South Africa
 

31 May 1910 - 25 Mar 1912                      25 Mar 1912 - 31 May 1928              31 May 1928 - 27 Apr 1994                   Adopted 27 Apr 1994   Map of South Africa Hear National Anthem "N'kosi Sikelel' iAfrika" (God Bless Africa) Text National Anthem Adopted 27 Apr 1994 Constitution (3 Feb 1997) Map of South Africa 1910-1994 Former National Anthem "Die Stem van Suid Afrika" (The Call of South Africa) Text of Former Anthem 2 May 1957 - 27 Apr 1994 (unofficial from 1938; duel anthem 1994-1997) Former Constitutions (1910, 1961, 1994) Capital: Pretoria Legislative: Cape Town Judicial: Bloemfontein (from 1961) Currency: Rand (ZAR)  National Holiday: 27 Apr (1994) Freedom Day ------------------------------- Former Holiday: 31 May (1910) Republic Day Population: 43,997,828 (2006) 42,792,804 (1993)  GDP: $587.5 billion (2006)  Exports: $59.1 billion (2006) Imports: $61.5 billion (2006) Ethnic groups: black 78.4% (Zulu 23.8%, Xhosa 17.6%, Pedi 9.4%, Tswana 8.2%, Sotho 7.9%, Tsonga 4.4%, Swazi 2.7%, other black 4.4%), white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Asian 2.5%, other 0.6% (2001) Total Armed Forces: 55,750 (2003) Former Nuclear Power: 6 weapons  (1979-1992) Merchant marine: 3 ships (2006) Religions: Christian 83.1% (of which Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal/Charismatic 8.2%, Catholic 7.1%, Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%, other Christian 36%), traditional beliefs and animist 8.4%, non-religious 2.4%, Muslim 2.4%, Hindu 2.4%, Baha'i 0.6%, Jewish 0.4%,  other 0.3% (2000) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AfDB, ANT, APM, AU, BIS, BTWC, C, CMA, CTBT, DBSA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, MTCR, NAM, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC South Africa Index Chronology  7 Apr 1652                Dutch Cape Colony, administered by Dutch                               East India Company. 16 Sep 1795                Cape Colony occupied by Britain.  5 Mar 1797                British colony 21 Feb 1803                Colony of the Batavian Republic (Netherlands). 10 Jan 1806                British retake Cape Colony. 13 Aug 1814                Dutch officially cede Cape Colony to Britain.  6 Jun 1837 - 12 May 1843  "Natalia" (Republic of Natal)(a Boer republic). 12 May 1843 - 31 May 1844  Natal taken from Boers, renamed Natal Colony.  8 Mar 1845                Transorangia a British settlement.  8 Mar 1848 - 11 Mar 1854  Orange River Sovereignty (under British rule;                              annexed to Cape Colony). 17 Jan 1852                Holland-African Republic (a Boer republic).                              (from 1853, renamed South-African Republic). 23 Feb 1854                Orange Free State (a Boer republic). 29 Mar 1854 - 31 May 1902  Republic of the Orange Free State 12 Jul 1856                Natal Colony reconstituted.  7 Mar 1860 - 17 Apr 1866  British Kaffraria a separate colony                              (1835-1847, Queen Adelaide Province). 12 Apr 1877                Transvaal a British colony (nominally to Aug 1884).  8 Aug 1881                Transvaal State (South-African Republic).  8 Aug 1884 - 31 May 1902  South-African Republic (restored).  7 Aug 1884 -  1 Mar 1994  Walvis Bay under (1884-1910 Cape Colony) South                               African rule.   1 Sep 1885 - 16 Nov 1895  British Bechuanaland a separate colony. 21 Jun 1887 -  1 Dec 1897  Zululand a separate British colony. 13 Mar 1900                British occupy Bloemfontein. 31 May 1900                British occupy Johannesburg.  5 Jun 1900                British occupy Pretoria. 25 Oct 1900                Transvaal a British colony.  4 Jan 1901                Orange River Colony 31 May 1910                Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal                               united as a dominion (Union of South Africa).  9 Jul 1915 - 21 Mar 1990  South West Africa (Namibia) ruled by South                              Africa. 11 Dec 1931                Statute of Westminster grants sovereignty to                               the British dominions (ratified in inference                               by South Africa 1934). 29 Dec 1947                Prince Edward Islands annexed (on 29 Dec 1947                              Marion Island, on 4 Jan 1948 Prince Edward I.).  4 Jun 1948 - 11 Feb 1990  Apartheid era. 31 May 1961                Republic of South Africa 1976/77/79/81              Nominal independence of four black homelands                              (recognized only by South Africa and each other).  1 Mar 1994                Walvis Bay ceded to Namibia. 27 Apr 1994                Re-integration of the homelands. South Africa (from 1910) Provinces Traditional States Former Black Homelands Prince Edward Islands Cape Colony (1652-1910) Stellaland (1882-1885) Goshen (1882-1885) British    Bechuanaland (1885-1895) British Kaffraria (1835-1866) Natal (1836-1910) Port Natal (1824-1839) Zululand (1887-1897) Orange Free State (1845-1910) Transvaal (1838-1910) Winburg-     Potchefstroom (1834-1860) New Republic (1884-1888) Utrecht (1852-1858) Little Republic (1886-1891) Griqualand West (1813-1880) Campbell (1813-1857) Klipdrift Republic (1870) Philippolis (1825-1861) Griqualand East (1861-1874)

Cape Colony
 

to 16 Sep 1795;           21 Feb 1803 - 10 Jan 1806                   16 Sep 1795 - 21 Feb 1803;                  10 Jan 1806 - 12 May 1875                  12 May 1875 - 31 May 1910     Map of Cape Colony (c.1894) Capital: Cape Town (Kaapsche Vlek 1652-1795) Population: 2,564,965 (1911)

 7 Apr 1652                Dutch Cape Colony, administered by Dutch East India Company.
16 Sep 1795                Cape Colony occupied by British forces.
 5 Mar 1797                British colony.
21 Feb 1803 - 18 Jan 1806  Colony of the Batavian Republic (Netherlands).
10 Jan 1806                British retake Cape Colony.
13 Aug 1814                Dutch officially cede Cape Colony to Britain.
 1 Dec 1872                Responsible government granted.
31 May 1910                Part of the Union of South Africa.
 

