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![[Flag of Russian SFSR in 1918]](su-ru18b.gif)
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![[Personal Standard of the Tsar]](ru_tzp.gif)
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"Bozhe, Tsarya Khrani" (God Save the Tsar) (Dec 1833 - Mar 1917) |
(Mar 1917-1922) ---------------------------- Former Anthem (1816-1833) "Molitva Russkikh" (The Prayer of the Russians) |
(23 Apr 1906-23 Mar 1917) |
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(Petrograd from 1914; Moscow to 1710) |
(RUES) |
Birthday of Czar Nicholas II |
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Imports: $365,709,000 (1914) |
Belarusian, German, Jewish, Latvian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Georgian, Armenian, Azeri, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Romanian, Tajik, Eskimo |
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Merchant marine: 906 (1908) |
Protestant, Jewish, Buddhist, Shamanist, non-religious |
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| International Organizations/Treaties to 1922: ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU | |||
Grand Princes
5
Apr 1462 - 6
Nov 1505 Ivan III
(b. 1440 - d. 1505)
6
Nov 1505 - 13 Dec 1533
Vasily IV
(b. 1479 - d. 1533)
13 Dec 1533 - 26 Jan 1547 Ivan IV
"Grozny"
(b. 1530 - d. 1584)
(Ivan IV "the Terrible")
1533 -
1534
Mikhail Lvovich Glinsky -Regent
(b. c.1470 - d. 1534)
13 Dec 1533 - 13 Apr 1538 Yelena Glinskaya (f)
-Regent
(b. 1506/07 - d. 1538)
1534 - 21 Apr
1538
Prince Ivan Fyodorovich Ovchina- (d. 1539)
Telepnyov-Obolensky
-Regent
13 Apr 1538 - 26 Jan 1547 Regency disputed:
- Prince Vasily Vasilyevich
(d. 1538)
Shuisky
(13 Apr 1538 - Nov
1538)
- Prince Ivan Vasilyevich
Shuisky (d. 1542)
(Oct 1538 - 1540 and
1542 - 24 May 1542)
- Prince Ivan Fyodorovich
Belsky (d. 1542)
(Jul 1540 - Jan 1542)
- Ioasaf, Archbishop
of Moscow
(d. 1555)
(1540 - 13 Jan 1542)
- Andrey Mikhailovich
Shuisky
(d. 1543)
(1542 - 8 Jan
1544)
- Ivan Ivanovich Kubensky
(d. 1546)
(1544 and 1545 - 1546)
- Fyodor Semyonovich
Vorontsov
(d. 1546)
(1543 - 31 Jul 1546)
- Mikhail Vasilyevich
Glinsky
(d. 1559)
(1546 - 26 Jan 1547)
- Yury Vasilyevich
Glinsky
(d. 1547)
(1543 - 26 Jan 1547)
Tsars¹
26 Jan 1547 - 28 Mar 1584 Ivan IV
"Grozny"
(s.a.)
28 Mar 1584 - 17 Jan 1598 Fyodor I (Theodor
I)
(b. 1557 - d. 1598)
28 Mar 1584 - 16 Jan 1598 Regents
- Prince Ivan Petrovich
Shuisky (d. 1588)
(to 1587)
- Prince Ivan Fyodorovich
(b. c.1529 - d. 1586)
Mstislavsky (to 1585)
- Nikita Romanovich
Yuryev
(b. 153. - d. 1585)
(to Aug 1584)
- Boris Fyodorovich
Godunov
(b. 1552 - d. 1605)
- Bogdan Yakovlevich
Belsky
(d. 1611)
(to Apr 1584)
17 Jan 1598 - 3 Mar 1598 Irina
Fyodorovna
(b. 1557 - d. 1603)
Godunova (f) -Regent
3
Mar 1598 - 23 Apr 1605
Boris Godunov
(s.a.)
23
Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605 Fyodor
II
(b. 1589 - d. 1605)
25 Apr 1605 - 11 Jun 1605 Mariya
Grigoryevna
(b. 156. - d. 1605)
Skuratova (f) -Regent
30
Jun 1605 - 27 May 1606
Dmitry I
(b. 1581 - d. 1606)
(first "false" Dmitry;
claimed to
be Dmitry [d. 1591],
son of Ivan IV)
27 May 1606 - 27 Jul 1610 Vasily V
Shuisky
(b. 1522 - d. 1612)
(coronated 1 Jun 1606)
Aug 1607 - 21 Dec 1610 Dmitry (in
rebellion)
(d. 1610)
(second "false" Dmitry
real name
unknown; claimed to
be first false Dmitry)
27 Jul 1610 - 4 Nov 1612 Council of Seven
Boyars
(from 6 Sep 1610 for
absent Vladislav)
- Prince Fyodor Ivanovich
(d. 1624)
Mstislavsky
- Prince Ivan Mikhailovich
(d. 1627)
Vorotynsky (to Mar
1611)
- Mikhail Fyodorovich
Nagoy
(d. 1612)
(from Mar 1611)
- Prince Andrey Vasilyevich
(b. 156. - d. 1612)
Trubetskoy
- Prince Vasily Vasilyevich
(b. 155. - d. 1611)
Golitsyn (to 8 Apr
1611)
- Ivan Simeyonovich
Kurakin
(d. 1632)
(from 8 Apr 1611)
- Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov- (b. 1576 - d. 1646)
Obolenskiy
- Ivan Nikitich Romanov
(b. 156. - d. 1640)
- Fyodor Ivanovich
Sheremetev
(d. 1649/50)
6 Sep 1610 - 4 Nov 1612 Vladislav
(Wladyslaw)
(b. 1595 - d. 1648)
(remained in Poland)
17 Apr 1611 - 26 Jul 1613 Council of All the Land
(in opposition to the
Poles and Vladislav)
- Prokopy Petrovich
Lyapunov
(d. 1611)
(to 1 Aug 1611)
- Prince Dmitry Timofeyevich
(b. 157. - d. 1625)
Trubetskoy
- Ivan Martynovich
Zarutsky
(d. 1614)
(to 7 Aug 1612)
21 Jul 1613 - 23 Jul 1645 Mikhail III (Michael
III)
(b. 1591 - d. 1645)
21 Jul 1613 - 4 Jul 1619 Princess Kseniya
Ivanovna
(d. 1637)
Shestova (f) -Regent
4 Jul 1619 - 11 Oct 1633 Filaret, Patriarch
of
(b. 1554 - d. 1633)
Moscow -Regent
23 Jul 1645 - 7 Feb 1676 Aleksey
(Alexis)
(b. 1629 - d. 1676)
23 Jul 1645 - 28 Jul 1645 Evdokiya
Lukyanovna
(b. 1608 - d. 1645)
Streshneva (f) -Regent
7
Feb 1676 - 7 May
1682 Fyodor III
(b. 1661 - d. 1682)
7 May 1682 - 2 Nov 1721 Pyotr I (Peter
I)
(b. 1672 - d. 1725)
- jointly with -
2
Jun 1682 - 8 Feb
1696 Ivan V
(b. 1666 - d. 1696)
(specified to be First
Tsar 4 Jun 1682)
7 May 1682 - 8 Jun 1682 Natalya
Kirillovna
(b. 1651 - d. 1694)
Naryshkina (f) -Regent (1st time)
5 Jun 1682 - 9 Jul 1682 Mariya
Ilyinichna
(b. 1626 - d. 1699)
Miloslavskaya (f) -Regent
8 Jun 1682 - 22 Sep 1689 Sofiya
Alekseyevna
(b. 1657 - d. 1704)
Romanova (f) -Regent
(from 1686, styled
Grand Princess and Autocrat)
22 Sep 1689 - 4 Feb 1694 Natalya
Kirillovna
(s.a.)
Naryshkina (f) -Regent (2nd time)
8 Feb 1696 -
1697
Prince Boris
Alekseyevich
(b. 1641 - d. 1714)
Golitsyn -Regent
20 Mar 1697 - 4 Sep 1698 Regency
- Prince Fyodor Yuryevich
(b. 1640 - d. 1717)
Romodanovsky
- Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin
(b. 1668 - d. 1705)
- Prince Pyotr Ivanovich
(d. c.1717)
Prozorovsky
- Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev
(b. 1644 - d. 1719)
Emperors¹ (also 1809-1917 Grand Dukes of Finland;
and 1815-1915 Kings of Poland)²
2 Nov 1721 - 8 Feb 1725 Pyotr I
"Veliky"
(s.a.)
(Peter I "the Great")
8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727 Yekaterina I -Empress
(Catherine I)(b. 1684 - d. 1727)
18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730 Pyotr II (Peter
II)
(b. 1715 - d. 1730)
30 Jan 1730 - 13 Feb 1730 Supreme Privy Council
- Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich
(b. 1665 - d. 1737)
Golitsyn
- Prince Vasily Lukich
Dolgoruky (b. c.1670 - d.
1739)
- Prince Aleksey Grigoryevich
(d. 1734)
Dolgoruky
- Prince Mikhail Vladimirovich
(b. 1667 - d. 1750)
Dolgoruky
- Gavril Ivanovich
Graf Golovkin (b. 1660 - d.
