Russian Grand Principalities and Republics
Note: Originally there was just one seat of the Grand Prince (Velikiy knyaz') in Rus', first in Kiev and then in Vladimir. As such the title did not need any territorial reference. Despite titular authority at times, the Grand Prince was recognized by the (regular) Princes of Rus' as at least primus inter pares. There was an increasing number of principalities in Rus' (eventually exceeding 200) beginning from the 11th century. Other seats of Grand Princes or other rulers with equal rank to the Grand Princes in Vladimir appeared in Rus' starting from the 13th century by crowning by Papal legate (Galicia-Volhynia [see under Ukraine]), by the Mongol (Golden Horde) pleasure, or by specific historical circumstances. Three polities of Rus' are referred to as "republics" by historians for having rulers elected by a popular assembly (veche). Ryazan' 1153 Principality of Ryazan', within the Grand Principality of Rus'. 1342 The Golden Horde grants the title of Grand Prince to the Princes of Ryazan', equal to the Grand Prince of Vladimir. 1427 - 1430 Under Lithuanian suzerainty. 1430 Under the suzerainty of Moscow. 11 Nov 1480 End of the Golden Horde tribute in Rus'. af.Jul 1521 Ryazan' annexed to Moscow. Grand Princes of Ryazan' (title Velikiy knyaz' Ryazan'skiy) 1342 - 1344 Yaroslav (Dmitriy) Aleksandrovich (b. c.1315 - d. 1344) 1344 Ivan Aleksandrovich (d. 1351) 1344 - 1350 Vasiliy Aleksandrovich (d. 1350) 1350 - 1371 Oleg Ivanovich (1st time) (d. 1402) 1371 - 1372 Vladimir Dmitriyevich (b. c.1340 - d. 1372) 1372 - 1402 Oleg Ivanovich (2nd time) (s.a.) 1402 - 1408 Fyodor Olegovich (1st time) (b. c.1360 - d. 1427) 1408 - 1409 Ivan Vladimirovich (b. c.1370 - d. 1430) 1409 - 1427 Fyodor Olegovich (2nd time) (s.a.) 1427 - 1456 Ivan Fyodorovich (b. 1395 - d. 1456) 1456 - 1483 Vasiliy Ivanovich (b. 1447 - d. 1483) 1456 - 1464 Grand Princes of Moscow -Regents 1483 - 1500 Ivan Vasilyevich (b. 1467 - d. 1500) 1500 - 1521 Ivan Ivanovich (b. 1496 - d. 1534) (from 1520, imprisoned in Moscow) 1500 - 1514 Knyaginya Agrafena Vasilyevna Babicheva-Drutskaya (f) -Regent Smolensk 1127 Principality of Smolensk, within the Grand Principality of Rus'. 1274 - 1339 Under Golden Horde suzerainty. 1339/1372 Several times suzerainty changes between Lithuania and the Grand Prince of Vladimir (ultimately, the Golden Horde). Jul 1372 Equality to Vladimir and Lithuania recognized by the Treaty of Lyubutsk (title of Grand Prince was likely used by Smolensk even before). 1387 - 1401 Under Lithuanian suzerainty. 1404 Annexed by Lithuania. 1 Aug 1514 Annexed to Moscow (recognized by Lithuania in 1522). 1611 - 1654 Polish-Lithuanian occupation (ceded by Russia in 1618). 1654 Russian occupation (ceded by Poland-Lithuania in 1667). Grand Princes of Smolensk (title Velikiy knyaz' Smolenskiy) 1359 - 1386 Svyatoslav Ivanovich (d. 1386) 1386 - 1392 Yuriy Svyatoslavich (1st time) (d. 1407) 1392 - 1395 Gleb Svyatoslavich (b. c.1355 – d. 1399) Lithuanian Stadholder 1395 - 1401 Knyaz' Roman Mikhaylovich (d. 1401) "Bryanskiy", "Molodoy" ("the Young") Grand Prince of Smolensk (title Velikiy knyaz' Smolenskiy) 1401 - 1404 Yuriy Svyatoslavich (2nd time) (s.a.) Suzdal'-Nizhniy Novgorod 1125 – 1157 Suzdal' a capital of the principality of Rostov-Suzdal'. 