Commanders (of the Dutch East India Company)
 7 Apr 1652 -  6 May 1662  Jan Anthoniszoon van Riebeeck      (b. 1619 - d. 1677)
 6 May 1662 - 27 Sep 1666  Zacharias Wagenaer                 (b. 1614 - d. 1668)
27 Sep 1666 - 18 Jun 1668  Cornelis van Quaelberg
18 Jun 1668 - 25 Mar 1670  Jacob Borghost
Governors (of the Dutch East India Company)
25 Mar 1670 - 30 Nov 1671  Pieter Hackius                     (d. 1671)
30 Nov 1671 - 25 Mar 1672  Political Council
25 Mar 1672 -  2 Oct 1672  Albert van Breughel (acting)
 2 Oct 1672 - 14 Mar 1676  Ijsbrand Goske                     (b. c.1626 - d. 1689)
14 Mar 1676 - 29 Jun 1678  Johan Bax van Herentals 
29 Jun 1678 - 12 Oct 1678  Hendrik Crudorp (acting)
12 Oct 1678 - 11 Feb 1699  Simon van der Stel                 (b. 1639 - d. 1712)
                             (commander to 1 Jun 1691)
11 Feb 1699 -  3 Jun 1707  Willem Adriaan van der Stel        (b. 1664 - d. 1733)
 3 Jun 1707 -  1 Feb 1708  Johannes Cornelis D'Ablaing        (b. 1663 - d. 1721)
                             (acting)
 1 Feb 1708 - 27 Dec 1711  Lodewijk van Assenburgh            (b. 1660 - d. 1711)
27 Dec 1711 - 28 Mar 1714  Willem Helot (acting)
28 Mar 1714 -  8 Sep 1724  Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes       (b. 1654 - d. 1727)
 8 Sep 1724 - 25 Feb 1727  Jean de la Fontaine (1st time)     (b. 1689 - d. 1743)
                             (acting)
25 Feb 1727 - 23 Apr 1729  Pieter Gysbert Noodt               (b. 1681 - d. 1729)
23 Apr 1729 - 31 Aug 1737  Jean de la Fontaine (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                             (acting to 8 Mar 1737)
31 Aug 1737 - 19 Sep 1737  Adriaan van Kervel                 (b. 1681 - d. 1737)
20 Sep 1737 - 14 Apr 1739  Daniel van den Henghel (acting)
14 Apr 1739 - 27 Feb 1751  Hendrik Swellengrebel              (b. 1700 - d. 1760)
27 Feb 1751 - 11 Aug 1771  Ryk Tulbagh                        (b. 1699 - d. 1771)
12 Aug 1771 - 14 Feb 1785  Joachim Ammema van Plattenberg, 
                             baron van Plattenberg            (b. 1739 - d. 1793)
                             (acting to 18 May 1774) 
14 Feb 1785 - 24 Jun 1791  Cornelius Jacob van de Graaf
24 Jun 1791 -  3 Jul 1792  Johan Isaak Rhenius (acting)
Commissioners-general
 3 Jul 1792 -  2 Sep 1793  Sebastian Cornelis Nederburgh      (b. 1762 - d. 1811)
                           + Simon Hendrik Frykenius          (b. 1747 - d. 1797)
 2 Sep 1793 - 16 Sep 1795  Abraham Josias Sluysken            (b. 1736 - d. 1799)
Commanders
16 Sep 1795 - 15 Nov 1795  Sir George Keith Elphinstone       (b. 1746 - d. 1823)
                           + Alured Clarke                    (b. 1745 - d. 1832)
                           + James Henry Craig                (b. 1748 - d. 1812)
Commandant
15 Nov 1795 -  5 May 1797  James Henry Craig                  (s.a.)
Governors
 5 May 1797 - 20 Nov 1798  George Macartney, Earl Macartney   (b. 1737 - d. 1806)
20 Nov 1798 -  9 Dec 1799  Francis Dundas (1st time)(acting)  (b. 1759 - d. 1824)
10 Dec 1799 - 20 Apr 1801  Sir George Yonge                   (b. 1731 - d. 1812)
21 Apr 1801 - 20 Feb 1803  Francis Dundas (2nd time)(acting)  (s.a.)
Commissioner-general
21 Feb 1803 - 25 Sep 1804  Jacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist    (b. 1749 - d. 1823)
Governors
 1 Mar 1803 - 18 Jan 1806  Jan Willem Janssens                (b. 1762 - d. 1838)
10 Jan 1806 - 17 Jan 1807  Sir David Baird -Military governor (b. 1757 - d. 1829)
                             (acting) 
17 Jan 1807 - 21 May 1807  Henry George Grey (1st time)       (b. 1766 - d. 1845) 
                             (acting)
22 May 1807 -  4 Jul 1811  Du Pré Alexander, Earl of Caledon  (b. 1777 - d. 1839)
 5 Jul 1811 -  5 Sep 1811  Henry George Grey (2nd time)       (s.a.) 
                             (acting) 
 6 Sep 1811 -  6 Apr 1814  Sir John Francis Cradock           (b. 1762 - d. 1839)
18 Oct 1813 -  7 Jan 1814  Robert Meade                       (b. 1772 - d. 1852)
                             (acting for Cradock)
 6 Apr 1814 -  5 Mar 1826  Lord Charles Henry Somerset        (b. 1767 - d. 1831)
13 Jan 1820 - 30 Nov 1821  Sir Rufane Shawe Donkin            (b. 1772 - d. 1841)
                             (acting for Somerset)
 5 Mar 1826 -  9 Sep 1828  Richard Bourke (acting)            (b. 1777 - d. 1855)
 9 Sep 1828 - 10 Aug 1833  Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole           (b. 1772 - d. 1842)
10 Aug 1833 - 16 Jan 1834  Thomas Francis Wade                (b. c.1784 - d. 1846)
                             (acting [for D'Urban from 10 Jan 1834])
10 Jan 1834 - 20 Jan 1838  Sir Benjamin D'Urban               (b. 1777 - d. 1849)
22 Jan 1838 - 18 Mar 1844  Sir George Thomas Napier           (b. 1784 - d. 1855)
18 Mar 1844 - 27 Jan 1847  Sir Peregrine Maitland             (b. 1777 - d. 1854
Governors and High Commissioners 
(to 31 May 1910 also High Commissioners for Southern Africa)
27 Jan 1847 -  1 Dec 1847  Sir Henry Eldred Pottinger         (b. 1789 - d. 1856)
 1 Dec 1847 - 31 Mar 1852  Sir Henry "Harry" George Wakelyn   (b. 1787 - d. 1860)
                             Smith
31 Mar 1852 - 26 May 1854  George Cathcart                    (b. 1794 - d. 1854)
26 May 1854 -  5 Dec 1854  Charles Henry Darling (acting)     (b. 1809 - d. 1870)
 5 Dec 1854 - 15 Aug 1861  Sir George Grey                    (b. 1812 - d. 1898)
20 Aug 1859 -  4 Jul 1860  Robert Henry Wynyard (1st time)    (b. 1802 - d. 1864)
                             (acting for Grey) 
15 Aug 1861 - 15 Jan 1862  Robert Henry Wynyard (2nd time)    (s.a.)
                             (acting)
15 Jan 1862 - 20 May 1870  Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse        (b. 1811 - d. 1887)
20 May 1870 - 31 Dec 1870  Charles Craufurd Hay (acting)      (b. 1809 - d. 1873)
31 Dec 1870 - 31 Mar 1877  Sir Henry Barkly                   (b. 1815 - d. 1898)
31 Mar 1877 - 15 Sep 1880  Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere      (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
15 Sep 1880 - 27 Sep 1880  Henry Hugh Clifford (acting)       (b. 1826 - d. 1883)
27 Sep 1880 - 22 Jan 1881  Sir George Cumine Strahan (acting) (b. 1838 - d. 1889)
22 Jan 1881 -  1 May 1889  Sir Hercules George Robert         (b. 1824 - d. 1897)
                             Robinson (1st time)
30 Apr 1881 - Aug 1881     Sir Leicester Smyth (1st time)     (b. 1829 - d. 1891)
                             (acting for Robinson)
25 Apr 1883 - 26 Mar 1884  Sir Leicester Smyth (2nd time)     (s.a.)
                             (acting for Robinson)
 7 Apr 1886 -  7 Jul 1886  Sir Henry D'Oyley Torrens          (b. 1833 - d. 1889)
                             (acting for Robinson)
 1 May 1889 - 13 Dec 1889  Henry Augustus Smyth (acting)      (b. 1825 - d. 1906)
13 Dec 1889 - 30 May 1895  Sir Henry Brougham Loch            (b. 1827 - d. 1900)
14 Jan 1891 -  1 Dec 1892  Sir William Gordon Cameron         (b. 1827 - d. 1913)
                             (1st time)(acting for Loch)
May 1894 - Jul 1894        Sir William Gordon Cameron         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting for Loch) 
30 May 1895 - 21 Apr 1897  Sir Hercules George Robert         (s.a.)
                             Robinson (2nd time)
                            (from 1896, Hercules George Robert
                             Robinson, Baron Rosmead)
21 Apr 1897 -  5 May 1897  Sir William Howley Goodenough      (b. 1833 - d. 1898)
                             (acting)
 5 May 1897 -  6 Mar 1901  Sir Alfred Milner                  (b. 1854 - d. 1925)
 2 Nov 1898 - 14 Feb 1899  Sir William Francis Butler         (b. 1838 - d. 1910)
                             (acting for Milner)
 6 Mar 1901 - 31 May 1910  Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson (b. 1849 - d. 1913)
17 Jun 1909 - 21 Sep 1909  Sir Henry Jenner Scobell           (b. 1859 - d. 1912)
                             (acting for Hely-Hutchinson)

