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South Africa
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![[flag of South Africa of 1910]](za-1910.gif)
![[flag of South Africa of 1912]](za-1912.gif)
![[flag of South Africa, 1928-1994]](za-1928.gif)
![[Flag of South Africa]](za.gif)
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![[Cape of Good Hope Blue Ensign]](za-cape1.gif)
7 Apr 1652
Dutch Cape Colony, administered by Dutch East India Company.
16 Sep 1795
Cape Colony occupied by British forces.
5 Mar 1797
British colony.
21 Feb 1803 - 18 Jan 1806 Colony of the Batavian Republic
(Netherlands).
10 Jan 1806
British retake Cape Colony.
13 Aug 1814
Dutch officially cede Cape Colony to Britain.
1 Dec 1872
Responsible government granted.
31 May 1910
Part of the Union of South Africa.
Commanders (of the Dutch East India Company)
7 Apr 1652 - 6 May 1662 Jan Anthoniszoon van
Riebeeck (b. 1619 - d. 1677)
6 May 1662 - 27 Sep 1666 Zacharias Wagenaer
(b. 1614 - d. 1668)
27 Sep 1666 - 18 Jun 1668 Cornelis van Quaelberg (b. 1623 - d. 1687)
18 Jun 1668 - 25 Mar 1670 Jacob van Borghorst
Governors (of the Dutch East India Company)
25 Mar 1670 - 30 Nov 1671 Pieter Hackius
(d. 1671)
30 Nov 1671 - 25 Mar 1672 Politieke Raad (Political Council)
25 Mar 1672 - 2 Oct 1672 Albert van Breughel (acting)
2 Oct 1672 - 14 Mar 1676 Ijsbrand Goske
(b. c.1626 - d. 1689)
14 Mar 1676 - 29 Jun 1678 Johan Bax van Herentals (d. 1678)
29 Jun 1678 - 12 Oct 1678 Hendrik Crudorp (acting)
12 Oct 1678 - 11 Feb 1699 Simon van der Stel
(b. 1639 - d. 1712)
(commander to 1 Jun 1691)
11 Feb 1699 - 3 Jun 1707 Willem Adriaan van der Stel
(b. 1664 - d. 1733)
3 Jun 1707 - 1 Feb 1708 Johannes Cornelis D'Ablaing
(b. 1663 - d. 1721)
(acting)
1 Feb 1708 - 27 Dec 1711 Lodewijk van Assenburgh
(b. 1660 - d. 1711)
27 Dec 1711 - 28 Mar 1714 Willem Helot (acting)
28 Mar 1714 - 8 Sep 1724 Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes
(b. 1654 - d. 1727)
8 Sep 1724 - 25 Feb 1727 Jean de la Fontaine (1st time)
(b. 1689 - d. 1743)
(acting)
25 Feb 1727 - 23 Apr 1729 Pieter Gysbert Noodt
(b. 1681 - d. 1729)
23 Apr 1729 - 31 Aug 1737 Jean de la Fontaine (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(acting to 8 Mar 1737)
31 Aug 1737 - 19 Sep 1737 Adriaan van Kervel
(b. 1681 - d. 1737)
20 Sep 1737 - 14 Apr 1739 Daniël van den Henghel (acting)
14
Apr 1739 - 27 Feb 1751 Hendrik Swellengrebel
(b. 1700 - d. 1760)
27 Feb 1751 - 11 Aug 1771 Ryk Tulbagh
(b. 1699 - d. 1771)
12 Aug 1771 - 14 Feb 1785 Joachim Ammema van Plattenberg,
baron van Plattenberg
(b. 1739 - d. 1793)
(acting to 18 May 1774)
14 Feb 1785 - 24 Jun 1791 Cornelis Jacob van de Graeff (b. 1734 - d. 1812)
24 Jun 1791 - 3 Jul 1792 Johann Isaac Rhenius (acting) (b. 1750? - d. 1808)
Commissioners-general
3 Jul 1792 - 2 Sep 1793 Sebastian Cornelis Nederburgh
(b. 1762 - d. 1811)
+ Simon Hendrik Frykenius
(b. 1747 - d. 1797)
2 Sep 1793 - 16 Sep 1795 Abraham Josias Sluysken
(b. 1736 - d. 1799)
Commanders
16 Sep 1795 - 15 Nov 1795 Sir George Keith Elphinstone
(b. 1746 - d. 1823)
+ Alured Clarke
(b. 1745 - d. 1832)
+ James Henry Craig
(b. 1748 - d. 1812)
Commandant
15 Nov 1795 - 5 May 1797 James Henry Craig
(s.a.)
Governors
5 May 1797 - 20 Nov 1798 George Macartney, Earl Macartney
(b. 1737 - d. 1806)
20 Nov 1798 - 9 Dec 1799 Francis Dundas (1st time)(acting)
(b. 1759 - d. 1824)
10 Dec 1799 - 20 Apr 1801 Sir George Yonge
(b. 1731 - d. 1812)
21 Apr 1801 - 20 Feb 1803 Francis Dundas (2nd time)(acting)
(s.a.)
Commissioner-general
21 Feb 1803 - 25 Sep 1804 Jacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist
(b. 1749 - d. 1823)
Governors
1 Mar 1803 - 18 Jan 1806 Jan Willem Janssens
(b. 1762 - d. 1838)
10 Jan 1806 - 17 Jan 1807 Sir David Baird -Military governor
(b.
