World Statesmen.org HOME >

 
 

Iran
 
[Persia Flag, flag of Shah Tahmasp I Safavid dynasty, c.1524-1736]
c.1524 - 1576 Safavid Dynasty
[Persia Flag, Safavid dynasty,1576-1747/86]
1576 - 1736/73 Safavid Dynasty
[Persia flag, Afsharid dynasty, 1736-1750]
1736 - 1750 Afsharid Dynasty
[Persia flag, Zand dynasty, 1750-1794]
1750 - 1794 Zand Dynasty
 
[Persia flag, Qajar dynasty, 1794-1797]
1794 - 1797 Qajar Dynasty
[Persia flag, Qajar dynasty, 1797-1848]
1797 - 1848 Qajar Dynasty
 
[Persia flag, Qajar dynasty, 1848-1896]
1848 - 1896
[Persia flag, Qajar dynasty, 1896-1907]
1896 - 1907
[Persia flag, Qajar dynasty, 1907-1912]
1907 - 1912
 

[Persian State ensign, Qajar dynasty, 1912-1925]
1912 - 1925 State Flag
[Iranian State Flag, Pahlavi dynasty, 1925-1964]
1925 - 1964 State Flag

[Iran civil flag 1925-1980]
1925 - 29 Jul 1980 Civil Flag

[Iran State Flag, 1964-1980]
1964 - 30 Jan 1980 State Flag
[Islamic Republic of Iran first flag 1980]
30 Jan 1980 - 29 Jul 1980
[Islamic Republic of Iran flag]
Adopted 29 Jul 1980
Map of Iran Hear National Anthem
"Soroud-e Melli-e Jomhouri-e
 Eslami-e Iran"
(National Anthem of the
Islamic Republic of Iran)
Adopted 1990 		Hear Former Anthem
"Payandeh Bada Iran"
 (Lasting Iran)
(24 Mar 1980-1990) 		Constitution
(3 Dec 1979)
-------------------------------------
Former Constitution
(9 Sep 1906-1955)
Hear Former Anthem
"Salamatih Shah"
(To the Health of the Shah)
(1873 - 9 Jul 1909) 		Hear Former Anthem
"Salamati-ye Dowlat-e
'Aliyye-ye Iran"
(Salute of Sublime
State of Persia)
(9 Jul 1909-1933) 		Hear Former Anthem
"Sorood-e Shahanshahi Iran"
(Imperial Salute of Iran)
(1933 - 5 Feb 1979) 		Hear Former Anthem
"Ey Irân" (O' Iran)
(unofficial; 1979-24 Mar 1980)
Capital: Tehran
(Qajar: Sari 1786-1796;
Zand: Shiraz 1751-1794;
Afshar: Mashhad 1736-1796;
Isfahan 1598-1736;
Qazvin 1555-1598;
Timurid: Herat 1405-1507;
Tabriz 1265-1306,1469-1555
Soltaniyeh 1306-1335)
Currency: Iranian Rial
(IRR); 1600-1932 Touman
(IRT); 1825-1932 Kran (IRK)
 
National Holidays: 1 Apr (1979)
  Ruz e Jomhuri ye Eslāmi
(Islamic Republic Day)
--------------------------------------
11 Feb (1979)
Revolution Day
 Population: 88,386,937 (2024)
GDP: $1.44 trillion (2023)
Exports: $110.8 billion (2022)
Imports: $102.5 billion (2022)
 Ethnic groups: Persian 34.9%, Azeri 15.9%, Kurd 13%, Luri 7.2%, Gilaki 5.1%, Mazandarani 5.1%, Afghan 2.8%, Arab 2.5%, Baloch, Turkmen, and others 13.5% (2000)
Total Active Armed Forces: 610,000 (2024)
Merchant marine: 965 ships (2023)
 Religions: Muslim (official)(Shia 90-95%, Sunni 5-10%) 98.5%, Christian 0.7%, Baha'i 0.3%, agnostic 0.3%, other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, Hindu) 0.2% (2020)
International Organizations/Treaties: AIIB, ALBA (observer), APA, BRICS, BSEC (dialogue partner), BTWC, CICA, CP, CTBT (signatory), CWC, D-8, ECO, ENMOD (signatory), ESCR, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA (observer), ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OST (signatory), PCA, SAARC (observer), SCO, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA (signatory), UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Iran Index
Chronology

c.3000 BC - 612 BC         Elamite (Susiana)(Haltamti) state in modern
                             Khuzestan, Iran.
c.700 BC - 559 BC          Medes (Median) kingdom (Scythian domination 653-
                             625 BC).
559 BC - Jul 330 BC        Achaemenid Empire (Pārsa)(under Cyrus II 559 BC -
                             530 BC, Darius I 522 BC - 486 BC, Xerxes I 486 BC
                             - 465 BC and Darius III 336 BC - 330 BC).
401 BC                     Battle of Cunaxa and the March of the Ten Thousand,
                             Artaxerxes II defeats his brother Cyrus and a
                             large army of Greek mercenaries.
20 Jan 330 BC              Battle of the Persian Gate, Alexander "the Great"
                             defeats Darius III of Persia.  
Jul 330 BC - 311 BC        Part of the Macedonian (Greek) Empire (Μakedonía).
311 BC - 247 BC            Seleucid Empire (Basileía tōn Seleukidōn)(under
                             Seleucus I 305 BC - 281 BC and Antiochus IV
                             Epiphanes 175 BC - 163 BC).
247 BC - 224 AD            Parthian (Arsacid) Empire (under Mithridates I 171
                             BC - 132 BC and Vologases IV 147 AD – 191 AD).
 116 AD                     Susa briefly captured by Roman Emperor Trajan.
28 Apr 224 - 651           Sassanian Empire (Eranshahr)(under Ardashir I 224
                             - 242, Bahram V 421–438 and Khosrow I 531-579).
20 Dec 642                 Battle of Nahavand, Arabs defeat Sassanian Emperor
                             Yazdegerd III near Hamadan.
642                        Arab Muslim rule (in Ctesiphon from  Mar 637, Fars
                             639, Nahavand Dec 642, Persepolis 643, Khorasan
                             and Sakastan 651), part of the Muslim (Rashidun
                             634-661, Umayyad 661-750, Abbasid from 750)
                             Caliphate.
642 - 760                  Dabuyid (Gaubarid) kingdom in Tabaristan, Khorasan.
819 - Jan 1005             Samanian (Samanid) Emirate rules of most of North,
                             Central, and Western Iran (nominally subordinate
                             to the Abbasid Caliphs).
861 - Dec 1002             Saffarid (Safaryan) Emirate rules of most of central,
                             eastern and southeastern [Sistan] Iran (from 900,
                             as vassals of the Samanids).
879 - 1215                 Western Iran part of Ghurid (Shansabani) Sultanate.
 930 - 1043                 Ziyarid Kingdom in Tabaristan and central Iran.
934 - 1062                 Western Iran part of Buyid (Buwayid) Emirate at
                             Baghdad (nominally under the Abbasid Caliph).
977 - 1055                 Eastern Iran part of Ghaznavid (Gaznaviyan) Sultanate
1037 - 19 Mar 1194         Part of the Seljuk (Saljuq) Sultanate.
 1148 - 31 Dec 1286         Salghurid dynasty rule Fars (tributary to Saljuqs,
                             then Khwarazmians and finally the Mongols).
1153 - Feb 1220            Western Iran part of Khwarazmian Empire (as vassals
                             of the Seljuks to 1194).
Feb 1220 - 1264            Part of the Mongol Empire.
Aug/Sep 1221               Mongols destroy Hamadan (Hamedan). In 1237, Isfahan
                             surrenders to the Mongols.
1264 -  1 Dec 1335         (Mongol) Il-Khan Empire founded by Hülegü Khan, the
                             grandson of Gengiz Khan.
 1314 - Mar 1393            Muzaffarid Emirate in central Iran.
1335 - 1357                Chupanid (Chobanid) Emirate at Tabriz.
1335 - 1357                Injuid Emirate at Shiraz.
1336 -  9 Nov 1431         Jalayerid (Jalayirid) Sultanate at Baghdad also
                             rules part of modern Western Iran.
1337 - 1381                Sarbadars Emirate in Western Khorasan.
1378 - 1479                Turkmen Ak Koyunlu (Aq-Qoyunlu)("White Sheep") rule
                             (as vassals of the Timurids to c.1430).
1370 - 1501                Timurid (Gurkani) Empire (under Tamerlane [Temur-i
                             Lang] 1370-18 Feb 1405)(in eastern Iran from
                             1471).
 Jul/Aug 1501               Kingdom or Empire of Iran (Mamalik-i Mahrusa-i Iran)
                             (literally "The [God-] Protected Realms of Iran"),
                             Later also in official use: Empire of Iran
                             (Kishwar-i Shahanshah-i Iran)(literally "King-
                             of-King's Country of Iran").
1501                       Safawi (Safavid) ruler adopts Shia Islam as the
                             official religion of the state.
Sep 1507 - Jan 1508        Portuguese occupy Hormuz.
 1 Apr 1515 -  3 May 1622  Portuguese occupy Hormuz.
12 Oct 1722 - 13 Nov 1729  Afghan occupation and rule.
 12 Sep 1723 -  1 Feb 1732  Gilan, Mazandaran and Astarabad annexed to Russia.
Aug 1725 - Jul 1730        Tabriz, Luristan, Kermanshah occupied by Ottomans.
 9 May 1755 - Apr 1803     Shah Esmail Rokh of Afshar dynasty loses control
                             of Persia, but retains control in Khorasan.
1794 -  4 Aug 1868         Bandar-e 'Abbas and a 150 KM coastal strip leased to
                             the Sultan of Muscat and Oman (re-occupied by
                             Persia 1853-1856).
  9 Dec 1856 -  4 Apr 1857  British occupy Bushire (and Khorramshahr on 27 Mar
                              1857 and Ahvaz on 1 Apr 1857).
 31 Aug 1907 -  8 Aug 1919  Anglo-Russian Convention (repudiated by Russia
                              11 Dec 1917, abrogated 3 Mar 1918) recognized
                             Persian independence, but divided Persia into
                              three spheres of influence (Russian over northern
                              Iran bordering Russia, the U.K. over southeastern
                              Iran bordering British India, and central neutral
                              zone open to the nationals both countries).
 Nov 1914 –  8 Aug 1919     British occupation (originally only in Abadan,
                              Bushire and few other locations in the south and
                              east of Persia; in May 1918 also replaced Russian
                              in north and west), U.K. troops left by Feb 1921
 Nov 1914 –  3 Mar 1918     Russian occupation of the north and west of Persia
                              (to Nov 1915 only in Persian Azerbaijan), Russian
                              troops left by May 1918.
 Jul 1916 - Mar 1917        Ottoman occupation of Kermanshah and Hamedan area.
  5 Jun 1920 - 23 Oct 1921  Secession of Gilan region.
21 Mar 1935                English name "Persia" officially changed to Iran.
25 Aug 1941 -  2 Mar 1946  Occupied by Britain and Soviet Union (to May 1946)
                              (see under Iraq for British commanders).
12 Dec 1945 - 12 Dec 1946  Azerbaijan autonomous.
 22 Jan 1946 - 15 Dec 1946  Kurdistan autonomous.
  5 Feb 1979                Iran (monarchy formally abolished 11 Feb 1979).
  1 Apr 1979                Islamic Republic of Iran (Jumhur-i Islami-i Iran).
Azerbaijan
(1920, 1945-1946)
Gilan
(1722-1734, 1920-1921)
Khorasan
(1755-1803, 1921)
Kurdistan (Mahabad)
(1945-1946)
Hormuz
(1507-1622)
British
Arabian Gulf
Residency
(1763-1822)
Allied
Occupations
(1915-1917,
 1941-1946)
Khanates
  • Arabistan
  • Ardebil
  • Khoy
  • Linga
  • Mak
  • Mohammerah
  • Qaraei Khans
  • Sarab
  • Tabriz
  • Baluchistan
    		•
    Imperial Exile
    (1979-1980)
    NCRI in Exile
    (1981-)
     