Prime ministers
 1 Dec 1872 -  5 Feb 1878  John Charles Molteno               (b. 1814 - d. 1886)
 6 Feb 1878 -  8 May 1881  John Gordon Sprigg (1st time)      (b. 1830 - d. 1913)
 9 May 1881 - 12 May 1884  Thomas Charles Scanlen             (b. 1834 - d. 1912)
13 May 1884 - 24 Nov 1886  Thomas Upington                    (b. 1844 - d. 1898)
25 Nov 1886 - 16 Jul 1890  Sir John Gordon Sprigg (2nd time)  (s.a.)
17 Jul 1890 - 12 Jan 1896  Cecil John Rhodes                  (b. 1853 - d. 1902)
13 Jan 1896 - 13 Oct 1898  Sir John Gordon Sprigg (3rd time)  (s.a.)
13 Oct 1898 - 17 Jun 1900  William Philip Schreiner           (b. 1857 - d. 1919)
18 Jun 1900 - 21 Feb 1904  Sir John Gordon Sprigg (4th time)  (s.a.)
22 Feb 1904 -  2 Feb 1908  Leander Starr Jameson              (b. 1853 - d. 1917)  PP
 3 Feb 1908 - 31 May 1910  John Xavier Merriman               (b. 1841 - d. 1926)

Party abbreviations: PP = Progressive Party

 6 Feb 1795                Cape district of Graaf-Reinet revolts against local
                             magistrate and declares itself a separate 
                             Dutch colony.
22 Aug 1796                British rule; re-incorporated into Cape colony.