1216 Principality of Suzdal' (split from Vladimir-Suzdal'), within the Grand Principality of Rus'. 1341 The Golden Horde granted the title of Grand Prince to the princes of Suzdal', equal to the Grand Prince of Vladimir. 1350 Seat of the Grand Prince moved to Nizhniy Novgorod. 1392 Annexed to Moscow. Grand Princes (later title Velikiy knyaz' Novgoroda Nizovskoy zemli) 1341 - 1355 Konstantin Vasilyevich (b. c.1295 - d. 1355) (prince of Suzdal' 1332-1341) 1355 - 1365 Andrey Konstantinovich (b. c.1320 - d. 1365) 1365 Boris Konstantinovich (1st time) (b. 132. - d. 1394) 1365 - 1383 Dmitriy Konstantinovich "Odnook" (b. 1322 - d. 1383) ("the One-Eyed") (also Grand Prince of Vladimir 1360-1362) 1383 - 1392 Boris Konstantinovich (2nd time) (s.a.) Tver' 1247 Principality of Tver' (split from Vladimir), within the Grand Principality of Rus'. 1382 The Golden Horde grants the title of Grand Prince to the princes of Tver', equal to the Grand Prince of Vladimir. 1427 - 1454 Under the Lithuanian suzerainty (confirmed in 1449 by the Eternal Peace). 1454 Under the suzerainty of Moscow. 11 Nov 1480 End of Golden Horde tribute in Rus'. 12 Sep 1485 Tver' annexed by Moscow. Grand Princes of Tver' (title Velikiy knyaz' Tverskiy) 1382 - 1399 Mikhail Aleksandrovich (b. 1333 - d. 1399) (prince of Tver' 1368-1382) 1399 - 1425 Ivan Mikhaylovich (b. 1357 - d. 1425) 1425 Aleksandr Ivanovich (b. c.1379 - d. 1425) 1425 Yuriy Aleksandrovich (b. c.1400 - d. 1425) 1425 - 1461 Boris Aleksandrovich (b. c.1401 - d. 1461) 1461 - 1485 Mikhail Borisovich (b. 1453 - d. 1505) 1461 - 1470 the Grand Princes of Moscow -Regents Vladimir: see Rus' (of Vladimir) under Russia Pskov 1138 Pskov begun to elect its own princes while remaining part of Novgorod. 1240 - 1242 Pskov city occupied by the Livonian Order. 1348 Independent from Velikiy Novgorod by the Treaty of Bolotovo as the Pskov Land (Pskovskaya zemlya) under elected officers, jointly styled as the Lords (included Posadniki as chief executives), the elective Princes of Pskov (mostly princes of the Lithuanian [Gediminid] origin) being just the military commanders-in-chief. 1399 Recognized suzerainty of Moscow, the Princes of Pskov to be appointed by Grand Princes of Moscow as their stadholders (from 1463 the Princes of Pskov recorded in official documents of Pskov among the Lords and ahead of Posadniki). 1468 The Lord Pskov (Gospodin Pskov) allegedly begun to be used as the name of the polity (certainly by 1480). 24 Jan 1510 Pskov annexed by Moscow. 