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United Kingdom
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Kings¹
15
Apr 871 - 26 Oct 899 Alfred
(b. 849 - d. 899)
26 Oct 899 - 17 Jul 924 Edward "the Elder"
(b. c. 871 - d. 924)
17 Jul 924 - 2 Aug 924 Elfweard
(b. c.904 - d. 924)
17 Jul 924 – 27 Oct 939 Ethelstan
(b. c.895 - d. 939)
27 Oct 939 - 26 May 946 Edmund I "the Magnificent"
(b. c.921 - d. 946)
23 May 946 - 23 Nov 955 Eadred "the Weak-in-the-Feet"
(b. c. 923 - d. 955)
23 Nov 955 - 1 Oct 959 Eadwig "the Fair"
(b. c.941 - d. 959)
9 May 957 - 8 Jul 975 Edgar I "the
Peaceable"
(b. 943 - d. 975)
8 Jul 975 - 18 Mar 978 Edward "the Martyr"
(b. 962 - d. 978)
18 Mar 978 - 1013
Ethelred "the Unready" (1st time) (b. 968/69 - d. 1016)
18 Mar 978 - 983
Alfhere -Regent
(d. 983)
1013 - 3 Feb 1014
Sweyn Forkbeard
(b. c.960 - d. 1014)
Mar/Apr 1014 - 23 Apr 1016 Ethelred "the Unready" (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Apr 1016 - 30 Nov 1016 Edmund II "Ironside"
(b. c.989 - d. 1016)
23 Apr 1016 - 12 Nov 1035 Cnut (Canute)
(b. c.955 - d. 1035)
12 Nov 1035 - 1037
Harthacnut (2nd time)
(b. c.1018 - d. 1042)
12 Nov 1035 - 17 Mar 1040 Harold I "Harefoot"
(b. c.1016 - d. 1066)
(regent to 1037)
17 Mar 1040 - 8 Jun 1042 Harthacnut (1st time)
(s.a.)
8 Jun 1042 - 4/5 Jan 1066 Edward "the Confessor"
(b. 1002/05 - d. 1066)
5 Jan 1066 - 14 Oct 1066 Harold II (Godwinesson)
(b. c.1022 - d. 1066)
14 Oct 1066 - 25 Dec 1066 Edgar II "the Ætheling"
(b. c.1052 - d. 1125)
25 Dec 1066 - 9 Sep 1087 William I "the Conqueror"
(b. 1027/28 - d. 1087)
26 Sep 1087 - 2 Aug 1100 William II (Rufus)
(b. 1056/60 - d. 1100)
5 Aug 1100 - 1 Dec 1135 Henry I (Beauclerc)
(b. 1068 - d. 1135)
22 Dec 1135 - 8 Apr 1141 Stephen (1st time) (of Blois)
(b. c.1097 - d. 1154)
(prisoner 13 Feb 1141 - 1 Nov 1141)
Lady of the English
8 Apr 1141 - 7 Dec 1141 Matilda
(b. 1102 - d. 1167)
Kings
7 Dec 1141 - 25 Oct 1154 Stephen (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1152 - Aug 1153
Eustace (not recognized)
(b. c.1131 - d. 1153)
19 Dec 1154 - 6 Jul 1189 Henry II
(b. 1133 - d. 1189)
14 Jun 1170 - 11 Jun 1183 Henry (III) "the Young King"
(b. 1155 - d. 1183)
Lord
6 Jul 1189 - 3 Sep 1189 Richard "the Lionhearted"
(b. 1157 - d. 1199)
King
3 Sep 1189 - 6 Apr 1199 Richard I "the Lionhearted"
(s.a.)
(in France, on crusade, then captivity
in Germany 12 Dec 1189 - 13 Mar 1194)
Lord
6 Apr 1199 - 27 May 1199 John "Lackland"
(b. 1167 - d. 1216)
Kings
27 May 1199-18/19 Oct 1216 John "Lackland"
(s.a.)
2 Jun 1216 - 11 Sep 1217 Louis of France (pretender)
(b. 1187 - d. 1226)
(later King Louis VIII of France)
28 Oct 1216 - 16 Nov 1272 Henry III
(b. 1207 - d. 1272)
11 Nov 1216 - 9 Apr 1219 William Marshal, -Governor
(b. c.1146 - d. 1219)
Earl of Pembroke and Striguil
Apr 1219 - Jan 1227 Hubert
de Burgh -Regent
20 Nov 1272 - 7 Jul 1307 Edward I "Longshanks"
(b. 1239 - d. 1307)
7 Jul 1307 - 20 Jan 1327 Edward II
(b. 1284 - d. 1237)
24 Jan 1327 - 21 Jun 1377 Edward III
(b. 1312 - d. 1377)
21 Jun 1377 - 30 Sep 1399 Richard II
(b. 1367 - d. 1400)
(captive from 19 Aug 1399)
30 Sep 1399 - 20 Mar 1413 Henry IV (Bolingbroke)
(b. 1366/67 - d. 1413)
20 Mar 1413 - 31 Aug 1422 Henry V
(b. 1387 - d. 1422)
31 Aug 1422 - 4 Mar 1461 Henry VI (1st time)
(b. 1421 - d. 1471)
(Yorkist prisoner 10 Jul 1460 - 17 Feb 1461
King of France as Henri II from 21 Oct 1421)
5 Dec 1422 - 6 Nov 1429 Protectors
- John Duke of Bedford
(b. 1389 - d. 1435)
- Humphrey Duke of Gloucester (b.
1390 - d. 1447)
3 Apr 1454 - Feb 1455 Richard Plantagenet,
(1st time) (b. 1411 - d. 1460)
Duke of York -Protector
19 Nov 1455 - 25 Feb 1456 Richard Plantagenet, (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Duke of York -Protector
4 Mar 1461 - 2 Oct 1470 Edward IV (1st time)
(b. 1442 - d. 1483)
(prisoner at Warwick Castle Aug-Sep 1469)
5 Oct 1470 - 11 Apr 1471 Henry VI (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(imprisoned in Tower of London Jul 1456 - 5 Oct 1470)
11 Apr 1471 - 9 Apr 1483 Edward IV (2nd time)
(s.a.)
