Turkmenistan
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- 1855 - 1884
Turkmen Khans Flag
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- 1869/84 - Dec 1917
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- 30 Dec 1922 - 25 Dec
1991
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- 27 Oct 1991 - 19
Feb 1992
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- 19 Feb 1992 - 1
Feb 1997
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- 1 Feb 1997 - 25 Jan
2001
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- Adopted 25 Jan
2001
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Map
of Turkmenistan |
Hear
National Anthem
"Garaşsyz, Bitarap
Türkmenistanyň"
(National Anthem of Independent,
Neutral Turkmenistan)
Adopted 15 Dec
2008 |
Hear
1997-2008 Anthem
"Garaşsyz, Bitarap
Türkmenistanyň" (National Anthem of
Independent,
Neutral Turkmenistan)
-----------------------------------
Hear 1991-1997 Anthem
"National Anthem of the
Republic of Turkmenistan"
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Constitution
(26 Sep 2008)
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Former Constitution
(18 May 1992 - 26 Sep
2008) |
Capital:
Ashgabat
(Poltoratsk Jul 1919-1927,
Ashkhabad to Jul 1919) |
Currency:
Turkmen Manat
(TMT); 1991-1993 Russian
Ruble (RUR) |
National
Holiday: 27 Oct (1991)
Garaşsyzlyk baýramy
(Independence Day) |
Population:
5,528,627 (2019) |
GDP: $103.7
billion (2017)
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Exports:
$7.46 billion (2017)
Imports: $4.57
billion (2017)
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Ethnic groups:
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%,
other 6% (2003)
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Total Active
Armed Forces: 22,000 (2010)
Merchant marine:
71 ships (2019)
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Religions:
Muslim (mostly Sunni) 87.2%, Russian
Orthodox 1.7%,
non-religious 9%, other
2.1% (2000)
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International
Organizations/Treaties: ADB,
APA
(observer), APM, BTWC, CICA
(observer), CIS (associate), CTBT, CWC,
EAPC, EBRD, ECO, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICRM, ICSID, IDB,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU,
MIGA, NAM, NPT, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, OTS
(observer), PFP, SCO (guest), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO (observer)
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Turkmenistan
Index
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Chronology
1510
Persia
annexes the Merv and Akhal oases from
Transoxiana (later Bukhara).
1790
Bukhara
re-annexes Merv.
1822
Tekke Turkmens of Merv and Akhal under
the Khivan
rule, the western part of
modern-day Turkmenistan
remains under decreasing
Persian rule (in 1836
Persia authorized Yomud
Turkmen khanate).
1855
Tekke Turkmen tribal confederation
defeat the
Khan of Khiva at Sarahks and proclaim
independence (Khanates of Merv Tekke
and Akhal
Tekke).
1869 -
1885
Gradually annexed by Russia
(Krasnovodsk
[Turkmenbashi] 1869, Ashkhabad 15 Jan
1881,
Merv 31 Jan 1884, and [from
Afghanistan] Kushka
[Gushgy] 1885); formal
annexation in 1873
(notionally from Khiva),
recognized by Persia
in the 1881 Treaty of
Tehran.
12 Jan
1881
Russians invade and defeat the Akhal
Tekke
Turkmens at Geok-Tepe.
18 May
1881
Transcaspian oblast
(Zakaspiyskaya oblast')
established (subject to Caucasus),
from 7 Jan 1898
within Russian Turkestan Kray
(see Uzbekistan).
18 Dec 1917
Bolshevik rule in
Ashkhabad, but turns into a local
coalition of
various socialist parties.
30 Apr
1918
Part
of Turkestan Autonomous Socialist Soviet
Republic
(see under Uzbekistan).
14 Jul
1918
Transcaspian (Zakaspiyskaya) Oblast
Provisional
Executive Committee formed in
Ashkhabad by
anti-Bolshevik forces; in
Nov 1918 it established
the Transcaspian Oblast
Provisional Government
(as part of a federal Russian
Republic).
16 Jul
1918 - 5 Apr 1919
British forces stationed in
Transcaspian area
(from 10 Apr 1919, defense and
administration
[the latter formally from 8 Aug 1919]
of the area
taken over by Denikin's
["White" Russian] Armed
Forces in the South of
Russia).