1734)
- Baron Andrey Ivanovich
Osterman (b. 1686 - d. 1747)
(Heinrich Johann Friedrich
Ostermann)
- Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich
(b. 1675 - d. 1730)
Golitsyn
- Prince Vasily Vladimirovich
(b. 1667 - d. 1746)
Dolgoruky
13 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740 Anna -Empress
(b. 1693 - d. 1740)
28 Oct 1740 - 6 Dec 1741 Ivan VI (official style
Ivan
III) (b. 1740 - d. 1764)
28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov 1740 Ernest Johann Biron -Regent
(b. 1690 - d. 1772)
20 Nov 1740 - 6 Dec 1741 Anna Leopoldovna (f) -Regent
(b. 1718 - d. 1746)
6 Dec 1741 - 5 Jan 1762 Yelizaveta -Empress
(Elizabeth) (b. 1709 - d. 1762)
5 Jan 1762 - 9 Jul 1762 Pyotr III (Peter
III)
(b. 1728 - d. 1762)
9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796 Yekaterina II "Velikaya"
-Empress
(b. 1729 - d. 1796)
(Catherine II "the
Great")
5 Oct 1773 - 15 Sep 1774 Emelyan Ivanovich
Pugachev
(b. c.1742 - d. 1775)
(in rebellion [from
1774 claimed to be Pyotr III])
17 Nov 1796-23/24 Mar 1801 Pavel I (Paul
I)
(b. 1754 - d. 1801)
24
Mar 1801 - 1
Dec 1825 Aleksandr I
(b. 1777 - d. 1825)
(Alexander I "the Blessed")
1 Dec 1825 - 26 Dec 1825 Konstantin
(Constantine)
(b. 1779 - d. 1831)
(proclaimed, but did
not accept)
26 Dec 1825 - 2 Mar 1855 Nikolay I (Nicholas
I)
(b. 1796 - d. 1855)
2
Mar 1855 - 13 Mar
1881 Aleksandr II
(b. 1818 - d. 1881)
(Alexander II "the
Liberator")
13
Mar 1881 - 1 Nov 1894 Aleksandr
III
(b. 1845 - d. 1894)
(Alexander III "the
Peace-maker")
1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917 Nikolay II (Nicholas II)³
(b. 1868 - d. 1918)
Acting heads of state
15 Mar 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 the heads of
government
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Lev Borisovich
Kamenev
(b. 1883 - d. 1936) RSDLP-B
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919 Yakov Mikhailovich
Sverdlov
(b. 1885 - d. 1919) RSDLP-B/RCP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Mikhail Fyodorovich
Vladimirsky
(b. 1874 - d. 1951) RCP
(acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich
Kalinin
(b. 1875 - d. 1946) RCP
Chief Advisers
1699 -
1706
Count Fyodor Aleksyevich Golovkin (b. 1650 - d. 1706)
1706 -
1709
Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin (s.a.)
State Chancellors
1709 - 31 Jan
1734
Count Gavril Ivanovich Golovkin (b. 1660 - d. 1734)
(from 21 Nov 1731,
also First Cabinet Minister)
31 Jan 1734 - 21 Nov 1740 Baron Heinrich Johann
Friedrich
(s.a.)
von Ostermann -First cabinet minister
21 Nov 1740 - 15 Nov 1742 Prince Aleksey
Mikhailovich
(b. 1680 - d. 1742)
Cherkassky
15 Nov 1742 - 26 Feb 1758 Count Aleksey Petrovich
Bestuzhev-
(b. 1693 - d. 1766)
Ryumin (acting to 15
Jul 1744)
26 Feb 1758 - Mar 1765 Count Mikhail
Illarionovich
(b. 1714 - d. 1767)
Vorontsov (acting to
23 Nov 1758)
Mar 1765 - 9 Mar 1775 Prince
Aleksandr
Mikhailovich (b. 1723 - d. 1807)
Golitsyn (acting)
9 Mar 1775 - 13 Apr 1775 Count Nikita Ivanovich
Panin
(b. 1718 - d. 1783)
(acting)
13 Apr 1775 - 2 May 1797 Count Ivan Andreyevich
Ostermann
(b. 1725 - d. 1811)
(acting to 20 Nov 1796)
2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799 Count Aleksandr
Andreyevich
(b. 1747 - d. 1799)
Bezborodko
17 Apr 1799 - 6 Oct 1799 Viktor Pavlovich
Kochubey
(acting) (b. 1768 - d. 1834)
6 Oct 1799 - 18 Nov 1800 Count Nikita Petrovich
Panin
(b. 1770 - d. 1837)
(acting)
18 Nov 1800 - 4 Mar 1801 Stepan Alekseyevich
Kolychev
(b. 1746 - d. 1805)
(acting)
4 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802 Prince Aleksandr
Borisovich
(b. 1752 - d. 1818)
Kurakin (acting)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804 Count Aleksandr
Romanovich
(b. 1741 - d. 1805)
Vorontsov
Foreign ministers
28 Jan 1804 - 29 Jun 1806 Prince Adam Jerzy
Czartoryski
(b. 1770 - d. 1861)
29 Jun 1806 - 11 Sep 1807 Andreas Eberhard Baron
Budberg,
(b. 1750 - d. 1812)
gen. von Bönninghausen
11 Sep 1807 - 13 Jan 1810 Nikolay Petrovich
Rumyantsev
(b. 1751 - d. 1826)
Chairpersons at the Joint Meetings of the State
Council,
Chairpersons in the Committee of Ministers
(the Emperors were the Chairmen, but never used the style)
13 Jan 1810 - 1 Apr 1812 Count Nikolay Petrovich
Rumyantsev
(s.a.)
10 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816 Count Nikolay Ivanovich
Saltykov
(b. 1736 - d. 1816)
(from 1814, Prince
Nikolay
Ivanovich Saltykov)
6 Jun 1816 - 18 Apr 1827 Prince Pyotr Vasilyevich
Lopukhin
(b. 1753 - d. 1827)
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834 Count Viktor Pavlovich
Kochubey
(s.a.)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838 Count Nikolay
Nikolayevich
(b. 1761 - d. 1838)
Novosiltsov
21 Apr 1838 - 5 Mar 1847 Ilarion Vasilyevich
Vasilchikov
(b. 1777 - d. 1847)
(from 1839, Prince
Ilarion
Vasilyevich Vasilchikov)
21 Jan 1848 - 5 Oct 1848 Vasily Vasilyevich, Graf Levashov
(b. 1783 - d. 1848)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856 Aleksandr Ivanovich
Chernyshov
(b. 1785 - d. 1857)
(from 1849, Prince
Aleksandr
Ivanovich Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861 Aleksey Fyodorovich
Orlov
(b. 1786 - d. 1861)
(from 1856, Prince
Aleksey
Fyodorovich Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 - 2 Mar 1864 Count Dmitry
Nikolayevich Bludov (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
7 Mar 1864 - 4 Mar 1872 Pavel Pavlovich
Gagarin
(b. 1789 - d. 1872)
9 Mar 1872 - 1 Jan 1880 Pavel Nikolayevich
Ignatyev
(b. 1797 - d. 1880)
(from 24 Dec 1877,
Count Pavel
Nikolayevich Ignatyev)
6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881 Pyotr Aleksandrovich
Valuyev
(b. 1815 - d. 1890)
(from 2 Mar 1880, Count
Pyotr
Aleksandrovich Valuyev)
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887 Mikhail
Khristoforovich Reytern
(b. 1820 - d. 1890)
(Mikhail von Reutern)
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895 Nikolay Khristianovich
Bunge
(b. 1823 - d. 1895)
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903 Ivan Nikolayevich
Durnovo
(b. 1834 - d. 1903) Non-party
29 Aug 1903 - 5 May 1906 Sergey Yulyevich
Witte
(b. 1849 - d. 1915) Non-party
(from 1 Oct 1905, Count
Sergey Yulyevich Witte)
Prime ministers (Chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
6 Nov 1905 - 5 May 1906 Count Sergey
Yulyevich Witte
(s.a.)
Non-party
5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906 Ivan Logginovich
Goremykin
(b. 1839 - d. 1917) Non-party
(1st time)
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911 Pyotr Arkadyevich
Stolypin
(b. 1862 - d. 1911) Non-party
16 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914 Vladimir Nikolayevich
Kokovtsov
(b. 1853 - d. 1943) Non-party
(acting to 22 Sep 1911
[for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911])
12 Feb 1914 - 2 Feb 1916 Ivan Logginovich
Goremykin
(s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time)
2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916 Boris Vladimirovich
Shtyurmer
(b. 1848 - d. 1917) Non-party
23 Nov 1916 - 9 Jan 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich
Trepov
(b. 1862 - d. 1928) Non-party
9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917 Prince Nikolay
Dmitriyevich
(b. 1850 - d. 1925) Non-party
Golitsyn
15 Mar 1917 - 23 Mar 1917 Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich
Lvov
(b. 1861 - d. 1925) KDP
Minister-chairmen of the Provisional Government
23 Mar 1917 - 21 Jul 1917 Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich
Lvov
(s.a.)
KDP
21 Jul 1917 - 8 Nov 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich
Kerensky
(b. 1881 - d. 1970) SRP
(in opposition until
18 Nov 1917)
18 Nov 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 Sergey Nikolayevich
Prokopovich
(b. 1871 - d. 1955) SRP
(acting [for Kerensky]
in opposition)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich
Lenin
(b. 1870 - d. 1924) RSDLP-B/
(Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov)
RCP
Polish-Lithuanian Commanders
27 Sep 1610 - Oct 1610 Stanislaw
Zólkiewski
(b. 1547 - d. 1620)
Oct 1610 -
1612
Aleksander Korwin Gosiewski
(d.
