Georgia
-
- 19 Jan 1762 - 14
Apr 1802
-
|
-
- 24 Apr 1802 - 26
May 1918
-
|
-
- 26 May 1918 - 10
Sep 1918
-
|
-
- 10 Sep 1918 - 22 Feb
1921
-
|
-
- 22 Feb 1921 - 25
Feb 1921
-
|
-
- 30 Dec 1922 - 25
Dec 1991
-
|
-
- 14 Nov 1990 - 14
Jan 2004
|
-
- Adopted 14 Jan
2004
|
|
Map
of Georgia
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Tavisupleba" (Liberty)
Adopted 23 Apr 2004
|
Hear
Former Anthem
"Dideba"
(Praise)
(1918-1920, 1991-2004)
|
Constitution
(17 Oct 1995)
|
Capital:
T'bilisi
(Tiflis
1801-1936)
|
Currency:
Lari (GEL); 1993-95 Kupon Lari (GEK);
1991-93 Russian Ruble (RUR); 1919-23
Georgian Ruble (GER)
|
National
Holiday: 26 May (1918)
Damouk’ideblobis Dghe
(Independence Day)
|
Population:
4,926,087 (2018)
2,500,000 (1921) |
GDP: $39.85
billion (2017)
|
Exports:
$3.56 billion (2017)
Imports: $7.42
billion (2017)
|
Ethnic groups:
Georgian 86.8%, Azeri 6.3%, Armenian
4.5%,
other 2.3% (includes Russian,
Ossetian, Yazidi, Ukrainian,
Kist, Greek) (2014)
|
Total Active
Armed Forces: 37,461 (2010)
Georgian Red Army, 17,000 (1921)
Merchant marine:
82 ships (2018)
|
Religions:
Orthodox (official) 83.4%, Muslim
10.7%, Armenian
Apostolic 2.9%, other 1.2%
(includes Catholic, Jehovah's
Witness, Yazidi, Protestant, Jewish),
none 0.5%, unspecified/
no answer 1.2% (2014)
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: ADB,
AIIB,
APM, BSEC, BTWC, CD, CE, CFE, CPLP
(associate observer), CTBT,
CWC, DC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ESCR,
Eutelsat, FAO, G-11, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO
(correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
NPT, OAS (observer), OIF (observer),
OPCW, OSCE, PAM (observer), PCA, PFP,
SELEC (observer), UN, UNCLOS,
UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
|
Georgia
Index
|
Chronology
- c.550 BC - 164
BC
Kingdom of
Colchis in western part of modern
Georgia
-
(annexed to
Pontus 164 BC, annexed to the Roman
-
Empire in 65 BC).
c.299 BC - 580
AD
Kingdom of Iberia in eastern part of
modern Georgia
-
(annexed to the
Sassanid Empire 580 AD, annexed to
-
the Muslim Caliphate in
645 AD).
131 - 697
Kingdom of
Lazica, a successor to Colchis
(annexed to
-
the Muslim Caliphate in
697).
c.326
Christianity adopted in Iberia (also
in Lazica c.456).
786
Kingdom of Abkhazia (Abasgia), a
successor to Lazica
-
(from 806, capital in
Kutaisi).
888
Kingdom of Iberia (in Georgian: K`art`li),
a successor
-
to earlier Iberia.
1008
King of Abkhazia (in Georgian: Egrisi)
inherited
-
Iberia, both states merged into the
Georgian kingdom
-
(capital Kutaisi, from
1122 Tbilisi), its ruler
-
styled the King of
Kings of the Abkhazians and
-
Iberians (only after
c.1245 additionally All Georgia
-
appeared on the style).
1014 -
1106
Rival Kingdom of Kakheti and Hereti
established by
-
prince of Kakheti upon
the annexation of the Kingdom
-
of Albania at
Sheki.
- 1491
Kingdom of Georgia divided into
three Kingdoms
-
(Imertia, K`art`li, and Kakhet`i).
- 1555
Persia
and Ottoman
Empire divide Georgia
by agreement.