9 Apr 1483 - 25 Jun 1483 Edward V
(b. 1470 - d. 1483)
30 Apr 1483 - 26 Jun 1483 Richard Plantagenet,
(b. 1452 - d. 1485)
Duke of Gloucester -Protector
26 Jun 1483 – 22 Aug 1485 Richard III "Crookback"
(s.a.)
(Richard Plantagenet)
22 Aug 1485 - 21 Apr 1509 Henry VII
(b. 1457 - d. 1509)
22 Apr 1509 - 28 Jan 1547 Henry VIII
(b. 1491 - d. 1547)
28 Jan 1547 - 6 Jul 1553 Edward VI
(b. 1537 - d. 1553)
31 Jan 1547 - 10 Oct 1549 Edward Seymore,
(b. 1500 - d. 1552)
Earl of Hertford -Regent
Queens¹
7 Jul 1553 - 19 Jul 1553 Jane (Lady Jane Grey)
(b. 1537 - d. 1554)
19 Jul 1553 - 17 Nov 1558 Mary I "Bloody Mary"
(b. 1516 - d. 1558)
17 Nov 1558 - 24 Mar 1603 Elizabeth I
(b. 1533 - d. 1603)
Kings¹
24 Mar 1603 - 27 Mar 1625 James I
(b. 1566 - d. 1625)
(since 24 Jul 1567, King of Scotland as James VI)
27 Mar 1625 - 30 Jan 1649 Charles I
(b. 1600 - d. 1649)
Speakers of Commons of England, in Parliament Assembled (from 19 May 1649,
Parliament of the Commonwealth of England)
4 Jan 1649 - 20 Apr 1653
William Lenthall
(b. 1591 - d. 1652)
Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief
20 Apr 1653 - 4 Jul 1653 Oliver Cromwell (1st time)
(b. 1599 - d. 1658) Mil
President of the Supreme Authority
5 Jul 1653 - 6 Jul 1653 Francis Rous
(b. 1579 - d. 1658)
Speaker of the Parliament (from 7 Jul 1653, Parliament of the Commonwealth of England)
6
Jul 1653 - 12 Dec 1653 Francis Rous
(s.a.)
Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief
12 Dec 1653 - 16 Dec 1653 Oliver Cromwell (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
Lord Protectors¹
16 Dec 1653 - 3 Sep 1658 Oliver Cromwell
(s.a.)
Mil
3 Sep 1658 - 7 May 1659 Richard Cromwell
(b. 1626 - d. 1712)
Speaker of the Parliament
7 May 1659 - 13 Oct 1659 William Lenthall (3rd time)
(s.a.)
President of the Council of State
13 Oct 1659 - 25 Oct 1659 Bulstrode Whitelocke
(b. 1605 - d. 1675)
Committee of Safety
25 Oct 1659 - 23 Dec 1659 Members of the Committee of Safety
- Sir Henry Vane, Jr.
(b. 1613 - d. 1662)
- Bulstrode Whitelocke
(s.a.)
- William Sydenham
(b. 1615 - d. 1661)
- John Lambert
(b. 1619 - d. 1683)
- James Berry
- Archibald Johnston, Lord
(b. 1611 - d. 1663)
Warriston
- Edmund Ludlow
(b. 1617 - d. 1692)
- Richard Salwey
(b. 1615 - d. 1685)
- John Desborough (or Disbrowe) (b. 1608 - d.
1680)
- Charles Fleetwood
(b. c.1620 - d. 1692)
- Sir James Harrington
- William Steele
(b. 1610 - d. 1680)
- Walter Strickland
(b. 1600 - d. 1671)
- Henry Laurence (or Lawrence)
(b. 1600 - d. 1664)
- John Ireton
(b. 1615 - d. 1689)
- Robert Tichborne
(b. 1604 - d. 1682)
- Henry Brandrith
- Robert Thomson
- John Hewson
(b. 1595 - d. 1663)
- John Clerk (or Clark)
- Robert Lilburne
(b. 1613 - d. 1665)
- Robert Bennet
(d. 1687)
- Cornelius Holland
(b. 1599 - d. 16..)
Speaker of the Parliament of England
24 Dec 1659 - 16 Mar 1660 William Lenthall (4th time)
(s.a.)
President of the Council of State
16 Mar 1660 - 25 Apr 1660 Arthur Annesley
(b. 1614 - d. 1686)
Speaker pro tempore of the House of Lords
25 Apr 1660 - 29 May 1660 Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester(b. 1602 - d. 1671)
Speaker of the House of Commons
25 Apr 1660 - 29 May 1660 Sir Harbottle Grimston (b. 1603 - d. 1685)
Kings¹
29 May 1660 - 6 Feb 1685 Charles II
(b. 1630 - d. 1685)
(proclaimed king by parliament 8 May 1660)
6 Feb 1685 - 22 Feb 1689 James II
(b. 1633 - d. 1701)
(King of Scotland as James VII; on flight
from London 11-16 Dec 1688; fled England
23 Dec 1688; declared to have abdicated 12 Feb 1689)
Chairmen of the Peers of the Realm (in absence of James II)
11 Dec 1688 - 11 Dec 1688 Laurence of Hyde, Earl of (b. 1642 - d. 1711)
Rochester
12 Dec 1688 - 28 Dec 1688 George Savile, Marquess of Halifax(b. 1633 - d. 1695)
28 Dec 1688 - 23 Feb 1689 Prince William Henry of Orange
(b. 1650 - d. 1702)
(civil administrator)
King¹
23 Feb 1689 - 19 Mar 1702 William
III
(s.a.)