1639)
1612 - 4 Sep
1612
Jan Karol
Chodkiewicz
(b. 1560 - d. 1621)
4 Sep 1612 - 4 Nov 1612 Mikolaj Strus
(acting)
(b. 1560 - d. 1612)
French Governor
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812 Adolphe Édouard
Casimir
Joseph (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
Mortier
Alternative "White" Governments
![[Russian flag]](ru.gif)
Chairmen of the Provisional All-Russian Government
(PARG)("Ufa
Directory")
23 Sep 1918 - 5 Nov 1918 Nikolay Dmitriyevich
Avksentyev
(b. 1878 - d. 1943) SRP
(in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Vasily Georgiyevich
Boldyrev
(b. 1875-d. af.1932) Mil
(in Omsk)
Supreme Governor
18 Nov 1919 Pyotr Vasilyevich
Vologodsky
(b. 1863 - d. 1928) SRP
(temporary head of state)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich
Kolchak
(b. 1874 - d. 1920) Mil
(to 12 Nov 1919 in
Omsk, then Nizhneudinsk)
Commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South Russia
15 Jan 1920 - 4 Apr 1920 Anton Ivanovich
Denikin
(b. 1872 - d. 1947) Mil
(to Mar 1920 in Novorossiysk,
then Sevastopol)
4 Apr 1920 - 16 Nov 1920 Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich
Vrangel
(b. 1878 - d. 1928) Mil
(from 11 Apr 1920 styled
Governor and Commander-in-Chief of
the Armed Forces in
the South of Russia; from 19 Aug 1920
Governor of the South
of Russia and Commander-in-Chief of
the Russian Army)(in
Sevastopol)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919 Pyotr Vasilyevich
Vologodsky
(s.a.) SRP
(appointed by the PARG;
discharged by Kolchak)
23 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920 Viktor Nikolayevich
Pepelyayev
(b. 1885 - d. 1920)
(appointed by Kolchak;
arrested 15 Jan 1920)
Chairman of the Government of the South of Russia
19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920 Aleksandr Vasilyevich
Krivoshein
(b. 1857 - d. 1921) Non-party
(in Sevastopol)
¹The full style of the ruler was:
(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu
Velikiy/Velikaya
Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Tsar'/Tsaritsa i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya
N.N. vseya Rossiy Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God Great
Sovereign
Tsar/Tsarina and Grand Prince/Princess, N.N., of All Russia, Autocrat");
(b) from 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N.,
Imperator/Imperatritsa
i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy,
Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa
Kazanskiy,
Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy,
Gosudar'/Gosudarynya
Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy;
Knyaz'/Knyaginya
Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy,
Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i
Velikiy/Velikaya
Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy,
Ryazanskiy,
Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy
i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya
Iverskiya
zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i Kabardinskiya
zemli,
Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy
Gosudar'/Gosudarynya
i Obladatel'. ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian
Emperor/Empress
and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of
Kazan,
King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov;
Grand
Prince/Princess of Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia,
Courland,
Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatsk, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands;
Lord/Lady
and Grand Prince/Princess of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov,
Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, and all the Northern
Region;
Lord/Lady and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia, Kartlia, Kabardinia;
Lord/Lady of the Circassian and Mountain princes and of other lands");
(c) Style from 6 May 1906: Bozhiyeyu
pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu,
N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy,
Vladimirskiy,
Novgorodskiy; Tsar' Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'
Pol'skiy,
Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa Tavricheskogo, Tsar'
Gruzinskiy;
Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy,
Podol'skiy
i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i
Semigal'skiy,
Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy,
Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda
nizovskiya
zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy,
Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy
i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya,
Kartalinskiya
i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh
Knyazey
i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy;
Naslednik
Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy
i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the grace
of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev,
Vladimir,
Novgorod; King of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King of Poland, King
of Siberia, King of the Chersonnese Taurics, and King of Georgia; Lord
of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and
Finland;
Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia,
Bialystok,
Karelia, Tver, Yongoria, Perm, Vlatks, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other
lands;
Lord and Grand Duke of Lower Novgorod, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk,
Rostov,
Yaroslav, Byelozersk, Oudoria, Obdoria, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav, and
all the Northern Region; Lord and Sovereign of the lands of Imeretia,
Kartlia,
Kabardinia and the provinces of Armenia; Lord of the Circassian and
Mountain
princes; Lord of Turkestan; Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein,
Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands");
- The shortened style was: Bozhiyeyu
pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu,
N.N.,
Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiysky, Tsar' Pol'skiy,
Velikiy
Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya. ("by the
grace
of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress
and Autocrat, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and of
other
lands").
²The colloquial use of the term "tsar" for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiysky/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat"); the term tsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.
³Nicholas II abdicated for himself and the Tsarevich, Alexis 15 Mar 1917, in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who in manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 neither accepted nor rejected the crown as Emperor Mikhail II.
Noble Titles: Grand Prince/Princess = Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya; Prince/Princess = Knyaz/Knyaginya; Count = Graf; and Baron = Baron.
Party abbreviations: KDP = Konstitutsionno Demokraticheskaya Partia (Constitutional Democrat Party "Cadets", nationalist, social-democratic, 1905-1921); RCP = Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks; RSDLP-B = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP [est.1898], "Bolsheviks" [majority], Marxist, internationalist; from 1918 RCP); RSDLP-M = Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (est.1903 from RSDLP, "Mensheviks" [minority], Marxist, center-leftist, Russian nationalist, parliamentary socialists); SRP = Socialist Revolutionary Party ("SRs", socialist, est.1906 -split 1917 with Left Socialist Revolutionary Party); Mil = Military
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
![[Flag of USSR, 1923]](ussr23.gif) |
![[Flag of USSR, 1923-1924]](ussr23_1.gif) |
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"Gimn Sovetskovo Soyuza" (Hymn of the Soviet Union) 1953-1977 without lyrics Adopted 1944 |
"Internationale" (The Internationale) (1922-1944) |
(7 Oct 1977) |
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(SUR) |
October Revolution Day |
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Imports: $114.7 billion (1989) |
Uzbek 5.84%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 3.51%, Kazakh 2.85%, Azeri 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%, Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldovan 1.17%, Lithuanian 1.07%, Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%, Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, other 9.75% |
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Declared Nuclear Power (1949): 28,595 weapons (1991) Merchant marine: 1,565 ships (1990) |
Muslim 10%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%, Jewish less than 1% Note: State was officially atheist |
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| International Organizations/Treaties: ANT, BTWC, CCC, Comecon, CSCE, EBRD, ENMOD, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICFTU, IHO, IIB, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NPT, NTBT, OPNAL, PCA, UN, UN Security Council, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO | |||
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30 Dec
1922
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including
Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia,
and Transcaucasia (TSFSR).
13 May
1925
Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
5 Dec
1929
Accession of Tadzhikistan.
5 Dec
1936
Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; TSFSR dissolved,
Georgia, Armenia, and
Azerbaijan become full union republics.
2 Aug
1940
Accession of Moldavia
3 Aug
1940
Accession of Lithuania.
5 Aug
1940
Accession of Latvia.
6 Aug
1940
Accession of Estonia.
6 Sep
1991
Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence.
25 Dec
1991
Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent
as Russia.
De facto Leader¹
30 Dec 1922 - 10 Mar 1923 Vladimir Ilich
Lenin
(b. 1870 - d. 1924) RCP
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the
Communist
Party
3 Apr 1922 - 5 Mar 1953 Josef
Vissarionovich
Stalin (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
(Iosef Vissarionovich
Dzhugashvili)
5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953 Georgy Maksimilianovich
Malenkov
(b. 1902 - d. 1988)
(senior secretary)
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich
Khrushchev
(b. 1894 - d. 1971)
(senior secretary to
13 Sep 1953,
then first secretary)
14 Oct 1964 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilich
Brezhnev
(b. 1906 - d. 1982)
(first secretary to
29 Mar 1966, then
from 8 Apr 1966 general
secretary)
12 Nov 1982 - 9 Feb 1984 Yury Vladimirovich
Andropov
(b. 1914 - d. 1984)
9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich
Chernenko
(b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev
(b. 1931)
24 Aug 1991 - 29 Aug 1991 Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko (b. 1932 - d. 1994)
(acting)
("leading role" of party
abolished 13 Mar 1990)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
(jointly)²
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich
Kalinin
(b. 1875 - d. 1946) RCP/AUCP
(Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938 Grigory Ivanovich
Petrovsky
(b. 1878 - d. 1958) AUCP
(Ukrainian SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937 Aleksandr Grigoryevich
Chervyakov
(b. 1892 - d. 1937) AUCP
(Byelorussian SSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925 Nariman Kerbalay
Nadzhaf-ogly
(b. 1870 - d. 1925) AUCP
Narimanov (Transcaucasian
SFSR)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937 Gazanfar
Makhmud-ogly
Musabekov (b. 1888 - d. 1938) AUCP
(Transcaucasian SFSR)
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937 Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen
SSR)
(b. 1894 - d. 1938) AUCP
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937 Fayzulla
Ubaydullayevich
(b. 1896 - d. 1938) AUCP
Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
18 Mar 1931 - 4 Jan 1934 Nusratulla Maksum
Lutfullayev
(b. 1881 - d. 1938) AUCP
(Tadjik SSR)
4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937 Abdullo
Rakhimbayevich
Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938) AUCP
(Tadjik SSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
12 Jan 1938 - 17 Jan 1938 Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev (b. 1895 - d. 1971) AUCP
+ Nikolay Mikhailovich
Shvernik
(b. 1888 - d. 1970) AUCP
(acting)
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946 Mikhail Ivanovich
Kalinin
(s.a.)
AUCP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953 Nikolay Mikhailovich
Shvernik
(s.a.) AUCP/CPSU
15 Mar 1953 - 7 May 1960 Kliment Yefremovich
Voroshilov
(b. 1881 - d. 1969) CPSU
7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev
(1st
time)
(s.a.)