- 19 Jan
1762
Kingdoms of K`art`li and Kakhet`i in
personal
-
union, often officially styled
Kingdom of
-
Georgia.
- 1790
Treaty of
Kings and Princes of Iberia (Kartli,
-
Kakheti, Imereti, Mingrelia, Guria),
the King of
-
Kartli and Kakheti
recognized as senior Georgian
-
king.
28 Feb
1801
Kingdom of Georgia declared annexed
by the Russian
-
Empire by manifesto of
Emperor Pavel I.
- 24 Apr
1802
Incorporation into Russian Empire
("Georgian Tsar"
-
added to imperial style from 1882),
Governorate of
-
Georgia established.
- 1802 - 1917
Part of the
Viceroyalty and other Russian
regional
-
administrations of the
Caucasus.
23 May
1810
Kingdom of
Imeretia incorporated into Russia,
Imeretia
-
oblast established.
1812
Ottoman
claims to western part of Georgia
ceded to
-
Russia by the Treaty of
Bucharest.
1813
Persian
claims to eastern part of Georgia
ceded to
-
Russia by the Treaty of
Gulistan.
- 23 Apr 1840 -
1846
Georgian-Imeretian Governorate.
- 1846 - 1918
Kutais and Tiflis governorates
(within Viceroyalty
-
of the Caucasus).
- 13 Oct 1864
Serfdom abolished in Georgia by
emancipation decree of
-
Emperor Aleksandr II.
- Feb 1905 - Jan
1906
Local rebellions as part of the
Russian Revolution of
-
1905 (most prominently
in Guria).
- 20 Sep
1917
Transcaucasian Federation created
(Armenia,
-
Azerbaijan, and Georgia).
- 22 Apr 1918 - 26
May 1918 Part of Democratic
Federative Republic of
-
Transcaucasia.
- 28 May 1918 - 11
Nov 1918 German protectorate
(German forces land 4 Jun 1918).
- 18 Sep 1918 - 12
Apr 1919 Sochi district
annexed by Georgia (occupied
-
from 6 Jul 1918).
- 26 May
1918
Democratic Republic of Georgia
(Republic of Georgia
-
also in official use); in dissidence
to 16 Mar 1921.
- 18 Sep 1918 -
6 Feb 1919 Sochi district
annexed by Georgia (occupied from
-
6 Jul 1918).
- 25 Dec 1918 - 24 Sep
1919 Allied (British) forces
occupy Tiblisi and Batumi
-
(to 14 Jul 1920).
- 7 May
1920
Independence recognized by Soviet
Russia.
- 25 Feb
1921
Socialist Conciliar ("Soviet")
Republic of Georgia.
- 13 Oct
1921
Georgia cedes Ardahan and Artuin to
Turkey; Lorri
-
to Armenian S.S.R.; and Zaqatala to
Azerbaijani
-
S.S.R.
- 12 Mar
1922
Part of the Federative Union of
Socialist Soviet
-
Republics of Transcaucasia.
- 13 Dec
1922
Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist
Federative
-
Soviet Republic (see below).
- 30 Dec
1922
T.S.F.S.R. founding component of the
Soviet Union
-
(see Russia).
- 5
Dec
1936
T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Georgian
Soviet Socialist
-
Republic
becomes a full union republic.
- 18 Nov 1989
State
sovereignty declared.
14 Nov
1990
Republic of Georgia (alternative
official name Georgia
in use from 6 Nov 1992).
9 Apr
1991
Independence declared.
25 Dec
1991
Independence restored (dissolution of
the U.S.S.R.).
26 Nov
1995
Georgia - 28 Nov
1991
South
Ossetia declares
independence from Georgia.
- 26 Dec
1991
Final independence (dissolution of
the U.S.S.R.).
- 23 Jul
1992
Abkhazia
declares its independence from
Georgia.
- 26 Nov
1995
Georgia (alternative official name
of the state
-
already from 6 Nov 1992).