(in Netherlands as Prince Willem III of Orange)
- jointly with the following -
Queens¹
23 Feb 1689 - 7 Jan 1695 Mary II
(b. 1662 - d. 1695)
19 Mar 1702 - 12 Aug 1714 Anne
(b. 1665 - d. 1714)
Kings¹
12 Aug 1714 - 22 Jun 1727 George I
(b. 1660 - d. 1727)
22 Jun 1727 - 25 Oct 1760 George II
(b. 1683 - d. 1760)
25 Oct 1760 - 29 Jan 1820 George III
(b. 1738 - d. 1820)
(19 Jun 1794 - 15 Oct 1796 also King of Corsica)
29 Jan 1820 - 26 Jun 1830 George IV
(b. 1762 - d. 1830)
(5 Feb 1811 - 29 Jan 1820 prince regent for George III)
26 Jun 1830 - 20 Jun 1837 William IV
(b. 1765 - d. 1837)
Queen¹
20 Jun 1837 - 22 Jan 1901 Victoria
(b. 1819 - d. 1901)
Kings¹
22 Jan 1901 - 6 May 1910 Edward VII
(b. 1841 - d. 1910)
6 May 1910 - 20 Jan 1936 George V
(b. 1865 - d. 1936)
20 Jan 1936 - 11 Dec 1936 Edward VIII
(b. 1894 - d. 1972)
11 Dec 1936 - 6 Feb 1952 George VI
(b. 1895 - d. 1952)
Queen¹
6 Feb 1952 -
Elizabeth II
(b. 1926)
Secretary of State
1485 - 1516
Richard Foxe, Bishop of Exeter (b. c.1448 - d. 1528)
and Winchester
Lord Chancellors
24 Dec 1515 - 18 Oct 1529 Thomas Cardinal Wolsey
(b. 1471 - d. 1530)
26 Oct 1529 - 16 May 1532 Sir Thomas More
(b. 1478 - d. 1535)
20 May 1532 - 22 Apr 1544 Sir Thomas Audley, (b c.1488 - d. 1544)
(from 29 Nov 1538) Baron Audley of Walden
3 May 1544 - 7 May 1547 Sir Thomas Wriothesley, (b. 1505 - d. 1550)
(from Feb 1547, Earl of Southampton)
1547
Sir William Paulet
(b. c.1483 – d. 1572)
23 Oct 1547 - 21 Dec 1551 Richard Rich, Baron Rich (b. 1496/7 - d. 1567)
Lord High Treasurers and Chief Advisors
3 Feb 1550 - 10 Mar 1572 William Paulet, Earl of Wiltshire,
Marquess of Winchester
(b. c.1485 - d. 1572)
Jul 1572 - 4 Aug 1598 William Cecil,
Baron Cecil of (s.a.)
Burghley
15 May 1599 - 19 Apr 1608 Thomas Sackville, Baron Buckhurst,
Earl of Dorset
(b. c.1536 - d. 1608)
4 May 1608 - 24 May 1612 Robert Cecil, Viscount Cranborne,
Earl of Salisbury
(b. 1563 - d. 1612)
17 Jun 1612 - 24 May 1613 Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton
(b. 1540 - d. 1614)
24 May 1613 - 11 Jul 1614 Thomas Egerton, Baron Ellesmere
(b. 1540 - d. 1617)
11 Jul 1614 - Jul 1618 Thomas Howard, Earl
of Suffolk
Jul 1618 - 14 Dec 1620 George Villiers,
Earl of (b. 1592
- d. 1628)
Buckingham (acting)
14 Dec 1620 - 29 Sep 1621 Henry Montagu, Viscount Mandeville(b.
1563 - d .1642)
29 Sep 1621 - 25 Apr 1624 Lionel Cranfield, Baron Cranfield,
Earl of Middlesex
(b. 1575 - d. 1645)
11 Dec 1624 - 15 Jul 1628 James Ley, Baron Ley of Ley,
Earl of Marlborough
(b. 1552 - d. 1628)
15 Jul 1628 - 13 Mar 1635 Richard Weston, Baron Weston,
Earl of Portland
(b. 1577 - d. 1635)
15 Mar 1635 - 6 Mar 1636 William Laud, Archbishop of
(b. 1573 - d. 1645)
Canterbury
6 Mar 1636 - 21 May 1641 William Juxon, Bishop of London
(b. 1582 - d. 1663)
21 May 1641 - 3 Oct 1643 Edward Littleton, Baron Lyttleton
(b. 1589 - d. 1645)
3 Oct 1643 - 30 Jan 1649 Francis Cottington,
Baron Cottington of Hanworth (b. 1579
- d. 1652)
Chairman of the Council of State
30 Jan 1649 - 17 Feb 1649 Oliver Cromwell
(s.a.)
Presidents of the Council of State (also routinely styled Lord President)
17 Feb 1649 - 12 Mar 1649 Oliver Cromwell
(s.a.)
(praeses pro tempore)
12
Mar 1649 - 29 Dec 1651 John Bradshaw
(b. 1602 - d. 1659)
(1st time)
29 Dec 1651 - 26 Jan 1652 Bulstrode Whitelocke
(s.a.)
(1st time)
26 Jan 1652 - 23 Feb 1652 Sir Arthur Hesilrige
(b. c.1600 - d. 1661)
(1st time)
23 Feb 1652 - 22 Mar 1652 Philip Sidney, Viscount Lisle
(b. 1619 - d. 1698)
22 Mar 1652 - 19 Apr 1652 John Lisle
(b. 1610? - d. 1664)
19 Apr 1652 - 17 May 1652 Henry Rolle (1st time)
(b. 1589? - d. 1656)
17 May 1652 - 14 Jun 1652 Sir Henry Vane, Jr. (1st time)
(s.a.)
14 Jun 1652 - 12 Jul 1652 Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
and Montgomery, Baron Herbert
of Shurland
12 Jul 1652 - 9 Aug 1652 Dennis Bond (1st time)
(b. 1588 - d. 1658)
9 Aug 1652 - 7 Sep 1652 William Purefoy
(b. 1580? - d. 1659)
7 Sep 1652 - 5 Oct 1652 Sir James Harrington
5 Oct 1652 - 25 Oct 1652 Sir William Constable (1st
time) (b. c.1580 - d. 1655)
25 Oct 1652 - 22 Nov 1652 Sir William Masham
(b. c.1592 - d. c.1656)
22 Nov 1652 - 1 Dec 1652 Sir William Constable (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1 Dec 1652 - 29 Dec 1652 .... [unknown]
29 Dec 1652 - 26 Jan 1653 Henry Rolle (2nd time)
(s.a.)