Chairman of the Provisional Government and War Council
 6 Feb 1795 - 22 Aug 1796  Adriaan Van Jaarsfeld              (b. 1745 - d. 1801)
National Landdrost
 6 Feb 1795 - 22 Aug 1796  Friedrich Carl David Gerotz        (b. 1739 - d. 1828)

18 Jun 1795               Cape district of Swellendam revolts against local
                            magistrate and declares itself a separate 
                            Dutch colony (often called "Swellendam Republic").
Nov 1795                  British rule; re-incorporated into Cape colony.

President of the National Assembly
18 Jun 1795 - Nov 1795    Hermanus Steyn                     (b. 1743 - d. 1804)
National Commander
18 Jun 1795 - Nov 1795    Petrus Jacobus Delport             (b. 1757 - d. 1800)

         5 Mar 1883 - 23 Mar 1885
 

Capital: Rooigrond

Population: N/A

24 Oct 1882                Het Land Goosen independent.
 7 Aug 1883                Merges with Stellaland to from United States of Stellaland.
23 Mar 1885                Incorporated into Cape Colony (Bechuanaland).

Chairman of the Council of Government
24 Oct 1882 -  7 Aug 1883  Nicolaas Claudius Gey van Pittius  (b. 1837 - d. 1893)
Administrator
 7 Aug 1883 - 23 Mar 1885  Nicolaas Claudius Gey van Pittius  (s.a.)

26 Jul 1882                Republic of Stellaland independent.
 6 Aug 1883                Merges with Goshen forming the United States of Stellaland.
15 Mar 1885                Annexed by Britain.
30 Sep 1885                Incorporated into Cape Colony (Bechuanaland).

Administrator
26 Jul 1882 - 15 Mar 1885  Gerrit Jacobus van Niekerk        (b. 1849 - d. 1896)

 1 Sep 1885                British Bechuanaland crown colony.
16 Nov 1895                Incorporated into Cape Colony.

Military Commander
 1 Sep 1885 - 23 Oct 1885  Frederick Carrington                (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
Administrator
23 Oct 1885 - 16 Nov 1895  Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard (b. 1837 - d. 1901)
                            (from 1887, Sir Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard)

 

Capital: King William's Town; Grahamstown 1835-1847; King William's Town 1835)

Population: N/A

10 May 1835                Annexed to Cape Colony as Queen Adelaide Province.
 5 Dec 1835                Queen Adelaide Province disannexed from Cape Colony.
10 Dec 1835                Renamed Queen Adelaide Land.
17 Dec 1847                Annexed to Cape Colony as British Kaffraria.
 7 Mar 1860                British Kaffraria a separate crown colony.
17 Apr 1866                Incorporated into Cape colony.

Chief Commissioner
10 May 1835 -  5 Dec 1835  Henry "Harry" George Wakelyn       (b. 1787 - d. 1860)
                             Smith
Lieutenant-governors
10 Dec 1835 - 13 Sep 1836  Henry "Harry" George Wakelyn       (s.a.)
                             Smith (acting)
13 Sep 1836 -  9 Aug 1838  Sir Andries Stockenström           (b. 1792 - d. 1864)
 9 Aug 1838 - Sep 1846     John Hare (acting to 31 Aug 1839)
Sep 1846 -  9 Apr 1847     direct rule from Cape Colony
 9 Apr 1847 -  4 Nov 1847  Sir Henry Edward Fox Young         (b. 1803 - d. 1870) 
 4 Nov 1847 - 17 Dec 1847  direct rule from Cape Colony
Chief Commissioners
23 Dec 1847 - Oct 1852     George Henry Mackinnon
Oct 1852 -  7 Mar 1860     John Mclean
Lieutenant-governor
 7 Mar 1860 - 24 Dec 1864  John Mclean
Deputy governor
24 Dec 1864 - 17 Apr 1866  Robert Graham                      (b. 1816 - d. 1887)

Chiefs (Rarabe offshoot of main Xhosa line)
1797 - 13 Nov 1829         Ngqika (Gaika)
13 Nov 1829 -  1 Jun 1878  Sandile

Aug 1858                  Idutywa Reserve a dependency of British Kaffraria
                            for Bantu fragments of Umhala's clan.
Dec 1864                  Merged into British Kaffraria.

Special Magistrates
Aug 1858 - Sep 1858       John Gawler
Sep 1858 - May 1860       George Colley
May 1860 - Sep 1861       W.G.B. Shepstone
Sep 1861 - Dec 1864       William B. Chalmers

 2 Dec 1836                Company of Emigrants (Trekker Maatschappij) constituted.
 6 Jun 1837                Free Province of New Holland in South-East Africa
12 Oct 1838                "Natalia" (Republic of Natal)¹
12 May 1843                British take Natalia from Boers.
28 Sep 1843                British colony (Natal)
31 May 1844                Annexed to Cape colony (as Natal district).
 4 Dec 1845                Natal a separate province.
12 Jul 1856                Natal Colony reconstituted.
10 May 1893                Granted self-rule.
31 May 1910                Part of the Union of South Africa.

