").

  ²The colloquial use of the term "tsar" for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat"); the term tsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.

 ³Nicholas II abdicated for himself and the Tsarevich, Alexis  15 Mar 1917, in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who in manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 neither accepted nor rejected the crown as Emperor Mikhail II. 

Noble Titles: Grand Prince/Princess = Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya; Prince/Princess = Knyaz/Knyaginya; Count = Graf; and Baron = Baron.

Party abbreviations: KDP = Konstitutsionno Demokraticheskaya Partia (Constitutional Democrat Party "Cadets", nationalist, social-democratic, 1905-1921); RCP = Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks; RSDLP-B = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP [est.1898], "Bolsheviks" [majority], Marxist, internationalist; from 1918 RCP); RSDLP-M = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP, "Mensheviks" [minority], Marxist, center-leftist, Russian nationalist, parliamentary socialists); SRP = Socialist Revolutionary Party ("SRs", socialist, est.1906 -split 1917 with Left Socialist Revolutionary Party);  Mil = Military

30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including 
                             Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, and Transcaucasia (TSFSR).
13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
 5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan.
 5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; TSFSR dissolved, 
                             Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan become full union republics.
 2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia
 3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.
 5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.
 6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia.
 6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence.
25 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent
                             as Russia.

De facto Leader¹
30 Dec 1922 - 10 Mar 1923  Vladimir Ilich Lenin               (b. 1870 - d. 1924)  RCP

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
 3 Apr 1922 -  5 Mar 1953  Josef Vissarionovich Stalin        (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
                            (Iosef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili)
 5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953  Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov   (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
                            (senior secretary)
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
                            (senior secretary to 13 Sep 1953,
                             then first secretary)
14 Oct 1964 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev              (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
                            (first secretary to 29 Mar 1966, then
                             from 8 Apr 1966 general secretary)
12 Nov 1982 -  9 Feb 1984  Yury Vladimirovich Andropov        (b. 1914 - d. 1984)
 9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931)
                           ("leading role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (jointly)²
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (b. 1875 - d. 1946)  RCP/AUCP
                             (Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky        (b. 1878 - d. 1958)  AUCP
                             (Ukrainian SSR) 
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (b. 1892 - d. 1937)  AUCP
                             (Byelorussian SSR) 
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925  Nariman Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly      (b. 1870 - d. 1925)  AUCP
                             Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937     Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov    (b. 1888 - d. 1938)  AUCP
                             (Transcaucasian SFSR) 
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937  Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen SSR)     (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  AUCP
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937  Fayzulla Ubaydullayevich           (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  AUCP
                             Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
18 Mar 1931 -  4 Jan 1934  Nusratulla Maksum Lutfullayev      (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  AUCP
                             (Tadjik SSR)
 4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937     Abdullo Rakhimbayevich Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  AUCP
                             (Tadjik SSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (s.a.)               AUCP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953  Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik      (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  AUCP/CPSU
15 Mar 1953 -  7 May 1960  Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov     (b. 1881 - d. 1969)  CPSU
 7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (1st time)   (s.a.)               CPSU
15 Jul 1964 -  9 Dec 1965  Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan          (b. 1895 - d. 1978)  CPSU
 9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977  Nikolay Viktorovich Podgorny       (b. 1903 - d. 1983)  CPSU
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (2nd time)   (s.a.)               CPSU
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983  Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov       (b. 1901 - d. 1990)  CPSU
                             (1st time)(acting)
16 Jun 1983 -  9 Feb 1984  Yury Vladimirovich Andropov        (s.a.)               CPSU
 9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984  Vasily V