    Rahbars¹
     1 Jan 1980 -  3 Jun 1989  Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini        (b. 1902 - d. 1989) 
     4 Jun 1989 -              Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei      (b. 1939) 

    Shahs²
    (note that rules by members of different dynasties sometimes overlap)
    - Safawi (Safavid) dynasty -
    Jul/Aug 1501 - 23 May 1524 Esmail I                           (b. 1487 - d. 1524)
    23 May 1524 - 14 May 1576  Tahmasp I                          (b. 1514 - d. 1576)
    1524 -  5 Jul 1527         Div Sultan Rumlu -Regent           (d. 1527)
    1527 - 1530/31             Chuha Sultan Takkalu -Regent       (d. 1530/31)
    1530/31 - 1533             Husayn Khan Shamlu -Regent         (d. 1533)
    14 May 1576 - 23 May 1576  Haydar                             (d. 1576)  
    23 May 1576 - 24 Nov 1577  Esmail II                          (b. 1537 - d. 1577)
    11 Feb 1578 -  1 Oct 1588  Mohammad Khodabanda                (b. 1532 - d. 1565/96) 
     1 Oct 1588 - 19 Jan 1629  Abbas I                            (b. 1571 - d. 1629)
                                 (in opposition Apr 1581 - May 1581)
    28 Jan 1629 - 12 May 1642  Safi I                             (b. c.1611 - d. 1642)
    12 May 1642 - 25 Sep 1666  Abbas II                           (b. 1632 - d. 1666)
    12 May 1642 - 11 Oct 1645  Saru Taqi -Regent                  (d. 1645)
    1645 - 1653                Khalifa Soltan -Regent             (d. 1653) 
     1 Nov 1666 - 29 Jul 1694  Safi II                            (b. 1647/48 - d. 1694)
                                 (from 20 Mar 1668, Sulayman I Safi)
     6 Aug 1694 - 23 Oct 1722  Soltan Hoseyn I                    (b. c.1668 - d. 1726)
    10 Nov 1722 -  2 Sep 1732  Tahmasp II                         (b. 1704 - d. 1740)
                                 (in opposition to 8 Nov 1726, Jul 1728 - 9 Dec 1729)
     8 Nov 1726 - Jul 1728     Sayyed Ahmad                       (d. 1728)
                                 (in opposition, in Kerman)
     2 Sep 1732 -  8 Mar 1736  Abbas III                          (b. 1732 - d. 1740)
     2 Sep 1732 -  8 Mar 1736  Nader Khan Afshar -Regent          (b. 1688 - d. 1747)
    1747 - 1757                Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar         (b. 1722 - d. 1757) 
                                 (in opposition, in Astarabad)
    13 Jan 1750 - 20 Mar 1750  Soleyman II (in Mashhad)           (b. 1714 - d. 1763)
    1749 - 1756                Azad Khan Afghan                   (b. 1705 - d. 1781)
                                 (in opposition, in Tabriz)
    29 Jun 1750 - 1773         Esmail III                         (b. 1733 - d. 1773)
                                 (in opposition from Jun 1750, in Isfahan)
    1753 - Jun 1753            Soltan Hoseyn II (in opposition)
    1780 - 1786                Abu al-Fath Mohammad               (d. 1794) 
                                 (in opposition)
    - Ghalzay dynasty -
    23 Oct 1722 - 25 Apr 1725  Mahmud                             (b. c.1699 - d. 1725)
    26 Apr 1725 - 13 Nov 1729  Ashraf                             (b. c.1700 - d. 1730)
    - Afshar dynasty -
     8 Mar 1736 - 20 Jun 1747  Nader (Nader Khan Afshar)          (s.a.)
     6 Jul 1747 - 29 Sep 1748  Adel                               (b. 1719 - d. 1749)
    29 Sep 1748 - May 1749     Ebrahim                            (b. c.1724 - d. 1749)
                                 (to 8 Dec 1748 regent, as Mohammad Ebrahim Khan)
    May 1749 - 30 Dec 1749     Esmail Rokh (1st time)             (b. 1734 - d. 1796)
                                 (in opposition from 1 Oct 1748)
    Jun 1750 - Jun 1750        Esmail Rokh (2nd time)             (s.a.)
                                 (in opposition)
     9 May 1755 - 14 May 1796  Esmail Rokh (3rd time)             (s.a.)
                                 (in opposition, in Khorasan)
    Wakil al-Ra`aya (Protector of the People)²
    - Zand dynasty -
    1773 -  1 Mar 1779         Mohammad Karim Khan Zand           (b. c.1707 - d. 1779)
                                 (in Shiraz)
     6 Mar 1779 - 1779         Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (1st time)   (b. c.1755 - d. 1787)
                               - jointly with -
     6 Mar 1779 - 19 Jun 1779  Mohammad Ali Khan Zand             (b. 1760 - d. 1779)
    19 Jun 1779 - 22 Aug 1779  Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (2nd time)   (s.a.)
    22 Aug 1779 - 14 Mar 1781  Mohammad Sadeq Khan Zand           (d. 1781)
    15 Mar 1781 - 11 Feb 1785  Ali Morad Khan Zand                (d. 1785)
    12 Feb 1785 - 17 Feb 1785  Baqer Khan Khorasakani
    18 Feb 1785 - 23 Jan 1789  Jaafar Khan Zand                   (d. 1789)
    23 Jan 1789 - 10 May 1789  Sayyed Morad Khan Zand             (d. 1789)
    10 May 1789 - Mar 1794     Lotf Ali Khan Zand                 (b. c.1766 - d. 1794) 
    Shahs²
    - Zand dynasty -
    Mar 1794 - 30 Oct 1794     Lotf Ali Khan Zand                 (s.a.)
    - Qajar dynasty -
    12 Mar 1786 - 17 Jun 1797  Mohammad Qajar                     (b. 1742 - d. 1797)
                                 (regent as Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar to 14 May 1796)
    17 Jun 1797 - 24 Oct 1834  Fath Ali Qajar                     (b. 1772 - d. 1834)
                                 (regent as Fath Ali Baba Khan Qajar to 29 Jul 1797)
     9 Nov 1834 -  5 Sep 1848  Mohammad Qajar                     (b. 1808 - d. 1848)
    14 Nov 1834 - 16 Dec 1834  Ali Qajar (in rebellion, in Tehran)(b. 1789 - d. 1854)
     5 Dec 1834 - 29 Mar 1835  Hossein Ali Shah Qajar             (b. 1789 - d. 1835)
                                 (in rebellion, in Shiraz)
    13 Sep 1848 -  1 May 1896  Naser ad-Din Qajar                 (b. 1831 - d. 1896)
      1 May 1896 -  8 Jan 1907  Mozaffar ad-Din Qajar              (b. 1853 - d. 1907)
     8 Jan 1907 - 16 Jul 1909  Mohammad Ali Qajar (1st time)      (b. 1872 - d. 1925)
    16 Jul 1909 -  3 Oct 1925  Soltan Ahmad Qajar                 (b. 1898 - d. 1930)
                                 (left the country 2 Dec 1923, in exile 27 Feb 1930)
    18 Jul 1909 - 22 Sep 1910  Ali Reza Khan-e Qajar              (b. 1847 - d. 1910)
                                 Quyunlu, Naib as-Sultana, 
                                 Azod al-Molk -Regent
      4 Mar 1911 - 21 Jul 1914  Abol Qasim Khan Qaragozlu,         (b. 1856 - d. 1927)
                                 Naser al-Molk -Regent
    17 Jun 1911 -  5 Sep 1911  Mohammad Ali Qajar (2nd time)      (s.a.) 
                                 (in rebellion)
    24 Mar 1924 - 31 Oct 1925  Prince Mohammad Hassan Mirza       (b. 1899 - d. 1943)                              Qajar -Regent
    - Pahlavi dynasty -
    31 Oct 1925 - 16 Sep 1941  Reza Pahlavi                       (b. 1878 - d. 1944)
                                 (Head of the Provisional Government to 15 Dec 1925)
    16 Sep 1941 - 11 Feb 1979  Mohammad Reza Pahlavi              (b. 1919 - d. 1980)
                                 (from 15 Sep 1965) "Aryamehr"
                                 (in exile 16-22 Aug 1953 [Baghdad; from 18 Aug 1953, Rome]
                                 and from 16 Jan 1979 [Egypt; from 22 Jan 1979, Morocco])
    Chairman of the Regency Council
    16 Jan 1979 - 22 Jan 1979  Sayyed Jalaleddin Tehrani          (b. 1893 - d. 1987)  Non-party
    Leader of the Revolution
     5 Feb 1979 -  4 Feb 1980  Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini        (s.a.)               Non-party
    Presidents
     4 Feb 1980 - 22 Jun 1981  Sayyed Abolhassan Bani-Sadr        (b. 1933 - d. 2021)  Non-party
    22 Jun 1981 -  2 Aug 1981  Provisional Presidential Council
                               - Ayatollah Mohammad Hossein       (b. 1928 - d. 1981)  IRP
                                   Beheshti (to 28 Jun 1981) 
                               - Ayatollah Abdolkarim Moussavi-   (b. 1932 - d. 2016)  IRP
                                   Ardabili (1st time)
                                   (from 29 Jun 1981)
                               - Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi   (b. 1934 - d. 2017)  IRP
                                   Rafsanjani (1st time) 
                               - Mohammad Ali Rajai               (b. 1933 - d. 1981)  IRP
     2 Aug 1981 - 30 Aug 1981  Mohammad Ali Rajai                 (s.a.)               IRP
    30 Aug 1981 -  9 Oct 1981  Provisional Presidential Council
                               - Hojatolislam Mohammad Reza       (b. 1931 - d. 2014)  JRM
                                   Mahdavi Kani (from 2 Sep 1981)
                               - Ayatollah Abdolkarim Moussavi-   (s.a.)               IRP
                                   Ardabili (2nd time)
                               - Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi   (s.a.)               IRP
                                   Rafsanjani (2nd time) 
     9 Oct 1981 - 16 Aug 1989  Hojatolislam Sayyed Mohammad Ali   (s.a.)               IRP
                                 Khamenei (from 4 Jun 1989, Ayatollah
                                 Sayyed Mohammad Ali Khamenei) 
    16 Aug 1989 -  3 Aug 1997  Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi     (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 Rafsanjani 
     3 Aug 1997 -  3 Aug 2005  Hojatolislam Mohammad Khatami      (b. 1943)            Non-party
     3 Aug 2005 -  3 Aug 2013  Mahmoud Ahmadinejad                (b. 1956)          AII;2005 Ind
     3 Aug 2013 -  3 Aug 2021  Hojatolislam Hassan Rouhani        (b. 1948)            HET
     3 Aug 2021 - 19 May 2024  Sayyed Ebrahim Raisi al-Sadati     (b. 1960 - d. 2024)  JRM
                                 (= Sayyed Ebrahim Raisi)
    20 May 2024 - 28 Jul 2024  Mohammad Mokhber (acting)          (b. 1955)            Ind
    28 Jul 2024 -              Masoud Pezeshkian                  (b. 1954)            Ind