9 Jul 1919
Bolshevik forces retake
Ashkhabad, and most of
Turkmen territory is
re-incorporated into the
Turkestan A.S.S.R. (within Russian
S.F.S.R.
[see under
Uzbekistan]).
6
Feb 1920
Bolshevik
forces retake Krasnovodsk.
7 Aug
1921
Transcaspian oblast
renamed Turkmen oblast
(within
Turkestan A.S.S.R.)
27 Oct
1924
Turkmen Socialist Soviet Republic
established as
part of the Soviet
Union.
13 May
1925
Accession to the Soviet Union
confirmed by the
Congress of Soviets of the Soviet
Union (see
under Russia).
5
Dec 1936
Turkmen Soviet Socialist
Republic
24 May
1990
Turkmen is
designated as the state language.
22 Aug 1990
Declaration of
state sovereignty.
27 Oct
1991
Turkmenistan (Türkmenistan),
independence
declared.
26 Dec
1991
Independence effective (dissolution of
the
U.S.S.R.).
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Turkmen Soviet
Socialist
Republic
(1924-1991)
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Khans of Yomud Turkmen (in Gasan-Kuli)
1836 - 1843
Kiyat Niyaz Khan
(b. c.1762 -
d. 1843)
1843 - af.1871
Kadyr Muhammad Khan
(b. c.1798 - d. 18..)
Khans of Merv Tekke Turkmen (in Merv)
(Tokhtamish division, the largest one having precedence
over the other two)
1855 - 1878
Kouchud
Khan
(b. 1823 – d. 1878)
c.1879
Baba Khan (1st
time)
(d. af.1885)
c.1880
Kajar Khan
(d.
af.1884)
c.1881
Baba Khan (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1881 - 1882
Makhdum Kuli Khan
(b. 1854 – d.
1924)
1882 - Jan 1884
Mohamed Yusuf Khan
(b.
c.1863 – d. 1919)
1882 - Jan
1884
Guljemal Khanim (f)
(b. 1836 – d. 1919)
(de facto regent for Mohamed Yusuf
Khan)
Khans of Akhal Tekke Turkmen (in
Geok-Tepe, near Ashkhabad)
1855 - 5 May 1880
Nurberdi
Khan
(b. 1830 - d. 1880)
5 May 1880 - Jan
1881 Makhdum Kuli Khan
(s.a.)
Heads (from 1901, Military governors) of Tanscaspian (Zakaspiyskaya)
oblast
(subordinated to commanders-in-chief of Caucasus
1881-1898; from 7 Jan 1898,
to the governors-general of Russian Turkestan Kray)
18 May 1881 - 3 Apr 1883 Pyotr
Fyodorovich
Rerberg
(b. 1835 - d. 1912)
3 Apr 1883 - 8 Apr 1890
Aleksandr Vissarionovich Komarov (b. 1830 -
d. 1904)
8 Apr 1890 - 13 Jan 1898 Aleksey
Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (b. 1848 - d.
1925)
31 Oct 1898 -
1901
Andrey Andreyevich Bogolyubov
(b. 1841 - d. 1909)
23 Apr 1901 - 27 Dec 1902 Dean Ivanovich
Subbotich
(b. 1852 - d. 1920)
(= Dejan Subotić)
27 Dec 1902 - 18 Dec 1905
Yevgeniy Yevgeniyevich Usakovskiy (b. 1851 - d.
1935)
18 Dec 1905 - 23 Feb 1908 Vladimir
Andreyevich Kosagovskiy (b. 1857 - d. 1918)
23 Feb 1908 - 26 Dec 1910 Mikhail
Dmitriyevich Yevreyinov (b. 1851 - d.
1910)
14 Jan 1911 - 2 Nov 1912 Fyodor
Aleksandrovich Shostak (b.
1853 - d. 1912)
28 Jan 1913 - Aug 1916 Leonid
Vilgelmovich
Lesh
(b. 1862 - d. 1934)
Aug 1916 - 1917
Nikolay Klavdiyevich
Kolmakov (b. 1858 - d.