9 Aug 1615 - 27 Oct 1615 Swedish forces under Gustav II Adolf lay siege to Pskov, but are unable to take the city. Princes-stadholders of Pskov (title Knyaz' Pskovskiy or Namestnik Pskovskiy; all had personal noble title of Prince [Knyaz'])(pre-1463 princes are omitted for not being among the Lords) 1463 - 1466 Ivan Aleksandrovich "Bol'shoy" (d. 1476) ("the Big), "Zvenigorodskiy" 1467 - 1472 Fyodor Yuryevich Shuyskiy (d. af.1473) 1473 - 1477 Yaroslav Vasilyevich Obolenskiy (d. 1487) (1st time) 1478 - 1482 Vasiliy Vasilyevich Shuyskiy (b. 1439 – d. 1497) "Blednyy" ("the Pale") 1482 - 1487 Yaroslav Vasilyevich Obolenskiy (2nd time) (s.a.) 1488 - 1491 Semyon Romanovich "Yaroslavskiy" (d. 1502) 1491 - 1496 Vasiliy Fyodorovich Shuyskiy (d. 1496) 1496 - 1501 Aleksandr Vladimirovich (d. 1523) "Rostovskiy" 1502 - 1503 Ivan Ivanovich Shuyskiy "Gorbatyy" (d. c.1550) ("the Hunchback") 1503 - 1507 Dmitriy Vladimirovich "Rostovskiy" (d. 1518) 1507 - 1509 Pyotr Vasilyevich Shastunov (d. 1515) "Velikiy" ("the Great") 1509 - 1510 Ivan Mikhaylovich Obolenskiy (d. 1523) "Repnya" Stepennyye Posadniki [incomplete list, persons known to have served listed] 1343 - 1436 Posadniki [originally 3 jointly, 4 by 1397, 6 by 1407; as single position recorded from 1308] 1436 Feodosiy Feofilovich 1450 Fyodor Patrikeyevich 1453 Yuriy Timofeyevich Vinkov (d. 1465) 1458 Aleksey Vasilyevich Kochanov (d. 1478) (1st time) 1462 - 1463 Maksim Larionovich (d. 1465) + Zinoviy Mikhaylovich 1464 Aleksey Vasilyevich Kochanov (s.a.) (2nd time) + Leontiy Makaryevich (1st time) 1465 Leontiy Makaryevich (2nd time) + Ignatiy Loginovich 1466 Aleksey Vasilyevich Kochanov (s.a.) (3rd time) + Timofey Vlasyevich (1st time) 1468 Timofey Vlasyevich (2nd time) + Stefan Afanasyevich 1474 Aleksey Vasilyevich Kochanov (s.a.) (4th time) + Zinoviy Sidorovich 1483 Leontiy Timofeyevich + Stefan Maksimovich 1495 Yakov Afanasyevich Bryukhatyy + Vasiliy Yepimakhovich 1510 Yuriy Yeliseyevich Kopyl + Ivan Yakovlevich Krotov Velikiy Novgorod 1136 Novgorod establishes a feudal republican government (within the Grand Principality of Rus') under the Council of Lords (its elected membership included Archbishop and Posadnik [from c.1355, Stepennyy Posadnik], a chief executive) as the Novgorod Land (Novgorodskaya zemlya), the Prince of Novgorod becomes an elective position (but only from among the Rurikid princes). 1156 Named Velikiy Novgorod ("Novgorod the Great") for the first time, originally in respect of the city only. 1243 - 1389 Under suzerainty of the Grand Prince of Vladimir (to 1252, Kiev) and ultimately (limited to tribute) the Mongols (from 1259, Golden Horde). 1322 - 1389 Position of prince of Novgorod (increasingly nominal) most often filled by the absent princes of Moscow. Oct 1333 Velikiy Novgorod begun to occasionally elect princes of Lithuanian (Gediminid) origin as Stadholders (with the title of Prince of Novgorod) for the absent and non-consenting Princes of Novgorod (= Princes of Moscow), the princes-stadholders (not members of the Council of Lords) reduced to purely military commanders-in-chief. 1348 Pskov formally independent from Velikiy Novgorod by the Treaty of Bolotovo. 