- 8/9 Aug
2008
Russian intervention in South
Ossetia and Abkhazia
-
(and Georgia proper at
Gori, Poti and Zugdidi;
-
Russian forces leave
Georgia proper 8 Oct 2008,
-
but remain in Abkhazia
and South Ossetia).
|
Georgia
(1918-1922,
from 1993)
|
Abkhazia |
Adjaria |
South
Ossetia |
Georgian
S.S.R.
(1921-1991)
|
Transcaucasia
(1802-1936) |
|
Georgian
Principalities
Guria
Mingrelia
|
Georgia (Tiflis)
governorate (1802-1917)
|
Kutaisi governorate (1810-1917)
|
Georgian
Orthodox
Church
|
Map of Georgia
in May 1921 |
|
K`art`li
![[Banner of
K`art`li c.1745 (Georgia)] [Banner of
K`art`li c.1745 (Georgia)]](geo-kartli-1745.png)
c.1745 Banner of K'art'li
|
![[Banner of Georgians
c.1745 (Georgia)] [Banner of Georgians
c.1745 (Georgia)]](geo_kart.gif)
c.1745 Banner of
Georgians |
1491
Kingdom of K`art`li, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
established (capital Tbilisi).
1523
Vassal of Persia (with interruptions
below).
1578 -
1606
Vassal of Ottoman Empire (in 1590 ceded by Persia).
Jun 1723 - 1727
Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1727 -
1735
Annexed by Ottoman Empire
(part of Eyalet of Çıldır [Childir]).
1736 -
1744
Annexed by Persia (Iran).
1747
Persian suzerainty reduced to nominal.
19 Jan
1762
Personal union with Kakhet`i re-established.
Kings (title Mepe)(alternative names
are the official Ottoman and/or Persian names)
1695 -
1703
Erekle I
(b. 1643 - d. 1710)
(= Nazar `Ali Khan I) (2nd time)
(also in Kakhet`i)
1703 - 2 May
1709
Giorgi XI (= Shah Nawaz Khan III
(b. 1651 - d. 1709)
"Gurjin Khan") (3rd time)
(absent, served as Persian governor of Kandahar)
1703 - 1704
Levan -Regent
(b. c.1659 - d. 1709)
1704 - 1709
Vakhtang -Regent
(1st time)
(b. 1675 - d. 1737)
2 May 1709 - Jul 1709
Levan (= Shah Qoli Khan)
(s.a.)
Jul 1709 - 8 Oct
1711 K`aikhosro (= Khosraw
Khan) (b. 1674
- d. 1711)
(absent, served as Persian governor of Kandahar)
1709 - 1711
Vakhtang -Regent
(2nd time)
(b. 1675 - d. 1737)
8 Oct 1711 - Oct 1714
Vakhtang VI (= Hoseyn Qoli Khan) (s.a.)
(1st time)
Oct 1714 - Jun
1716 Iese (=
`Ali Qoli Khan) (1st time) (b. c.1680 - d. 1727)
1716 -
1717
Vakhtang VI (= Hoseyn Qoli Khan) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1717 - Aug
1719
Bak`ari III (= Shah Nawaz Khan IV) (b. 1699 - d. 1750)
(1st time)
Aug 1719 - May
1723 Vakhtang
VI (= Hoseyn Qoli Khan) (s.a.)
(3rd time)
May 1723 - Jun
1723
Konstantine III
(d. 1732)
(= Mahmud Qoli Khan)
(also in Kakhet`i)
Jun 1723 - Jul
1724 Bak`ari
III (= Ebrahim Pasha) (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1724 -
1727
Iese (= Mostafa Pasha) (2nd time) (s.a.)
1727 -
1735
annexed by Ottoman
1735 -
1736
Alek`sandre II
(d.
1739)
(= Nazar `Ali Khan II)
(also in Kakhet`i)
1736 -
1744
annexed by Persia
Jul 1744 - 19 Jan 1762
T`eimuraz
II
(b. 1680 - d. 1762)
(also king of Kakhet`i)
Kakhet`i
![[Banner of Kakhet`i
c.1745 (Georgia)] [Banner of Kakhet`i
c.1745 (Georgia)]](geo_kajet.gif)
c.1745 Banner of Kakhet`i
|
1491
Kingdom of Kakhet`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
established
(from c.1650 capital Telavi).