1757 - d. 1829)
(acting)
17 Jan 1807 - 21 May 1807 Henry George Grey (1st time)
(b. 1766 - d. 1845)
(acting)
22 May 1807 - 4 Jul 1811 Du Pré Alexander, Earl
of Caledon (b. 1777 - d. 1839)
5 Jul 1811 - 5 Sep 1811 Henry George Grey (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(acting)
6 Sep 1811 - 6 Apr 1814 Sir John Francis Cradock
(b. 1762 - d. 1839)
18 Oct 1813 - 7 Jan 1814 Robert Meade
(b. 1772 - d. 1852)
(acting for Cradock)
6 Apr 1814 - 5 Mar 1826 Lord Charles Henry Somerset
(b. 1767 - d. 1831)
13 Jan 1820 - 30 Nov 1821 Sir Rufane Shawe Donkin
(b. 1772 - d. 1841)
(acting for Somerset)
5 Mar 1826 - 9 Sep 1828 Richard Bourke (acting)
(b. 1777 - d. 1855)
9 Sep 1828 - 10 Aug 1833 Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole
(b. 1772 - d. 1842)
10 Aug 1833 - 16 Jan 1834 Thomas Francis Wade
(b. c.1784 - d. 1846)
(acting [for D'Urban from 10 Jan 1834])
10 Jan 1834 - 20 Jan 1838 Sir Benjamin D'Urban
(b. 1777 - d. 1849)
22 Jan 1838 - 18 Mar 1844 Sir George Thomas Napier
(b. 1784 - d. 1855)
18 Mar 1844 - 27 Jan 1847 Sir Peregrine Maitland
(b. 1777 - d. 1854
Governors and High Commissioners
(to 31 May 1910 also High
Commissioners for Southern Africa)
27 Jan 1847 - 1 Dec 1847 Sir Henry Eldred Pottinger
(b. 1789 - d. 1856)
1 Dec 1847 - 31 Mar 1852 Sir Henry "Harry" George Wakelyn
(b. 1787 - d. 1860)
Smith
31 Mar 1852 - 26 May 1854 George Cathcart
(b. 1794 - d. 1854)
26 May 1854 - 5 Dec 1854 Charles Henry Darling (acting)
(b. 1809 - d. 1870)
5 Dec 1854 - 15 Aug 1861 Sir George Grey
(b. 1812 - d. 1898)
20 Aug 1859 - 4 Jul 1860 Robert Henry Wynyard (1st
time) (b. 1802 - d. 1864)
(acting for Grey)
15 Aug 1861 - 15 Jan 1862 Robert Henry Wynyard (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(acting)
15 Jan 1862 - 20 May 1870 Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse
(b. 1811 - d. 1887)
20 May 1870 - 31 Dec 1870 Charles Craufurd Hay (acting)
(b. 1809 - d. 1873)
31 Dec 1870 - 31 Mar 1877 Sir Henry Barkly
(b. 1815 - d. 1898)
31 Mar 1877 - 15 Sep 1880 Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere
(b. 1815 - d. 1884)
15 Sep 1880 - 27 Sep 1880 Henry Hugh Clifford (acting)
(b. 1826 - d. 1883)
27 Sep 1880 - 22 Jan 1881 Sir George Cumine Strahan (acting)
(b. 1838 - d. 1889)
22 Jan 1881 - 1 May 1889 Sir Hercules George Robert
(b. 1824 - d. 1897)
Robinson (1st time)
30 Apr 1881 - Aug 1881 Sir Leicester Smyth
(1st time) (b. 1829 - d. 1891)
(acting for Robinson)
25 Apr 1883 - 26 Mar 1884 Sir Leicester Smyth (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(acting for Robinson)
7 Apr 1886 - 7 Jul 1886 Sir Henry D'Oyley Torrens
(b. 1833 - d. 1889)
(acting for Robinson)
1 May 1889 - 13 Dec 1889 Henry Augustus Smyth (acting)
(b. 1825 - d. 1906)
13 Dec 1889 - 30 May 1895 Sir Henry Brougham Loch
(b. 1827 - d. 1900)
14 Jan 1891 - 1 Dec 1892 Sir William Gordon Cameron
(b. 1827 - d. 1913)
(1st time)(acting for Loch)
May 1894 - Jul 1894 Sir
William Gordon Cameron
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(acting for Loch)
30 May 1895 - 21 Apr 1897 Sir Hercules George Robert
(s.a.)
Robinson (2nd time)
(from 10 Aug 1896, Hercules George Robert
Robinson, Baron Rosmead)
21 Apr 1897 - 5 May 1897 Sir William Howley Goodenough
(b. 1833 - d. 1898)
(acting)
5 May 1897 - 6 Mar 1901 Sir Alfred Milner
(b. 1854 - d. 1925)
2 Nov 1898 - 14 Feb 1899 Sir William Francis Butler
(b. 1838 - d. 1910)
(acting for Milner)
6 Mar 1901 - 31 May 1910 Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson
(b. 1849 - d. 1913)
17 Jun 1909 - 21 Sep 1909 Sir Henry Jenner Scobell
(b. 1859 - d. 1912)
(acting for Hely-Hutchinson)
Prime ministers
1 Dec 1872 - 5 Feb 1878 John Charles Molteno
(b. 1814 - d. 1886)
6 Feb 1878 - 8 May 1881 John Gordon Sprigg (1st
time) (b. 1830 - d. 1913)
9
May 1881 - 12 May 1884 Thomas Charles Scanlen
(b. 1834 - d. 1912)
13 May 1884 - 24 Nov 1886 Thomas Upington
(b. 1844 - d. 1898)
25 Nov 1886 - 16 Jul 1890 Sir John Gordon Sprigg (2nd time)
(s.a.)
17 Jul 1890 - 12 Jan 1896 Cecil John Rhodes
(b. 1853 - d. 1902)
13 Jan 1896 - 13 Oct 1898 Sir John Gordon Sprigg (3rd time)
(s.a.)
13 Oct 1898 - 17 Jun 1900 William Philip Schreiner
(b. 1857 - d. 1919)
18 Jun 1900 - 21 Feb 1904 Sir John Gordon Sprigg (4th time)
(s.a.) PP
22 Feb 1904 - 2 Feb 1908 Leander Starr Jameson
(b. 1853 - d. 1917) PP
3 Feb 1908 - 31 May 1910 John Xavier Merriman
(b. 1841 - d. 1926) SAP
Party abbreviations: PP = Progressive Party (liberal, from 1908, renamed Unionist Party); SAP = South African Party (conservative, formerly the Afrikander Bond Party 1881-1908)
Graaff-Reinet
![[National flag of the Netherlands]](nl.gif)
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6 Feb 1795
Cape district of Graaf-Reinet revolts against local
magistrate and declares itself a separate
Dutch colony.
22 Aug 1796
British rule; re-incorporated into Cape Colony.
Chairman of the Provisional Government and War Council
6 Feb 1795 - 22 Aug 1796 Adriaan Van Jaarsfeld
(b. 1745 - d. 1801)
National Landdrost
6 Feb 1795 - 22 Aug 1796 Friedrich Carl David Gerotz
(b. 1739 - d. 1828)
Swellendam
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18 Jun 1795
Cape district of Swellendam revolts against local
magistrate and declares itself a separate
Dutch colony (often called "Swellendam Republic").
Nov 1795
British rule; re-incorporated into Cape Colony.
President of the National Assembly
18 Jun 1795 - Nov 1795 Hermanus Steyn
(b. 1743 - d. 1804)
National Commander
18 Jun 1795 - Nov 1795 Petrus Jacobus Delport
(b. 1757 - d. 1800)
Goshen
![[Goshen (South Africa)]](za-bgo.gif)
5 Mar
1883 - 23 Mar 1885
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24 Oct 1882
Het Land Goosen independent.
7 Aug 1883
Merges with Stellaland to from United States of Stellaland.
23 Mar 1885
Incorporated into Cape Colony (Bechuanaland).
Chairman of the Council of Government
24 Oct 1882 - 7 Aug 1883 Nicolaas Claudius Gey van
Pittius (b. 1837 - d. 1893)
Administrator
7 Aug 1883 - 23 Mar 1885 Nicolaas Claudius Gey van
Pittius (s.a.)
Stellaland
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![[Stellaland 1882 flag (Carr)]](za-stel1.gif)
![[Stellaland 1883 flag]](za-stel2.gif)
![[Flag Stellaland 1884-1885]](za-st.gif)
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26 Jul 1882
Republic of Stellaland independent.
6 Aug 1883
Merges with Goshen forming the United States of Stellaland.
15 Mar 1885
Annexed by Britain.
30 Sep 1885
Incorporated into Cape Colony (Bechuanaland).
Administrator
26 Jul 1882 - 15 Mar 1885 Gerrit Jacobus van Niekerk
(b. 1849 - d. 1896)
British Bechuanaland
![[British Bechuanaland commissioner]](bw_hc.GIF)
1891 - 1895
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Bechuanaland |
(Vryburg) |
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1 Sep 1885
British Bechuanaland crown colony.
16 Nov 1895
Incorporated into Cape Colony.
Military Commander
1 Sep 1885 - 23 Oct 1885 Frederick Carrington
(b. 1844 - d. 1913)
Administrator
23 Oct 1885 - 16 Nov 1895 Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard
(b. 1837 - d. 1901)
(from 21 Jun 1887, Sir Sidney Godolphin Alexander
Shippard)
British Kaffraria (Queen Adelaide Land)
![[Flag of the United Kingdom]](gb.gif)
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King William's Town 1835) |
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10 May 1835
Annexed to Cape Colony as Queen Adelaide Province.