26 Jan 1653 - 23 Feb 1653 John Bradshaw (2nd time)
(s.a.)
23 Feb 1653 - 23 Mar 1653 Thomas Chaloner (or Challoner)
(b. 1595 - d. 1661)
23 Mar 1653 - 20 Apr 1653 Dennis Bond (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1 May 1653 - 6 May 1653 John Lambert
(s.a.)
6 May 1653 - 13 May 1653 Sir Gilbert Pickering (1st
time) (b. 1610 - d. 1668)
13 May 1653 - 27 May 1653 .... [unknown]
27 May 1653 - 10 Jun 1653 John Desborough (or Disbrowe)
(s.a.)
10 Jun 1653 - 24 Jun 1653 .... [unknown]
24 Jun 1653 - 5 Jul 1653 Philip Jones
8 Jul 1653 - 21 Jul 1653 Sir Gilbert Pickering (2nd
time) (s.a.)
21 Jul 1653 - 4 Aug 1653 Edward Montagu (1st time)
(b. 1602 - d. 1671)
4 Aug 1653 - 17 Aug 1653 .... [unknown]
17 Aug 1653 - 31 Aug 1653 Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper
(b. 1621 - d. 1683)
31 Aug 1653 - 14 Sep 1653 Robert Tichborne
(s.a.)
14 Sep 1653 - 28 Sep 1653 .... [unknown]
28 Sep 1653 - 14 Oct 1653 Charles Howard
4 Oct 1653 - 3 Nov 1653 Samuel Moyer (acting)
(acting [for Howard to 14 Oct 1653])
3 Nov 1653 - 6 Dec 1653 Edward Montagu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
6 Dec 1653 - 12 Dec 1653 Walter Strickland
(s.a.)
Dec 1653 - May? 1659 Henry Laurence (or Lawrence)
(s.a.)
19 May 1659 - 25 Oct 1659 Members of the Council known to
serve as president in this period
in alphabetic order:
- Josiah Berners (or Barnes)
- Sir James Harrington (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Sir Arthur Hesilrige
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Archibald Johnston, Lord
(s.a.)
Warriston
- Richard Salwey
(s.a.)
- Thomas Scot
- Sir Henry Vane, Jr. (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Bulstrode Whitelocke
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
25 Oct 1659 - 30 Dec 1659 the Council of Safety
30 Dec 1659 - 23 Feb 1660 .... [unknown]
23 Feb 1660 - 28 May 1660 Arthur Annesley
(s.a.)
Lord High Treasurers
8 Sep 1660 - 16 May 1667 Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of
(b. 1607 - d. 1667)
Southampton
1 Jun 1667 - 3 Jan 1670 George Monk, Duke of
Albemarle (s.a.)
3 Jan 1670 - 28 Nov 1672 Anthony Ashley Cooper, Baron
Ashley,
(from 1672, Earl of Shaftsbury) (s.a.)
(acting)
28 Nov 1669 - 19 Jun 1673 Thomas Clifford, Baron Clifford
of Chudleigh
19 Jun 1673 - 6 Mar 1678 Thomas Osborne, Viscount Osborne
of Dunblane, (from 1674)
(b. 1631 - d. 1712)
Earl of Danby
First Lords of the Treasury (chief ministers)
6 Mar 1679 - 19 Nov 1679 Arthur Capell, Earl of Essex
(b. 1632 - d. 1683)
19 Nov 1679 - 25 Aug 1684 Laurence Hyde, Viscount Hyde of
(b. 1642 - d. 1711) Tor
Kenilworth, (from 1682) Earl of
Rochester (1st time)
25 Aug 1684 - 16 Feb 1685 Sidney Godolphin,
(b. 1645 - d. 1712) Tor
Baron Godolphin (1st time)
16 Feb 1685 - 5 Jan 1686 Laurence Hyde, Viscount Hyde
of (s.a.) Tor
Kenilworth, Earl of Rochester
(2nd time)
5 Jan 1687 - 8 Apr 1689 John Belasyse, Baron
Belasyse (b. 1614 - d. 1689) Tor
8 Apr 1689 - 19 Mar 1690 Charles Mordaunt, Earl of
Monmouth(b. 1658 - d. 1735) Whg
19 Mar 1690 - 15 Nov 1690 John Lowther
(b. 1655 - d. 1700) Whg
15 Nov 1690 - 1 May 1697 Sidney Godolphin,
(s.a.)
Tor
Baron Godolphin (2nd time)
1 May 1697 - 25 Nov 1699 Charles Montagu (1st time)
(b. 1661 - d. 1715) Whg
25 Nov 1699 - 12 Dec 1700 Forde Grey, Baron Grey of Werk,
(d. 1701) Whg
Earl of Tankerville
12 Dec 1700 - 27 Dec 1701 Sidney Godolphin,
(s.a.)
Tor
Baron Godolphin (3rd time)
27 Dec 1701 - 8 May 1702 Charles Howard,
(b. 1669 - d. 1738) Whg
Earl of Carlisle (1st time)
8 May 1702 - 11 Aug 1710 John Churchill,
(b. 1650 - d. 1722) Tor
Duke of Marlborough
11 Aug 1710 - 29 Mar 1711 John Poulett, Count Poulett
29 Mar 1711 - 30 Jul 1714 Robert Harley,
(b. 1661 - d. 1724) Tor
Earl of Oxford and Mortimer
30 Jul 1714 - 11 Oct 1714 Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury(b. 1660 - d. 1718) Whg
11 Oct 1714 - 19 May 1715 Charles Montagu, Baron of Halifax
(s.a.) Whg
(2nd time)
23 May 1715 - 10 Oct 1715 Charles Howard,
(s.a.)
Whg
Earl of Carlisle (2nd time)
10 Oct 1715 - 9 Jun 1717 Robert Walpole (1st
time) (b. 1676 - d. 1745)
Whg
12 Jun 1717 - 21 Mar 1721 James Stanhope,
(b. 1673 - d. 1721) Whg
Viscount Stanhope of Mahon
(from 1718, James Stanhope, Earl of Stanhope)
21 Mar 1721 - 4 Apr 1721 Charles Spencer,
(b. 1674 - d. 1722) Whg
Earl of Sunderland
4 Apr 1721 - 15 May 1730 Robert Walpole (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Whg
(from 1725, Sir Robert Walpole)
Prime ministers2
15 May 1730 - 11 Feb 1742 Sir Robert Walpole
(s.a.)