    Viziers (Vakil)
    1501 - 1507                Mohammad Zakariya Kujuji 
    1502/03 - 1507             Mahmud Khan Qazvini     
    1507 - 1510                Mir Yar Ahmad Khuzani Isfahani,    (d. 1512)
                                 Najm-e Sani
     1510 - 1514                Hossein Monshi Qomi      
    1514 - 15 Apr 1523         Mirza Kamal al-Din Shah Hossein    (d. 1523)
                                 Isfahani
     1523 - 1524                Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi      (d. 1524)
     1524 - 1531                Mirza Jafar Savaji
     1523 - 1534                Ahmad Beg Nur Kamal 
    1534                       Mir Enayat Allah Khuzani  
    1534 - 1535                Kvajeh Moin Yazdi 
    1534 - 1551                Qadi Jahan Qazvini        
    1562 - 1566                Mir Sharif Shirazi    
    1553 - 1568                Masum Beg Safavi
     1568 - 15..                Jamal al-Din Ali Tabrizi
    15.. - 1576                Sayyed Hassan Farahani
    20 Jul 1576 - 13 Jun 1577  Mirza Shokr Allah Isfahani
    Grand Viziers (Vazir-e azam)
    13 Jun 1577 - 14 May 1583  Mirza Salman Jabiri                (d. 1583)
    1583 - 1585                Mirza Hedayatollah Saruni
    1585 - 1587                Mirza Mohammad Kirmani (1st time)  (d. 1590) 
    1587 - 1589                Mirza Shahvali Shirazi
    1589 - 1590                Mirza Mohammad Kermani (2nd time)  (s.a.)
    1590                       Mirza Lotfollah Shirazi
    1590 - 28 May 1610         Mirza Hatem Beg Nasiri Ordubadi    (d. 1610/11)
    1610 - 1620                Mirza Talib Khan Nasiri Ordubadi
                                 (Urdubadi)(1st time)
     1620 - 1623                Salman Khan Ustajlu                (d. 1623/24)
    1623 - 1632                Khalifeh Soltan al-Ulama (1st time)(b. 1592/93 - d. 1654)
     1632 - 23 Jul 1634         Mirza Taleb Khan Nasiri Ordubadi
                                 (Urdubadi)(2nd time)
     11 Aug 1634 - 11 Oct 1645  Mirza Mohammad Taqi "Saru Taqi"    (d. 1645)
    14 Oct 1645 - 1653         Khalifeh Soltan al-Ulama (2nd time)(s.a.)
    1653 - 1661                Mohammad Beg                       (d. 1672)
     11 Mar 1661 - 1669         Mirza Mohammad Mahdi Karaki
     1669 - 1671                Shaykh Ali Khan Zanganeh (1st time)(d. 1689)  
     1671 - 1672                Vacant
     1672 - 1689                Shaykh Ali Khan Zanganeh (2nd time)(s.a.)
    1689 - 1690                Vacant
     1690 - 1699                Mirza Mohammad Tahir Vahid-e       (b. 162. - d. 1699)
                                  Qazvini
     1699 - 1707                Mohammad Momin Khan Shamlu 
    1707 - 1716                Shah Qoli Khan Zanganeh            (b. 16.. - d. 1716)
    Jul 1716 -  8 Dec 1720     Fath Ali Khan Daghestani           (b. 1673/74 - d. af.1721)
    Jan 1721 - 23 Oct 1722     Mohammad Qoli Khan Shamlu 
                                 (for Soltan Hoseyn I)
    23 Oct 1722 - 25 Apr 1725  Amanollah Khan (for Mahmud Ghalzay)
    10 Nov 1722 - 11 Oct 1726  Fath Ali Khan Qajar                (b. 1686 - d. 1726)
                                  (for Tahmasp II)
     1725 - 1727                Zele Khan (for Ashraf Ghalzay)
    12 Oct 1726 - 13 Nov 1729  Mohammad Ali Khan Qouler Aqassi
                                  (for Tahmasp II)
     1727 - 1729                Mohammad Amin Khan
                                 (for Mahmud Ghalzay)
    1729 - 1732                Rajab Ali Khan 
                                 (for Tahmasp II) 
    1729 -  8 Mar 1736         Nader Khan Afshar (= Nader Shah)   (s.a.)
                                  (for Thmasp II)
     1736 - 1747                Mirza Ali Akbar Shirazi                            
                                 (for Nader Shah)
    Viceroys (Nayeb os-Saltaneh)
    1747 - 1748                Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi        (s.a.)
                                 (later Sulaiman II)(for Adel Shah)
     31 Dec 1749 -  9 Jan 1750  Amir Alam Khan Khozaima (1st time)
                                  (for Sulaiman II)
     10 Jan 1750 - Mar 1750     Yusef Ali Khan Jalayir             (d. 1750)
                                 (for Esmail Rokh)
     Mar 1750 -  2 Dec 1754     Amir Alam Khan Khozaima (2nd time) (d. 1754)
                                  (for Esmail Rokh)
    Grand Viziers (Sadr-e azam)
    Jun 1750 - 1751            Zakariya Khan Kazzazi
                                 (for Esmail III)
     1751 - 1752                Mohammad Salim Khan Afshar
                                 (for Esmail III)
     1752 - 1756                Zakariya Khan Kazzazi
                                 (for Esmail III)
     1758 - 1763                Mirza Aqil Alavi
                                 (for Karim Khan Zand)
    1763 - 1779                Mirza Jafar Isfahani
                                  (for Karim Khan Zand)
     1779 - 13 Jun 1779         Mohammad Zaki Khan Zand            (d. 1779)
                                  (for Abu al-Fath Khan Zand and Mohammad Ali Khan Zand)
     Jun 1779 - Aug 1779        Mohammad Sadeq Khan Zand           (s.a.)
     17.. - 1785                Mirza Rabi Isfahani
                                 (for Ali Morad Khan Zand)
     1785 - 17..                Mirza Mohammad Hossein Farahani    (b. 1727 - d. 1797)
                                 (for Jafar Khan Zand and Lotf Ali Khan Zand)
    Nov 1794 - 14 Apr 1801     Haji Ibrahim Kalantar Shirazi      (b. 1745 - d. 1801) 
    14 Apr 1801 - 12 Jul 1819  Mirza Mohammad Shafi Mazandarani   (b. 1744 - d. 1819)
    1819 - 1823                Haji Mohammad Hossein Isfahani     (b. 1758 - d. 1823)
                                 Nizam al-Daula
    1823 - 1825                Abdollah Khan Amin al-Daula        (b. 1779 - d. 1847)
                                 (1st time)
    1825 - 21 Mar 1828         Allah Yar Khan-e Qajar Devehlu,
                                 Asaf ud-Daula
                                (Russian prisoner at Tabriz 1827-1828)
    21 Mar 1828 - 23 Oct 1834  Abdollah Khan Amin al-Daula        (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    Jan 1835 - 26 Jun 1835     Mirza Abul Qasim Qaem Maqam II     (b. 1779 - d. 1835)
    1835 - 20 Oct 1848         Haji Mirza Aghasi Iravani          (b. 1784 - d. 1849)
    20 Oct 1848 - 13 Nov 1851  Mirza Taghi Khan Farahani          (b. 1807 - d. 1852)
    Nov 1851 - 30 Aug 1858     Mirza Aqa Khan Nouri               (b. 1807 - d. 1865)
    15 Sep 1858 - Nov/Dec 1861 Mirza Jafar Khan Moshir al-Daula
    Nov/Dec 1862 - 23 Mar 1865 Vacant
    23 Mar 1865 - 16 Jun 1866  Mirza Mohammad Khan Sepahsalar     (d. 1867)
                                 (Davallu Qajar)
    16 Jun 1866 - 14 Oct 1867  Vacant
    14 Oct 1867 - 13 Nov 1871  Mirza Yusuf Ashtiani               (b. 1812 - d. 1886)
                                 (Mostowfi al-Mamalek)
    Grand Viziers (Vazir-e azam)
    13 Nov 1871 - 14 Sep 1873  Mirza Hossein Khan Moshir ud-Daula (b. 1828 - d. 1881)
                                 Sepahsalar
    1873 - 1880                Mirza Hossein Khan Moshir ud-Daula (s.a.)
                                 Sepahsalar   
                               + Mirza Yusuf Ashtiani             (s.a.)
                               + Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh   (b. 1856 - d. 1927)
                                  (from 1878)
                               (acting)
    1880 -  7 Apr 1886         Mirza Yusuf Ashtiani               (s.a.)
                                  (acting to 24 Jun 1884)
      7 Apr 1886 - 22 Nov 1896  Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin         (b. 1858 - d. 1907)
                                  al-Sultan (Atabak)(1st time)
                                  (acting to 13 Mar 1887)
    23 Nov 1896 -  6 Apr 1897  Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza         (b. 1858 - d. 1939)
                                 Farmanfarma, Nosrat al-Daula
                                 ([de facto] acting)
     6 Apr 1897 -  5 Jun 1898  Mirza Ali Khan Amin al-Daula       (b. 1844 - d. 1904)
     5 Jun 1898 - 11 Aug 1898  Mirza Mohsen Khan Moshir al-Daula
                                 (Mazaher)
    11 Aug 1898 - 15 Sep 1903  Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin         (s.a.)
                                 al-Sultan (Atabak)(2nd time) 
    15 Sep 1903 - 23 Jan 1904  Vacant
    24 Jan 1904 - 29 Jul 1906  Soltan Abdol Majid Mirza Ayn-      (b. 1845 - d. 1926)  Non-party
                                 al-Daula
    30 Jul 1906 - 17 Mar 1907  Mirza Nasrullah Khan Moshir        (b. 1840 - d. 1907)  Non-party
                                  ud-Daula
     Prime ministers
    17 Mar 1907 - 29 Apr 1907  Soltan Ali Khan, Vazir-e Afkham    (b. 1867 - d. 1918)  Non-party
     4 May 1907 - 31 Aug 1907  Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin,        (b. 1858 - d. 1907)  Non-party
                                 al-Soltan Atabak
    16 Sep 1907 - 27 Oct 1907  Mirza Ahmad Khan Moshir,           (b. 1844 - d. 1918)  Non-party
                                 al-Sultana (1st time)
    27 Oct 1907 - 21 Dec 1907  Abol Qasim Khan Qaragozlu,         (b. 1856 - d. 1927)  Non-party
                                 Nasir al-Molk (1st time)
    22 Dec 1907 -  5 May 1908  Mirza Hossein Qoli Khan (Mafi),    (b. 1832 - d. 1908)  NM
                                 Nizam as-Sultana
    21 May 1908 -  7 Jun 1908  Murtaza Qoli Khan, Sani ud-Daula   (b. 1856 - d. 1911)  Non-party