CPSU
15 Jul 1964 - 9 Dec 1965 Anastas Ivanovich
Mikoyan
(b. 1895 - d. 1978) CPSU
9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977 Nikolay Viktorovich
Podgorny
(b. 1903 - d. 1983) CPSU
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982 Leonid Ilich Brezhnev (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
CPSU
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983 Vasily Vasilyevich
Kuznetsov
(b. 1901 - d. 1990) CPSU
(1st time)(acting)
16 Jun 1983 - 9 Feb 1984 Yury Vladimirovich
Andropov
(s.a.)
CPSU
9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984 Vasily Vasilyevich
Kuznetsov
(s.a.)
CPSU
(2nd time)(acting)
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985 Konstantin Ustinovich
Chernenko
(s.a.)
CPSU
10 Mar 1985 - 2 Jul 1985 Vasily Vasilyevich
Kuznetsov
(s.a.)
CPSU
(3rd time)(acting)
2 Jul 1985 - 1 Oct 1988 Andrey Andreyevich
Gromyko
(b. 1909 - d. 1989) CPSU
1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev
(s.a.)
CPSU
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev
(s.a.)
CPSU
President
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev
(s.a.)
CPSU;
(suspended 19 Aug 1991-21
Aug 1991)
24 Aug 1991 Non-party
19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991³ Gennady Ivanovich
Yanayev
(b.
1937)
CPSU
(acting; in rebellion)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich
Lenin
(s.a.)
RCP
21 Jan 1924 - 2 Feb 1924 Lev Borisovich
Kamenev
(b. 1883 - d. 1936) RCP
+ Aleksey Ivanovich
Rykov
(b. 1881 - d. 1938) RCP
+ Alexander Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa (b. 1870 - d. 1928) RCP
+ Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar
(b. 1891 - d. 1939) RCP
+ Mamia Dmitriyevich Orakhelishvili(b. 1881 - d. 1937) RCP
(acting)
23 Jan 1924 - 19 Dec 1930 Aleksey Ivanovich
Rykov
(s.a.) RCP/AUCP
19 Dec 1930 - 6 May 1941 Vyacheslav Mikhailovich
Molotov
(b. 1890 - d. 1986) AUCP
6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946 Josef Vissarionovich
Stalin
(s.a.)
AUCP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 - 5 Mar 1953 Josef Vissarionovich
Stalin
(s.a.)
AUCP
6 Mar 1953 - 8 Feb 1955 Georgy
Maksimilianovich
Malenkov
(s.a.)
CPSU
8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958 Nikolay Aleksandrovich
Bulganin
(b. 1895 - d. 1975) CPSU
27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich
Khrushchev
(s.a.)
CPSU
15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980 Aleksey Nikolayevich
Kosygin
(b. 1904 - d. 1980) CPSU
23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985 Nikolay Aleksandrovich
Tikhonov
(b. 1905 - d. 1997) CPSU
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991 Nikolay Ivanovich
Ryzhkov
(b.
1929)
CPSU
Prime minister
14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug 1991 Valentin Sergeyevich
Pavlov
(b. 1937 - d. 2003) CPSU
22 Aug 1991 - 6 Sep 1991 Vacant
Chairman of the Committee on Operative Management of the
National
Economy (from 20 Sep
1991 also Chairman of the Interrepublican Economic
Committee;
from 14 Nov 1991 Chairman
of the Interstate Economic Committee - Prime Minister of
the
Economic Commonwealth)
6 Sep 1991 - 25 Dec 1991 Ivan Stepanovich
Silayev
(b.
1930)
Non-party
¹In Mar 1919, the 8th communist party
congress
reinstated the Politburo (Political Bureau) that briefly
existed
on the eve of the 1917 Bolshevik coup, to provide effective leadership
during the revolution. The immense authority of Vladimir Lenin (s.a.),
who himself maintained the vague idea of party equality, gave enough
basis
for effective decision making without electing a formal chairman. Lenin
retained only the post of a member of the Central Committee and that of
the Politburo. On 3 Apr 1922, the Central Committee elected Josef
Stalin
(s.a.)
to the new post of General Secretary (with Valerian Kuybyshev
and
Vyacheslav Molotov as secretaries), this post was not considered to be
party chairman at that time. The party charter adopted by the 12th
party
conference in Aug 1922 prescribed to elect the Secretariat of three
members,
but it did not include a clause on post of General Secretary. The
complex
structure of higher party bodies by the time of Stalin's death was
complicated
with creation of a new body, the Presidium, in place of the Politburo,
at the 19th party congress (Oct 1952). The new party charter adopted by
this congress was immediately violated by creating the Bureau (buro)
of the Presidium that was never meant to be set up according to the
charter.
The complexity of this structure probably influenced the decisions of
the
joint session of the Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and
the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which two hours prior to Stalin's
death
appointed Georgy Malenkov (s.a.) as his successor in the office of the
Chairman of the Council of Ministers, but never debated the election of
the General Secretary. The plenum put Nikita Khrushchev (s.a.) in
charge
of the secretariat assigning him to preside at the secretariat
meetings,
his title was not officially changed until 7 Sep 1953, when the Central
Committee elected him First Secretary. Khrushchev used this title to
consolidate
his power and by 1957 it was clear that the post became crucial in the
party top leadership. After an attempted party coup, (by Malenkov,
Kaganovich
and Molotov) 18-29 Jun 1957, Khrushchev retained the office and turned
it into a post equal to party president. At that time the
appointment
of Leonid Brezhnev to the post of First Secretary, that post had
already
been seen as the highest office of the party. The 23rd party congress
(1966)
changed the party charter, reinstating the Politburo and the
post
of General Secretary which became the official post of the party head.
The Communist Party was suspended 29 Aug 1991 following the attempted
coup
against Gorbachev (s.a.).
From resignation of General Secretary Gorbachev on 24 Aug 1991 to the suspension of the CPSU on 29 Aug 1991, Vladimir Antonovich
Ivashko (b. 1932 - d. 1994) who was the Deputy General Secretary did not accept the office of or act as General Secretary.
²Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (CECUSSR) was a collective body comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent SSR, although Kalinin (from Russian SFSR) was often viewed as the single chairman.
³The State Council for the State of Emergency (SCSE) took the power on 19 August 1991, the failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: Vice-President Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime Minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.); KGB chairman Vladimir Kryuchkov (b. 1924); Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov (b. 1923); Home Minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); Deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Baklanov (b. 1932); Chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasiliy Starodubtsev (b. 1931); and Chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Tiziakov (b. 1926).
Territorial Disputes: Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.
Party abbreviation: CPSU = Communist Party of the Soviet Union (communist, Marxist-Lennist, authoritarian: From 1898-1918 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU] was known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-Bolsheviks [RSDLP-B]; from 1918-1925 as Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks [RCP]; from 1925-1952 as All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks [AUCP] -only legal party 1922 - 7 Feb 1990; party suspended from 29 Aug 1991)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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(None; same as USSR) |
(19 Jul 1918) |
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Admin. Divisions |
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18 Nov
1917
No official style adopted; various styles used: Russian Soviet
Republic, Russian Republic,
etc.
19 Jul
1918
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
30 Dec
1922
Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
12 Jun
1991
Declaration of state sovereignty adopted.
25 Dec
1991
U.S.S.R. dissolved; Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia.
Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU for Russian S.F.S.R.
27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964 Nikita Sergeyevich
Khrushchev
(b. 1894 - d. 1971)
16 Nov 1964 - 8 Apr 1966 Leonid Ilich
Brezhnev
(b. 1906 - d. 1982)
8 Apr 1966 - 9 Dec 1989 disbanded
Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU
9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Gorbachev
(b. 1931)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of Communist
Party
of Russian S.F.S.R.
23 Jun 1990 - 6 Aug 1991 Ivan Kuzmich
Polozkov
(b. 1935)
6 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991 Valentin Aleksandrovich
Kuptsov
(b. 1937)
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917 Lev Borisovich
Kamenev
(b. 1883 - d. 1936) RSDLP-B/RCP
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919 Yakov Mikhailovich
Sverdlov
(b. 1885 - d. 1919) RSDLP-B/RCP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919 Mikhail Fyodorovich
Vladimirsky
(b. 1874 - d. 1951) RCP
(acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938 Mikhail Ivanovich
Kalinin
(b. 1875 - d. 1946) RCP/AUCP
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938 Andrey Aleksandrovich
Zhdanov
(b. 1896 - d. 1948) AUCP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
19 Jul 1938 - 4 Mar 1944 Aleksey Yegorovich
Badayev
(b. 1883 - d. 1951) AUCP
9 Apr 1943 - 4 Mar 1944 Ivan Alekseyevich
Vlasov
(b. 1903 - d. 1969) AUCP
(acting for Badayev)
4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946 Nikolay Mikhailovich
Shvernik
(b. 1888 - d. 1970) AUCP
25 Jun 1946 - 7 Jul 1950 Ivan Alekseyevich
Vlasov
(s.a.)
AUCP
7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959 Mikhail Petrovich
Tarasov
(b. 1899 - d. 1970) AUCP/CPSU
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959 Nikolay Grigoryevich
Ignatov
(b. 1901 - d. 1966) CPSU
(1st time)
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962 Nikolay Nikolayevich
Organov
(b. 1901 - d. 1982) CPSU
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966 Nikolay Grigoryevich
Ignatov
(s.a.)
CPSU
(2nd time)
14 Nov 1966 - 23 Dec 1966 Timofey Arkadyevich Akhazov (b. 1907 - d. 1979) CPSU
+ Pyotr Petrovich Sysoyev
(b. 1912 - d. 1986) CPSU
(acting)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985 Mikhail Alekseyevich
Yasnov
(b. 1906 - d. 1991) CPSU
26 Mar 1985 - 3 Oct 1988 Vladimir Pavlovich
Orlov
(b. 1921 - d. 1999) CPSU
3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990 Vitaly Ivanovich
Vorotnikov
(b.