Whg
16 Feb 1742 - 2 Jul 1743 Spencer Compton,
(b. 1673? - d. 1743) Whg
Earl of Wilmington
27 Aug 1743 - 6 Mar 1754 Henry Pelham
(b. 1696 - d. 1754) Whg
16 Mar 1754 - 16 Nov 1756 Thomas Pelham-Holles,
(b. 1693 - d. 1768) Whg
Duke of Newcastle (1st time)
16 Nov 1756 - 25 Jun 1757 William Cavendish,
(b. 1720 - d. 1764) Whg
Duke of Devonshire
25 Jun 1757 - 2 Jul 1757 James Waldegrave,
(b. 1715 - d. 1763) Whg
Earl of Waldegrave (acting)
2 Jul 1757 - 26 May 1762 Thomas Pelham-Holles,
(s.a.)
Whg
Duke of Newcastle (2nd time)
26 May 1762 - 16 Apr 1763 John Stuart, Earl of Bute
(b. 1713 - d. 1792) Tor
16 Apr 1763 - 13 Jul 1765 George Grenville
(b. 1712 - d. 1770) Whg
13 Jul 1765 - 30 Jul 1766 Charles Watson-Wentworth,
(b. 1730 - d. 1782) Whg
Marquess of Rockingham (1st time)
30 Jul 1766 - 14 Oct 1768 William Pitt, "the Elder"
(b. 1708 - d. 1778) Whg
Earl of Chatham
14 Oct 1768 - 28 Jan 1770 Augustus Henry Fitzroy,
(b. 1735 - d. 1811) Whg
Duke of Grafton
28 Jan 1770 - 22 Mar 1782 Frederick North, Lord North
(b. 1732 - d. 1792) Tor
27 Mar 1782 - 1 Jul 1782 Charles Watson-Wentworth,
(s.a.)
Whg
Marquess of Rockingham (2nd time)
4 Jul 1782 - 2 Apr 1783 William Petty-Fitzmaurice,
(b. 1737 - d. 1805) Whg
Earl of Shelburne
2 Apr 1783 - 19 Dec 1783 William Henry Cavendish-
(b. 1738 - d. 1809) Whg
Bentinck, Duke of Portland
(1st time)
19 Dec 1783 - 14 Mar 1801 William Pitt "the Younger"
(b. 1759 - d. 1806) Tor
(1st time)
17 Mar 1801 - 10 May 1804 Henry Addington
(b. 1757 - d. 1844) Tor
10 May 1804 - 23 Jan 1806 William Pitt "the Younger"
(s.a.)
Tor
(2nd time)
11 Feb 1806 - 31 Mar 1807 William Wyndham Grenville,
(b. 1759 - d. 1834) Whg
Baron Grenville
31 Mar 1807 - 4 Oct 1809 William Henry Cavendish-
(s.a.)
Whg
Bentinck, Duke of Portland
(2nd time)
4 Oct 1809 - 11 May 1812 Spencer Perceval
(b. 1762 - d. 1812) Tor
9 Jun 1812 - 10 Apr 1827 Robert Banks Jenkinson,
(b. 1770 - d. 1828) Tor
Earl of Liverpool
10 Apr 1827 - 8 Aug 1827 George Canning
(b. 1770 - d. 1827) Tor
31 Aug 1827 - 22 Jan 1828 Frederick John Robinson,
(b. 1782 - d. 1859) Tor
Viscount Goderich
22 Jan 1828 - 22 Nov 1830 Arthur Wellesley,
(b. 1769 - d. 1852) Tor
Duke Wellington (1st time)
22 Nov 1830 - 16 Jul 1834 Charles Grey, Earl Grey
(b. 1764 - d. 1845) Whg
16 Jul 1834 - 17 Nov 1834 William Lamb, (1st time)
(b. 1779 - d. 1848) Whg
Viscount Melbourne
17 Nov 1834 - 10 Dec 1834 Arthur Wellesley,
(s.a.)
Tor
Duke of Wellington (2nd time)
10 Dec 1834 - 18 Apr 1835 Sir Robert Peel (1st time)
(b. 1788 - d. 1850) Con
18 Apr 1835 - 30 Aug 1841 William Lamb, (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Whg
Viscount Melbourne
30 Aug 1841 - 30 Jun 1846 Sir Robert Peel (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Con
30 Jun 1846 - 23 Feb 1852 John Russell, Lord Russell
(b. 1792 - d. 1878) Whg/Lib
(1st time)
23 Feb 1852 - 19 Dec 1852 Edward Geoffrey Stanley,
(b. 1799 - d. 1869) Con
Earl of Derby (1st time)
19 Dec 1852 - 6 Feb 1855 George Hamilton-Gordon,
(b. 1784 - d. 1860) Peel
Earl of Aberdeen
6 Feb 1855 - 20 Feb 1858 Henry John Temple,
(b. 1784 - d. 1865) Lib
Viscount Palmerston (1st time)
20 Feb 1858 - 12 Jun 1859 Edward Geoffrey Stanley,
(s.a.)
Con
Earl of Derby (2nd time)
12 Jun 1859 - 18 Oct 1865 Henry John Temple,
(s.a.)
Lib
Viscount Palmerston (2nd time)
29 Oct 1865 - 28 Jun 1866 John Russell, Earl Russell
(s.a.)
Lib
(2nd time)
28 Jun 1866 - 27 Feb 1868 Edward Geoffrey Stanley,
(s.a.)