     7 Jun 1908 - 29 Apr 1909  Mirza Ahmad Khan Moshir            (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 al-Sultana (2nd time)
    29 Apr 1909 -  2 May 1909  Prince Kamran Mirza Nayeb as-      (b. 1856 - d. 1929)  Non-party
                                 Sultana
     8 May 1909 - 13 Jul 1909  Javad Saad al-Daula (1st time)     (b. 1856 - d. 1931)  NM
                                 (= Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari)
    17 Jul 1909 - 30 Sep 1909  Abol Qasim Khan Qaragozlu,         (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 Nasir al-Molk (2nd time)(acting)
    30 Sep 1909 - 25 Jul 1910  Mohammad Wali Khan, Khalatbari     (b. 1846 - d. 1926)  Eted
                                 Tonekaboni Sepahdar Azam (1st time) 
    25 Jul 1910 - 12 Mar 1911  Mirza Hassan Khan, Mostowfi        (b. 1871 - d. 1932)  HD
                                 al-Mamalek (1st time) 
    12 Mar 1911 - 26 Jul 1911  Mohammad Wali Khan, Khalatbari     (s.a.)               Eted
                                 Tonekaboni Sepahdar Azam (2nd time)   
    26 Jul 1911 - 23 Nov 1912  Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari, Samsam  (b. 1846 - d. 1930)  Eted
                                 al-Sultana (1st time) 
    23 Nov 1912 - 18 Jan 1913  Javad Saad al-Daula (2nd time)     (s.a.)               NM
    18 Jan 1913 - 16 Aug 1913  Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan Ala        (b. 1829 - d. 1918)  Non-party
                                 al-Sultana (1st time)
    17 Aug 1913 - 14 Mar 1915  Mirza Hassan Khan, Mostowfi        (s.a.)               HD
                                 al-Mamalek (2nd time)
    14 Mar 1915 -  1 May 1915  Mirza Hassan Khan Pirnia (1st time)(b. 1871 - d. 1935)  Eted
     1 May 1915 - 18 Aug 1915  Prince Abdol Majid Mirza Ayn       (b. 1845 - d. 1927)  Non-party
                                 al-Daula (1st time)
    18 Aug 1915 - 24 Dec 1915  Mirza Hassan Khan, Mostowfi        (s.a.)               HD
                                  al-Mamalek (3rd time)
    24 Dec 1915 - 29 Feb 1916  Prince Abdol Hossein Mirza         (b. 1857 - d. 1939)  Eted
                                 Farmanfarma, Nosrat al-Daula
    Jan 1916 - Nov 1918        Riza Quli Khan Nizam Mafi,         (b.1867/68-d.1924/25)HD
                                 Nizam al-Saltanah (in rebellion)
                                 (provisional national government, in  
                                 Kermanshah to Mar 1916, then Qasr-e Shirin
                                 Mar-Apr 1916, Baghdad Apr - Jul 1916 
                                 Baghdad, Jul 1916-Mar 1917 Kermanshah,
                                 finally in Constantinople) 
     5 Mar 1916 - 29 Aug 1916  Mohammad Wali Khan, Khalatbari     (s.a.)               Eted
                                 Tonekaboni Sepahdar Azam (3rd time)  
    29 Aug 1916 -  5 Jun 1917  Hassan Vossug ad-Daula (1st time)  (b. 1868 - d. 1851)  HD
     5 Jun 1917 - 21 Nov 1917  Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan Ala        (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 al-Sultana (2nd time)
    21 Nov 1917 - 16 Jan 1918  Prince Abdol Majid Mirza Ayn       (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 al-Daula (2nd time) 
    16 Jan 1918 -  1 May 1918  Mirza Hassan Khan, Mostowfi        (s.a.)               HD
                                  al-Mamalek (4th time)
     1 May 1918 -  8 Aug 1918  Najaf-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari, Samsam  (s.a.)               Eted
                                 al-Sultana (2nd time)
    20 Aug 1918 -  3 Jul 1920  Hassan Vossug ad-Daula (2nd time)  (s.a.)         HD;1919 Non-party
     2 Jul 1920 - 27 Oct 1920  Mirza Hassan Khan Pirnia (2nd time)(s.a.)               Non-party
    27 Oct 1920 - 22 Feb 1921  Fathollah Khan Akbar               (b. 1878 - d. 1967)  Non-party
    24 Feb 1921 -  4 Jun 1921  Sayyed Ziyaeddin Tabatabai         (b. 1889 - d. 1969)  Non-party
     4 Jun 1921 - 21 Jan 1922  Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (1st time)  (b. 1873 - d. 1955)  HE
    21 Jan 1922 - 22 Jun 1922  Mirza Hassan Khan Pirnia           (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 (3rd time) 
    22 Jun 1922 - 15 Feb 1923  Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (2nd time)  (s.a.)               HE
    15 Feb 1923 - 15 Jun 1923  Mirza Hassan Khan, Mostowfi        (s.a.)               HTJ
                                 al-Mamalek (5th time)
    15 Jun 1923 - 26 Oct 1923  Mirza Hassan Khan Pirnia           (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 (4th time) 
    26 Oct 1923 -  1 Nov 1925  Mohammad Reza Khan (= Reza Pahlavi)(s.a.)               Mil
      1 Nov 1925 - 13 Jun 1926  Mohammad Ali Khan Forughi,         (b. 1877 - d. 1942)  HTj
                                  Zoka al-Molk (1st time) (acting)
     13 Jun 1926 -  2 Jun 1927  Mirza Hassan Khan, Mostowfi        (s.a.)               HTj
                                  al-Mamalek (6th time)
     2 Jun 1927 - 18 Sep 1933  Mehdi Qoli Khan Hedayat, Mokhber   (b. 1863 - d. 1955)HTj;1930 None
                                  al-Saltana
     18 Sep 1933 -  3 Dec 1935  Mohammad Ali Khan Forughi,         (s.a.)               Non-party
                                  Zoka al-Molk (2nd time)
      3 Dec 1935 - 26 Oct 1939  Mahmud Jam, Modir al-Molk          (b. 1885 - d. 1969)  Non-party
     26 Oct 1939 - 26 Jun 1940  Ahmad Matin-Daftari, Moin al-Daula (b. 1897 - d. 1971)  Non-party
     26 Jun 1940 - 27 Aug 1941  Ali Mansur al-Muk (1st time)       (b. 1886 - d. 1974)  Non-party
    27 Aug 1941 -  9 Mar 1942  Mohammad Ali Khan Forugh,          (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 Zoka-al-Molk (3rd time) 
     9 Mar 1942 -  9 Aug 1942  Ali Soheili (1st time)             (b. 1896 - d. 1958)  Non-party
     9 Aug 1942 - 15 Feb 1943  Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (3rd time)  (s.a.)               Non-party
    15 Feb 1943 -  6 Apr 1944  Ali Soheili (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
     6 Apr 1944 - 25 Nov 1944  Mohammad Said Maraghei (1st time)  (b. 1881 - d. 1973)  Non-party
    25 Nov 1944 - 13 May 1945  Morteza Qoli Bayat, Saham al-Soltan(b. 1890 - d. 1958)  Non-party
    13 May 1945 -  6 Jun 1945  Ebrahim Hakimi (1st time)          (b. 1871 - d. 1959)  Non-party
     6 Jun 1945 - 30 Oct 1945  Mohsen Sadr, Sadr al-Ashraf        (b. 1871 - d. 1962)  Non-party
    30 Oct 1945 - 28 Jan 1946  Ebrahim Hakimi (2nd time)          (s.a.)               Non-party
    28 Jan 1946 - 18 Dec 1947  Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (4th time)  (s.a.)         None;Jun 1946 HDI
    18 Dec 1947 - 29 Dec 1947  Mohammad Reza Hekmat               (b. 1891 - d. 1978)  HDI
    29 Dec 1947 - 13 Jun 1948  Ebrahim Hakimi (3rd time)          (s.a.)               Non-party
    13 Jun 1948 -  9 Nov 1948  Abdol Hossein Hazir                (b. 1895 - d. 1949)  Non-party
     9 Nov 1948 - 23 Mar 1950  Mohammad Said Maraghei (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Non-party
    23 Mar 1950 - 26 Jun 1950  Ali Mansur al-Muk (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Non-party
    26 Jun 1950 -  7 Mar 1951  Haji Ali Razmara                   (b. 1901 - d. 1951)  Mil
     7 Mar 1951 - 12 Mar 1951  Khalil Fahimi (acting)             (b. 1876 - d. 1953)  Non-party
    12 Mar 1951 - 27 Apr 1951  Hossein Ala (1st time)             (b. 1881 - d. 1964)  Non-party
    28 Apr 1951 - 17 Jul 1952  Mohammad Mossadegh (1st time)      (b. 1882 - d. 1967)  NF
     17 Jul 1952 - 22 Jul 1952  Ahmad Qavam as-Saltana (5th time)  (s.a.)               HDI
     22 Jul 1952 - 19 Aug 1953  Mohammad Mossadegh (2nd time)      (s.a.)               NF
    19 Aug 1953 -  7 Apr 1955  Fazlollah Zahedi                   (b. 1897 - d. 1963)  Mil
     7 Apr 1955 -  3 Apr 1957  Hossein Ala (2nd time)             (s.a.)               Non-party
     3 Apr 1957 - 31 Aug 1960  Manouchehr Eghbal                  (b. 1909 - d. 1977)  Mel
    31 Aug 1960 -  5 May 1961  Jafar Sharif-Emami (1st time)      (b. 1912 - d. 1998)  Mel
     5 May 1961 - 19 Jul 1962  Ali Amini                          (b. 1905 - d. 1992)  Non-party
    19 Jul 1962 -  7 Mar 1964  Asadollah Alam                     (b. 1919 - d. 1978)  Mar
     7 Mar 1964 - 26 Jan 1965  Hassan Ali Mansur                  (b. 1923 - d. 1965)  IN
    21 Jan 1965 -  7 Aug 1977  Amir Abbas Hoveyda                 (b. 1919 - d. 1979)  IN;1975 Ras
                                 (acting [for Mansur to 26 Jan 1965] to 27 Jan 1965)
     7 Aug 1977 - 27 Aug 1978  Jamshid Amouzegar                  (b. 1923 - d. 2016)  Ras
    27 Aug 1978 -  6 Nov 1978  Jafar Sharif-Emami (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Ras
     6 Nov 1978 -  4 Jan 1979  Gholam Reza Azhari                 (b. 1912 - d. 2001)  Mil
     4 Jan 1979 - 11 Feb 1979³ Shapour Bakhtiar                   (b. 1914 - d. 1991)  NF
     5 Feb 1979 -  6 Nov 1979  Mehdi Bazargan                     (b. 1907 - d. 1995)  NAI 
     6 Nov 1979 - 12 Aug 1980  Islamic Revolutionary Council 
    12 Aug 1980 -  4 Aug 1981  Mohammad Ali Rajai                 (s.a.)               IRP
     4 Aug 1981 - 30 Aug 1981  Hojatolislam Mohammad Javad        (b. 1933 - d. 1981)  IRP
                                 Bahonar 
     2 Sep 1981 - 31 Oct 1981  Ayatollah Mohammad Reza            (s.a.)               JRM
                                 Mahdavi-Kani (acting)
    31 Oct 1981 - 14 Aug 1989  Mir Hossein Moussavi Khameneh      (b. 1942)          IRP;1987 Ind
    14 Aug 1989                Post Abolished
     