1518
Vassal of Persia (with interruptions
below).
1578 - 1604
Vassal of Ottoman Empire (ceded by Persia in 1590).
1676 -
1703
Annexed by Persia (Iran).
1724 - 1734
Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1747
Persian
suzerainty reduced to nominal.
19 Jan
1762
Personal union with K`art`li re-established.
Kings (title Mepe)(alternative names
are the official Ottoman and/or Persian names)
1703 – May 1703
Erekle
I
(b. 1643 - d.
1710)
(= Nazar `Ali Khan I)
(also in K`art`li)
May 1703 - May
1721 Davit` II
(= Emam Qoli Khan)
(b. 1678 - d. 1721)
May 1721 - 4 Dec
1732 Konstantine II (= Mahmud
Qoli Khan,(d. 1732)
[from 1724] Mahmud Pasha)
(also king of
K`art`li)
4 Dec 1732 -
1736
T`eimuraz II (1st
time)
(b. 1680 - d. 1762)
1736 -
1738
Alek`sandre III
(d. 1739)
(= Nazar `Ali Khan II)
(also in K`art`li)
1738 -
1744
T`eimuraz II (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
(also in K`art`li)
Jul 1744 - 19 Jan 1762 Erekle
II
(b. 1721 - d. 1798)
K`art`li and Kakhet`i (styled Kingdom
of Georgia)
19 Jan
1762
Kingdoms of K`art`li and Kakhet`i in personal union,
often officially styled Kingdom of Georgia.
Dec 1799
Russian troops enter
the Kingdom.
6 Feb 1784
Vassal of Russian Empire.
28 Feb
1801
Annexed by Russia by manifesto of Emperor Pavel I.
24 Apr
1802
Incorporation into Russian Empire
(the kingdom abolished);
"Georgian Tsar" added to imperial style on 15
Nov 1882.
Kings (title Mepe)(full
style: "King of K`art`li, Kakhet`i and All Georgia")
19 Jan 1762 - 22 Jan 1798 Erekle
II
(b. 1721 - d. 1798)
22 Jan 1798 - 9 Jan 1801 Giorgi XII
(b. 1746 - d. 1801)
9 Jan 1801 - 18 Jun 1801 Crown
Prince Davit` Bagrationi (b. 1767 -
d. 1819)
(semi-officially recognized as regent)
18 Jun 1801 - 20 May 1802 Provisional
Administration
- Ivan Petrovich
Lazarev
(b. 1763 - d. 1803)
(chairman)
- Prince Ioane Bagrationi
(b. 1768 - d. 1839)
- Egnate T`umanishvili
(d. af.1807)
Imeret`i
![[Banner of
Imereti c.1745 (Georgia)] [Banner of
Imereti c.1745 (Georgia)]](geo-imereti1745.jpeg)
c.1745 Banner of Imeret`i
|
1491
Kingdom of Imeret`i, part of the Kingdom of Georgia,
established (capital Kutaisi).
1578
Vassal of Ottoman Empire.
1767
Ottoman suzerainty reduced to nominal by the agreement
(confirmed in 1772 and 1792).
21 Apr
1804
Russian protectorate.
23 May
1810
Incorporation into Russian Empire.
Kings (title Mepe)
1699 - 1701
Simoni
(d. 1701)
1701 -
1702
Mamia "Didi" (1st
time)
(b. 16.. - d. 1714)
(prince of Guria)
1702 -
1703
Giorgi VI (1st
time)
(b. 16.. - d. 1722)
1703
Giorgi VII (1st
time)
(b. 1670 - d. 1720)
1703 -
1707
Giorgi VI (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1707 - Oct
1711
Giorgi VII (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Oct 1711 - Jun
1712 Mamia "Didi"
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Jun 1712 - Nov
1713 Giorgi
VII (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Nov 1713 - May
1714 Mamia "Didi"
(3rd
time)
(s.a.)