1926)
CPSU
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991 Boris Nikolayevich
Yeltsin
(b.
1931 - d. 2007) CPSU:12 Jul
1990 Non-party
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
8 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924 Vladimir Ilich
Lenin
(b. 1870 - d. 1924) RSDLP-B/RCP
21 Jan 1924 - 2 Feb 1924 Aleksey Ivanovich
Rykov
(b. 1881 - d. 1938) RCP
+ Lev Borisovich
Kamenev
(s.a.) RCP
+ Alexander Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa (b. 1870 - d. 1928) RCP
(acting)
2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929 Aleksey Ivanovich
Rykov
(s.a.) RCP/AUCP
18 May 1929 - 3 Nov 1930 Sergey Ivanovich
Syrtsov
(b. 1893 - d. 1937) AUCP
3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937 Danil Yegorovich
Sulimov
(b. 1890 - d. 1937) AUCP
(arrested 27 Jun 1937)
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938 Nikolay Aleksandrovich
Bulganin
(b. 1895 - d. 1975) AUCP
17 Sep 1938 - 2 Jun 1940 Vasily Vasilyevich
Vakhrushev
(b. 1902 - d. 1947) AUCP
(acting to 29 Jul 1939)
2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943 Ivan Sergeyevich
Khokhlov
(b. 1895 - d. 1973) AUCP
5 May 1942 - 2 May 1943 Konstantin
Dmitriyevich
Pamfilov (b. 1901 - d. 1943) AUCP
(acting for Khokhlov)
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946 Aleksey Nikolayevich
Kosygin
(b. 1904 - d. 1980) AUCP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
23 Mar
1946
Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin
(s.a.)
AUCP
23 Mar 1946 - 9 Mar 1949 Mikhail Nikolayevich
Rodionov
(b. 1907 - d. 1950) AUCP
9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952 Boris Nikolayevich
Chernousov
(b. 1908 - d. 1978) AUCP
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956 Aleksandr Mikhailovich
Puzanov
(b. 1906 - d. 1998) CPSU
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957 Mikhail Alekseyevich
Yasnov
(s.a.)
CPSU
19 Dec 1957 - 27 Feb 1958 Frol Stepanovich
Kozlov
(b. 1908 - d. 1965) CPSU
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962 Dmitry Stepanovich
Polyansky
(b. 1917 - d. 2001) CPSU
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971 Gennady Ivanovich
Voronov
(b. 1910 - d. 1994) CPSU
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971 Aleksey Mikhailovich
Shkolnikov
(b. 1914 - d. 2003) CPSU
+ Nikolay Fyodorovich
Vasilyev (b. 1916)
CPSU
(acting)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983 Mikhail Sergeyevich
Solomentsev
(b.
1913 - d. 2008) CPSU
24 Jun 1983 - 3 Oct 1988 Vitaly Ivanovich
Vorotnikov
(s.a.)
CPSU
3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990 Aleksandr Vladimirovich
Vlasov
(b. 1932 - d. 2002) CPSU
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991 Ivan Stepanovich
Silayev
(b.
1930)
Non-party
Party abbreviation: CPSU = Communist Party of the Soviet Union (communist, Marxist-Lennist, authoritarian: From 1898-1918 the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU] was known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party-Bolsheviks [RSDLP-B]; from 1918-1925 as Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks [RCP]; from 1925-1952 as All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks [AUCP] -only legal party 1922 - 7 Feb 1990, suspended 29 Aug 1991 [Communist Party of Russian S.F.S.R est. 23 Jun 1990, suspended from 23 Aug 1991, dissolved 6 Nov 1991])
Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.
For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the
Soviet Union
see individual listings:
Russian Federation
12 Jun 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. adopts a declaration of state sovereignty.
12 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a
resolution denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922.
25 Dec 1991 Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia Federation (Russia)
(style not endorsed constitutionally until 21 Apr 1992).
Presidents
10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999 Boris Nikolayevich
Yeltsin
(b.
1931 - d. 2007) Ind
22 Sep 1993 - 4 Oct 1993 Aleksandr Vladimirovich
Rutskoy
(b. 1945)
(acting; in opposition)
5 Nov 1996 - 6 Nov 1996 Viktor Stepanovich
Chernomyrdin
(b.
1938)
NDR
(acting for Yeltsin)
31 Dec 1999
- 7 May 2008 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (b.
1952) Ind;4-15-08 URP
(acting to 7 May 2000)
7 May 2008 - Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (b. 1965) Ind
Prime ministers
26 Sep 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Oleg Ivanovich Lobov
(acting)
(b.
1937)
Non-party
6 Nov 1991 - 15 Jun 1992 Boris Nikolayevich
Yeltsin
(s.a.)
Non-party
15 Jun 1992 - 14 Dec 1992 Yegor Timurovich Gaidar
(acting)
(b.
1956)
YA
14 Dec 1992 - 23 Mar 1998 Viktor Stepanovich
Chernomyrdin
(s.a.)
NDR
(1st time)
23 Mar 1998 (hours)
Boris
Nikolayevich Yeltsin
(acting)(s.a.)
Non-party
23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998 Sergey Vladilenovich
Kiriyenko
(b.
1962)
Non-party
(acting to 24 Apr 1998)
23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998 Viktor Stepanovich
Chernomyrdin
(s.a.)
NDR
(2nd time)(acting)
11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999 Yevgeny Maksimovich
Primakov
(b.
1929)
Non-party
12 May 1999 - 9 Aug 1999 Sergey Vadimovich
Stepashin
(b.
1952)
Non-party
(acting to 19 May 1999)
9 Aug 1999 - 7 May 2000 Vladimir
Vladimirovich
Putin
(s.a.)
Non-party
(1st time)(acting to
16 Aug 1999)
7 May 2000 - 24 Feb 2004 Mikhail Mikhailovich
Kasyanov
(b.
1957)
Non-party
(acting to 17 May 2000)
24 Feb 2004 - 5 Mar 2004 Viktor Borisovich
Khristenko
(b.
1957)
Non-party
(acting)
5 Mar 2004
- 14 Sep 2007
Mikhail Yefimovich
Fradkov
(b.
1950)
Non-party
(acting 7-12 May 2004,
from 12 Sep 2007)
14 Sep 2007 - 8 May 2008 Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov
(b. 1941)
Non-party
8 May 2008 - Vladimir
Vladimirovich
Putin (s.a.) URP
(2nd time)
Territorial Disputes: China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed equidistance boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a Dec 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on Nov 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Russia has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation.
Party abbreviations: Ind = Independent; KPRF = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Communist Party of the Russian Federation, communist); NDR = Nash dom Rossiya (Our Home is Russia, centerist, reformist, 1995- ); OVR = Otecestvo - Vsja Rossija (Fatherland - All Russia, centrist, est. 1999); URP = Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia Party, Putin personalist); YA = Jabloko Alliance (Apple alliance, liberal)
Far Eastern Republic
-
![[Far Eastern Rep. 1920-1922]](su-fe21.gif)
- 11 Nov 1920 - 15 Nov 1922
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|
(1920) |
|
(Verkhneudinsk 7 Mar 1920-22 Oct 1920) |
Republic Ruble (DBRR) |
Independence Day |
(1920 est.) |
|
|
Imports: $N/A |
Eskimo, Korean, Chinese, Yakut, Chukchi |
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Merchant marine: N/A |
Religions: Russian Orthodox,
Traditional beliefs (Shamanist), Buddhist, Muslim |
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| International Organizations/Treaties: None | |||
7 Mar
1920
Provisional Government of Pribaikalia proclaimed at
Verkhneudinsk in part
of the Lake Baikal area.
6 Apr
1920
Independence declared (Far Eastern Republic).
Aug
1920
Amur and Khabarovsk regions added to Far Eastern Republic
Nov
1920
Remainder of the Baikal area annexed.
Dec
1920
Chukotka and Kamchatka ceded to the Russian S.F.S.R.
12 Dec 1920 - 26 May 1921 Primorye (Vladivostok) part of the Far Eastern Republic.
25 Oct
1922 Primorye re-incorporated into Far Eastern Republic.
15 Nov
1922
Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Russian
SFSR admin.)
Chairmen of the Government (Heads of State)
7 Mar 1920 - Dec 1921 Aleksandr
Mikhailovich
Krasnoshchekov (b. 1880 - d. 1937) RSDLP
(provisional to 6 Apr
1920)
Dec 1921 - 15 Nov 1922 Nikolay
Mikhailovich
Matveyev (b. 1877 - d.
1951) RSDLP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime
ministers)
6 Apr 1920 - Nov 1920 Aleksandr
Mikhailovich
Krasnoshchekov
(s.a.)
RSDLP
Nov 1920 - Apr 1921
Boris
Zakharovich
Shumyatsky
(b. 1886 - d. 1938) RSDLP
8 May 1921 - Dec 1921 Pyotr
Mikhailovich
Nikiforov (b.
1882
- d. 1974) RSDLP
Dec 1921 - 14 Nov 1922 Nikolay
Mikhailovich
Matveyev
(s.a.)
RSDLP
14 Nov 1922 - 15 Nov 1922 Pyotr Alekseyevich
Kobozev
(b. 1878 - d. 1941) RSDLP
Party abbreviation: RSDLP = Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (communist)
Ingria (Ingermanland)
|
|
![[Flag of Sweden]](se.gif)
![[Ingrian flag]](ru-ingri.gif)
1069
Part of Novgorod.
1478
Part of Russia.
Aug 1583 - 28 May 1595 Provisionally
ceded
to Sweden.
1611
Occupied by Sweden.