1389 Archbishop of Velikiy Novgorod, referred to as Vladyka, recognized as chairman of Council of Lords (his role in governmental affairs, alike head of state, was preeminent already by 1323), the polity styled Gospodin Velikiy Novgorod ("The Lord Novgorod the Great"), a name certainly recorded in 1392; the Grand Prince of Moscow recognized as nominal suzerain (but not elected as Prince of Novgorod), mostly princes of the Lithuanian (Gediminid) origin subsequently elected as stadholders (with title of Prince of Novgorod) for unspecified (vacant) local princely position. 1449 The Eternal Peace between Moscow and Lithuania, the right of Grand Princes of Moscow to nominate the princes-stadholders of Novgorod specified, Lithuania waived "protection" of Novgorod, the polity begun to occasionally (for example, in 1458) style itself Gospodin Gospodar' Velikiy Novgorod ("The Lord Master Novgorod the Great") as an indication of equality to Moscow. Feb 1456 Recognized suzerainty of Moscow by Treaty of Yazhelbitsy' (interrupted 1458-1459, 1470-1471), the Grand Prince of Moscow considered prince of Novgorod as "his" stadholder, while Velikiy Novgorod still treated the prince merely as the military commander-in-chief. 15 Jan 1478 Velikiy Novgorod annexed by Moscow. 1611 - 1617 Occupied by Sweden, as "Novgorod state" under Swedish protection. 1617 Restored to Russia by Treaty of Stolbovo. Princes of Novgorod (title Knyaz' Novgorodskiy) 1328 - 1389 the Princes of Moscow (absent) [interrupted by vacancies 1337-46, 1353-55, 1359-63] Swedish Commanders 1611 - 1617 Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie (b. 1583 - d. 1652) 1614 - 1615 Evert Karlsson Horn (b. 1585 - d. 1615) (acting for absent de la Gardie) Archbishops of Velikiy Novgorod (Vladyka) 1331 - 1352 Vasiliy "Kalika" ("the Lame") (d. 1352) 1352 - 1359 Moisey (d. 1362) 1359 - 1388 Aleksiy (d. 1390) 1388 - 1415 Ioann (III) (d. 1417) (imprisoned in Moscow 1401-1404) 1416 - 1421 Simeon (d. 1421) 1421 - 1423 Feodosiy (I)(never consecrated) (d. 1425) 1423 - 1429 Yevfimiy (I) "Bradatyy" (d. 1429) ("the Beardy") 1429 - 1458 Yevfimiy (II) (b. 148. - d. 1458) 1458 - 1470 Iona (d. 1470) 1470 - 1478 Feofil (archbishop to 1480) (d. 1484) Posadniki [incomplete list, persons known to have served listed] 1332 - 1334 Matvey Varfolomeyevich Koska (1st time) [not the first] 1335 - 1336 Fyodor Danilovich (1st time) 1336 - 1337 Ostafiy Dvoryaninets (1st time) (d. 1346) 1338 - 1339 Fyodor Danilovich (2nd time) 1340 - 1341 Ostafiy Dvoryaninets (2nd time) (s.a.) 1342 - 1344 Fyodor Danilovich (3rd time) 1344 - 1345 Ostafiy Dvoryaninets (3rd time) (s.a.) 1345 - 1346 Matvey Varfolomeyevich Koska (2nd time) 1346 Ostafiy Dvoryaninets (4th time) (s.a.) 1348 - 1350 Fyodor Danilovich (4th time) 1350 - 1351 Ontsifor Lukinich (1st time) (d. 1367) 1351 Fyodor Danilovich (5th time) 1351 - 1354 Ontsifor Lukinich (2nd time) (s.a.) 1354 - 1355 Aleksandr Dvoryanintsev Stennyye Posadniki [incomplete list, persons known to have served listed] 135. Andriyan Zakharyinich 1360 Sil'vestr Leontyevich Lenteyev 1360 - 1362 Nikita Matveyevich 1370 - 1371 Ivan Semyonovich Moturitsa 1371 - 1372 Yuriy Ivanovich (1st time) 1372 - 1373 Mikhail Danilovich (1st time) (d. 1392) 1373 - 1374 Yuriy Ivanovich (2nd time) 1374 - 1375 