President of the Burghers' Council and Chief Commandant
 2 Dec 1836 -  6 Jun 1837  Gerhardus Marthinus Maritz         (b. 1797 - d. 1838)
Chief Governor
 6 Jun 1837 -  6 Feb 1838  Pieter Maurits Retief              (b. 1780 - d. 1838)
Presidents of the Policy Council
 6 Feb 1838 - 23 Sep 1838  Gerhardus Marthinus Maritz         (s.a.)
23 Sep 1838 - 12 Oct 1838  Karel Pieter Landman               (b. 1796 - d. 1875)
Chairmen of the Raad²
15? Feb 1839 - May 1839    Johannes Stephanus Maritz          (b. 1794 - d. 1857)
                             (1st time)
20? Oct 1839 - Mar 1840    Johannes Stephanus Maritz          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
May 1840?                  Johannes Stephanus Maritz          (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
Aug 1840?                  Karel Pieter Landman (1st time)    (s.a.)
 4 Sep 1840?               Laurens Badenhorst                 (b. 1800 - d. 18..)
14 Jan 1841?               Karel Pieter Landman (2nd time)    (s.a.)
 7 Apr 1841?- 21 Jan 1842? Joachim Johannes Petrus Prinsloo
15 Jul 1842?               Jacobus Nicolaas Boshof            (b. 1808 - d. 1881)
20 Aug 1842?- 31 Oct 1842? Hermanus Stephanus Lombaard
15? May 1843- 28 Sep 1843  Johannes Stephanus Maritz          (s.a.)
                             (4th time)
Chief Commandant
23 Nov 1838 -  6 Mar 1840  Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus          (b. 1798 - d. 1853)
                             Pretorius
Commandants-General
 3 Jun 1840 - 10 Jan 1842  Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus          (s.a.)
                             Pretorius (1st time)
21 Feb 1842 -  9 Aug 1842  Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus          (s.a.)
                             Pretorius (2nd time)
Special Commissioner
10 May 1843 - 31 May 1844  Henry Cloete                       (b. 1792 - d. 1870)
31 May 1844 -  4 Dec 1845  direct rule by Cape Colony
Lieutenant-governors
 4 Dec 1845 -  1 Aug 1849  Martin Thomas West                 (b. 1804? - d. 1849)
19 Apr 1850 -  3 Mar 1855  Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine     (b. 1809 - d. 1891)
                             (1st time)
 5 Nov 1856 - 31 Dec 1864  John Scott                         (b. 1814 - d. 1898)
31 Dec 1864 - 26 Jul 1865  John Maclean                       (b. 1810 - d. 1874)
26 Jul 1865 - 26 Aug 1865  John Wellesley Thomas (acting)     (b. 1822 - d. 1908)
26 Aug 1865 - 24 May 1867  John Jarvis Bisset (acting)        (b. 1819 - d. 1894)
24 May 1867 - 19 Jul 1872  Robert William Keate               (b. 1814 - d. 1873)
19 Jul 1872 - 30 Apr 1873  Anthony Musgrave                   (b. 1828 - d. 1888)
30 Apr 1873 - 22 Jul 1873  Thomas Milles (acting)
22 Jul 1873 -  1 Apr 1875  Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Apr 1875 -  3 Sep 1875  Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley (acting)(b. 1833 - d. 1913) 
 3 Sep 1875 - 20 Apr 1880  Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer   (b. 1836 - d. 1914)
20 Apr 1880 -  5 May 1880  William Bellairs (acting)          (b. 1828 - d. 1913)
 5 May 1880 -  2 Jul 1880  Henry Hugh Clifford (acting)
Governors
 2 Jul 1880 - 27 Feb 1881  Sir George Pomeroy Colley          (b. 1835 - d. 1881)
17 Aug 1880 - 14 Sep 1880  Henry Alexander (acting for Colley)
27 Feb 1881 -  3 Apr 1881  Sir Henry Evelyn Wood (acting)     (b. 1838 - d. 1919)
 3 Apr 1881 -  9 Aug 1881  Redvers Henry Buller (acting)      (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
22 Dec 1881 -  6 Mar 1882  Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell       (b. 1836 - d. 1899)
                             (1st time) (acting) 
 6 Mar 1882 - 23 Oct 1885  Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer   (s.a.)
18 Feb 1886 -  5 Jun 1889  Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock        (b. 1844 - d. 1908)
 1 Dec 1889 - Jul 1893     Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell   (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
Jul 1893 - 27 Sep 1893     Francis Seymour Haden (acting)     (b. 1850 - d. 1918)
28 Sep 1893 -  6 May 1901  Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson (s.a.)
13 May 1901 -  7 Jun 1907  Sir Henry Edward McCallum          (b. 1852 - d. 1919)
 2 Sep 1907 - 23 Dec 1909  Sir Matthew Nathan                 (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
17 Jan 1910 - 31 May 1910  Paul Sanford Methuen,              (b. 1845 - d. 1932)
                             Baron Methuen of Corsham 

Prime ministers
10 Oct 1893 - 14 Feb 1897  Sir John Robinson                  (b. 1839 - d. 1903)
15 Feb 1897 -  4 Oct 1897  Harry Escombe                      (b. 1838 - d. 1899)
 5 Oct 1897 -  8 Jun 1899  Sir Henry Binns                    (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
 9 Jun 1899 - 17 Aug 1903  Sir Albert Henry Hime              (b. 1842 - d. 1919)
18 Aug 1903 - 16 May 1905  George Morris Sutton               (b. 1834 - d. 1913)
16 May 1905 - 28 Nov 1906  Charles John Smythe                (b. 1852 - d. 1918)
28 Nov 1906 - 28 Apr 1910  Frederick Robert Moor              (b. 1853 - d. 1927)

 ¹The constitution of 1838 did not specify an official name for the polity. Sources style
it Natalia or Republic of Natal. In foreign correspondence the Raad (Council) requested occasionally that the polity be styled Republic of Port Natal and Adjoining Countries; 
not surprisingly, nobody took them up on this idea.

 ²According to the constitution, the state was to be headed by a committee called the 
Politie; the President of the Politie would be the formal head of state. However, this body was never constituted. In this record, the chairman of the Raad is regarded as the head of state. The chairman was officially elected quarterly. The list of chairmen is very incomplete; dates are given when the person named was active. During much of the time of independence
of Natalia the Raad appointed a Chief Commandant or Commandant-General, who functioned informally as a Chief Executive, and is therefore listed here.