19..)
(acting)
Chairmen of the Transcaspian (Zakaspiyskaya)
Oblast Provisional Executive Committee
14 Jul 1918 – 1 Jan 1919 Fyodor
Andrianovich Funtikov (b. 1875
- d. 1926) PSR
(from Nov 1918, also chairman
of the
Transcaspian Oblast
Provisional Government)
Aug 1918 - Oct 1918
L. Kurylev
(b. 18.. - d. 1919) PSR
(acting for absent Funtikov)
2 Jan 1919 - Mar
1919 (First) Transcaspian
Oblast Public Safety Committee
[three members as recorded on 7 Jan 1919]
- A.G. Belov
- Semyon L'vovich
Druzhkin (d.
1919?)
- Lev Aleksandrovich
Zimin
(b. 1886 - d. 1920) PSR
Mar 1919 - 8 Aug 1919 (Second)
Transcaspian Oblast Public Safety Committee
[three members as recorded on 5 Apr
1919]
- D.A. Akimov
- Anton Yevgrafovich Kruten'
(b. 1861 - d. 19..) Mil
- Lev Aleksandrovich
Zimin (s.a.)
PSR
- the two below
reportedly added after 5 Apr 1919 -
- Khadzhi Murat
(b. 1889 - d. 1937) Mil
- Oraz Serdar
(b. 1871 - d. 1929) Mil
Presidents
2 Nov 1990 - 21 Dec
2006 Saparmurat Atajevich
Niyazov (b. 1940 -
d. 2006) KPT;1992 TDP
(from 1 Oct 1993) "Türkmenbaşy"
21 Dec 2006 - 19 Mar
2022 Gurbanguly
Mjalikulyyevich
(b. 1957)
TDP;2013
Berdymukhammedov (from 26 Oct 2010)
Non-party
"Arkadag"
(acting to 14 Feb 2007)
19 Mar 2022 -
Serdar Gurbangulyyevich
(b.
1981)
TDP
Berdymukhammedov
Chairmen of the Transcaspian Oblast
Council of People's Commissars
18 Dec 1917 - 12 Jan 1918 Vladislav
Nikonovich
RSDRP-B
12 Jan 1918 - Feb 1918
Boris Ilyich Tuzin (1st
time) (b. 1893 – d.
1918) RSDRP-B
Feb 1918 - Apr 1918
Zinoviy Isayevich
Pechatnikov (b. 1882 –
d.af.1935)PLSR
Apr 1918 - 18 May 1918
Boris Ilyich Tuzin (2nd time) (s.a.)
RKP
(acting)
May 1918 - 12 Jul 1918
Vissarion Tadiozovich Teliya (b.
18.. - d. 1918) SSRM
Prime minister
30 Oct 1990 - 18 May 1992 Khan
Akhmedovich Akhmedov
(b. 1936 - d. 2006) KPT;1991 TDP
Allied (British) Occupation 1918-1919
Commander of the British Military Mission to
Turkestan (at Mashad)
16 Jul 1918 - 5 Apr 1919 Wilfrid
Malleson
(b. 1866 - d. 1946) Mil
British Political Officer in Ashkhabad
1918 -
1919
Reginald
Teague-Jones
(b. 1889 - d. 1988) Mil
(= Ronald Sinclair)
Territorial Disputes: Cotton
monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states;
field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan
commenced in 2005; bilateral talks continue with
Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested
oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; a joint
treaty was signed between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in
2000 recognizing the post-independence border as the
official border between the two countries, ending a
decade of disputes and establishing the border's current
shape.