5 Dec 1835
Queen Adelaide Province disannexed from Cape Colony.
10 Dec 1835
Renamed Queen Adelaide Land.
17 Dec 1847
Annexed to Cape Colony as British Kaffraria.
7 Mar 1860
British Kaffraria a separate crown colony.
17 Apr 1866
Incorporated into Cape Colony.
Chief Commissioner
10 May 1835 - 5 Dec 1835 Henry "Harry" George Wakelyn
(b. 1787 - d. 1860)
Smith
Lieutenant-governors
10 Dec 1835 - 13 Sep 1836 Henry "Harry" George Wakelyn
(s.a.)
Smith (acting)
13 Sep 1836 - 9 Aug 1838 Sir Andries Stockenström
(b. 1792 - d. 1864)
9 Aug 1838 - Sep 1846 Sir John Hare
(b. 1782? - d. 1846)
(acting
to 31 Aug 1839)
Sep 1846 - 9 Apr 1847 direct rule by Cape Colony
9 Apr 1847 - 4 Nov 1847 Sir Henry Edward Fox
Young (b. 1803 - d. 1870)
4 Nov 1847 - 17 Dec 1847 direct rule by Cape Colony
Chief Commissioners
23 Dec 1847 - Oct 1852 George Henry Mackinnon
Oct 1852 - 7 Mar 1860 John Maclean
(b. 1810 - d. 1874)
Lieutenant-governor
7 Mar 1860 - 24 Dec 1864 John Maclean
(s.a.)
Deputy governor
24 Dec 1864 - 17 Apr 1866 Robert Graham
(b. 1816 - d. 1887)
Chiefs (Rarabe offshoot of main Xhosa line)
1797 - 13 Nov 1829
Ngqika (Gaika)
13 Nov 1829 - 1 Jun 1878 Sandile
Idutywa Reserve
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Aug 1858
Idutywa Reserve a dependency of British Kaffraria
for Bantu fragments of Umhala's clan.
Dec 1864
Merged into British Kaffraria.
Special Magistrates
Aug 1858 - Sep 1858 John Gawler
Sep 1858 - May 1860 George Pomeroy
Colley (b. 1835 - d. 1881)
May 1860 - Sep 1861 W.G.B.
Shepstone
Sep 1861 - Dec 1864 William
B. Chalmers
Natal
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![[Natalia (South Africa), 1839-1843]](za-bntli.gif)
![[Natal Blue Ensign (1875)]](za-nat2.gif)
![[Natal Blue Ensign (1905)]](za-nt05.gif)
2 Dec 1836
Company of Emigrants (Trekker Maatschappij) constituted.
6 Jun 1837
Free Province of New Holland in South-East Africa
12 Oct 1838
"Natalia" (Republic of Natal)¹
12 May 1843
British take Natalia from Boers.
28 Sep 1843
British colony (Natal)
31 May 1844
Annexed to Cape colony (as Natal district).
4 Dec 1845
Natal a separate province.
12 Jul 1856
Natal Colony reconstituted.
10 May 1893
Granted self-rule.
31 May 1910
Part of the Union of South Africa.
President of the Burghers' Council and Chief Commandant
2 Dec 1836 - 6 Jun 1837 Gerhardus Marthinus Maritz
(b. 1797 - d. 1838)
Chief Governor
6 Jun 1837 - 6 Feb 1838 Pieter Maurits Retief
(b. 1780 - d. 1838)
Presidents of the Policy Council
6 Feb 1838 - 23 Sep 1838 Gerhardus Marthinus Maritz
(s.a.)
23 Sep 1838 - 12 Oct 1838 Karel Pieter Landman
(b. 1796 - d. 1875)
Chairmen of the Raad²
15? Feb 1839 - May 1839 Johannes Stephanus Maritz
(b. 1794 - d. 1857)
(1st time)
20? Oct 1839 - Mar 1840 Johannes Stephanus Maritz
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
May 1840?
Johannes Stephanus Maritz
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
Aug 1840?
Karel Pieter Landman (1st time) (s.a.)
4 Sep 1840?
Laurens Badenhorst
(b. 1800 - d. 18..)
14 Jan 1841?
Karel Pieter Landman (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Apr 1841?- 21 Jan 1842? Joachim Johannes Petrus Prinsloo
15 Jul 1842?
Jacobus Nicolaas Boshof
(b. 1808 - d. 1881)
20 Aug 1842?- 31 Oct 1842? Hermanus Stephanus Lombaard
15? May 1843- 28 Sep 1843 Johannes Stephanus Maritz
(s.a.)
(4th time)
Chief Commandant
23 Nov 1838 - 6 Mar 1840 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus
(b. 1798 - d. 1853)
Pretorius
Commandants-General
3 Jun 1840 - 10 Jan 1842 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus
(s.a.)
Pretorius (1st time)
21 Feb 1842 - 9 Aug 1842 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus
(s.a.)
Pretorius (2nd time)
Special Commissioner
10 May 1843 - 31 May 1844 Henry Cloete
(b. 1792 - d. 1870)
31 May 1844 - 4 Dec 1845 direct rule by Cape Colony
Lieutenant-governors
4 Dec 1845 - 1 Aug 1849 Martin Thomas West
(b. 1804? - d. 1849)
19 Apr 1850 - 3 Mar 1855 Benjamin Chilley Campbell
Pine (b. 1809 - d. 1891)
(1st time)
5 Nov 1856 - 31 Dec 1864 John Scott
(b. 1814 - d. 1898)
31 Dec 1864 - 26 Jul 1865 John Maclean
(b. 1810 - d. 1874)
26 Jul 1865 - 26 Aug 1865 John Wellesley Thomas (acting)
(b. 1822 - d. 1908)
26 Aug 1865 - 24 May 1867 John Jarvis Bisset (acting)
(b. 1819 - d. 1894)
24 May 1867 - 19 Jul 1872 Robert William Keate
(b. 1814 - d. 1873)
19 Jul 1872 - 30 Apr 1873 Anthony Musgrave
(b. 1828 - d. 1888)
30 Apr 1873 - 22 Jul 1873 Thomas Milles (acting)
22 Jul 1873 - 1 Apr 1875 Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell
Pine (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1 Apr 1875 - 3 Sep 1875 Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley
(acting)(b. 1833 - d. 1913)
3 Sep 1875 - 20 Apr 1880 Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne
Bulwer (b. 1836 - d. 1914)
20 Apr 1880 - 5 May 1880 William Bellairs (acting)
(b. 1828 - d. 1913)
5 May 1880 - 2 Jul 1880 Henry Hugh Clifford (acting)
Governors
2 Jul 1880 - 27 Feb 1881 Sir George Pomeroy Colley
(b. 1835 - d. 1881)
17 Aug 1880 - 14 Sep 1880 Henry Alexander (acting for Colley)
27 Feb 1881 - 3 Apr 1881 Sir Henry Evelyn Wood (acting)
(b. 1838 - d. 1919)
3 Apr 1881 - 9 Aug 1881 Redvers Henry Buller
(acting) (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
22 Dec 1881 - 6 Mar 1882 Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell
(b. 1836 - d. 1899)
(1st time) (acting)
6 Mar 1882 - 23 Oct 1885 Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne
Bulwer (s.a.)