 

Capital: Port Natal

Population: N/A

 7 Aug 1824                Area settled by Britain.
30 Apr 1838                Port Natal dissolved as a colony.
 6 May 1835                Port Natal recognized.
23 Jun 1835                Town of Durban founded.
 4 Feb 1838                Port Natal colony effectively ceases to function.
May 1838                   Port Natal dissolved.
Nov 1838                   Incorporated into Cape Colony.
Jan 1839                   Port Natal vacated by British troops.
24 Dec 1839                Port Natal evacuated.
24 Dec 1839                Cape colony relinquishes Port Natal and
                             it is incorporated into Natalia.
Dec 1839                   Part of Boer Republic of New Holland (see Natal).
12 May 1843                Taken from Boers, made part of Natal.

British Commander
 7 Aug 1824 - 30 Apr 1828  Francis George Farewell            (b. 1784 - d. 1829)
30 Apr 1828 -  6 May 1835  No formal British rule
Administrator
 6 May 1835 -  4 Feb 1838  Allen Francis Gardiner             (b. 1794 - d. 1851)
Military Administrators
Nov 1838 - Jan 1839        Samuel Charters
Jan 1839 - 24 Dec 1839     Henry Jervis

21 Jun 1887                British crown colony (Zululand).
 1 Dec 1897                Incorporated into Natal.

Governors
21 Jun 1887 -  1 Dec 1897  the governors of Natal
Resident Commissioners and Chief magistrates
1887 - 1893                Sir Melmoth Osborn                 (b. 1834 - d. 1899)
1893 -  1 Dec 1897         Sir Marshall James Clarke          (b. 1841 - d. 1909)

 8 Mar 1845                Transorangia a British settlement.
 8 Mar 1848 - 11 Mar 1854  Orange River Sovereignty (under British rule;
                             annexed to Cape Colony).
23 Feb 1854                Orange Free State (a Boer republic).
29 Mar 1854 - 31 May 1902  Republic of the Orange Free State
13 Mar 1900                British occupy Bloemfontein.
28 May 1900                Annexed by Britain (Orange River).
 4 Jan 1901                Orange River Colony
 6 Dec 1906                Granted self-rule.
31 May 1910                Part of the Union of South Africa.
 

British Residents
 8 Mar 1845 - 23 Jul 1852  Henry Douglas Warden               (b. 1800 - d. 1856)
23 Jul 1852 - 11 Mar 1854  Henry Green                        (b. 1818 - d. 1884)
Special Commissioner
 6 Apr 1853 -  3 Feb 1854  Sir George Russell Clerk           (b. 1800 - d. 1889)
Chairman of the Provisional Government
23 Feb 1854 - 29 Mar 1854  Josias Philippus Hoffman           (b. 1807 - d. 1879)
Chairman of the Volksraad
29 Mar 1854 - Apr 1854     Josias Philippus Hoffman           (s.a.)
State Presidents
Apr 1854                   Jacobus Groenedal (acting)         (b. 1805 - d. 1860)
18 Apr 1854 - 10 Feb 1855  Josias Philippus Hoffman           (s.a.)
                             (acting to 15 Jun 1854)
10 Feb 1855 - 27 Aug 1855  Jacobus Johannes Venter (1st time) (b. 1814 - d. 1889)
                             (chairman Joint Commission for Administering the Government)
27 Aug 1855 -  6 Sep 1859  Jacobus Nicolaas Boshof            (b. 1808 - d. 1881)
 6 Sep 1859 - 15 Dec 1859  Esaias Reynier Snyman (acting)
15 Dec 1859 -  8 Feb 1860  Jacobus Johannes Venter (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 8 Feb 1860 - 20 Jun 1863  Marthinus Wessel Pretorius         (b. 1819 - d. 1901)
20 Jun 1863 -  2 Feb 1864  Jacobus Johannes Venter (3rd time) (s.a.)
                             (acting)
 2 Feb 1864 - 14 Jul 1888  Johannes Henricus Brand            (b. 1823 - d. 1888)
31 Aug 1872 -  4 Oct 1872  Just Friedrich Rudolph Kaufmann    (b. 1831 - d. 1879)
                             Höhne (acting for Brand)
 4 Oct 1872 - 16 Jun 1873  Committee (acting for Brand)
                           - William Collins                  (b. 1803 - d. 1876)
                           - Friedrich Pieter Schnehage       (b. 1811 - d. 1888)
                           - Gerhardus Johannes du Toit
14 Jul 1888 - 10 Jan 1889  Pieter Jeremias Blignaut (1st time)(b. 1841 - d. 1909)
                             (acting) 
10 Jan 1889 - 11 Dec 1895  Francis William Reitz              (b. 1844 - d. 1934)
11 Dec 1895 -  4 Mar 1896  Pieter Jeremias Blignaut (2nd time)(s.a.)
                             (acting) 
 4 Mar 1896 - 31 May 1902  Marthinus Theunis Steyn            (b. 1857 - d. 1916)
                             (from 1900 in exile)
30 May 1902 - 31 May 1902  Christiaan Rudolph de Wet          (b. 1854 - d. 1922)
                             (acting for Steyn)
Lieutenant-governor
Jan 1901 - 23 Jun 1902     Hamilton John Goold-Adams          (b. 1858 - d. 1920)
Governors
23 Jun 1902 -  1 Apr 1905  Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner     (b. 1854 - d. 1925)
 2 Apr 1905 -  7 Jun 1907  William Waldegrave Palmer,         (b. 1859 - d. 1942)
                             Earl of Selborne 
 7 Jun 1907 - 31 May 1910  Sir Hamilton John Goold-Adams      (s.a.)