    Provisional Government of National Council of Resistance of Iran in Exile

    [Iran civil flag 1933-1980]
    21 Jul 1981 - 1993
    [Lion and Sun flag adopted 1993 by National Council of Resistance of Iran]Adopted 1993

    21 Jul 1981                A democratic Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed,
                                 in opposition     to the Islamic Republic of Iran.

    Chairmen of the National Council of Resistance of Iran
    21 Jul 1981 - 13 Mar 2003? Massoud Rajavi                     (b. 1948 - d. 2003)  MEK
                                 (disappeared in Iraq 13 Mar 2003)
                               + Sayyed Abolhassan Bani-Sadr      (s.a.)               Non-party
                                 (co-chairman to 24 Mar 1983)
    President-Elect of the Parliament-in-exile, National Council of Resistance of Iran 
    10 Aug 1993 -              Maryam Rajavi (f)                  (b. 1953)            MEK
                                 (imprisoned in France 17 Jun - 3 Jul 2003)

    Imperial Rulers in Exile

    [Iranian State flag 1964-1980]

    Shahs 
    16 Jan 1979 - 27 Jul 1980  Mohammad Reza Pahlavi              (s.a.)
                                (16 Jan 1979, left Iran but did not abdicate;
                                 [Egypt; from 22 Jan 1979, Morocco; then 
                                 in Mexico, the U.S., Panama, finally Egypt]
    27 Jul 1980 - 31 Oct 1980  Shahbanu Farah Diba Pahlavi (f)
                                 -Dowager Empress-Regent          (b. 1938)
                                 ([s.a.] in Egypt, then U.S. exile)
     

    Allied Occupations
     

    Commanders of British forces (Sep 1918 – Feb 1921, North Persia Force)
    Nov 1914 - May 1918        the British commanders in     Iraq
    May 1918 - Sep 1918        Lionel Charles Dunsterville        (b. 1865 - d. 1946)
                                 (commander of "Dunsterforce")
    Sep 1918 - May 1919        William Montgomery Thomson         (b. 1877 - d. 1963)
    May 1919 - Oct 1920        Hugh Frederick Bateman-Champain    (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
    Oct 1920 - Feb 1921        William Edmund Ironside            (b. 1880 - d. 1959)
    25 Aug 1941 -  2 Mar 1946  see British commanders in Iraq
     
    Commanders of the Russian forces (from May 1916, 1st Caucasus Corps)
    Nov 1914 – Mar 1915        Fyodor Grigoryevich Chernozubov    (b. 1863 - d. 1919)
                                 (commander of Persian Azerbaijan Brigade)
    Mar 1915 - Nov 1915        Foma Ivanovich Nazarbekov          (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
                                 (commander of Persian Azerbaijan Brigade)
    Nov 1915 - Apr 1917        Nikolay Nikolayevich Baratov       (b. 1865 - d. 1932) 
                                 (commander of Russian Expeditionary Corps in Persia to May 1916)
                                 (1st time)
    Apr 1917 - Jun 1917        Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Pavlov    (b. 1867 - d. 1925)
    Jun 1917 - May 1918        Nikolay Nikolayevich Baratov       (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)

    Commanders of Soviet occupation forces
    (subordinated to commanders of Transcaucasian Military District in Tiblisi)
    25 Aug 1941 - 16 Dec 1941  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Khadeyev  (b. 1894 - d. 1957)
                               + Vasiliy Vasilyevich Novikov      (b. 1898 - d. 1965)
                                 (1st time) (to 19 Oct 1941)
    30 Jul 1941 - 19 Oct 1941  Konstantin Fyodorovich Baronov     (b. 1890 - d. 1943)
    19 Oct 1941 - 18 Dec 1941  Andrey Alexandrovich Kharitonov    (b. 1895 - d. 1967)
                                 (acting)
    18 Dec 1941 - 15 Apr 1942  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Novikov        (s.a.) 
                                 (2nd time)
    15 Apr 1942 - May? 1945    Fyodor Nikitich Remezov            (b. 1896 - d. 1990)
    1945 –  6 Mar 1946         Mikhail Iosifovich Glinskiy        (b. 1901 – d. 1991)
     6 Mar 1946 – 1946         Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan     (b. 1897 - d. 1982)

    Central Powers Occupation

    Ottoman Commanders in Persia
    Mar 1915 - Oct 1915        Hüseyin Rauf Orbay                 (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
    Apr 1916 - Oct 1918        Khalil Pasha                       (b. 1882 - d. 1957)
    1917 - 18 Oct 1918         Mustafa Nuri Pasha                 (b. 1889 - d. 1949)

     ¹Often called spiritual leaders, but the term Rahbar that appears in the constitution simply means "Leader." Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (s.a.) retained the paramount leadership from 1979 to his death in 1989 as "Guide of the Revolution", with supreme religious and political power.;
    Style: 5 Jan 1979 - 1 Jan 1980: Rahbar-i Inqilab ("Leader of the Revolution");
    from     1 Jan 1980 1980: Rahbar ("Leader").

     ²full style: Shahanshah-i Iran ("Emperor of Iran", literally "King of Kings of Iran"); in occasional official 29 Jul 1797 - 3 Oct 1925: Padshah-i kull-i Mamalik-i Iran ("Great King of All the Realms of Iran"). The rulers of the Zand dynasty refused (with one exception as noted) the style Shahanshah. The founding ruler adopted the style Wakil al-Ra`aya (roughly, "Protector of the People"); it appears that his successors used the same style, although documentation is obscure.

     ³Bakhtiar initially did not recognize Ayatollah Khomeini's appointment of Mehdi Bazargan (s.a.) as prime minister and resigned only on 11 Feb 1979.

    Religious titles: Ayatollah = Sign of God (an honorific title for high-ranking Shia clergy in Iran); Haji = Title for someone who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca; Hojatolislam = Proof of Islam (a title of respect given to an ayatollah or a middle-ranking Shiite cleric).

    Titles: Amir = Lord or commander; Andarzbad = Counsel to the king; Artabid = Title for Azadan families entrusted with specific royal duties; Istandar = Leader of an istan (province/district); Khan = leader of a tribe; Marzban/Marzpan = Margrave; Mir = General, prince; Mirza = High nobleman; Sardar = Noblemen; Sayyed = Descendants of the Prophet of Islam; Shah = King; Shahanshah = Emperor; Shahzadeh = Prince; Shaykh = ruler of a tribe; Vuzurgan = Grand noble.

    Territorial Disputes: Iran and United Arab Emirates dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corp opened an airport on Greater Tunb in Feb 2022; Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al- Arab in the Persian Gulf; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified a Caspian seabed delimitation treaty in 2018 based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea.