9 Mar
1617
Ceded by Russia to Sweden in Treaty of Stolbovo; includes the
provinces of Ingria
and Karelia (Kexholm). The kings of
Sweden styled "Dukes
of Karelians and Lords over Ingria."
12 May
1703
Occupied by Russia; city of St. Petersburg founded on 27 May.
10 Sep
1721
Formally ceded to Russia by Sweden in Treaty of Nystad.
23 Jan 1920 - 5 Dec 1920 North Ingermanland
declares
itself independent.
Governors of Ingermanland
1601 -
1607
Samuel Nilsson till Hässle
1607
- 1613
Philip von Scheiding
(b. 1578 - d. 1646)
1613
- 1615
Evert Horn
(b. 1585 - d. 1615)
1615 -
1617
Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (b. 1577 - d. 1657)
1617 -
1620
Carl Carlsson friherre Gyllenhielm (b. 1574 - d.
1650)
1620 -
1622
Henrik Claesson
Fleming
(b. 1584 - d. 1650)
1622 -
1626
Anders Eriksson
Hästehufvud
(b. 1577 - d. 1641)
1626 -
1629
Nils Assarsson Mannersköld
1629
Henrik Mattias greve
von Thurn
(b. 1580 - d. 1640)
Governors-general of Ingermanland and Livland
29 Nov 1629 -
1634
Johann Bengtson Schroderus friherre (b. 1577 - d. 1645)
Skytte af Duderhof
16 Oct 1634 -
1642
Bengt Bengtsson
friherre
(b. 1591 - d. 1643)
Oxenstierna af Eka
och Lindö
Governors-general of Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1642 -
1645
Erik Carlsson
friherre
(b. 1602 - d. 1657)
Gyllenstierna af Lundholm
1645 -
1651
Carl friherre
Mörner
(b. 1605 - d. 1665)
1651 -
1654
Erik greve
Stenbock
(b. 1612 - d. 1659)
1654 -
1657
Gustaf Evertsson friherre
Horn
(b. 1614 - d. 1666)
af Marienborg
1657 -
1659
Christer Claesson friherre Horn (b.
1622 - d. 1692)
af Amyne
1659 -
1664
Simon Grundel Hjelmfelt (1st time) (b. 1617 - d. 1677)
1664 -
1668
Jacob Johan Justusson
friherre
(b. 1624/38 - d. 1695)
Taube af Kudding (1st
time)
1668 -
1673
Simon Grundel Hjelmfelt (2nd time) (s.a.)
1673 -
1678
Jacob Johan Justusson
friherre
(s.a.)
Taube af Kudding (2nd
time)
1678
Gustaf Adam greve Banér
(b. 1624 - d. 1681)
1678 -
1681
Jacob Johan Justusson
friherre
(s.a.)
Taube af Kudding (3rd
time)
Governors
1681 -
1682
Martin Schultz von
Ascheraden
(b. 1660 - d. 1730)
1682 -
1683
Hans friherre von
Fersen
(b. 1625 - d. 1684)
1683 -
1687
Göran greve
Sperling
(b. 1630 - d. 1691)
Governors-general
1687 -
1691
Göran greve
Sperling
(s.a.)
1691 -
1698
Otto Wilhelm, friherre von Fersen (b. 1623 - d.
1703)
4 Jul 1698 -
1703?
Otto greve
Wellingk
(b. 1649 - d. 1708)
Chairmen of governing council (in Kirjasalo)
9 Jul 1919 - Sep 1919 Santeri
Termonen
14
Sep 1919 - Nov 1919
Juho Pekka Kokko
(b. 1865 - d. 1939)
16 Nov 1919 - May 1920 Georg
(Yrjö)
Elfvengren
(b. 1889 - d. 1927)
Jun 1920 - 5 Dec 1920 Jukka
Tirranen
Swedish Noble titles: greve = Count; friherre
= Baron.
Inner Horde (Buqei Horde)
1801
The Inner Horde (also
called Buqei Horde) a nomadic state
(under Russian suzerainty) founded
in 1801 in territory between
Volga and Yaik (Ural)
rivers (to the North from Caspian sea)
where 5,000 families
of Kazakhs from Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe
settled.
1812
Khanate of the Inner
Horde.
1845
Post of Khan was abolished
and khanate was ruled by Provisional
Council which consisted
of Russian government officials.
1876
Incorporated into Astrakhan
province of the Russian Empire.
Sultan
1801
- 1812
Buqei
(d. 1812)
Khans
1812
- 1815
Buqei
(s.a.)
1815
- 1823
Shighai
(d. 1823)
1823
- 1845
Jangher
(d. 1845)
1836 -
1837
Isatai Tamanov
(in rebellion)
Provisional Council
1845 -
1876
Russian officials
Kalmyk
Khanate
c.1632
The Torghut branch (known as the Kalmyks) of the Mongolian Oirats
settled along the lower
Volga River (in modern day Russia and
Kazakhstan).
1664
Under Russian suzerainty.
4 Jan
1771
Ubashi and a majority of the Kalmyks return to Dzungaria.
19 Oct
1771
Incorporated into Astrakhan province of Russian Empire.
Khans
1670 -
1713
Ayuka (1st time) (b. 1642 -
d.
1724)
1713 -
171.
Chadurdzab
171. -
1724
Ayuka (2nd time)
20 Sep 1724 - 17 Mar 1735 Cheren Donduk
1724 -
1737
Dharmapala (f) -Regent
3 Mar 1737 - 21 Mar 1741 Donduk
Ombu
(d. 1741)
1741
Kandul I
(d. 1781)
1741
Gan (f) -Regent
1741 - 21 Jan
1761
Donduk Ta'lshi
(d.
1761)
1761 - 4 Jan
1771
Ubashi
Karafuto
![[Japan]](jp.gif)
1905 - 1945 |
![[Karafuto Prefecture flag 1911-1945]](ru-karaf-pref.jpg)
Karafuto Prefecture Flag 1911-1945 |
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Capital: Toyohara (Otomari 1905-1908) |
(JPY) |
(1940 est.) |
1287 -
131.
Mongols garrison Sakhalin.
1616
Ming dynasty China
sends troops to the islands.
1644
Claimed as a Japanese
vassal by Lord Matsumae,
named Kita Ezo (North Hokkaido).
1679
Japanese establish
trading post at Otomari (Korsakov).
2 Aug
1689
Chinese sovereignty confirmed by Treaty of Nerchnishk.
1845
Claimed by Japan.
1 Aug
1850
Russia claims Sakhalin Island.
3 Oct
1853
Northern Sakhalin claimed for Russia.
7 Feb
1867
Sakhalin a joint condominium of Japan and Russia.
7 May
1875
Sakhalin incorporated into Russia.
24 Jun
1905
Southern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (Russian
forces surrender 16
Jul 1905).
5 Sep
1905
Karafuto (southern Sakhalin Island) ceded to Japan
(formally from 25 Nov
1905).
1 Apr 1907
Karafuto prefecture.
22 Apr 1920 - 14 May 1925 Northern Sakhalin
(Sakhalinskaya
oblast)
occupied by Japan.
1 Nov 1942 Karafuto incorporated into the Japanese home islands.
25 Aug
1945
Soviet occupation.
2 Feb
1946
Incorporation into U.S.S.R. (part of Khabarovsk kray
as Southern Sakhalin
oblast).
2 Jan
1947
Part of Sakhalin oblast (see Russian SFSR Admin.).
8 Sep 1951 Japan
formally renounced sovereignty over southern Sakhalin
by the Treaty of San Francisco.
Military governor
24 Jun 1905 - 31 Mar 1907 Kensai Haraguchi
Civil governor
28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar 1907 Kiichiro Kumagai
Governors
1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr 1908 Yukihiko Konosuke
24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 1908 Takejiro
Tokonami
(b. 1866 - d. 1935)
12
Jun 1908 - 5 Jun 1914 Jotaro Hiraoka
(b. 1863? - d. 19..)
5 Jun 1914 - 9 Oct 1916 Bunji Okada
13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 1919 Akira Masaya (1st time)
17
Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 1924
Kinjiro Nagai
(b. 1873? - d. 1927)
11 Jun 1924 - 5 Aug 1926 Akira Masaya (2nd time)
5 Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 1927 Katsuzo
Toyoda
(b. 1882 - d. 1939)
27
Jul 1927 - 9
Jul 1929 Koji Kita
(b. 1878 - d. 1934)
9
Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931
Shinobu Agata
(b. 1880? - d. 1942)
17 Dec 1931 - 5 Jul 1932 Masao Kishimoto
5 Jul 1932 - 7 May 1938 Takeshi Imamura
7 May 1938 - 9 Apr 1940 Munei Toshikazu
9 Apr 1940 - 1 Jul 1943 Masayoshi Ogawa
1
Jul 1943 - 25 Aug
1945 Toshio Otsu
(b. 1892 - d. ....)
Military governors
25 Aug 1945 -
194.
I. Alimov
194. -
1946
Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev (b.
1894
- d. 1953)
Head of Civil Administration Department of South
Sakhalin and
Kuril Islands
Sep 1945 - 2 Feb 1946 Dmitry Nikolayevich Kryukov (b. 1899 - d. 19..)