18 Feb 1886 - 5 Jun 1889 Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock
(b. 1844 - d. 1908)
1 Dec 1889 - Jul 1893 Sir Charles
Bullen Hugh Mitchell (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jul 1893 - 27 Sep 1893 Francis Seymour
Haden (acting) (b. 1850 - d. 1918)
28 Sep 1893 - 6 May 1901 Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson
(s.a.)
13 May 1901 - 7 Jun 1907 Sir Henry Edward McCallum
(b. 1852 - d. 1919)
2 Sep 1907 - 23 Dec 1909 Sir Matthew Nathan
(b. 1862 - d. 1939)
17 Jan 1910 - 31 May 1910 Paul Sanford Methuen,
(b. 1845 - d. 1932)
Baron Methuen of Corsham
Prime ministers
10 Oct 1893 - 14 Feb 1897 Sir John Robinson
(b. 1839 - d. 1903)
15 Feb 1897 - 4 Oct 1897 Harry Escombe
(b. 1838 - d. 1899)
5 Oct 1897 - 8 Jun 1899 Sir Henry Binns
(b. 1837 - d. 1899)
9 Jun 1899 - 17 Aug 1903 Sir Albert Henry Hime
(b. 1842 - d. 1919)
18 Aug 1903 - 16 May 1905 George Morris Sutton
(b. 1834 - d. 1913)
16 May 1905 - 28 Nov 1906 Charles John Smythe
(b. 1852 - d. 1918)
28 Nov 1906 - 28 Apr 1910 Frederick Robert Moor
(b. 1853 - d. 1927)
¹The constitution of 1838 did not specify an
official name for the polity. Sources style
it Natalia or Republic of Natal. In foreign correspondence the
Raad
(Council) requested occasionally that the polity be styled Republic of
Port Natal and Adjoining Countries;
not surprisingly, nobody took them up on this idea.
²According to the constitution, the state was
to be headed by a committee called the
Politie; the President of the Politie would be the
formal head of state. However, this body was never constituted. In this
record, the chairman of the Raad is regarded as the head of state.
The chairman was officially elected quarterly. The list of chairmen is
very incomplete; dates are given when the person named was active. During
much of the time of independence
of Natalia the Raad appointed a Chief Commandant or Commandant-General,
who functioned informally as a Chief Executive, and is therefore listed
here.
Port Natal
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7 Aug 1824
Area settled by Britain.
30 Apr 1838
Port Natal dissolved as a colony.
6 May 1835
Port Natal recognized.
23 Jun 1835
Town of Durban founded.
4 Feb 1838
Port Natal colony effectively ceases to function.
May 1838
Port Natal dissolved.
Nov 1838
Incorporated into Cape Colony.
Jan 1839
Port Natal vacated by British troops.
24 Dec 1839
Port Natal evacuated.
24 Dec 1839
Cape colony relinquishes Port Natal and it
it is incorporated into Natalia.
Dec 1839
Part of Boer Republic of New Holland (see Natal).
12 May 1843
Taken from Boers by British, made part of Natal.
British Commander
7 Aug 1824 - 30 Apr 1828 Francis George Farewell
(b. 1784 - d. 1829)
30 Apr 1828 - 6 May 1835 No formal British rule
Administrator
6 May 1835 - 4 Feb 1838 Allen Francis Gardiner
(b. 1794 - d. 1851)
Military Administrators
Nov 1838 - Jan 1839 Samuel
Charters
Jan 1839 - 24 Dec 1839 Henry Jervis
Zululand
| Map of Zululand | Capital: Eshowe | Population: 230,000 (1896 est.) |
21 Jun 1887
British crown colony (Zululand).
1 Dec 1897
Incorporated into Natal.
Governors
21 Jun 1887 - 1 Dec 1897 the governors of Natal
Resident Commissioners and Chief magistrates
1887 - 1893
Sir Melmoth Osborn
(b. 1834 - d. 1899)
1893 - 1 Dec 1897
Sir Marshall James Clarke
(b. 1841 - d. 1909)
Orange Free State
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![[Orange Free State (South Africa) 1856-72, 1880-1902]](za-orang.gif)
![[flag of Orange River colony, 1904]](sud_orc1.gif)
8 Mar 1845
Transorangia a British settlement.
8 Mar 1848 - 11 Mar 1854 Orange River Sovereignty (under
British rule;
annexed to Cape Colony).
23 Feb 1854
Orange Free State (a Boer republic).
29 Mar 1854 - 31 May 1902 Republic of the Orange Free State
13 Mar 1900
British occupy Bloemfontein.
28 May 1900
Annexed by Britain (Orange River).
4 Jan 1901
Orange River Colony
27 Nov 1907
Granted self-rule.
31 May 1910
Part of the Union of South Africa.
British Residents
8 Mar 1845 - 16 Jan 1846 William Sutton
(b. 1807 - d. 1864)
16 Jan 1846 - 23 Jul 1852 Henry Douglas Warden
(b. 1800 - d. 1856)
23 Jul 1852 - 11 Mar 1854 Henry Green
(b. 1818 - d. 1884)
Special Commissioner
6 Apr 1853 - 3 Feb 1854 Sir George Russell Clerk
(b. 1800 - d. 1889)
Chairman of the Provisional Government
23 Feb 1854 - 29 Mar 1854 Josias Philippus Hoffman
(b. 1807 - d. 1879)
Chairman of the Volksraad
29 Mar 1854 - Apr 1854 Josias Philippus
Hoffman (s.a.)
State Presidents
Apr 1854
Jacobus Groenedal (acting)
(b. 1805 - d. 1860)
18 Apr 1854 - 10 Feb 1855 Josias Philippus Hoffman
(s.a.)
(acting to 15 Jun 1854)
10 Feb 1855 - 27 Aug 1855 Jacobus Johannes Venter (1st time)
(b. 1814 - d. 1889)
(chairman Joint Commission for Administering the
Government)
27 Aug 1855 - 6 Sep 1859 Jacobus Nicolaas Boshof
(b. 1808 - d. 1881)
6 Sep 1859 - 15 Dec 1859 Esaias Reynier Snyman (acting)
15 Dec 1859 - 8 Feb 1860 Jacobus Johannes Venter (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(acting)
8 Feb 1860 - 20 Jun 1863 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
(b. 1819 - d. 1901)
20 Jun 1863 - 2 Feb 1864 Jacobus Johannes Venter (3rd
time) (s.a.)
(acting)
2 Feb 1864 - 14 Jul 1888 Johannes Henricus Brand
(b. 1823 - d. 1888)
31 Aug 1872 - 4 Oct 1872 Just Friedrich Rudolph Kaufmann
(b. 1831 - d. 1879)
Höhne (acting for Brand)
4 Oct 1872 - 16 Jun 1873 Committee (acting for
Brand)
- William Collins
(b. 1803 - d. 1876)
- Friedrich Pieter Schnehage
(b. 1811 - d. 1888)
- Gerhardus Johannes du Toitt (b.
1817 - d. 1899)
14 Jul 1888 - 10 Jan 1889 Pieter Jeremias Blignaut (1st time)(b.
1841 - d. 1909)
(acting)
10 Jan 1889 - 11 Dec 1895 Francis William Reitz
(b. 1844 - d. 1934)
11 Dec 1895 - 4 Mar 1896 Pieter Jeremias Blignaut (2nd
time)(s.a.)