    Party abbreviations: AII = E'telāf-e Ābādgarān-e Īrān-e Eslāmī (Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, neoconservative, islamist, populist, revivalism, est.2003); HET = Ḥezb-e E'tedāl va Towse'eh (Moderation and Development Party, moderation, Islamic democracy, pragmatism,  est.1999); Ind = Independent; JRM = Jâme'e-ye Rowhâniyat-e Mobârez (Combatant Clergy Association, islamist, clerical, pragmatic conservative, Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, est.1977); MEK = Sâzmân-e Mojâhedīn-e Khalq-e īrân (People's Mujahedin Organization of Iran, leftist, militant, anti-Shah to 1979, Khomeini opposition from 1981, split from NAI, illegal, est.5 Sep 1965); NAI = Nahżat-e āzādi-e Irān (Freedom Movement of Iran, nationalist, Islamic socialist, constitutionalist, islamic democracy, banned 1965-79, est.17 May 1961); Mil = Military;
    - Former parties: Eted = Ejtemā'īyūn-e e'tedālīyūn) (Moderate Socialists, moderate, conservative, constitutionalist, 1909-1918); HD = Ḥezb-e Demowkrat (Democratic Party, nationalist, radical constitutionalist, progressive, 1909-1919/21); HDI = Ḥezb-e Demowkrāt-e Irān (Democrat Party of Iran, reformist, nationalist, 29 Jun 1946-1948); HE = Ḥezb-e Eṣlāḥṭalabān (Reformers' Party, moderate socialist, banned 1926); HS = Ḥezb-e Sosyâlist (Socialist Party, socialist, 1944-1946, merged into United Front of Progressive Parties); HT = Ḥezb-e Taraqqi (Party for Progress, secular, fascist, monarchist, 1927-1932); HTj = Ḥezb-e Taǰaddod (Revival Party, secular, reformist, liberal, nationalist, 1920-1960); IN = Ḥizb-i Īrān-i Nuvīn (New Iran Party "Iran Novin", secular, monarchist, conservative, government majority party, 15 Dec 1963 - 2 Mar 1975, merged into Ras); IRP = Ḥezb-e Jomhūrī-e Eslāmī (Islamic Republican Party, islamist, clerical, theocratic, populist, Khomieni personalist, 17 Feb 1979 - 1 Jun 1987); Mar = Ḥezb-e Mardom (People's Party, royalist, liberal, opposition to Mel and IN, 16 May 1957-2 Mar 1975, merged into Ras); Mel = Ḥezb-e Melliun (Nationalists' Party, royalist, conservative, government majority party, 1957-1963, replaced by IN); NF = Jebhe-ye Melli-ye Irān (National Front of Iran, nationalist, secular liberal, civic nationalist, 12 Nov 1949-15 Jun 1981); NM = Nehzat-e-Mashrooteh (Constitutional Movement, constitutionalist, est.1906); Ras = Ḥezb-e Rastāḵiz (Resurgence Party, "Rastakhiz", in full Resurrection Party of People of Iran, state party, secularist, monarchist, democratic centralist, merger of Mar and IN, only legal party, 2 Mar 1975 - 1 Nov 1978)


    Gilan
    [Persian Soviet Republic (Gilan) 1920-1921 (Iran)]
    5 Jun 1920 - 23 Oct  1921
    Map of Gilan
    Capital: Rasht
    (Anzali Aug-Oct 1920)
    Population: 340,000
     (1910 est.)

    1567                       Annexed to Persia.
    Dec 1722                   Occupied by Russia.
    12 Sep 1723 - Jun 1732     Gilan (and nominally and to 1729 Mazandaran and Astarabad)
                                  annexed to Russia, part of the Caspian Provinces (see under
                                 Azerbaijan).
      1 Feb 1732                Restored to Persia by treaty.
     18 May 1920 -  5 Sep 1920  Anzali and (from 4 Jun 1920) Rasht occupied by Soviet Russia
                                 (from Jun 1920, formally as presence by "Azerbaijan S.S.R.
                                 irregulars").
     5 Jun 1920                Persian Soviet Republic (on the letterhead Hokumat-e Jomhuri-e
                                 Shurawi-e Iran) proclaimed in opposition to central government
                                (retrospectively called the Gilan Soviet Republic).
     20 Aug 1920 – 23 Oct 1920  Persian imperial troops re-occupy Rasht.
     23 Oct 1921                Re-incorporated into Persia (completed 2 Nov 1921). 

    Russian Commanders of Gilan
     Dec 1722 - 1726            Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shipov        (d. 1727)
     1726 - 1730                Vasiliy Yakovlevich Levashov       (b. 1667 – d. 1751)
                                  (1st time)
    1730 - 1731                Yegor Ivanovich Famintsyn          (d. 1731)
    1732 - Jun 1732            Vasiliy Yakovlevich Levashov       (s.a.)
                                 (2nd time)
    Chairman of Council of People's Commissars
      5 Jun 1920 – 31 Jul 1920  Mirza Yunus Kuchak Khan            (b. 1880 - d. 1921)  NJ
    Chairmen of Revolutionary Committee
     31 Jul 1920 –  8 May 1921  Ihsan Allah Khan Doustdar          (b. 1883 - d. 1938)  NJ
                                  (1st time)
      8 May 1921 – Sep 1921     Mirza Yunus Kuchak Khan            (s.a.)               NJ
     Sep 1921 – 23 Oct 1921     Ihsan Allah Khan Doustdar          (s.a.)               NJ
                                 (2nd time)

    Soviet Russian Commander (of Volga-Caspian Flotilla)
     18 May 1920 – 15 Jun 1920  Fyodor Fyodorovich Raskolnikov     (b. 1892 – d. 1939)

    Party abbreviation: NJ = Nehzat-e Jangal (Jungle ["Foresters"] Movement, includes Kuchak Khan
     reformists and Ihsan Allah Khan socialists, 1914-1921)


    Khorasan (Khurasan)

    [Persian State ensign 1905-1933]
    2 Apr 1921 - 6 Oct 1921

    Map of Khorasan
    Capital: Mashhad
    Population: 1.1 million
     (1910 est.)

    1506                       Part of Persia. 
     1724                       Khorasan governor Mahmud Sistani proclaims himself Shah
                                  of Khorasan with the dynasty name Kiyanid.
     1726                       Mahmud Sistanti is deposed by Shah Tahmasp II.
      9 May 1755                Shah Esmail Rokh of Afshar dynasty loses control of
                                 Persia but retains control over Khorasan province.
    Apr 1803                   Re-incorporated into Persia.
    1846 - 1851                Rebellion under Qajar prince Hassan Khan Salar.
     2 Apr 1921                Independent State of Khorasan (not recognized). 
     6 Oct 1921                Dissolved. 

    Shahs
    1724 - 1726                Mahmoud Kiyani (Mahmoud Sistani)   (d. 1726)
      9 May 1755 - 14 May 1796  Esmail Rokh (3rd time)             (b. 1734 - d. 1796)
    15 May 1796 - Apr 1803     Nadir Mirza                        (d. 1803)
    Governor-general
    1845 - 1851                Hassan Khan Salar (in rebellion)
    Governor (from Sep 1921, President of the National Committee) of Khorasan
     2 Apr 1921 -  6 Oct 1921  Mohammad Taghi Khan Pessyan        (b. 1888 - d. 1921)  Mil; NCK
     

    Grand Vizier
     1724 - 1726                Mahdi Khan
     Viceroys (style Nayeb-os-Saltaneh)
     1749                       Noor Mohammad Khan Afghan
     1749                       Amir Khan Qaraei
     1750                       Fereydoun Khan Gorji                (d. 1755)
     1750                       Yousef Khan Jalayir
     1750 - 1755                Amir Alam Khan Khozaima 
    1755                       Amir Khan Qaraei
     1755                       Fereydoun Khan Gorji                (d. 1755)
    1755 - 1768                Prince Nasrollah Mirza Afshar       (b. 1751 - d. 1786)
                                  (1st  time)
    1768                       Prince Nader Mirza Afshar (1st time)(d. 1803)
     1768 - 1775                Prince Nasrollah Mirza Afshar       (s.a.)
                                  (2nd time)
     1775 - 1782                Prince Nader Mirza Afshar (2nd time)(s.a.)
     1782 - 1786                Prince Nasrollah Mirza Afshar       (s.a.)
                                  (3rd time)
     1786 - 1796                Prince Nader Mirza Afshar (3rd time)(s.a.)

    Party abbreviations: NCK = Komiteye Melli-ye Khorasan (National Committee of Khorasan, a coalition of two parties: Ḥezb-e Demokrāt-e Khorasan [Democratic Party of Khorasan] and Ḥezb-e Soosiyalist-e Khorasan [Socialist Party of Khorasan], Sep 1921-1921); Mil = Military


    Azerbaijan 
     
    ["Azadistan" flag 1920 (Iran)]
    1920 - 12 Sep 1920
    [Flag of Autonomous Azerbaijan 1946 (Iran)]
    1945 - 12 Dec 1946
    Map of Azerbaijan (Tabriz)
    Hear National Anthem
    "Azərbaycan Mıllı Hökümətın Himni"
    (Anthem of the National
    Government of Azerbaijan)
    Text of  National Anthem
    (1945-1946)
    Constitution
    (None)
    Capital: Tabriz
    Currency: Azerbaijan
    Toman (IRZT) 1945-1946
    Local Holiday: 12 Dec (1945)
    “21 Azar”
    Population: 2.8 million
    (1946 est.)
    GDP: $N/A 
    Ethnic groups: Azeri 93%, Kurd 5%, Armenian,
    Persian and other 2% (1946 est.)
    Total Armed Forces: People's Army 17,000 (1946)
    (included 10,000 regulars & 7,000 irregulars)
    Soviet Troops    : 30,000 (1945)
    Religions: Shi'a Muslim 94%, Sunni
    Muslim 5%, Christian and other 1% (1946 est.)
    International Organizations: None

    24 Jun 1920                Provincial autonomy proclaimed in Tabriz, renamed
                                  Azadistan (Land of Freedom).
     14 Sep 1920                Autonomy ended by central government.
     26 Aug 1941 –  9 May 1946  Soviet occupation.
     21 Nov 1945                Azerbaijan National Committee established.
     12 Dec 1945                Autonomous government declared (National Government of
                                  of Azerbaijan [Azərbaycan Milli Hokumati]) by the Azerbaijan
                                 National Assembly.
    23 Apr 1946                Treaty of alliance with Republic of Kurdistan.
     13 Jun 1946                Agreement with Iranian government on limited autonomy. Azerbaijan
                                  National Assembly is recognized as the provincial assembly.
     12 Dec 1946                Fully disbanded by Iran.