Mikhail Danilovich (2nd time) (s.a.) 1375 - 1377 Yuriy Ivanovich (3rd time) 1385 - 1386 Fyodor Timofeyevich (d. 1421) 1387 - 1388 Vasiliy Fyodorovich (d. 1392) 1388 Iosif Zakharyevich (1st time) (d. 1409) 1388 – 1390 Vasiliy Ivanovich (d. 1405) 1391 – 1392 Timofey Yuryevich (1st time) (d. 1409) 1393 - 1394 Iosif Zakharyevich (2nd time) (s.a.) 1394 - 1396 Bogdan Abakumovich (d. 1415) 1397 - 1398 Timofey Yuryevich (2nd time) (s.a.) 1398 - 1399 Aleksandr Fominich Tsar'ko (d. 1421) (1st time) 1404 - 1405 Aleksandr Fominich Tsar'ko (s.a.) (2nd time) 1405 - 1406 Iosif Zakharyevich (3rd time) (s.a.) 1410 - 1411 Grigoriy Bogdanovich 1411 - 1412 Ivan Aleksandrovich (1st time) (d. 1417) 1412 - 1413 Foma Iosifovich 1413 - 1415 Ivan Aleksandrovich (2nd time) (s.a.) 1415 - 1416 Andrey Ivanovich (1st time) 1416 - 1417 Ivan Bogdanovich (d. 1419) 1417 - 1418 Semyon Vasilyevich 1418 Vasiliy Iosifovich 1418 - 1420 Aleksandr Ignatyevich 1420 - 1421 Vasiliy Nikitich (1st time) 1421 Mikhail Ivanovich Moturitsyn (1st time) 1421 - 1422 Timofey Vasilyevich 1422 - 1423 Vasiliy Nikitich (2nd time) 1424 Mikhail Ananyinich 1424 - 1425 Mikhail Ivanovich Moturitsyn (2nd time) 1434 Samson Ivanovich 1434 - 1435 Andrey Ivanovich (2nd time) 1435 Fyodor Danilovich 1435 - 1436 Boris Yuryevich 1437 Fyodor Alekseyevich (1st time) 1437 - 1438 Dmitriy Vasilyevich Glukhov (1st time) 1438 - 1439 Isaak Andreyevich Boretskiy (d. 1456/60) 1439 Ivan Lukinich Shchoka (1st time) (d. 1471/75) 1440 - 1441 Iosif Grigoryevich Posakhno (1st time) 1441 - 1442 Fyodor Alekseyevich (2nd time) 1443 Ivan Lavrentyevich (1st time) 1447 - 1448 Iosif Grigoryevich Posakhno (2nd time) 1448 Afanasiy Ostafyevich Gruz (1st time) 1450 Dmitriy Vasilyevich Glukhov (2nd time) 1455 - 1457 Ivan Lukinich Shchoka (2nd time) (s.a.) 1460 - 1461 Ivan Lavrentyevich (2nd time) 1461 Afanasiy Ostafyevich Gruz (2nd time) 1466 Afanasiy Ostafyevich Gruz (3rd time) 1468 Ivan Lukinich Shchoka (3rd time) (s.a.) 1468 - 1469 Yakov Fyodorovich 1471 Dmitriy Isakovich Boretskiy (d. 1471) 1471 Timofey Ostafyevich 1472 Grigoriy Mikhaylovich Tuchin 1475 Mikhail Semyonovich Chapinoga 1475 Vasiliy Ananyich 1475 - 1477 Foma Andreyevich Kuryatnik (1st time) 1477 Mikhail Semyonovich Berdenev 1477 - 1478 Foma Andreyevich Kuryatnik (2nd time) First Voivode of Novgorod [head of local administration under Swedish rule] 1611 - 1616 Knyaz' Ivan Nikitich Odoyevskiy (d. 1616) "Bol'shoy" ("the Big")
Vyatka c.1181 Area under the rule of Velikiy Novgorod. bf.1374 Independent from Velikiy Novgorod as the Vyatka Land (Vyatskaya zemlya) with Voivodes of the Land as chief civil and military authorities (no position of prince of Vyatka), capital at Khlynov (later Vyatka, modern Kirov). 1378 - 1392 Recognized authority of Grand Prince of Suzdal'-Nizhniy Novgorod. 1392 Under suzerainty of Moscow (interrupted 1450-1459 and from 1485). Aug 1489 Annexed to Moscow. Senior Voivodes of the Land [senior of 3 joint voivodes] c.1452 Yakov Pugvin bf.1471? - 1485 Konstantin Yuryev 1485 - 1489 Ivan Anikeyevich Myshkin (d. 1489) © Ben Cahoon |