(acting)
4 Mar 1896 - 31 May 1902 Marthinus Theunis Steyn
(b. 1857 - d. 1916)
(in exile from 1900)
30 May 1902 - 31 May 1902 Christiaan Rudolph de Wet
(b. 1854 - d. 1922)
(acting for Steyn)
British Governor
4 Jan 1901 - 23 Jun 1902 Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner
(b. 1854 - d. 1925)
Lieutenant-governor
Jan 1901 - 23 Jun 1902 Hamilton John Goold-Adams
(b. 1858 - d. 1920)
Governors
23 Jun 1902 - 1 Apr 1905 Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner
(s.a.)
2 Apr 1905 - 7 Jun 1907 William Waldegrave Palmer,
(b. 1859 - d. 1942)
Earl of Selborne
7 Jun 1907 - 31 May 1910 Sir Hamilton John Goold-Adams
(s.a.)
Prime minister
27 Nov 1907 - 31 May 1910 Abraham Fischer
(b. 1850 - d. 1913) ORU
Party abbreviation: ORU = Orangia Unie ('Orange Union Party', Orange Free State Boer party, 1906-1910, merged into SAP)
Transvaal
|
||||||||||||||
![[Vierkleur flag of Transvaal]](za-t1857.gif)
![[Flag South African Republic 1874-1875]](za-burgr.gif)
![[flag of Transvaal Colony, 1900]](za-tr190.gif)
22 Dec 1838
Potchefstroom founded.
1848
United Band established.
1849
Zoutpansberg founded.
17
Jan 1852 Sand River
Convention, U.K. recognizes Boer independence north
of the Vaal River.
1853
Holland-African Republic (style not authorized by legislation).
21 Sep 1853 South-African Republic
1 Dec 1853 South-African Republic North of the Vaal River
27 May 1856 South-African Republic
12 Apr 1877
Transvaal Territory a British colony.
8 Aug 1881
Transvaal granted self-government, subject to the suzerainty
of the British crown, under the name of the Transvaal
State
(South-African Republic in domestic use).
8 Aug 1884 Transvaal granted independence.
8 Aug 1884 - 31 May 1902 South-African Republic (restored).
31 May 1900
British occupy Johannesburg and from 5 Jun 1900 Pretoria.
25 Oct 1900
Transvaal a British colony.
6 Dec 1906
Granted self-rule.
31 May 1910
Part of the Union of South Africa.
Commandants at Magaliesberg
Nov 1838 - Jun 1845 Andries
Hendrik Potgieter
(b. 1792 - d. 1845)
Jun 1845 - Jun 1848 Gert
Kruger
Commandants-General
20 Jun 1848 - 20 Sep 1849 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus
(b. 1798 - d. 1853)
Pretorius (1st time)
20 Sep 1849 - 16 Oct 1850 Post abolished
16 Oct 1850 - 15 Jan 1851 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus
(s.a.)
Pretorius (2nd time) (acting)
At Lijdenburg:
15 Jan 1851 - 17 Dec 1856 Willem François
Joubert
(b. 1801 - d. 1891)
At Zoutpansberg:
15 Jan 1851 - 16 Dec 1852 Andries Hendrik
Potgieter (s.a.)
16 Dec 1852 - 6 Nov 1854 Pieter Johannes Potgieter
(b. 1822 - d. 1854)
(acting to 17 Mar 1853)
Nov 1854 - 18 Feb 1858 Stephanus
Schoeman
(b. 1810 - d. 1890)
(acting to 4 Jun 1855)
At Marico:
15 Jan 1851 - Apr 1852 Johan
Adam Enslin
(d. 1852)
At Potchefstroom-Rustenburg:
15 Jan 1851 - 23 Jul 1853 Andries Wilhelmus
Jacobus (s.a.)
Pretorius (3rd time)
9 Aug 1853 - 6 Jan 1857 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
(b. 1819 - d. 1901)
Chairmen of the Volksraad
23 May 1849 - 25 May 1849 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus (s.a.)
Pretorius
19 Sep 1849 - 19 Sep 1849 Jacob de Clercq (le Clercq)
6 Dec 1849 - 12 Dec 1849 Piet Ernst Kruger (1st time)
(provisional)
22 Jan 1850 - 30 Jan 1850 W.C. Swart
26 May 1850 - 28 May 1850 Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon
(b. 1804 - d. 1868)
(1st time)
24 Aug 1850 - 24 Aug 1850 Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon (s.a.)
(2nd time)
10 Sep 1850 - 10 Sep 1850 Cornelis D. Potgieter (1st time)
16 Oct 1850 - 16 Oct 1850 Cornelis D. Potgieter (2nd time)
10 Dec 1850 - 10 Dec 1850 Petrus Frans Jacobus Pretorius (b. 1810 - d. ....)
15 Jan 1851 - 21 Jan 1851 Cornelis D. Potgieter (3rd time)
15 Feb 1851 - 15 Feb 1851 Cornelis D. Potgieter (4th time)
5 May 1851 - 5 May 1851 Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon (s.a.)
(3rd time)
9 May 1851 - 9 May 1851 Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon (s.a.)
(4th time)
30 May 1851 - 30 May 1851 no presiding officer recorded
11 Jun 1851 - 11 Jun 1851 J.N.H. Grobler
5 Jul 1851 - 5 Jul 1851 Johannes Christoffel Steyn
1 Sep 1851 - 3 Sep 1851 Cornelis D. Potgieter (5th time)
27 Nov 1851 - 29 Nov 1851 Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon (s.a.)
(5th time)
10 Jan 1852 - 10 Jan 1852 no presiding officer recorded
12 Feb 1852 - 12 Feb 1852 Joachim Johannes Petrus Prinsloo
(1st time)
14 Feb 1852 - 14 Feb 1852 Pieter Ernst Kruger (2nd time)
17 Mar 1852 - 20 Mar 1852 Cornelis D. Potgieter (6th time)
5 May 1852 - 6 May 1852 Cornelis D. Potgieter (7th time)
6 May 1852 - 6 May 1852 Andreas Theodorus Spies (b. 1800 - d. 1889)
7 May 1852 - 7 May 1852 C. Viljoen
15 Jun 1852 - 25 Jun 1852 Cornelis D. Potgieter (8th time)
12 Jul 1852 - 12 Jul 1852 Cornelis D. Potgieter (9th time)
4 Oct 1852 - 4 Oct 1852 Joachim Johannes Petrus Prinsloo
(2nd time)
15 Nov 1852 - 15 Nov 1852 Cornelis D. Potgieter (10th time)
20 Nov 1852 - 20 Nov 1852 Joachim Johannes Petrus Prinsloo
(3rd time)
14 Mar 1853 - 24 Mar 1853 Cornelis D. Potgieter (11th time)
13 Jun 1853 - 22 Jun 1853 Cornelis D. Potgieter (12th time)
9 Aug 1853 - 13 Aug 1853 Hercules Albertus Pretorius (b.
1803 - d. 1889)
(1st time)
19 Sep 1853 - 28 Sep 1853 Cornelis D. Potgieter (13th time)
21 Nov 1853 - 6 Dec 1853 Cornelis D. Potgieter (14th time)
4 Jan 1854 - 1 Feb 1854 Cornelis D. Potgieter (15th time)
27 Feb 1854 - 27 Feb 1854 Cornelis D. Potgieter (16th time)
4 Mar 1854 - 5 Mar 1854 no presiding officer recorded
3 Apr 1854 - 10 Apr 1854 Cornelis D. Potgieter (17th time)
7 Jun 1854 - 15 Jun 1854 Johannes Hermanus Grobler (b. 1813 - d. 1892)
(1st time)
16 Oct 1854 - 17 Oct 1854 Cornelis D. Potgieter (18th time)
6 Nov 1854 - 10 Nov 1854 Cornelis D. Potgieter (19th time)
2 Feb 1855 - 2 Feb 1855 Cornelis D. Potgieter (20th time)
13 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1855 Cornelis D. Potgieter (21st time)