Tannu Tuva
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![[Flag of Tuva 1918]](tuvaurun.gif)
![[Flag of Tuva c.1921]](tuva1.gif)
![[Flag of Tuva 1926]](tuva2.gif)
![[Flag of Tuva, June 1930]](tuva2b.gif)
![[Flag of Tuva, October 1930]](ru_tuva1930-33.gif)
![[Flag of Tuva 1933]](tuva3.gif)
![[Flag of Tuva 1941]](ru-ty-41.gif)
![[Flag of Tuva 1943]](ru-ty-43.gif)
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|
"Tuvan Internationale" |
(1921-1944) |
(25 Jun 1941) |
|
(Khem-Beldyr 1918-1926; Byelotsarsk 1914-1918) |
(TVAA) 1936-44; Tugrik 1934-36; Russian/Soviet Ruble 1914-1934 |
Independence Day |
64,000 (1913) |
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|
Imports: $N/A |
Chinese and Mongol 5% |
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Merchant marine: None |
Religions: Traditional beliefs (Shamanist), Buddhist, Muslim, Orthodox Christian |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties 1914-1944: None?; from 1996: UNPO | |||
1207
Mongol rule.
1400's
Khanate of Tuva
end 16th-early 17th cent. Most of the Tuvinian tribes
under
the dominion of Sholoy
Ubashi-huntaiji, the
first Altyn-Khan ("the Golden Khan").
Oct 1616 -
1688
Russian protectorate.
1688
Under the Dörben
Oryiad
(Dzungarian Kalmyks).
27 Oct
1727
Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia under Treaty of Bura.
Mar
1756
Annexed to China (as Tang-nu Wulianghai).
Jan 1912
A congress of clan chiefs declares the territory of several
districts "independent" and "under Russian protectorate",
but
this does not lead to emergence of a polity or a Tuvan central
authority.
15 Feb 1912 Paramount chief formally requests Russian protection, which
is declined.
Mar 1913 Declared to be part of Mongolia by Mongolian government.
17 Apr 1914
Declared a Russian 'protected' area (Urjanhai [Uryanhay] kray).
16 Mar
1918
Tuva recognizes Soviet rule.
5 Jul 1918 - 15 Jul 1919 Occupied by Kolchak's
"White"
Russian troops.
Autumn
1918
Southwestern Tuva occupied by Chinese troops,
southern part is
occupied by Mongolian
troops under Khatan Bator Maksarzhab.
Jul 1919 - Feb 1920
Russian Red
Army occupies to Tuva.
19 Feb 1920 - Jun 1921
Re-incorporated
into China.
14 Aug
1921
Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva)
under Soviet protectorate
(the Russian population of Tannu Tuva
is declared a "Russian Soviet autonomous territory").
9 Sep
1921
Soviet Russia declares and end to its protectorate.
1926
Independence recognized
by Mongolia in the Mongolian-Soviet
Treaty of Friendship.
24 Nov
1926
Tuvinian People's Republic
11 Oct
1944
Incorporated into the U.S.S.R. (confirmed 1 Nov 1944).
10 Oct
1961
Tuvinian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within R.S.F.S.R.
(see R.S.F.S.R. admin.)
General Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary
Party
1921 -
1923
Nimachyan (Nimazhav, Nimazhap)
1923
Lobsang-Osur
9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar
1924 Oyun Kursedy
(president)
First Secretaries of the Tuva People's Revolutionary
Party
Apr 1924 - Jan 1926
Shagdyr (general secretary)
Jan 1926 - Feb 1927
Mongush
Buyan-Badyrgy
(b. 1892 - d. 1932)
Feb 1927 - Jan 1929
Sodnam
Balchir Ambyn-noyon
Jan 1929 - Mar 1932
Irgit
Shagdyrzhap
(d. 1932)
6 Mar 1932 - 11 Oct 1944 Salchak
Kolbakkhorekovich
Toka (b. 1901 - d. 1973)
Paramount chiefs (title Ambyn-noyon)
(from 1729, subordinated to the Chinese military governors at Uliasutai [Uliastai])
1686 - 1696 Gendun Dayishin Altan Khan
1696 - 1703 Sanchin Senge Altan Khan
1717 - 1720 Qurulmei
c.1720 Erinchin
c.1722 Lobsang Shirap
c.1754 Chilun
1754 - 1757 Tsengumchab
1757 - 17.. .... (3 names not known)
17.. - 1789 Dazhi
1789 - 1794 Danzin
1794 - 1807 Sedenbal
1807 - 1826 Badizhap
1826 - 1861 Lamazhap
1861 - 1862 Shindazin
1862 - 1868 Olzey-Ochur
1868 - 1912 Kombu-Dorzhu (Gombodorchzhy)
1912 - 1913 Agbaan-Demchy
1914 - 1921 Sodnam Balchir (d. 1924)
Chinese Military governors in Uliasutai (Uliastai)
1729 -
1733
Prince Xibao Shucheng
1733 -
1750
Prince Tsereng Chaoyang (d. 1750)
1750 -
1754
Prince Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang (d. 1771)
(1st time)
1754
Bandi
1754 -
1756
Monadzab
1756 -
1771
Prince Cenggu Jabu Chaoyang (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1771 -
1780
Prince Lavan Dorji Chaoyang (d. 1816)
1780 -
1781
Qinggui (1st time)
1781 -
1789
....
1789 -
1791
Qinggui (2nd time)
1791 -
1795
....
1795 -
1799
Yongkun (d. 1802)
1799 -
1801
Tusang'a
1801 -
1803
....
1803 -
1807
Chengkuan (d. 1807)
1808 -
1810
Dalu
1810 -
1811
Changling
1812 -
1814
Yuning
1814 -
1818
....
1818 -
1828
Teyishunbao
1828 -
1839
....
14 Sep 1839 -
1840 Lianjing
21 Sep 1840 - 22 Nov 1840 Delenge
22 Nov 1840 - 10 Dec 1840 Lupu (1st time)
10 Dec 1840 - 1843 Yixiang (1st time)
(d. 1881)
26 Mar 1843 - 28 Mar 1843 Lupu (2nd time)
28 Mar 1843 - 21 Apr 1843 Yixing (1st time)
21 Apr 1843 - 1846 Guilun
21 Dec 1846 - 6 Feb 1849 Teyishun
(d. 1849)
6 Feb 1849 - 1852 Yige
12 Aug 1852 - 1854 Zhalafentai
12 Dec 1854 - 1855 Yixing (2nd time)
15 Oct 1855 - 1856 Yixiang (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jan 1856 - 1859 Qingru
20 Nov 1859 - 1866 Mingyi
2 Aug 1866 - 1867 Delekeduorji
26 May 1867 - 1869 Linxing
14 May 1869 - 1871 Fuji
(d. 1875)
13 Jun 1871 - 1872 Jinshun
23 Sep 1872 - 1874 Changshun
4 Jun 1874 - 1877 Olohubu
(b. c.1830 - d. 1901)
20 Aug 1877 - 14 Sep 1877 Hengxun
Sep 1877 - 1879 Chunfu
23 Dec 1879 - 1880 Jihe
16 Jul 1880 -
1889
Dukar (d. 1889)
3 May 1889 -
1891
Tuoketuan
27 Aug 1891 -
1894
Yongde
4 Dec 1894 - 1897
Chonghuan
6 Dec 1897 - 1898 Guiheng
27 Oct 1898 - 1905 Lianshun
10 Jan 1905 - 10 Jul 1905 Kuishun
10 Jul 1905 - 1908 Maliang
24 May 1908 - 1910 Kunxiu
8 Oct 1910 - 1911 Kuifang
Russian Commissioners for the Affairs of Urjanhai kray
Apr 1914 -
1915
A.P. Cererin (Tsererin)
1915 -
1917 Yu.V. Grigoryev
Commissar of the Provisional Government
Oct 1917 - 16 Mar 1918 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (d. 1919)
Chairmen of the Executive Committee
18 Mar 1918 - 2 May 1918 S.K. Bespalov
(d.
1918)
7 May 1918 - 7 Jul 1918 M.M. Terentyev
(d.
1918)
"White" Russian Governor
5 Jul 1918 - 15 Jul 1919 Pyotr Ivanovich
Turchaninov
Leader of the Siberian-Soviet Partisan Army
Jul 1919 - Feb 1920
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.)
Chinese Governor
Jan 1920 - Jun 1921
Yan
Shichao (Yan Shi-chao)
Chairman of the Constituent Khural
14 Aug 1921
- 15 Aug 1921 Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy
(s.a.)
TPRP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Hural
18 Sep 1924 - 4 Feb 1929 Nimachyan (Nimazhav)
TPRP
5 Feb 1929 -
5 Nov 1936 Chuldum
Lopsakovi
TPRP
6 Nov 1936 - Feb
1938 Adyg-Tulush
Khemchik-ool (b. 1893 - d.
1938) TPRP
2 Mar 1938 - 4
Apr 1940 Oyun Polat
(b. 1906 - d. 1992)
TPRP
6 Apr 1940 - 11 Oct
1944 Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchimaa-
(b.
1912 - d. 2008) TPRP
Toka (f)
Chairman of the Central Council
15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb
1922 Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon (s.a.)
TPRP
Chairmen of the Council of
Ministers
1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug
1922 Lobsang-Osur
TPRP
15 Aug 1922 - 19 Sep 1923 Idam-Syurun (Sürun)
TPRP
20 Sep 1923 - 18 Sep 1924 Mongush
Buyan-Badyrgy
(s.a.)
TPRP
18 Sep 1924 - 1925
Soyan Oruygu
(b. 1876 - d. 19..)
TPRP
1925 - Jan 1929 Kuular
Donduk
(b. 1888 - d.
1932)
TPRP
Jan 1929 - 6 Nov 1936 Adyg-Tulush
Khemchik-ool (s.a.)