Con
Earl of Derby (3rd time)
27 Feb 1868 - 3 Dec 1868 Benjamin Disraeli (1st
time) (b. 1804 - d. 1881) Con
3 Dec 1868 - 20 Feb 1874 William Ewart Gladstone (1st
time)(b. 1809 - d. 1898) Lib
20 Feb 1874 - 23 Apr 1880 Benjamin Disraeli, (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Con
(from 12 Aug 1876) Earl of Beaconsfield
23 Apr 1880 - 23 Jun 1885 William Ewart Gladstone (2nd time)(s.a.)
Lib
23 Jun 1885 - 1 Feb 1886 Robert Arthur Talbot
(b. 1830 - d. 1903) Con
Gascoyne-Cecil,
Marquess of Salisbury (1st time)
1 Feb 1886 - 25 Jul 1886 William Ewart Gladstone (3rd
time)(s.a.)
Lib
3 Aug 1886 - 15 Aug 1892 Robert Arthur Talbot
(s.a.)
Con
Gascoyne-Cecil,
Marquess of Salisbury (2nd time)
15 Aug 1892 - 5 Mar 1894 William Ewart Gladstone (4th
time)(s.a.)
Lib
5 Mar 1894 - 25 Jun 1895 Archibald Primrose,
(b. 1847 - d. 1929) Lib
Earl of Rosebery
25 Jun 1895 - 12 Jul 1902 Robert Arthur Talbot
(s.a.)
Con
Gascoyne-Cecil,
Marquess of Salisbury (3rd time)
12 Jul 1902 - 5 Dec 1905 Arthur James Balfour
(b. 1848 - d. 1930) Con
5 Dec 1905 - 8 Apr 1908 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
(b. 1836 - d. 1908) Lib
8 Apr 1908 - 7 Dec 1916 Herbert Henry Asquith
(b. 1852 - d. 1928) Lib
7 Dec 1916 - 23 Oct 1922 David Lloyd George
(b. 1863 - d. 1945) Lib
23 Oct 1922 - 22 May 1923 Andrew Bonar Law
(b. 1858 - d. 1923) Con
22 May 1923 - 22 Jan 1924 Stanley Baldwin (1st time)
(b. 1867 - d. 1947) Con
22 Jan 1924 - 4 Nov 1924 Ramsay MacDonald (1st time)
(b. 1866 - d. 1937) Lab
4 Nov 1924 - 5 Jun 1929 Stanley Baldwin (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Con
5 Jun 1929 - 7 Jun 1935 Ramsay MacDonald (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Lab
7 Jun 1935 - 28 May 1937 Stanley Baldwin (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Con
28 May 1937 - 10 May 1940 Neville Chamberlain
(b. 1869 - d. 1940) Con
10 May 1940 - 26 Jul 1945 Winston Churchill (1st time)
(b. 1874 - d. 1965) Con
26 Jul 1945 - 26 Oct 1951 Clement Richard Attlee
(b. 1883 - d. 1967) Lab
26 Oct 1951 - 6 Apr 1955 Winston Churchill (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Con
(from 24 Apr 1953, Sir Winston Churchill)
6 Apr 1955 - 10 Jan 1957 Sir Robert Anthony Eden
(b. 1897 - d. 1977) Con
10 Jan 1957 - 19 Oct 1963 Maurice Harold Macmillan
(b. 1894 - d. 1986) Con
19 Oct 1963 - 16 Oct 1964 Alexander Frederick
(b. 1903 - d. 1995) Con
Douglas-Home, Earl of Home
(from 23 Oct 1963, Sir Alec Douglas-Home)
16 Oct 1964 - 19 Jun 1970 James Harold Wilson (1st time)
(b. 1916 - d. 1995) Lab
19 Jun 1970 - 4 Mar 1974 Edward Richard George Heath
(b. 1916 - d. 2005) Con
4 Mar 1974 - 5 Apr 1976 James Harold Wilson (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Lab
5 Apr 1976 - 4 May 1979 Leonard James Callaghan
(b. 1912 - d. 2005) Lab
4 May 1979 - 28 Nov 1990 Margaret Thatcher (f)
(b. 1925)
Con
28 Nov 1990 - 2 May 1997 John Major
(b. 1943)
Con
2 May 1997 - 27 Jun 2007 Anthony "Tony" Blair
(b. 1953)
Lab
27 Jun 2007 - Gordon
Brown
(b. 1951)
Lab
¹Full style of the ruler:
(a) Anglo-Saxon Royal Styles (9th-11th century): the evidence found
in contemporary sources
of different kinds suggests that the Anglo-Saxon rulers of England
in the 9th-11th century
used a number of forms of royal title, which loosely varied. As
a matter of fact, the
royal title was a conflation of the word 'king', usually inscribed
in Latin\ rex or Old English cing (cyng, or
cyngc,
etc.), with an attribution to national authority — 'English', 'Anglo-Saxon',
'West-Saxon'. The combination which became most common since the reign
of King Æthelstan was rex Anglorum ("king of the English"),
but it was usually coupled with colorful
epithets in charters and writs. Occasionally, rex was dropped
in favor of other titles emphasizing imperium over other peoples in Britain.
In some instances, as illustrated by
Eadwig's charter of 956 (Sawyer 633), the Anglo-Saxon rulers were
styled imperator (Eadwi Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna . et Northanhumbrorum
imperator . paganorum gubernator . Breotonumque propugnator). The title
basileus
also occasionally substituted for rex.
The charters of the first decade of Ælfred's reign
mostly referred to him as
rex Saxonum ("king of the Saxons"). After the capture of
London (886), Alfred's royal style shifted to variations on rex Angulsaxonum
("king of the Anglo-Saxons") and rex Anglorum et Saxonum ("king
of the English and Saxons"). Eadred was styled regis qui regimina regnorum
Angulsaxna, Norþhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque ("king of the
Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians,
pagans, and Britons") in a charter of 946 (Sawyer 520), and again
in 949-950. He was reduced to rex Anglorum in 951, and raised back
to "king of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, pagans, and Britons" in 954.