May 1714 - Mar
1720 Giorgi
VII (4th
time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1720 - Jun
1720 Giorgi
VIII
(b. 1702 - d.
1726)
(prince
of Guria)
Jun 1720 -
1741
Alek`sandre V (1st
time)
(b. 1703 - d. 1752)
1741 -
1742
Giorgi IX
(b. 1721 - d. af.1772)
1742 -
1747
Alek`sandre V (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1747 -
1749
Mamuka
1749 - Mar
1752
Alek`sandre V (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1752 - 1766
Solomon I "Didi" (1st
time) (b. 1735
- d. 1784)
1766 -
1768
T`eimuraz
(d. 1772)
1768 - 4 May
1784
Solomon I "Didi" (2nd
time) (s.a.)
4 May 1784 -
1789
Davit` II
(b. 1756 - d. 1795)
1789 - 23 May
1810
Solomon
II
(b. 1773 - d. 1815)
Georgia
26 May
1918
Democratic Republic of Georgia (Republic of Georgia also
in
official
use); continues in dissidence to 16 Mar 1921.
25 Feb
1921
Socialist Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic of Georgia
12 Mar
1922
Part of the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet
Republics of Transcaucasia (see below).
13 Dec
1922
Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
Republic (see below).
5 Dec
1936
T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
becomes
a full union republic (see below).
14 Nov
1990
Republic of Georgia (alternative official name Georgia
in use
from 6
Nov 1992).
9 Apr
1991
Independence declared.
25 Dec
1991
Independence restored (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.).
26 Nov
1995
Georgia
Chairmen of the National Council of Georgia
19 Dec 1917 - 29 May 1918 Noe Nikolozis
dze Zhordania (b.
1868 - d. 1953) SDLP-G
(Noy Nikolayevich Zhordaniya)
29 May 1918 - 8 Oct 1918 Nikoloz
"Karlo" Simonis dze
(b. 1865 - d. 1926) SDLP-G
Chkheidze
(Nikolay "Karlo" Semyonovich Chkheidze)
Chairman of the Parliament
8 Oct 1918 - 12 Mar 1919 Nikoloz
"Karlo" Simonis dze (s.a.)
SDLP-G
Chkheidze
Chairmen of the Constituent Assembly
12 Mar 1919
Silibistro "Silva" Besarionis
dze (b. 1859 - d. 1922) SDLP-G
Jibladze
(Sil'vestr Vissarionovich Dzhibladze)
(acting)
12 Mar 1919 - 25 Feb 1921
Nikoloz "Karlo" Simonis dze
(s.a.)
SDLP-G
Chkheidze
(continues in dissidence to 16 Mar
1921)
12 Mar 1919 - 21? Jan 1921 Aleksandre
Spiridonis dze
(b. 1882 - d. 1924) SDLP-G
Lomtatidze (acting for absent
Chkheidze)
(Aleksandr Spiridonovich
Lomtatidze)
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
25 Feb 1921 – 6 Mar 1921 Mamia
Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili (b. 1881 - d.
1937) KPS-B
(Mamiya "Ivan" Dmitriyevich Orakhelashvili)
(acting)
6 Mar 1921 - 7 Jul 1921
Pilipe Eses dze Makharadze
(b. 1868 - d.
1941) KPS-B
(Filipp Ieseyevich Makharadze)
7 Jul 1921 - 7 Mar 1922 Polikarpe
Gurgenis dze Mdivani (b. 1877 - d.
1937) KPS-B
(Polikarp "Budu" Gurgenovich
Mdivani)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
7 Mar 1922 - 22 Jan 1923 Pilipe
Ieses dze Makharadze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
Chairman of the Supreme Council
14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991 Zviad
Konstantines
dze
(b. 1939 - d. 1993) MM-TS
Gamsakhurdia
Presidents
14 Apr 1991 - 2 Jan 1992ą Zviad
Konstantines
dze
(s.a.)