Party abbreviations: TDP
= Türkmenistanyn Demokratik Partiyasy
(Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, nationalist,
social conservative, authoritarian, former KPT,
1992 - 26 Sep 2008 only legal party,
est.16 Dec 1991);
- Former parties:
RKP = Rossiyskaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former
RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed
All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks]);
RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya
Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist
communist,
1 Mar 1898-8
Mar 1918,
renamed RKP); PSR
= Partiya
Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party
of Socialists-Revolutionaries,
"SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian
socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left and Right
wings, Jan 1902-1922);
PLSR = Partiya Levykh
Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left
Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic
socialist, 1917–1923,
split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP), SSRM = Soyuz Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov-Maksimalistov
(Union of Socialist-Revolutionary-Maximalists,
Bolshevik-allied anarchist, 1917-1919);
KPT = Türkmenistanyn Kommunistik
Partiyasy/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Turkmenistana
(Communist Party of Turkmenistan,
Marxist-Leninist communist,
state party, former
KPT-B, 13 Oct 1952-Dec 1991, renamed TDP);
KPT-B = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Turkmenistana (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of
Turkmenistan, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, Oct
1924-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPT)
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
7 Aug
1921
Transcaspian oblast renamed Turkmen oblast
(Turkmenskaya oblast'),
within the Turkestan
A.S.S.R.
27 Oct
1924
Turkmen Socialist Soviet Republic
(Türkmenistan Sotsialistik
Sowet Respublikasy/Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya
Sotsialisticheskaya
Respublika), established as
part of Soviet Union.
5 Dec 1936
Renamed
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
(Türkmenistan Sowet
Sotsialistik
Respublikasy/Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya
Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika).
13 May
1925
Accession to the Soviet Union confirmed by the Congress
of Soviets
of the
Soviet Union (see under Russia).
24 May 1990
Turkmen is designated as the state
language.
22 Aug 1990
Declaration of state
sovereignty.
27 Oct
1991
Independence declared (Turkmenistan
[Türkmenistan]).
Secretaries of the Organizational Bureau of the
Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Turkmenistan
13 Oct 1924 - 1924
Khalmurad Sakhatmuradov
(b. 1898 - d. 1938)
19 Nov 1924 - 19 Feb 1925 Ivan
Ivanovich Mezhlauk
(b. 1891 - d. 1938)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee
Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Turkmenistan
20 Feb 1925 - 18 Mar 1926 Ivan Ivanovich
Mezhlauk
(s.a.)
Jun 1926 - Apr 1928
Shaymardan Nurimanovich Ibrahimov (b. 1899 -
d. 1957)
11 May 1928 - Aug 1930
Grigory Naumovich
Aronshtam (b.
1893 - d. 1938)
Aug 1930 - 15 Apr 1937
Yakov Abramovich
Popok
(b. 1894 - d. 1938)
Apr 1937 - Oct 1937
Anna-Mukhamedov (acting)
(b. 1900 - d. 1938)
Oct 1937 - Nov 1939
Yakov Abramovich Chubin
(b. 1893 - d. 1956)
Nov 1939 - Mar
1947 Mikhail
Makarovich Fonin
(b. 1905 - d. 1974)
Mar 1947 - Jul 1951
Shadzha Batyrovich Batyrov
(b. 1908 - d. 1965)
Jul 1951 - 13 Oct 1952
Sukhan Babayevich
Babayev
(b. 1910 - d. 1995)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee
Communist Party of Turkmenistan
13 Oct 1952 - 14 Dec 1958 Sukhan
Babayevich
Babayev
(s.a.)
14 Dec 1958 - 4 May 1960 Dzhuma
Durdy
Karayev
(b. 1910 - d. 1960)
13 Jun 1960 - 24 Dec 1969 Balysh
Ovezovich Ovezov
(b. 1915 - d. 1975)
24 Dec 1969 - 21 Dec 1985 Muhammadnazar
Gapurovich Gapurov (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
21 Dec 1985 - 16 Dec 1991 Saparmurad
Atayevich Niyazov
(b. 1940 - d. 2006)
Chairmen of the Turkmen Revolutionary Committee
Oct 1924 - Dec
1924 Kaikhaziz
Sardarovich Atabayev (b. 1887 -
d. 1937) KPT-B
Dec 1924 - 25 Feb 1925
Nedirbay
Aytakov
(b. 1894 - d. 1938) KPT-B
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
25 Feb 1925 - 22 Jul 1937 Nedyrbay
Aytakov
(s.a.)