Eadgar was styled rex Merciorum, when he was installed as king in
Mercia
(957-959), but he acquired the traditional title of rex Anglorum,
when he succeeded his brother, Eadwig, in 959. The consecration at Bath
(973) and the ceremony on the Dee River probably influenced additions to
the royal title. A charter of 974 (Sawyer 797) styled Eadgar totius
Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus ("Of all Britain and of the
neighboring kings
basileus"). Contemporary charters use a number of styles for Cnut
having rex Anglorum in the core and other titles (rex Angligenæ
nationis, rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et
rector,
Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus, basileon Angelsaxonum,
etc.). In
his letter of 1027 to the English people, he was styled rex
totius Angliæ et Denemarchiæ et
Norreganorum et partis Suanorum ("King of all England and
of Denmark, Norway and part of Sweden"). Edward the Confessor was rex
Anglorum on coins, rex Anglorum or Anglorum Basileus
in charters and on his seal;
(b) from 25 Oct 1415: "by the Grace of God, King of France and
England and Lord of Ireland" (Rex Francie et Anglie et Dominus Hibernie);
(c) from Dec 1541: "by the Grace of God, King of England and France
and Ireland (Rex Francie et Anglie et Hibernie), Defender of the
Faith (11 Oct 1521 - 1538, 1544 - Oct 1554, from 1559), Supreme Head on
Earth of the Church of England (15 Jan 1535 - 1554, from 1559) and Ireland
(from 1537)";
(d) from 24 Mar 1603: "by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland,
France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Supreme Head on Earth of the
Church of England and Ireland."
From 24 Oct 1604 James I also began to use the style of "King of
Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." this was
formalized from 1 May 1707;
(e) 16 Dec 1653 - 7 May 1659: "By the
Grace of God, Lord Protector
of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland (and the Dominions
and Territories thereunto belonging), often shorted to "By the
Grace of God and Republic, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland"
(Olivarius Dei Gratia Reip[ublicae] Angliae Scotiae et
Hiberniae, &c Protector);
(f) from 12 May 1707: "by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France
and Ireland King/Queen, Defender of the Faith";
(g) from 1 Jan 1801: "by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland King/Queen, Defender of the Faith"; in 1 Jul
1876 the title "Empress of India" was added;
(h) from 1901: "by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King,
Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India";
(i) from 12 Apr 1927: "by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland
and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith,
Emperor of India"; the title "Emperor of India" was dropped as of 15 Aug
1947 by retroactive proclamation dated 22 Jun 1948;
(j) from 29 May 1953: "by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories
Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith."
2The origin of the
term prime minister and the question to whom it should originally be applied
have long been issues of scholarly and political debate. Although the term
was used as early as the reign of Queen Anne (1702-1714), it acquired wider
currency during the reign of George II (1727-1760), when it began to be
used as a term of reproach toward Sir Robert Walpole. It was not
until early 20th century when the Prime Minister's precedence in England
was established 10 Dec 1905 that placed the Prime Minister, mentioned
as such, in the order of precedence in England immediately after the Archbishop
of York.
The first Act of Parliament to mention the office of Prime
Minister was the Chequers Estate Act, which received the Royal Assent on
20 Dec 1917. The title was finally given full recognition in 1 Jul
1937, when the Salaries of the Ministers of the Crown Act made provision
for paying "the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister" - the two
offices that since the 18th century, have usually been held by the Prime
Minister, though some exceptions existed. The Act made a certain
distinction between "position" (Prime Minister) and "office" (First Lord
of the Treasury) emphasizing the unique character of the position and recognized
the existence of the Cabinet. Nevertheless, in spite of this recognition,
the brass plate outside the Prime Minister's front door still bears the
title of First Lord of the Treasury.
Territorial Disputes: In 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks between the U.K. and Spain; Spain disapproves of U.K. plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory) and its former inhabitants since their eviction in 1965; most Chagossians reside in Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK citizenship, where some have since resettled; in May 2006, the High Court of London reversed the UK Government's 2004 orders of council that banned habitation on the islands; U.K. rejects sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark and Iceland remains dormant; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean claim not recognized by the United Nations, U.S., Russia or most other countries; Iceland, the U.K., and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faeroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm.
Party abbreviations: Con = Conservative Party (center-right);
Lab
= Labour Party (social-democratic, center-left, first officially named 1868); LDP = Liberal Democratic
Party (social-liberal);
- Former parties - Note: Before the development
of the Conservative and Liberal parties in the mid-19th century, parties
were largely simply alliances of prominent groups or aristocratic families.
The designations Whig and Tory tend often to be approximate - Lib
= Liberal Party
(on 19 Mar 1988 Lib united with Social Democratic Party as Social
and Liberal Democrats,
renamed Liberal Democrats Oct 1989); Peel = Peelite (named for Robert Peel, breakaway faction of Con. party, 1846-1859); Whg = Whig Party (moderate conservative, aristocratic,
pro-reform, later elements became the Liberal party by the 1850's); Tor
= Tory Party (conservative, royalist, pro-Anglican, remnants became the
Conservative Party by the 1840’s)
Northern Ireland
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![[Northern Ireland Governor's flag]](gb-nigov.gif)
![[Northern Ireland Former government ensign]](gb-gni1.gif)
![[Flag of Northern Ireland]](gb-niedw.gif)
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"A Londonderry Air" |
first performed 1894; unofficial from 1972 |
(19 Nov 1998) |
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(GBP) |
Battle of the Boyne (Orangemen's Day) and 17 Mar (461) Saint Patrick's Day |
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1 Feb 1177
English rule begins in Ulster.
Jun 1541
Kingdom of Ireland in personal union with England.
1 Jan 1801
Part of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
18 Jun 1922
Independence of southern counties as Irish Free State,
six counties of Ulster remain part of Britain.
18 Jun 1922
Irish Free State (south) independent (see Ireland).
5 Oct 1968
Irish separatist violence begins.