MM-TS
Gamsakhurdia
(in dissidence
to 6 Jan 1993)
2 Jan 1992 - 10 Mar 1992 Tengiz
Kalistrates dze Kitovani (b.
1939)
Mil
+ Jaba Aleksandres dze Ioseliani (b. 1926 - d.
2003) Mil
(co-leaders of the Military Council)
Chairman of the State Council
10 Mar 1992 - 4 Nov 1992 Eduard
Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze (b. 1928 - d.
2014) Non-party
Head of State
4 Nov 1992 - 26 Nov 1995 Eduard
Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze
(s.a.)
Non-party
(chairman of the Parliament 4-6 Nov 1992)
Presidents
26 Nov 1995 - 23 Nov 2003 Eduard Ambrosis
dze Shevardnadze
(s.a.)
SMK
23 Nov 2003 - 25 Jan 2004 Nino Anzoris
asuli Burjanadze (f) (b.
1964)
BDA
(1st time) (acting)
25 Jan 2004 - 25 Nov 2007 Mikheil
Nikolozis dze Saakashvili (b.
1967)
ENM
(1st
time)
25 Nov 2007 - 20 Jan 2008 Nino Anzoris
asuli Burjanadze (f)
(s.a.)
BDA
(2nd time) (acting)
20 Jan 2008 - 17 Nov 2013 Mikheil Nikolozis
dze Saakashvili (s.a.)
ENM
(2nd
time)
17 Nov 2013 - 16 Dec 2018
Giorgi Teimurazis dze
(b. 1969)
KODS
Margvelashvili
16 Dec 2018
-
Salome Nino Levanis asuli
(b. 1952)
Non-party
Zurabishvili (f)
(= Salomé Nino Zourabichvili)
Prime ministers
26 May 1918 - 24 Jun 1918 Noe Besarionis
dze Ramishvili (b. 1881 -
d. 1930) SDLP-G
(Noy Vissarionovich Ramishvili)
24 Jun 1918 -
1921 Noe
Nikolozis dze Zhordania
(s.a.) SDLP-G
(Noy Nikolayevich Zhordaniya)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
25 Feb 1922 - Apr 1922 Polikarpe
"Budu" Gurgenis dze (b. 1877
- d. 1937) KPS-B
Mdivani
(Polikarp "Budu" Gurgenovich
Mdivani)
Prime ministers
15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991 Tengiz
Ippolitis dze
Sigua
(b. 1934 - d. 2020) Non-party
(1st time)
18 Aug 1991 - 23 Aug 1991 Murman Omanidze
(acting)
(b.
1938)
Non-party
23 Aug 1991 - 6 Jan 1992ą Bessarion Paatis
Gugushvili (b.
1945)
MM-TS
6 Jan 1992 - 6 Aug 1993 Tengiz
Ippolitis dze
Sigua
(s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time)
6 Aug 1993 - 20 Aug 1993 Eduard
Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze
(s.a.)
Non-party
(acting)
20 Aug 1993 - 5 Oct 1995 Otia
Ambakis Patsatsia
(b.
1929)
Non-party
Ministers of State
8 Dec 1995 - 7 Aug 1998
Nikoloz "Niko" Mikheilis
dze (b.
1947)
SMK
Lekishvili
7 Aug 1998 - 11 May 2000 Vazha
Giorgis dze Lortkipanidze (b.
1949)
SMK
11 May 2000 - 21 Dec 2001 Giorgi
Longinozis Arsenishvili (b. 1942
- d. 2010) SMK
21 Dec 2001 - 27 Nov 2003 Avtandil
Khristoforis Jorbenadze (b.
1951)
SMK
27 Nov 2003 - 17 Feb 2004 Zurab
Besarionis dze
Zhvania (b. 1963 -
d. 2005) BDA
Prime ministers
17 Feb 2004 - 3 Feb 2005 Zurab
Besarionis dze
Zhvania
(s.a.)
BDA
3 Feb 2005 - 17 Feb 2005 Mikheil
Nikolozis dze Saakashvili
(s.a.)