1 Jun 1855 - 19 Jun 1855 Cornelis D. Potgieter (22nd time)
4 Jul 1855 - 5 Jul 1855 Cornelis D. Potgieter (23rd time)
10 Sep 1855 - 11 Sep 1855 Hercules Albertus Pretorius (s.a.)
(2nd time)
11 Sep 1855 - 18 Sep 1855 Hercules Albertus Pretorius (s.a.)
(3rd time)
5 Nov 1855 - 20 Nov 1855 Johannes Hermanus Grobler (s.a.)
(2nd time)
27 Nov 1855 - 27 Nov 1855 Cornelis D. Potgieter (24th time)
4 Mar 1856 - 11 Mar 1856 Johannes Hermanus Grobler (s.a.)
(3rd time)
11 Mar 1856 - 11 Mar 1856 Hendrik Teodor Bührmann (b. 1822 - d. 1890)
27 May 1856 - 30 May 1856 Johannes Hermanus Grobler (s.a.)
(4th time)
5 Jan 1857 - 6 Jan 1857 J.P. Furstenberg
Presidents of the Executive Council
6 Jan 1857 - 15 Sep 1860 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
(s.a.)
(1st time)
15 Sep 1860 - 6 Dec 1860 Johannes Hermanus Grobler
(acting) (s.a.)
6 Dec 1860 - 17 Apr 1862 Stephanus Schoeman
(s.a.)
(acting; continues in rebellion to 19 Jan 1863)
18 Apr 1862 - 10 May 1864 Willem Cornelis Janse van
(b. 1818 - d. 1865)
Renseburg (acting to 23 Oct 1863)
10 May 1864 - 22 Oct 1866 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
State Presidents
22 Oct 1866 - 20 Nov 1871 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
(s.a.)
21 Nov 1871 - 1 Jul 1872 Daniël Jacobus Erasmus
(b. 1830 - d. 1913)
"van Straten" (acting)
1 Jul 1872 - 12 Apr 1877 Thomas François Burgers
(b. 1834 - d. 1881)
Administrators
12 Apr 1877 - 4 Mar 1879 Sir Theophilus Shepstone
(b. 1817 - d. 1893)
4 Mar 1879 - 8 Aug 1881 William Owen Lanyon
(b. 1842 - d. 1887)
(from 6 Apr 1880, Sir William Owen Lanyon)
(acting for Wolseley 29 Sep 1879 - 27 Apr 1880)
Governor
29 Sep 1879 - 27 Apr 1880 Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley
(b. 1833 - d. 1913)
8 Aug 1881 - 9 May 1883 Triumvirate
(formed 13 Dec 1880 in rebellion)
- Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (b. 1825 -
d. 1904)
- Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
(s.a.)
- Petrus Jacobus Joubert
(b. 1831 - d. 1900)
State Presidents
9 May 1883 - 31 May 1902 Stephanus Johannes Paulus
Kruger (s.a.)
(in Europe from 10 Sep 1900)
10 Sep 1900 - 31 May 1902 Schalk Willem Burger
(b. 1852 - d. 1918)
(acting for Kruger)
British Commanders-in-chief South Africa
18 Dec 1899 - 29 Nov 1900 Frederick Sleigh Roberts, (b. 1832 - d. 1914)
Earl Roberts
29 Nov 1900 - 1902 Horatio Herbert Kitchener, (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
Baron Kitchener
Administrator
1 Sep 1900 - 21 Jun 1902 Frederick Sleigh Roberts, (s.a.)
Earl Roberts (left Africa Dec 1900)
Dec 1900 - 21 Jun 1902 Horatio Herbert Kitchener, (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
Baron Kitchener (acting for Roberts)
Governors
21 Jun 1902 - 1 Apr 1905 Alfred Milner, Viscount Milner
(s.a.)
29 Sep 1902 - 4 Dec 1905 Arthur Lawley (acting for
Milner) (b. 1860 - d. 1932)
2 Apr 1905 - 31 May 1910 William Waldegrave Palmer,
(s.a.)
Earl of Selborne
4 Dec 1905 - 2 Oct 1906 Richard Solomon
(b. 1850 - d. 1913)
(acting for Selborne)
Prime minister
4 Feb 1907 - 31 May 1910 Louis Botha
(b. 1862 - d. 1919) HV
Party abbreviation: HV = Het Volk
('The People', Transvaal Boer party, 1905-1910, merged with Orangia Unie and Afrikaner Bond as SAP)
Winburg-Potchefstroom/Andries-Ohrigstad/Lijdenburg
|
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![[Voortrekker vlag (South Africa)]](za_voor.gif)
![[Flag Lydenburg Republic 1858-1860]](za-ly.gif)
|
(Winburg 1841-1845; Andries-Ohrigstad 1845-1846) |
|
17 Jan 1837
Winburg Republic
9 Apr 1844
Community established at Winburg-Potchefstroom.
Jun 1845
Move to Andries-Ohrigstad.
1846
Andries-Ohrigstad abandoned settlers move to Lijdenburg
(Lydenburg) Territory.
3 Feb 1848
Incorporated into Orange River Sovereignty.
1849
Incorporated into Transvaal.
17 Dec 1856
Republic of Lijdenburg in South Africa established.
4 Apr 1860
Incorporated into South-African Republic.
Commandants and Governors
17 Jan 1837 - 1 Sep 1838 Andries Hendrik Potgieter
(1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1845)
1 Sep 1838 - 9 Apr 1844 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus
(b. 1798 - d. 1853)
Pretorius
9 Apr 1844 - 8 Jun 1846 Andries Hendrik Potgieter
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1846 - 22 Sep 1846 Johannes Gerhardus Stephanus
Bronkhorst
(chairman Volksraad)
(b. 1798 - d. 1848)
22 Sep 1846 - 1849
Andries Hendrik Potgieter (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jan 1851 - 1859
Willem François
Joubert
(b. 1801 - d. 1891)
1859 - 4 Apr 1860
Joseph van Dyck
Chairmen of the Volksraad
17 Dec 1856 - 18..
Philippus Jeremias Coetser
18.. - 4 Apr 1860
Cornelis Potgieter
Utrecht
![[Flag Orange Free State 1854-1858]](za-of185.gif)
1854 - 8 May 1858
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1852
Utrecht settlement.
1854
Republic of Utrecht established.
8 May 1858
Incorporated into Republic of Lijdenburg.
Landdrosts (magistrates)
1852 - 1855
Andreas Theodorus Spies (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1889)
1855 - Feb 1856
J.C. Styen
Feb 1856 - 8 May 1858 Andreas Theodorus
Spies (2nd time) (s.a.)
New Republic (Vijheid)
![[Nieuwe Republiek (South Africa)]](za-bnr.gif)
14 Nov 1884
- 20 Jul 1888
|
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16 Aug 1884
New Republic of South Africa established (also known as
Republic of Vijheid [Freedom]).
22 Oct 1886
Recognized by Britain.
20 Jul 1888
Incorporated into South-African Republic.
Jan 1903
Transferred to Natal.
State President
16 Aug 1884 - 20 Jul 1888 Lucas Johannes Meijer
(b. 1846 - d. 1902)
(acting to ... 1884)
Secretary of State
1884 - 1888
Daniel Johannes Esselen
(b. 1851 - d. 1919)
Little Republic (Little Free State, Klein Vrijstaat)
![[Klein Vrystaat (South Africa)]](za-klvr.gif)
1886 - 2 May 1891
|
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10 Mar 1886
Commonwealth of the Little Republic established also known
as Republic of Klein Vrijstaat or Little Free
State.