    Chairman of the National Government
     24 Jun 1920 - 14 Sep 1920  Sheikh Mohammad Khiabani           (b. 1880 - d. 1920)  HDA
     Chairman of the National Committee
     21 Nov 1945 - 12 Dec 1945  Hajj Mirza Ali Shabestari          (b. 1898 - d. 19..)  HDAz
     Prime Minister (Bash Vazir)
    12 Dec 1945 - 12 Jun 1946  Seyid Cafar Pishavari              (b. 1892 - d. 1947)  HDAz
                                  (Sayyed Ja'far Pishevari)
    Governor-general
    13 Jun 1946 – 12 Dec 1946  Salamulla Cavid                    (b. 1900 – d. 1986)  HDAz

    Party abbreviations: HDA = Ḥezb-e Demowkrāt-e Azarbayejan (Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, Azeri autonomist, reformist, 1917-1920); HDAz = Ḥezb-e Demokrat-e Azarbayejan/Azărbayjan Demokrat Firqăsi (Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, Azeri autonomist, social-democratic, split from    Tudeh Party of Iran, 3 Sep 1945-1960, exiled from 1946, merged into Tudeh Party of Iran)


    Kurdistan
    [Kurdish Republic at Mahabad, 1945-1946 (Iran)]
    17 Dec 1945 - 11 Dec 1946
    [Kurdish Republic at Mahabad variant flag, 1945-1946 (Iran)]
    Variant

    Map of Kurdistan
    (Mahabad)
    Hear National Anthem
    "Ey Reqîb" (Hey Enemy)
    Text of National Anthem
    (1946)
    Constitution
    (None?)
    Capital: Mahabad
    Currency: Iranian Rial
    (IRR)
    National Holiday:
    22 Jan 1946
    Population: 100,000
    (1946 est.)
    GDP: $N/A
    Ethnic groups: Kurd (majority), Azeri
    Total Armed Forces: 10,000 (1946)
    (includes 3,000 regulars and 7,000 irregulars)
    Religions: Sunni Muslim (majority), 
    Shi'a Muslim
    International Organizations: None

    15 Dec 1945                National Government of Kurdistan (Hekomati Milli Kurdistan)
                                 announced.
    22 Jan 1946                State of Republic of Kurdistan (Dewlati Cemhori Kurdistan or 
                                 Komari Kurdistan) proclaimed at Mahabad, autonomy declared.
    23 Apr 1946                Treaty of alliance with National Government of Azerbaijan.
    15 Dec 1946                Disbanded by Iran.

    President
    22 Jan 1946 - 15 Dec 1946  Qazi Mohammad bin `Ali             (b. 1901 - d. 1947)  KDP

    Prime minister
    11 Feb 1946 - 15 Dec 1946  Haji Baba Sheikh                   (b. 1882 - d. 1959)  KDP

    Party abbreviation: KDP = Parti Demokirati Kurdistani Eran/Ḥezb-e Demokrāt-e Kordestān-e Īrān (Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, Kurdish autonomist, social-democratic, split from Tudeh Party of Iran, est.16 Aug 1945)


    British Residency of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf at Bushire

    [Flag of the United Kingdom]
    2 Jul 1763 - 1948
    Note: During this period the "Persian Gulf" was referred to as "Arabian Gulf" or simply
    the "Gulf" by the British to distance themselves from the term "Persian" which was viewed as implying Persian sovereignty over the gulf.

     2 Jul 1763                British Residency established at Bushire (Bushehr) in Persia
                                 by the British East India Company.
    1769 - 1775                Residency in abeyance.
      8 Jan 1820 - 15 Mar 1820  Treaty with the "Trucial Coast States" and Bahrain,
                                 abolishing slave trade and forbidding piracy.
    Jul 1820 - Dec 1822        British agents for the Lower Gulf stationed at Qishm Island
                                  in Persia.
    1822                       Arabian (Persian) Gulf Residency established by the U.K.
    1822 - 1873                Subordinated to the governor of Bombay province, British India.
    19 Jun 1838 - Feb 1842     British occupy Kharg Island.
     9 Dec 1856 - Mar 1857     British occupy Bushire.
    1873 - May 1946            Subordinated to British India (from 1946, to Bahrain resident).
     8 Aug 1915 - 16 Oct 1915  British occupy Bushire.
     2 Aug 1941 - 1945         British occupy Bushire.
    Aug 1946                   Headquarters moved from Bushire to Ras al-Jufair, Bahrain.
    Apr 1947                   With Indian independence imminent, the Gulf Residency is
                                 transferred to the control of the British Foreign Office, while
                                 the post at Bushire continued to be administered by the
                                 Government of India until 31 Mar 1948.
     1 Apr 1948                Bushire Residency abolished. The Foreign Office assumed full
                                 responsibility for the Residency and Agencies in the Gulf.

    Agents of the British East India Company (at Abu Shahr, Bushire)
    Apr 1763 - Jul 1766        Benjamin Jarvis
    Jul 1766 - 15 Nov 1767     William Bowyear                    (b. c.1710 - d. 1767)
    Nov 1767 - Feb 1769        James Morely                       (b. 1742 - d. 1798)
                                 (acting to Mar 1768)
    Feb 1769 - May 1775        post in abeyance
    May 1775 - Jan 1781        John Beaumont                      (b. 1742 - d. 1818)
    Jan 1781 - Jun 1787        Edward Galley                      (b. c.1750 - d. 1804)
    Jun 1787 - Oct? 1792       Charles Watkins                        (b. c.1765 - d. 1809)
    Oct 1792 - Oct 1798        Nicholas Hankey Smith (1st time)   (b. 1771 - d. 1837) 
    Oct 1798 - Jan 1803        Mirza Mahdi Ali Khan (native agent)
    Apr 1803 - Feb 1804        Jonathan Henry Lovett              (b. 1779 - d. 1805)
    Feb 1804 - Mar 1804        Samuel Manesty (self-appointed)    (b. 1758 - d. 1812)
    Mar 1804 - May 1807        William Bruce (1st time)(acting) 
    May 1807 - Jul 1808        Nicholas Hankey Smith (2nd time)   (s.a.) 
    Jul 1808 - Sep 1808        Charles Pasley (    acting)            (b. 1781 - d. 1821)
    Sep 1808 - Dec 1808        William Bruce (2nd time)(acting)
    Dec 1808 - May 1809        Andrew Jukes (in charge)           (b. 1774 - d. 1821)
    May 1809 - Apr 1810        William Bruce (3rd time)(    acting)
    Apr 1810 - May 1810        Stephen Babington (acting)         (b. 1790 - d. 1822)
    May 1810 - Sep 1810        William Bruce (4th time)(acting)
    Sep 1810 - Oct 1810        Nicholas Hankey Smith (3rd time)   (s.a.) 
    Oct 1810 - Apr 1812        William Bruce (5th time)
    Apr 1812 - Nov 1812        Robert Taylor (    acting)             (b. 1790 - d. 1852)
    Nov 1812 - Aug 1813        William Bruce (6th time)
    Aug 1813 - Apr 1814        James Orton (acting)               (b. 1784 - d. 1857)
    Apr 1814 - Nov 1819        William Bruce (7th time)
    Nov 1819 - Jan 1820        James Dow (1st time)(    acting)       (d. 1836)
    Jan 1820 - May 1820        William Bruce (8th time)
    May 1820 - Jan 1822        James Dow (2nd time)(acting)       (s.a.)
    Jan 1822 - Mar 1822        John Tod (acting)                  (b. 1782 - d. 1835)
    Mar 1822 - Jul 1822        William Bruce     (9th time)
    Jul 1822 - Sep 1822        ... + ... (broker and linguist)
                                 (acting)
    Sep 1822 - Dec 1822        William Bruce     (10th time)
    British Political Residents
    Dec 1822 -  1 Apr 1948     the Chief Political Residents of the
                               Arabian (Persian) Gulf (see Bahrain)


    Agents of East India Company for the Lower Gulf (at Qishm Island)
    Jul 1820 - Mar 1821        Thomas Perronet Thompson           (b. 1783 - d. 1869)
    Mar 1821 - Jun 1821        F. Faithful (1st time)
    Jun 1821 - 10 Nov 1821     Andrew Jukes                       (s.a.)
    Nov 1821 - Dec 1822        F. Faithful (2nd time)(acting)


    Hormuz

    [1667 flag of Portugal]

    Sep 1507 - Jan 1508        Portuguese occupation of Hormuz (Ormuz) as Fort Nossa Senhora
                                 da Victoria.
     1 Apr 1515                Hormuz (Ormuz) Island (renamed Nossa Senhora da Conceiçao)
                                 and nearby Persian coast Portuguese possession (capital at
                                 Gombroon, renamed Comarão [later Bandar Abbas]) which also
                                 includes Muscat to 26 Jan 1650 and Bahrain Jun 1521 - 1602)
                                (subordinated to Goa).
    1521 - 1621                Kingdom of Ormuz (Ormus) a Portuguese vassal.
     3 May 1622                Retaken by Persia.