ENM
(acting)
17 Feb 2005 - 22 Nov 2007 Zurab
Teimurazis Nogaideli
(b.
1964)
BDA
22 Nov 2007 - 1 Nov 2008 Vladimer "Lado"
Iraklis Gurgenidze (b. 1970)
Non-party
1 Nov 2008 - 6 Feb 2009 Grigol "Gega"
Zarubis
(b. 1973)
Non-party
Mgaloblishvili
6 Feb 2009 - 4 Jul 2012
Nikoloz "Nika" Gilauri
(b. 1975)
Non-party
4 Jul 2012 - 25 Oct 2012
Ivane "Vano" Sergeis Merabishvili (b.
1968) ENM
25 Oct 2012 - 20 Nov 2013 Bidzina Grigolis dze
Ivanishvili (b. 1956)
KODS
20 Nov 2013 - 30 Dec 2015 Irakli
Garibashvili
(b. 1982) KODS
30 Dec 2015 - 20 Jun 2018 Giorgi
Kvirikashvili
(b.
1967)
KODS
20 Jun 2018 - 8 Sep 2019
Mamuka Bakhtadze
(b.
1982)
KODS
8 Sep 2019
-
Giorgi Zauris dze Gakharia
(b. 1975)
KODS
British Military Representatives, in
Tiflis
19 Jan 1919 - 3 Apr 1919 Keith
Maitland
Davie
(b. 1868 - d. 19..) Mil
3 Apr 1919 - Aug 1919 Francis
Stewart Montague-Bates (b.
1876 - d. 1954) Mil
National Government of Georgia
(NGG) in exile
-
Heads of State
18 Mar 1921 - 11 Jan 1953 Noe Nikolozis
dze Zhordania
(s.a.)
SDLP-G
(Noy Nikolayevich Zhordaniya)
(in Leuville-sur-Orge, France exile)
11 Jan 1953 - 5 Jun 1954 Evgeni
Petres dze Gegechkori
(b. 1881 - d. 1954) SDLP-G
(Yevgeniy Petrovich Gegechkori)
(in Leuville-sur-Orge, France exile)
ąThe ousted administration of
Gamsakhurdia and Gugushvili formed a counter-government
at Zugdidi on 24 Sep 1993 that controlled part of
western Georgia until 6 Nov 1993.
Territorial Disputes: Russia's military
support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South
Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations
with Georgia; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the
former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary
with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian
groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater
autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and
Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their
boundary at certain crossing areas including
the Georgian David Gareja monastery complex.
Party abbreviations: EDP = Erovnul
Demokratiuli Partia (National Democratic Party,
christian-democratic, est.1988); ENM = Ertiani
Nats'ionaluri Modzraoba (United National Movement,
center-right, liberal conservative, est.Oct 2001); KODS
= K'art'uli Ots'neba – Demokratiuli
Sak'art'velo (Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia,
center-left, social liberal, populist, pro-European,
est.21 Apr 2012); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: BDA
= Burjanadze-Demokratiuli Aliansi
(Burjanadze-Democratic Alliance, reform,
social-democratic, 2003-2004); KPS-B
= Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis)
Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia,
communist, from 1921 state party, May 1920-13 Oct
1952, renamed Communist Party
of Georgia); MM-TS
= Mrgvali Magida - Tavisupali Sak'art'velo
(Round Table-Free Georgia, Georgian nationalist bloc,
1990-1992); SDLP-G = Sak'art'velos
Sotsial-Demok'rat'iuli Partia (Georgian Social
Democratic Party,
Marxist, democratic socialist, split
from Russian Social Democratic
Worker's Party "Mensheviks",
1918-1926); SMK =
Sak'art'velos Mokalaketa Kavshiri (Citizens Union of
Georgia, centrist, pro-Shevardnadze, 1995-2003)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
-
- 25 Feb 1921 - 20 May 1921
-
|
-
- 20 May 1921 - 13 Feb 1937
-
|
-
- 13 Feb 1937 - 1941
-
|
-
- 1941 - 11 Apr 1951
|
-
- 11
Apr 1951 - 14 Nov 1990
|
|
Capital: Tbilisi
(Tiflis to 1936)
|
Hear
SSR Anthem
"Sakartvelos Sabch'ota
Socialist'uri Resp'ublikas
sakhelmts'ipo himni"
(State Anthem of
Georgian SSR)
(1944-1991)
--------------------------------
Former Anthem
"Int'ernatsionali"
(The Internationale)
(1921-1922, de facto possibly)
|
Constitutions
(4 Mar 1922, 3 Apr 1927,
13 Feb 1937, 3 Apr 1978)
|
Population: 5,015,000
(1980)
2,140,000 (1923)
|
25 Feb 1921
Socialist Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic of
Georgia
12 Mar 1922 - 13 Dec 1922 Part of
the Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia
(see under
Georgia).