KPT-B
22 Jul 1937 - 4 Aug 1937
Kurbandurdy Atamuradov (acting) (b. 1896 -
d. 1972) KPT-B
4 Aug 1937 - 16 Oct 1937 Batyr Atayev
(acting)
(b. 1901 - d. 1938) KPT-B
16 Oct 1937 - 24 Jul 1938
Khivali Babayevich Babayev
(b. 1902 - d. 1941) KPT-B
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
24 Jul 1938 - 26 Jul 1938 Alla Berdy
Berdiyev
(b. 1904 - d. 1964) KPT-B
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet
26 Jul 1938 - 30 Aug 1941 Khivali
Babayevich Babayev
(s.a.)
KPT-B
30 Aug 1941 - 9 Nov 1941 Ogulmurat
Seytkuliyeva
(f) (b.
1911 - d. ....) KPT-B
+ Vasiliy Stepanovich Gunbin
(b. 1904 - d. ....) KPT-B
(acting)
9 Nov 1941 - 6 Mar 1948 Alla Berdy
Berdiyev
(s.a.)
KPT-B
(acting to 26 Jan 1942)
6 Mar 1948 - 30 Mar 1959 Akmamed Sariyevich
Sariyev
(b. 1907 - d. ....)KPT-B;1952KPT
30 Mar 1959 - 26 Mar 1963 Nurberdy
Bairamov
(b. 1912 - d. 1986) KPT
26 Mar 1963 - 15 Dec 1978 Annamukhamed
Klychev
(b.
1912 - d. 1990) KPT
15 Dec 1978 - 13 Aug 1988 Bally
Yazkuliyevich Yazkuliyev (b.
1930)
KPT
13 Aug 1988 - 18 Jan 1990 Roza
Atamuradovna Bazarova (f) (b.
1933)
KPT
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
18 Jan 1990 - 2 Nov 1990 Saparmurad
Atayevich Niyazov
(s.a.)
KPT
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
20 Feb 1925 - 8 Jul 1937
Kaikhaziz Sardarovich Atabayev
(b. 1887 - d. 1937) KPT-B
Oct 1937 - 17 Oct 1945 Aitbay
Khudaybergenov
(b. 1906 - d. 1995) KPT-B
17 Oct 1945 - 15 Mar 1946 Sukhan
Babayevich Babayev
(s.a.)
KPT-B
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 - 14 Jul 1951 Sukhan
Babayevich
Babayev
(s.a.)
KPT-B
14 Jul 1951 - 14 Jan 1958 Balysh
Ovezovich Ovezov (1st time)
(s.a.)
KPT-B;1952 KPT
14 Jan 1958 - 20 Jan 1959 Dzhuma Durdy
Karayev
(s.a.)
KPT
20 Jan 1959 - 13 Jun 1960 Balysh
Ovezovich Ovezov (2nd time)
(s.a.)
KPT
13 Jun 1960 - 26 Mar 1963 Abdy
Annaliyevich
Annaliyev (b.
1920 - d. 2007) KPT
26 Mar 1963 - 25 Dec 1969 Muhammadnazar
Gapurovich Gapurov
(s.a.)
KPT
25 Dec 1969 - 17 Dec 1975 Oraz Nazarovich
Orazmukhamedov (b.
1928)
KPT
17 Dec 1975 - 15 Dec 1978 Bally
Yazkuliyevich Yazkuliyev
(s.a.)
KPT
15 Dec 1978 - 26 Mar 1985 Chary
Soyunovich
Karryyev
(b.
1932)
KPT
26 Mar 1985 - 4 Jan 1986
Saparmurad Atayevich
Niyazov
(s.a.)
KPT
4 Jan 1986 - 17 Nov 1989
Anamurad
Khodzhamuradovich
(b. 1935 - d. 2006) KPT
Khodzhamuradov
5 Dec 1989 - 30 Oct
1990 Khan Ahmedovich
Akhmedov
(b. 1936 - d. 2006) KPT
Party abbreviations: KPT
= Türkmenistanyn Kommunistik
Partiyasy/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Turkmenistana
(Communist Party of Turkmenistan,
Marxist-Leninist communist,
state party, former
KPT-B, 13 Oct 1952-Dec 1991, renamed TDP);
KPT-B = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Turkmenistana (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of
Turkmenistan, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, Oct
1924-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPT)
© Ben Cahoon
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