Prime minister
27 Nov 1907 - 31 May 1910  Abraham Fischer                    (b. 1850 - d. 1913)  NPP

Party abbreviation: NPP = National Political Party ("Orangie Unie")

22 Dec 1838                Potchefstroom founded.
1848                       United Band established.
1849                       Zoutpansberg founded.
17 Jan 1852                Holland-African Republic
1853                       South-African Republic
12 Apr 1877                Transvaal a British colony (nominally to Aug 1884).
 8 Aug 1881                Transvaal State (South-African Republic in domestic use).
 8 Aug 1884 - 31 May 1902  South-African Republic (restored).
31 May 1900                British occupy Johannesburg and from 5 Jun 1900 Pretoria.
25 Oct 1900                Transvaal a British colony.
 6 Dec 1906                Granted self-rule.
31 May 1910                Part of the Union of South Africa.
 

Commandants
Nov 1838 - Jun 1845        Andries Hendrik Potgieter          (b. 1792 - d. 1845)
Jun 1845 - Jun 1848        Gert Kruger
Commandants-General
20 Jun 1848 - 19 Sep 1849  Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus          (b. 1798 - d. 1853)
                             Pretorius (1st time) 
1850 - Jan 1851            Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus          (s.a.)
                             Pretorius (2nd time) (acting) 
At Lijdenburg:
Jan 1851 - 17 Dec 1856     Willem François Joubert            (b. 1801 - d. 1891)
At Zoutpansberg:
Jan 1851 - 16 Dec 1852     Andries Hendrik Potgieter          (s.a.)
16 Dec 1852 -  6 Nov 1854  Pieter Johannes Potgieter          (b. 1822 - d. 1854)
                             (acting to 17 Mar 1853)
Nov 1854 - Jan 1858        Stephanus Schoeman                 (b. 1810 - d. 1890)
At Marico:
Jan 1851 - Apr 1852        Johan Adam Enslin                  (d. 1852)
At Potchefstroom-Rustenburg:
Jan 1851 - 23 Jul 1853     Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus          (s.a.)
                             Pretorius (3rd time) 
 9 Aug 1853 - 15 Nov 1855  Marthinus Wessel Pretorius         (b. 1819 - d. 1901)

Chairmen of the United Volksraad
23 May 1849 - 18..         Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus          (s.a.)
                             Pretorius
May 1851?                  Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon          (b. 1804 - d. 1868)
                             (1st? time) 
1854?                      Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon          (s.a.)
                             (2nd? time)
Sep 1855 - 1855            Hercules Albertus Pretorius        (b. 1803 - d. 1889)
State Presidents
15 Nov 1855 - 15 Sep 1860  Marthinus Wessel Pretorius         (s.a.)
                             (1st time)(acting to 6 Jan 1857)
15 Sep 1860 -  6 Dec 1860  Johannes Hermanus Grobler (acting) (b. 1813 - d. 1892)
 6 Dec 1860 - 17 Apr 1862  Stephanus Schoeman                 (s.a.)
                             (acting; continues in rebellion to 19 Jan 1863)
18 Apr 1862 - 10 May 1864  Willem Cornelis Janse van          (b. 1818 - d. 1865)
                             Renseburg (acting to 23 Oct 1863)
10 May 1864 - 20 Nov 1871  Marthinus Wessel Pretorius         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
21 Nov 1871 -  1 Jul 1872  Daniël Jacobus Erasmus             (b. 1830 - d. 1913)
                             "van Straten" (acting) 
 1 Jul 1872 - 12 Apr 1877  Thomas François Burgers            (b. 1834 - d. 1881)
Administrators
12 Apr 1877 -  4 Mar 1879  Sir Theophilus Shepstone           (b. 1817 - d. 1893)
 4 Mar 1879 -  8 Aug 1881  William Owen Lanyon                (b. 1842 - d. 1887)
                            (from 1880, Sir William Owen Lanyon) 
                            (acting for Wolseley 29 Sep 1879 - 27 Apr 1880)
Governor
29 Sep 1879 - 27 Apr 1880  Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley         (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
 8 Aug 1881 -  9 May 1883  Triumvirate 
                           (formed 13 Dec 1880 in rebellion)
                           - Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (b. 1825 - d. 1904)
                           - Marthinus Wessel Pretorius       (s.a.)
                           - Petrus Jacobus Joubert           (b. 1831 - d. 1900)
State Presidents
 9 May 1883 - 31 May 1902  Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger   (s.a.)
                             (from Sep 1900, in Europe)
10 Sep 1900 - 31 May 1902  Schalk Willem Burger               (b. 1852 - d. 1918)
                             (acting for Kruger)
Governors
21 Jun 1902 -  1 Apr 1905  Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner     (s.a.)
29 Sep 1902 -  4 Dec 1905  Arthur Lawley (acting for Milner)  (b. 1860 - d. 1932)
 2 Apr 1905 - 31 May 1910  William Waldegrave Palmer,         (s.a.)
                             Earl of Selborne 
 4 Dec 1905 -  2 Oct 1906  Richard Solomon                    (b. 1850 - d. 1913)
                             (acting for Selborne)

Prime minister
 4 Feb 1907 - 31 May 1910  Louis Botha                        (b. 1862 - d. 1919)  Het Volk

17 Jan 1837                Winburg Republic
 9 Apr 1844                Community established at Winburg-Potchefstroom.
Jun 1845                   Move to Andries-Ohrigstad.
1846                       Andries-Ohrigstad abandoned settlers move to Lijdenburg 
                             (Lydenburg) Territory.
 3 Feb 1848                Incorporated into Orange River Sovereignty.
1849                       Incorporated into Transvaal.
17 Dec 1856                Republic of Lijdenburg in South Africa established.
 4 Apr 1860                Incorporated into South-African Republic.