2 May 1891
Incorporated into South-African Republic.
Chairman of the Committee
10 Mar 1886 - 2 May 1891 J.J. Bezuidenhout
Griqua
![[Griqua flag]](za-griqu.gif)
Adopted 1902 as
the Griqua Flag
Note: Although the Griqua polities are widely
scattered and end up being incorporated
into different provinces/polities, their records are assembled
here because of the
ethnic and clan-led continuity (except for the Klipdrift Republic,
a European mining
enterprise). The starting point is in what became Griqualand West;
Campbell and
Philippolis are the result of migration led by the Kok family;
this migration ended
in what became Griqualand East.
Griqualand West
|
(Griquatown 1813-1871) |
|
1813
Griquatown
20 Dec 1820
Waterboer's Land
27 Oct 1871
British protectorate of Griqualad West (under Cape Colony).
17 Jul 1873
Griqualand West Crown Colony
15 Oct 1880
Incorporated into Cape Colony.
Chieftains (Kaptyns)
1813 - 1819
Barend Barends
(b. af.1770 - d. 1839)
+ Adam Kok II
(b. 1771 - d. 1835)
20 Dec 1820 - 13 Dec 1852 Andries Waterboer
(b. c.1790 - d. 1852)
13 Dec 1852 - 27 Oct 1871 Nicolaas Waterboer
(b. 1819 - d. 1896)
Civil Commissioner
27 Oct 1871 - 10 Jan 1873 Joseph Millerd Orpen
(b. 1828 - d. 1923)
Administrator
10 Jan 1873 - 17 Jul 1873 Richard Southey
(b. 1808 - d. 1901)
Lieutenant governors
17 Jul 1873 - 3 Aug 1875 Richard Southey
(s.a.)
23 Aug 1875 - Mar 1879 William Owen
Lanyon
(b. 1842 - d. 1887)
Mar 1879 - 15 Oct 1880 James Rose-Innes,
Jr.
(b. 1855 - d. 1942)
Campbell (Kok's Land)
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1813
Campbell Lands
May 1824
Renamed Cornelis Kok's Land.
1857
Incorporated into Orange Free State.
Resident
1813 - 1819
John Campbell
Chieftains (Kaptyns)
1819 - 1824
Adam Kok II
1824 - 1857
Cornelis Kok II
(d. 1857)
Klipdrift Republic (Digger's Republic)
|
|
![[Digger's Republic (1870) in South Africa]](za-dig.gif)
![[Digger's Republic (1870) in South Africa - alternate]](za-dig2.gif)
|
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30 Jul 1870
Republic of Griqualand West, also called
Klipdrift Republic or Digger's Republic,
or Free Republic.
13 Dec 1870
Incorporated into Orange Free State.
President
30 Jul 1870 - 13 Dec 1870 Stafford Parker
(b. 1833 - d. 1915)
Philippolis (Adam Kok's Land)
|
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25 Aug 1825
Philippolis also called Adam Kok's Land
26 Dec 1861
Incorporated into Orange Free State.
Chieftains (Kaptyns)
25 Aug 1825 - 1827
Adam Kok II (1st time)
(s.a.)
1827 - 1828
Cornelis Kok III
1828 - 12 Sep 1835
Adam Kok II (2nd time)
(s.a.)
12 Sep 1835 - 1836
Adam Kok III (1st time)
(b. 1811 - d. 1875)
(provisional)
Feb 1836 - Jul 1837 Abraham
Kok
Jul 1837 - Sep 1837 Brend
Lucas (provisional)
Sep 1837 - 26 Dec 1861 Adam Kok III (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Griqualand East
|
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26 Dec 1861
Griqualand East (New Griqualand)
Oct 1874
Incorporated into Cape Colony.
Chieftains (Kaptyns)
26 Dec 1861 - 31 Dec 1875 Adam Kok III
(s.a.)
31 Dec 1875 - 1876
Adam "Eta" Kok (provisional)
1876 - 1879
Cornelis van der Westhuis
British Resident
1873 - Oct 1874
Joseph Millerd Orpen
(b. 1828 - d. 1923)
South Africa
31 May 1910
Union of South Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State
and Transvaal united as a dominion).
11 Dec 1931
Statute of Westminster grants sovereignty to
the British dominions (ratified in inference by
South Africa 1934).
31 May 1961
Republic of South Africa
Kings/Queens¹
31 May 1910 - 31 May 1961 the Kings/Queens of the United
Kingdom
Governors-general2 (representing the British monarch as head
of state)
(to 6 Apr 1931 also High Commissioners of Southern
Africa)
31 May 1910 - 8 Sep 1914 Herbert John Gladstone,
(b. 1854 - d. 1930)
Viscount Gladstone
8 Sep 1914 - 17 Nov 1920 Sydney Charles Buxton,
(b. 1853 - d. 1934)
Viscount Buxton of Newtimber
(from 8 Nov 1920, Sydney Charles
Buxton, Earl Buxton)
17 Nov 1920 - 7 Dec 1923 Prince Arthur Frederick Patrick
(b. 1883 - d. 1938)
Albert of Connaught
17 Nov 1920 - 20 Nov 1920 Sir James Rose-Innes
(b. 1855 - d. 1942)
(acting for Prince Arthur)
7 Dec 1923 - 21 Jan 1924 Sir James Rose-Innes
(s.a.)
(officer administering the government)
21 Jan 1924 - 26 Jan 1931 Augustus Alexander George
(b. 1874 - d. 1957)
Cambridge, Earl of Athlone
21 Dec 1930 - 26 Jan 1931 Jacob de Villiers
(b. 1868 - d. 1932)
(acting for Earl of Athlone)
26 Jan 1931 - 5 Apr 1937 George Herbert Hyde Villiers,
(b. 1877 - d. 1955)
Earl of Clarendon
5 Apr 1937 - 17 Jul 1943 Sir Patrick Duncan
(b. 1870 - d. 1943)
17 Jul 1943 - 1 Jan 1946 Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet
(b. 1873 - d. 1960)
(officer administering the government)
1 Jan 1946 -
1 Jan 1951 Gideon Brand van Zyl
(b. 1873 - d. 1956)
1
Jan 1951 - 25 Nov 1959 Ernest George Jansen
(b. 1881 - d. 1959)
26 Nov 1959 - 11 Dec 1959 Lucas Cornelius Steyn (1st time)
(b. 1903 - d. 1976)
(officer administering the government)
11 Dec 1959 - 30 Apr 1961 Charles Robberts Swart
(b. 1894 - d. 1982)
30 Apr 1961 - 31 May 1961 Lucas Cornelius Steyn (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(officer administering the government)
State Presidents
31 May 1961 - 1 Jun 1967 Charles Robberts Swart
(s.a.)