TPRP
6 Nov 1936 - Feb 1938 Sat
Churmit-Dazhi
(b. 1894 - d. 1938) TPRP
1938 - 1940 Bair Ondar
(b. 1904 - d. 1986) TPRP
(Aleksey Shirinmeyevich Bair)
6 Apr 1940 - 11 Oct
1944 Saryg-Dongak
Chymba
(b. 1906)
TPRP
(Aleksandr Mangeyevich
Chimba)
Party abbreviation: TPRP = Tuvan People's
Revolutionary Party
(communist, 1921-1944 only legal party)
Chechnya (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria)
![[Flag of Chechenya 1990-91]](chech90.gif)
23 Nov 1990 - 2 Nov 1991 | ![[Flag of Chechen Ichkeria 1991-2007]](ru-ce92.gif)
2 Nov 1991 - 11 Oct 2007 |
![[Flag of Caucasian Emirate, 2007]](Kavakaz.jpg)
Adopted 11 Oct 2007 |
|
|
"Death or Freedom" |
Adopted 12 Mar 1992 |
(12 Mar 1992-11 Oct 2007) |
|
(Suyuchkala 1917; Vedeno 1834-1859, 1917-1920) |
Ruble (RUR); Nakhar (not issued) |
Day of Liberation of the Motherland |
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Imports: $N/A |
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||
| International Organizations/Treaties Chechen-Ichkeria: UNPO (from 1991) | |||
12 Oct
1813
Sovereignty ceded by Iran to Russia by Treaty of Gulistan.
1818
Grozny founded by the
Russians.
1834
Imamate of Ichkeria
(capital Vedeno)
1859
Annexed by Russia.
2 Dec
1917
Independence declared (Emirate of Chechenia).
11 May 1918 - 7 Mar 1920 Part of Republic of
North
Caucasus Federation
(from Sep 1919, North
Caucasian Emirate).
4 Feb 1919 - 7 Mar 1920 Grozny occupied by
"White"
Russian army under Denikin.
7 Mar
1920
Part of Russian S.F.S.R.
1921
Part of Mountain People's
Republic.
30 Nov
1922
Chechen autonomous oblast within R.S.F.S.R.
(not including Grozny)(see
R.S.F.S.R.
admin.).
1929
Grozny added to the
Chechen A.O.
15 Jan
1934
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Region.
5 Dec
1936
Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R.
1940 -
1944
Chechen nationalist Khasan Israilov forms an anti-Soviet
Caucasus Provisional
Revolutionary People's Government
in rebellion.
7 Mar
1944
Abolished (Grozny oblast).
5 Jan
1957
Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. re-established.
27 Nov
1990
Declaration of state sovereignty.
15 Sep
1991
Ingushetia approves declaration on formation of
Ingush Republic within
the R.S.F.S.R.
1 Nov
1991
Independence declared (Republic of Chechnya)
(not recognized).
1 Dec
1991
Referendum approves creation of an Ingush Republic
within Russia.
10 Dec
1992
Checheno-Ingush A.S.S.R. formally abolished by Russia.
16 Jan
1994
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
19 Jan 1995 - 6 Aug 1996 Capital Grozny occupied
by
Russian forces.
12 May
1997
Peace Treaty signed with Russia; Russians withdraw.
30 Sep
1999
Russia begins re-occupation.
6 Feb
2000
Grozny again captured by Russian forces.
11 Oct 2007
Caucasian Emirate proclaimed, to encompass Chechnya,
Ingushetia, Dagestan, Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachayevo
-Cherkisiya (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria abolished and converted
into vilayat Ichkeria [Nohchiycho] of the Caucasian Emirate).
Rulers
1822 -
1829
Kadir Abdul
+ Beibulat Tamazov
(from 1825)
1830 -
1832
Gazimulla (Ghazi Muhammed)
1832 -
1834
Hamzad Bei (Hamza Beg)
1834 -
1838
Hadzhi Tasho
1838 -
1840
Bulat Mirza
Imam
1834 -
1859
Shamil bin Muhammed
1859 -
1861
Boiskhar Beno -Commander
Emir
2 Dec 1917 - Mar 1920 Sheikh
Uzum
Hadji
(d. 1920)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
Mar 1990 - 15 Sep 1991 Doku
Gapurovich
Zavgayev
(b.
1940)
Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council
15 Sep 1991 - 17 Sep 1991 Lecha Dobachevich
Magomadov
(b. 1938 - d. 2005)
Chairman of the Provisional Council of Chechen Republic
17 Sep 1991 - 5 Oct 1991 Huseyn Saydaliyevich
Akhmadov
(b. 1950)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-National
Congress
of the Chechen People
5 Oct 1991 - 7 Oct 1991 Dzhokhar Musayevich
Dudayev
(b. 1944 - d. 1996)
(1st time)
Chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council of the
Chechen-Ingush
Republic
7 Oct 1991 - 2 Nov 1991 Bagauddin Bakhmadov
(in opposition from
8 Oct 1991)
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-National
Congress
of the Chechen People
8 Oct 1991 - 9 Nov 1991 Dzhokhar Musayevich
Dudayev
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Presidents
9 Nov 1991 - 21 Apr 1996 Dzhokhar Musayevich
Dudayev
(s.a.)
21 Apr 1996 - 12 Feb 1997 Zelimkhan
Abdumuslimovich
(b. 1952 - d. 2004)
Yandarbiyev
12 Feb 1997 - 8 Mar 2005 Aslan Alievich
Maskhadov
(b. 1951 - d. 2005)
(abandoned Grozny
1 Feb 2000)
9 Mar 2005 - 17 Jun 2006 Abdul-Khalim
Abu-Salamovich
(b. 1967 - d. 2006)
Sadulayev
17 Jun 2006 - 11 Oct 2007 Doku Khamadovich Umarov
(b. 1964)
Emir
11 Oct 2007 - Abu Usman (Doku Umarov)
(s.a.)
23 Nov 2007 -
Akhmed Zakayev
(b. 1956)
(chairman of the cabinet of Chechen
Republic of Ichkeria, in opposition)
Prime ministers (chairmen of the cabinet of
ministers)
Sep 1991 - 22 Nov 1991 Sergey
Mazhitovich
Bekov (b.
1939)
Nov 1991 - 16 Jan 1992 Yaragy
Mamodayev
(b. 1953)
(chairman of the Committee
on Operative
Management of the National Economy of
the Chechen Republic)
16 Jan 1992 - 17 Apr 1993 Dzhokhar Musayevich
Dudayev
(s.a.)
17 Apr 1993 - 16 Oct 1996 Post abolished
16 Oct 1996 - 1 Jan 1997 Aslan Alievich Maskhadov
(1st
time)(s.a.)
1 Jan 1998 - 3 Jul 1998 Shamil Salmanovich
Basayev
(b. 1965 - d. 2006)
(acting)
3 Jul 1998 - 8 Mar 2005 Aslan Alievich
Maskhadov
(2nd time)(s.a.)
23 Aug 2005 - 17 Jun 2006 Abdul-Khalim
Abu-Salamovich
(s.a.)
Sadulayev
17 Jun 2006 - 11 Oct 2007 Doku Khamadovich Umarov
(s.a.)
Pro-Moscow Leaders: Republic of Chechnya
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![[Flag of Chechenia Government of National Revival]](ru-ce_ru.gif)
![[Chechen Republic Flag May-Oct 2004]](chech4.gif)
![[Flag of Chechen Republic 2004]](ru-ce.gif)
Chairman of the Chechen Republic Provisional Council
2 Aug 1994 - 3 Jan 1995 Umar Dzhunitovich
Avturkhanov (b. 1946) MP
Chairman of the Government of National Revival
3 Jan 1995 - 23 Oct 1995 Salambek
Khadzhiyev
(b. 1941)
Head of State
24 Oct 1995 - 9 Dec 1996 Doku Gapurovich
Zavgayev
(s.a.)
Representative of the Federal Government in Chechnya
15 Oct 1999 - 28 Jun 2000 Nikolay Pavlovich
Koshman
(b. 1944)
Head of the Administration
20 Jun 2000 - 27 Mar 2003 Akhmat Abdulhamidovich
Kadyrov
(b. 1951 - d. 2004)
Presidents
27 Mar 2003 - 9 May 2004 Akhmat Abdulhamidovich
Kadyrov
(s.a.)
(acting to 19 Oct 2003)
5 Aug 2003 - 18 Oct 2003 Anatoly Aleksandrovich
Popov
(b. 1960)
(acting for Kadyrov)
9 May 2004 - 5 Oct 2004 Sergey Borisovich
Abramov
(acting) (b. 1972)
5 Oct 2004
- 15 Feb 2007 Alu Dadashevich
Alkhanov
(b. 1957)
15 Feb 2007 - Ramzan Akhmatovich
Kadyrov (b. 1976)
(acting to 5 Apr 2007)
Prime ministers
13 Apr 1996 - 17 Nov 1996 Nikolay Pavlovich
Koshman
(s.a.)
19 Jan 2001 - 15 Nov 2002 Stanislav Valentinovich
Ilyasov
(b. 1953)
15 Nov 2002 - 10 Feb 2003 Mikhail Viktorovich
Babich
(b. 1969)
10 Feb 2003 - 17 Mar 2004 Anatoly Aleksandrovich
Popov
(s.a.)
3 Dec 2003 - 17 Mar 2004 Eli Abubakarovich
Isayev
(b. 1964)
(acting for Popov)
17 Mar 2004 - 2 Mar 2006 Sergey Borisovich
Abramov
(s.a.)
(acting 5-15 Oct 2004)
17 Nov 2005
- 10 Apr 2007 Ramzan Akhmatovich
Kadyrov
(s.a.)
(acting to 4 Mar 2006
[for Abramov to 2 Mar 2006])
10 Apr 2007 - Odes Khasayevich Baisultanov (b. 1966)
Party abbreviations: MP = Marsho Party (anti-Dzhokhar Dudayev)
©2000 Ben Cahoon