30 Mar 1972 - 1 Jan 1974 Britain imposes direct rule.
28 May 1974 - 1 Jul 1998 Britain imposes direct rule.
11 Feb 2000 - 30 May 2000 Home rule suspended.
10 Aug 2001 - 11 Aug 2001 Home rule suspended.
22 Sep 2001 - 23 Sep 2001 Home rule suspended.
15 Oct 2002 - 8 May 2007 Home rule suspended.
Governors
12 Dec 1922 - 7 Sep 1945 James Albert Edward Hamilton,
(b. 1869 - d. 1953)
Duke of Abercorn
7 Sep 1945 - 1 Dec 1952 William Spencer Leveson
Gower, (b. 1880 - d. 1953)
Earl Granville
3 Dec 1952 - 1 Dec 1964 John de Vere Loder,
(b. 1895 - d. 1970)
Baron Wakehurst
3 Dec 1964 - 2 Dec 1968 John Maxwell Erskine,
(b. 1893 - d. 1980)
Baron Erskine of Rerrick
3 Dec 1968 - 18 Jul 1973 Ralph Francis Alnwick Grey,
(b. 1910 - d. 1999)
Baron Grey of Naunton
Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland
1 Apr 1972 - 2 Dec 1973 William Shepard Ian Whitelaw
(b. 1918 - d. 1999) Con
2 Dec 1973 - 5 Mar 1974 Francis Leslie Pym
(b. 1922 - d. 2008) Con
5 Mar 1974 - 10 Sep 1976 Merlyn Rees
(b. 1920 - d. 2006) Lab
10 Sep 1976 - 5 May 1979 Roy Mason
(b. 1924)
Lab
5 May 1979 - 14 Sep 1981 Humphrey Edward Atkins
(b. 1922)
Con
14 Sep 1981 - 10 Sep 1984 James Michael Leathes Prior
(b. 1927)
Con
10 Sep 1984 - 2 Sep 1985 Douglas Richard Hurd
(b. 1930)
Con
2 Sep 1985 - 24 Jul 1989 Thomas "Tom" Jeremy King
(b. 1933)
Con
24 Jul 1989 - 2 Apr 1992 Peter Leonard Brooke
(b. 1934)
Con
9 Apr 1992 - 3 May 1997 Sir Patrick Barnabas
Burk Mayhew (b. 1929)
Con
3 May 1997 - 11 Oct 1999 Marjorie "Mo" Mowlam (f)
(b. 1951 - d. 2005) Lab
11 Oct 1999 - 24 Jan 2001 Peter Benjamin Mandelson
(b. 1953)
Lab
24 Jan 2001 - 24 Oct 2002 John Reid
(b. 1947)
Lab
24 Oct 2002 - 6 May 2005 Paul Murphy
(b. 1948)
Lab
6 May 2005 - 28 Jun 2007 Peter Hain
(b. 1950)
Lab
(also Secretary of State for Wales)
28 Jun 2007 -
Shaun Woodward
(b. 1958) Lab
Prime Ministers
7 Jun 1921 - 24 Nov 1940 Sir James Craig
(b. 1871 - d. 1940) UUP
(from 1927, James Craig, Viscount Craigavon)
27 Nov 1940 - 1 May 1943 John Miller Andrews
(b. 1871 - d. 1956) UUP
1 May 1943 - 26 Mar 1963 Sir Basil Stanlake Brooke
(b. 1888 - d. 1973) UUP
(from 1952, Basil Stanlake Brooke,
Viscount Brookeborough of Colebrooke)
26 Mar 1963 - 1 May 1969 Terence O'Neill
(b. 1914 - d. 1990) UUP
1 May 1969 - 23 Mar 1971 James Dawson Chichester-Clark
(b. 1923 - d. 2002) UUP
23 Mar 1971 - 30 Mar 1972 Arthur Brian Faulkner
(b. 1921 - d. 1977) UUP
Chief executive
1 Jan 1974 - 28 May 1974 Arthur Brian Faulkner
(s.a.)
UUP
28 May 1974 - 1 Jul 1998 Post abolished
First ministers
1 Jul 1998 - 1 Jul 2001 William David Trimble
(1st time) (b. 1944)
UUP
(suspended 11 Feb - 30 May 2000)
1 Jul 2001 - 18 Oct 2001 Sir Reginald Norman Morgan
Empey (b. 1947)
UUP
(acting)(suspended 10-11 Aug 2001
and 22-23 Sep 2001)
6 Nov 2001 - 15 Oct 2002 William David Trimble (2nd time)
(s.a.)
UUP
15 Oct 2002 - 8 May 2007 Post suspended
8 May 2007 -
Ian Richard Kyle Paisley
(b. 1926) DUP
Party abbreviations: Con = Conservative Party;
DUP
= Democratic Unionist Party (unionist,
nationalist, mainly Protestant); Lab = Labour Party (social-democratic);
SF
= Sinn Féin ("We Ourselves", separatist, socialist, linked to Irish
Republican Army, mainly Catholic);
UUP = Ulster Unionist Party (conservative, unionist, mainly
Protestant)
Scotland
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![[Flag of Scotland]](gb-scotl.gif)
![[Royal banner of Scotland]](gb-sc-rb.gif)
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"Flower of Scotland" -------------------------- Hear Local Anthem "Scotland the Brave" |
"Flower of Scotland" ------------------------- Text of Anthem "Scotland the Brave" |
(19 Nov 1998) |
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(Perth 1210-1437; Scone 847-1210; Dunfermline 1057-1603) |
(GBP); Scottish Pound (SSP) |
Saint Andrew's Day |
|
470
Kingdom of Dál Riada (of the Scots) established.
844
King Kenneth MacAlpine of Dál Riada subdues the Picts.
6 Feb 858
Unification of Alba (kdm. of the Picts) and Dál Riada
(kdm. of the Scots) as Kingdom of the Scots and Picts (Pictavia).
c.874 - 1469
Norwegian/Danish rule over the Earldom of Orkney Islands.
889
Kingdom of Alba
1018
Southern kingdom of Strathclyde (Alclud) incorporated.
25 Nov 1034
Kingdom of Scotia
6 Jan 1156 - May 1493 Lordship of
the Isles (the Hebrides Islands [Western Isles]
from 2 Jul 1266, under Scottish suzerainty).
2 Jul 1266
Hebrides (including Isle of Man) ceded to Scotland.
18 Mar 1286
Kingdom of Scotland
8 Dec 1174 - 5 Dec 1189 King of England acknowledged
as overlord of Scotland.
13 Jun 1291 - 17 Nov 1292 Ruled by England.
10 Jul 1296 - 7 Jul 1307 Ruled by England.
21 Jan 1590&nb