NP
1 Jun 1967 - 6 Dec 1967 Theophilus E. Dönges
(b. 1898 - d. 1968) NP
(does not take office, then vacates it by proxy
resignation)
1 Jun 1967 - 10 Apr 1968 Jozua François Naudé
(b. 1889 - d. 1969) NP
(acting [for incapacitated Dönges to 6 Dec
1967])
10 Apr 1968 - 9 Apr 1975 Jacobus Johannes Fouché
(b. 1898 - d. 1980) NP
9 Apr 1975 - 19 Apr 1975 Johannes de Klerk (acting)
(b. 1903 - d. 1979) NP
19 Apr 1975 - 21 Aug 1978 Nicolaas Johannes Diederichs
(b. 1903 - d. 1978) NP
21 Aug 1978 - 10 Oct 1978 Marais Viljoen (1st time) (acting)
(b. 1915 - d. 2007) NP
10 Oct 1978 - 4 Jun 1979 Balthazar Johannes "B.J."
Vorster (b. 1915 - d. 1983) NP
4 Jun 1979 - 3 Sep 1984 Marais Viljoen (2nd time)
(s.a.)
NP
(acting to 19 Jun 1979)
3 Sep 1984 - 15 Aug 1989 Pieter Willem ("P.W.") Botha
(b. 1916 - d. 2006) NP
(acting to 14 Sep 1984)
19 Jan 1989 - 15 Mar 1989 Jan Christian "Chris" Heunis
(b. 1927 - d. 2006) NP
(acting for Botha)
15 Aug 1989 - 10 May 1994 Frederik Willem de Klerk
(b. 1936)
NP
(acting to 20 Sep 1989)
Presidents
10 May 1994 - 16 Jun 1999 Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
(b. 1918)
ANC
16 Jun 1999 - 25 Sep 2008 Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
(b. 1942)
ANC
25 Sep 2008
Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri (f)(acting) (b. 1937 - d. 2009) ANC
25 Sep 2008 - 9 May 2009 Kgalema Motlanthe
(b. 1949)
ANC
9 May 2009 - Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (b. 1942) ANC
Prime ministers
31 May 1910 - 27 Aug 1919 Louis Botha
(b. 1862 - d. 1919) 1911: SAP
3 Sep 1919 - 30 Jun 1924 Jan Christian Smuts (1st time)
(b. 1870 - d. 1950) SAP
30 Jun 1924 - 5 Sep 1939 James Barry Munnik Hertzog
(b. 1866 - d. 1942)NP;12-5-34 UP
5 Sep 1939 - 4 Jun 1948 Jan Christian Smuts (2nd
time) (s.a.)
UP
4 Jun 1948 - 29 Oct 1954 Daniel François Malan
(b. 1874 - d. 1959) NP
29 Oct 1954 - 30 Nov 1954 Nicolaas Christiaan Havenga
(b. 1882 - d. 1957) NP
(acting)
30 Nov 1954 - 24 Aug 1958 Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom
(b. 1893 - d. 1958) NP
24 Aug 1958 - 2 Sep 1958 Charles Robberts Swart (acting)
(s.a.)
NP
2 Sep 1958 - 6 Sep 1966 Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd
(b. 1901 - d. 1966) NP
6 Sep 1966 - 13 Sep 1966 Theophilus E. Dönges (acting)
(s.a.)
NP
13 Sep 1966 - 28 Sep 1978 Balthazar Johannes "B.J." Vorster
(s.a.)
NP
28 Sep 1978 - 14 Sep 1984 Pieter Willem Botha
(s.a.)
NP
14 Sep 1984
Post abolished
Chairmen of the minister's councils
- House of Assembly (White)-
Sep 1984 - Dec 1984 Sarel
Hayward (1st time) (acting) (b. 1924 - d. 1999)
NP
Dec 1984 - Apr 1985 Cornelius
"Nak" van der Merwe (b. 1921? - d. 1985)
NP
Apr 1985 - Jul 1985 Sarel
Hayward (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
NP
Jul 1985 - Sep 1989 Frederik
Willem de Klerk
(s.a.)
NP
Sep 1989 - Jan 1992 Jacobus
"Kobie" Coetsee
(b. 1931 - d. 2000)
NP
Jan 1992 - Mar 1993 Magnus
André de Merindol Malan (b.
1930)
NP
Mar 1993 - Mar 1994 Adriaan
Johannes Vlok
(b. 1937)
NP
- House of Representatives (Colored)-
Sep 1984 - Feb 1992 Helenand
"Allan" Hendrickse (b. 1927 -
d. 2005) LP
Feb 1992 - Mar 1994 Jakobus
"Jac" A. Rabie
(b. 1938 - d. 2008)
NP
- House of Delegates (Indian)-
Sep 1984 - Jan 1989 Amichand
Rajbansi
(b. 1942)
NPP
Jan 1989 - Mar 1989 Kassipershad
Ramduth (acting) (b. 1921)
Mar 1989 - Feb 1992 Jayaram
N. Reddy
(b. 1925)
Solidarity
Feb 1993 - Mar 1994 Bhadra
Ranchod
(b. 1944)
NP
¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) from 31 May 1910: "by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas
King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India;
(b) from 13 May 1927: "by the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland
and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor
of India";
(c) from 22 Jun 1934: "by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland
and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith,
Emperor of India and Sovereign in and over the Union of South Africa";
the title "Emperor of India" was dropped as of 15 Aug 1947 by retroactive
proclamation dated 22 Jun 1948;
(d) from 29 May 1953 to 31 May 1961: "Queen of South Africa and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth";
in Afrikaans: "Koningin van Suid-Afrika en Haar ander Koninkryke en Gebiede, Hoof van die Statebond."
2Full title:
(a) from 31 May 1910: Governor-General of the Union of South Africa;
in Afrikaans from 27 May 1925: "Goewerneur-Generaal van die Unie van Suid-Afrika."
Territorial Disputes: South Africa has placed military along the border to apprehend the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing economic dysfunction and political persecution; as of Jan 2007, South Africa also supports large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (33,000), Somalia (20,000), Burundi (6,500), and other states in Africa (26,000); managed dispute with Namibia over the location of the boundary in the Orange River; in 2006, Swazi king advocates resort to ICJ to claim parts of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa.
Party abbreviations: ANC = African National Congress (largely
black, social-democratic);
IFP = Iqembu Lenatha Yenkululeko/Inkatha Freedom Party (black,
conservative, Zulu regionalist); NNP = New National Party (Afrikaner,
conservative, ex-NP);
- Former parties: LP = Liberal Party (liberal,
colored);
NP = National Party-Nasionale Party (Afrikaner nationalist,
conservative, est.1914, renamed NNP 1998);
NPP = National People's
Party (south asian);
SAP = South Africa Party (Boer nationalist, social-democratic,
est.1911 [named UP 1939-1977] dissolved 1977); UP = United Party
(NP and SAP coalition 5 Dec 1934-1939); UDP = United Democratic Party (colored, disbanded May 1991)
Prince Edward Islands
4 Mar 1663
Discovered by Dutch explorer Barent Barentszoon Lam, named
(northern island) Diana Eyland and (southern) Maerseveen Eyland.
13 Jan 1772
Re-discovered by French Capt. Marc-Jospeh Marion du Fresne,
named Les Iles Froide (Cold Islands).
12 Dec 1776
Claimed for Britain by Capt. James Cook, named Prince Edward
Islands (Marion Island and Prince Edward Island).
1803
First recorded landing, by sealers.
1908
Granted for 21 years to William Newton to exploit
guano.
1926
Granted to a sealing company for 10 years.
17 Dec 1947
Prince Edward Island claimed by South Africa.
29 Dec 1947
Marion Island annexed for South Africa by Lt. Cmdr. John Fairburn.
4 Jan 1948
Prince Edward Island annexed by South Africa.
3 Nov 1995
Prince Edward Islands Special Nature Reserve.
Director Antarctica and Islands
(within the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism)
1999? - Henry Richard Valentine
©2000 Ben Cahoon