    Shahs
    1475 - 1505                Salghur Shah I
    1505 - 1507                Turan Shah III
    1507 - 1513                Seyf al Din Abu Nasr
    1513 - 1521                Turan Shah IV                      (d. 1521)
    1521 - 1534                Soltan Mohammad Shah II
    1534 - 1543                Mozaffar ad-Din Salghur Shah II
    1543 - 1564                Fakhr ad-Din Turan Shah V
    1565                       Soltan Mohammad Shah III
    1565 - 1597                Farrokh Shah I
    1597                       Turan Shah VI
    1597 - 1602                Farrokh Shah II
    1602 - 1609                Firuz Shah
    1609 - 1622                Mohammad Shah IV

    Portuguese Captains-major
    Sep 1507 - Jan 1508        Alfonso de Albuquerque             (b. 1460 - d. 1515)
    1515 - 1518                Pedro de Albuquerque
    1518 - 1521                Garcia Coutinho
    1521 - 1523                João Rodrigues de Noronha
    1523 - 1527                Diogo de Melo
    1527 - 1532                Cristóvão de Mendonça              (b. c.1475 - d. 153.)
    1532                       Belchior de Sousa Tavares
    1532 - 1536                António da Silveira de Meneses
    1536 - 1538                Pedro de Castelo Branco
    1539                       Fernão de Lima
    1540 - 1544                Martim Afonso de Melo Zuzarte
    1544 - 1547                Luís Falcão                            (b. c.1510 - d. 15..)
    1547                       Manuel da Silviera
    1547 - 1550                Manuel de Lima                     (b. c.1510 - d. 15..)
    1550 - 1553                Álvaro de Noronha
    1553 - 1556                Antão de Noronha (1st time)
    1556 - 1557                Bernaldim de Sousa
    1557 - 1558                João de Atíde (1st time)
    1558 - 1560                Antão de Noronha (2nd time)
    1560                       Francisco Mascarenhas Palha
    1560 - 1563                João de Atíde (2nd time)
    1564? - 1566               Pedro de Sousa
    1566 - 1569                Luís de Melo
    1569 - 1572                Francisco Mascarenhas              (b. c.1520 - d. 15..)
    1572 - 1574                Fernão Teles
    1574 - 1577                Diogo de Meneses
    1580 - 1583                Gonçalo de Meneses
    1584 - 1587                Matias de Albuquerque
    1587 - 1589                João Gomes da Silva
    1589 - 1593                João Pereira
    1593 - 1597                Jeronimo Mascarenhas
    1597 - 1599                Antonio da Lima
    1600                       Antonio da Silveira
    1600 - 1605                Diogo Moniz Barreto
    1605 - 1607                Pedro Coutinho
    1607 - 1609                Henrique da Noronha
    1610 - 1612                Jorge de Castelo Branco
    1612 - 1613                Pedro de Brito de Lima
    1613 - 1619                Luís da Gama
    1619 - 1620                Luís de Sousa
    1620 - 1622                Francisco de Sousa
    1622 -  3 May 1622         Simão de Melo


    Iranian Khanates
    Arabistan (al-Ahwaz)

    1435                       With the fragmentation of the Timurid Empire, and the subsequent
                                 extension of control over western Persia by the Horde
                                 of the Black Sheep, the region between the Persian Gulf and the
                                 Zagros Mountains fell into the hands of the Musha'aha'ids, a
                                 Shi'ite millenarian movement.
    1514                       Re-incorporated into Persia (as autonomous province of Arabistan, 
                                 Musha'sha'id emirs continue as governors).
    20 Apr 1925                Emirs deposed, autonomy abolished.
    1936                       Renamed Khuzestan province.

    Emirs
    1686 - 1700                Sayyed Farajallah 
    1700 - 1707                Sayyed Ali III (1st time)
    1707 - 1715                Sayyed Abdallah
    1715 - 1720                Sayyed Ali III (2nd time)
    1720 - 1737                Sayyed Mohammad III
    1737 - 1747                Sayyed Farajallah (at Dawraq)
    1747 - 1762                Sayyed Muttalib (at Huwayza)
    17.. - 17..                Sayyed Mawla Judallah
    17.. - 17..                Sayyed Mawla Ismail
    c.1779                     Sayyed Mawla Muhsin
    17.. - 17..                Sayyed Mawla Mohammad I
    af.1797                    Sayyed Mawla Muttalib I
    .... - ....                Sayyed Mawla Abd al-Ali I 
    1841 - 1872                Sayyed Mawla Farajallah
    1872 - 1881                Sayyed Mawla Mohammad II
    1881 - c.1888              Sayyed Mawla Muttalib II           (d. 1895)
    c.1888                     Sayyed Mawla Nasrallah (at Huwayza)
    .... - 1910                Sayyed Mawla Abd al-Ali (1st time)
    1910 - 1924                Shaykh Khazal
    1924 - 20 Apr 1925         Sayyed Mawla Abd al-Ali (2nd time)


    Ardebil

    1502                       Part of Persia.
    1516 - 1620                Part of Ottoman Empire.
    1620                       Part of Persia.
    1723 - 1732                Annexed by Russia.
    1747                       Badiroghlu Khanate (at Ardebil)(in northwestern Iran east of
                                 Sarab and west of the southwest corner of the Caspian Sea).
    1808                       Re-incorporated into Persia.

    Khans
    1747 - 1763                Badir Khan
    1763 - 1792                Nazarali Khan                      (d. 1792)
                               - jointly with the following -
    1747 - 1808                Nasir Khan


    Khoy

    1502                       Part of Persia.
    1516 - 1620                Part of Ottoman Empire.
    1620                       Part of Persia.
    1747                       Donboli Khanate (at Khoy) (northwestern Iran, north of Lake
                                 Urmia, between Tabriz and Lake Van). 
    1813                       Re-incorporated into Persia.
    1827 - 1827                Russian occupation.
    1911 - 1918                Annexed to Ottoman Empire.
    1918                       Re-incorporated into Persia. 

    Khans 
    1747 - 1763                Sahbaz Khan II ibn Murtuzaqulu
                                 (ruler from 1744)
    1763 - 1786                Ahmad Khan Donboli                 (b. 1745 - d. 1786)
    1786 - 1797                Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli            (d. 1814)
    1797 - 1813                Hossein Qoil Khan Donboli


    Linga (Lengeh)

    17..                       Qawasim clan from Sharjah settles at Bandar-i Linga
                                 (Bandar-e Lengeh).
    1887                       Abolished by Persia.

    Rulers (Hakim)
    17.. - 17..                Sheikh Saleh
    17.. - 1765                Sheikh Qazib al-Huwali
    1765 - 1801                Sheikh Sa'id ibn Qazib al-Huwali
    1801 - 1808                Sheikh Qazib ibn Sa'id ibn Qazib
                                 al-Qasemi
    1808 - 1837                Sheikh Mohammad ibn Qazib
    1837 - 1854                Sheikh Sa'id ibn Qazib
    1854 - Oct 1874            Sheikh Khalifa ibn Sa'id           (d. 1874)
    Oct 1874 - 22 Nov 1878     Sheikh Ali ibn Khalifa             (d. 1878)
    22 Nov 1878 - 19 Apr 1885  Sheikh Yusuf ibn Mohammad Yusuf
    19 Apr 1885 - 11 Sep 1887  Sheikh Qazib ibn Rashed ibn Salem
                                 ibn Qazib ibn Sa'id
     4 Jul 1898 -  3 Mar 1899  Sheikh Mohammad ibn Khalifa


    Maku

    1502                       Part of Persia.
    1516 - 1620                Part of Ottoman Empire.
    1620                       Part of Persia.
    1747                       Kangarli Khanate (at Maku)(in extreme northwestern ran, northwest
                                 of Khoy and 60 miles south of Yerevan, Armenia).
    1829                       Re-incorporated into Persia, dynasty continues.
    1911 - 1918                Part of Ottoman Empire.
    1918                       Part of Persia. 
    1922                       Khanate abolished.

    Khans
    1747 - 1778                Ahmad Soltan  Kangarli
    1778 - 1822                Hassan Khan Kangarli
                               - jointly with the following - 
    1778 - 1822                Hossein Khan Kangarli
    1822 - 1866                Ali Khan Kangarli
    1866 - 1899                Haji Ismail Khan 
    1899 - 1922                Teymur Pasha Khan 
    1922                       Murtuzqulu Khan Bayat              (b. 1863 - d. 1923)

    Mohammerah

    17..                       Sheikdom of Mohammerah
    1924                       Autonomy abolished.

    Sheikhs
    17.. - 17..                'Ali Mardan al-Muhaisin
    17.. - 1819                Haji Yusuf bin Mardo               (d. 1819)
    1819 -  2 Nov 1881         Haji Jabir Khan bin Mardo          (b. c.1800 - d. 1881)
     2 Nov 1881 -  2 Jun 1897  Miza'al Khan ibn Haji Jabir Khan   (b. bf.1839 - d. 1897)
     2 Jun 1897 - 1924         Khaz'al Khan ibn Haji Jabir Khan   (b. 1863 - d. 1936)


    Qaraei
     
    1801 - 1816                Qaraei Khanate of Torbat-e-Heydariyeh and Khaf semi-independent
                                 under powerful tribal chief Eshaq Khan (who was Grand Vizier to
                                 the Khorasan governor Mohammad Wali Mirza Qajar).
    1813 - 1816                Eshaq Khan with support of various khans in Khorsan has Mohammad
                                 Wali Mirza deposed from his post and takes the position of
                                 governor of Khorasan.
    1823 - 1832                Mohammad Khan's independence revolts against Persia.
    1833                       Qaraei Khanate's independence ended by Persia.

    Khans
    1801 - 1816                Sardar Eshaq Khan Qaraei-Torbati   (b. 1735 - d. 1816) 
    1823 - 14 Jun 1833         Sardar Mohammad Khan Qaraei-Torbati(b. 1790 - d. c.1850)

    Qashqaei

    Khans
    1904 - 1933                Ismaeel Khan Soulat-od-Dowleh      (d. 1933)
                                 Qashqaei
    1933 - 19..                Nasser Khan Qashqaei


    Sarab

    1508                       Part of Persia.
    1747                       Shaqaqi Khanate (at Sarab)(northwestern Iran east of Tabriz).
    1797                       Re-incorporated into Persia.

    Khans
    1747 - 1786                'Ali Khan Shaqaqi
    1786 - 1797                Sadiq Khan Shaqaqi                 (d. 1800)


    Tabriz

    1747                       Khanate of Tabriz
    1802                       Re-incorporated into Persia.

    Khans
    1747 - 1784                Najafqoli Khan I (ruler from 1731) 
    1784 - 1786                Najafqoli Khan II
    1786 - 1797                Donboli
    1797 - 1802                Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli


    (West) Baluchistan

    1839                       Eastern Baluchistan within British sphere of influence;
                                 western Baluchistan under Persia.
    1849                       Persian army captures Bampur the capital of Narui dynasty. 
    Sep 1871                   Baluchistan formally split into two regions: East Baluchistan
                                 as British Baluchistan (see Pakistan princely states) 
                                 and West Baluchistan part of Persia. 

    Rulers
    1758 - Jun 1795            Nasir Khan Brahui                  (d. 1795) 
    Jun 1795 - ....            Mahmud Khan Brahui                 (b. 1791 - d. ....) 
    c.1810                     Mehrab Khan Narui 
    c.1839                     Mohammad Ali Khan 






    © Ben Cahoon