Commandants and Governors
17 Jan 1837 -  1 Sep 1838  Andries Hendrik Potgieter (1st time)  (b. 1792 - d. 1845)
 1 Sep 1838 -  9 Apr 1844  Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus             (b. 1798 - d. 1853)
                             Pretorius 
 9 Apr 1844 -  8 Jun 1846  Andries Hendrik Potgieter (2nd time)  (s.a.)
 1 Sep 1846 - 22 Sep 1846  Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus Bronkhorst 
                             (chairman Volksraad)                (b. 1798 - d. 1848)
22 Sep 1846 - 1849         Andries Hendrik Potgieter (3rd time)  (s.a.)
Jan 1851 - 1859            Willem Joubert
1859 -  4 Apr 1860         Joseph van Dyck
Chairmen of the Volksraad
17 Dec 1856 - 18..         Philippus Jeremias Coetser
18.. -  4 Apr 1860         Cornelis Potgieter

1852                       Utrecht settlement.
1854                       Republic of Utrecht established.
 8 May 1858                Incorporated into Republic of Lijdenburg.

Landdrosts (magistrates)
1852 - 1855                Andreas Theodorus Spies (1st time)    (b. 1800 - d. 1889)
1855 - Feb 1856            J.C. Styen
Feb 1856 -  8 May 1858     Andreas Theodorus Spies (2nd time)    (s.a.)

        14 Nov 1884 - 20 Jul 1888
 

Capital: Vrijheid

Population: N/A

16 Aug 1884                 New Republic of South Africa established (also known as
                              Republic of Vijheid [Freedom]).
22 Oct 1886                 Recognized by Britain.
20 Jul 1888                 Incorporated into South-African Republic.
Jan 1903                    Transferred to Natal.

State President
16 Aug 1884 - 20 Jul 1888   Lucas Johannes Meijer             (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
                              (acting to ... 1884)

Secretary of State
1884 - 1888                 Daniel Johannes Esselen           (b. 1851 - d. 1919)

               1886 - 2 May 1891
 

Capital: Klein Vrijstaat

Population: 72 (1886)

10 Mar 1886                Commonwealth of the Little Republic established also known 
                             as Republic of Klein Vrijstaat or Little Free State.
 2 May 1891                Incorporated into South-African Republic.

Chairman of the Committee
10 Mar 1886 -  2 May 1891  J.J. Bezuidenhout

       Adopted 1902 as the Griqua Flag

Note: Although the Griqua polities are widely scattered and end up being incorporated 
into different provinces/polities, their records are assembled here because of the 
ethnic and clan-led continuity (except for the Klipdrift Republic, a European mining
enterprise). The starting point is in what became Griqualand West; Campbell and
Philippolis are the result of migration led by the Kok family; this migration ended 
in what became Griqualand East.
_
Griqualand West
 

Capital: Kimberley (Griquatown 1813-1871)

Population: N/A

1813                       Griquatown
20 Dec 1820                Waterboer's Land
27 Oct 1871                British protectorate of Griqualad West (under Cape Colony).
17 Jul 1873                Griqualand West Crown Colony
15 Oct 1880                Incorporated into Cape Colony.

Chieftains (Kaptyns)
1813 - 1819                Barend Barends                     (b. af.1770 - d. 1839)
                           + Adam Kok II                      (b. c.1760 - d. 1835)
20 Dec 1820 - 13 Dec 1852  Andries Waterboer                  (b. c.1790 - d. 1852)
13 Dec 1852 - 27 Oct 1871  Nicolaas Waterboer                 (b. 1819 - d. 1896)
Civil Commissioner
27 Oct 1871 - 10 Jan 1873  Joseph Millerd Orpen               (b. 1828 - d. 1923)
Administrator
10 Jan 1873 - 17 Jul 1873  Richard Southey                    (b. 1808 - d. 1901)
Lieutenant governors
17 Jul 1873 -  3 Aug 1875  Richard Southey                    (s.a.)
 3 Aug 1875 - Mar 1879     William Owen Lanyon                (b. 1842 - d. 1887)
Mar 1879 - 15 Oct 1880     James Rose-Innes, Jr.              (b. 1855 - d. 1942)

1813                      Campbell Lands
May 1824                  Renamed Cornelis Kok's Land.
1857                      Incorporated into Orange Free State.

Resident
1813 - 1819               John Campbell
Chieftains (Kaptyns)
1819 - 1824               Adam Kok II
1824 - 1857               Cornelis Kok II                    (d. 1857)

30 Jul 1870                Republic of Griqualand West, also called 
                             Klipdrift Republic or Digger's Republic,
                             or Free Republic.
13 Dec 1870                Incorporated into Orange Free State.

President
30 Jul 1870 - 13 Dec 1870  Stafford Parker                    (b. 1833 - d. 1915)

25 Aug 1825                Philippolis also called Adam Kok's Land
26 Dec 1861                Incorporated into Orange Free State.

Chieftains (Kaptyns)
25 Aug 1825 - 1827         Adam Kok II (1st time)             (s.a.)
1827 - 1828                Cornelis Kok III
1828 - 12 Sep 1835         Adam Kok II (2nd time)             (s.a.)
12 Sep 1835 - 1836         Adam Kok III (1st time)            (b. 1811 - d. 1875) 
                             (provisional)
Feb 1836 - Jul 1837        Abraham Kok
Jul 1837 - Sep 1837        Brend Lucas (provisional)
Sep 1837 - 26 Dec 1861     Adam Kok III (2nd time)            (s.a.)

26 Dec 1861                Griqualand East (New Griqualand)
Oct 1874                   Incorporated into Cape Colony.

Chieftains (Kaptyns)
26 Dec 1861 - 31 Dec 1875  Adam Kok III                       (s.a.)
31 Dec 1875 - 1876         Adam "Eta"