13 Dec 1922 - 5 Dec 1936 Part of the
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet
Republic (see below).
5 Dec 1936
Accession
to the Soviet Union (see under Russia).
5 Dec 1936
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
7 Mar 1944 - 24 Nov 1956 Akhalkhevi district
(of Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R.) annexed.
5 Oct 1944 - 1 Jan 1957 Klukhori
district (of Karachay A.O.) annexed.
14 Nov 1990
Republic of Georgia
Executive Secretaries of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party
(Bolsheviks) of Georgia
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922
Mamiya (Ivan) Dmitriyevich
(b. 1881 - d. 1937)
Orakhelashvili
(Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
(provisional
chairman Jun - Sep
1920)
Apr 1922 - 22 Oct 1922
Mikhail Stepanovich Okudzhava
(b. 1887 - d. 1937)
(Mikheil
Stepanis dze Okudzhava)
25 Oct 1922 - Aug 1924 Vissarion
Vissarionovich Lominadze (b. 1897 - d. 1935)
(Besarion
Besarionis dze Lominadze)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
of Georgia (from 13 Oct 1952, Communist Party of
Georgia)
Aug 1924 - 6 May 1930
Mikhail Ivanovich Kakhiani
(b. 1896 - d. 1937)
(Mikheil Ivanis Kakhiani)
6 May 1930 - 20 Nov 1930 Levan Davidovich
Gogoberidze (b. 1896 - d.
1937)
(Lavrenti
Davitis dze Gogoberidze)
20 Nov 1930 - 13 Oct 1931 Samson Andreyevich
Mamulia (b. 1892 -
d. 1937)
(Samson Andreis dze Manulia)
13 Oct 1931 - 14 Nov 1931 Lavrentiy
Iosipovich Kartvelishvili(b. 1890 - d. 1938)
(Lavrenti Isipis dze Kartvelishvili)
14 Nov 1931 - 18 Oct 1932
Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya
(b. 1899 - d. 1953)
(Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria)
(1st time)
18 Oct 1932 - 15 Jan 1934 Pyotr
Semyonovich Agniev
(b. 1896 - d. 1937)
(Petre
Simonis dze Aghniashvili)
15 Jan 1934 - 31 Aug 1938 Lavrentiy Pavlovich
Beriya
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
31 Aug 1938 - 2 Apr 1952 Kandid Nestorovich
Charkviani (b. 1907 -
d. 1994)
(Kandid
Nestoris dze Charkviani)
2 Apr 1952 - 14 Apr 1953 Akakiy Ivanovich
Mgeladze
(b. 1910 - d. 1980)
(Akaki Ivanis dze Mgeladze)
14 Apr 1953 - 19 Sep 1953 Aleksandr Iordanovich
Mirtskhulava (b. 1911 - d. 2009)
(Aleksandri
Iordanis dze Mirtskhulava)
20 Sep 1953 - 29 Sep 1972 Vasiliy Pavlovich
Mzhavanadze (b. 1902 - d.
1988)
(Vasil
Pavelis dze Mzhavanadze)
29 Sep 1972 - 6 Jul 1985 Eduard
Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
(Eduard Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze)
6 Jul 1985 - 14 Apr 1989 Dzhumber Ilyich
Patiashvili (b.
1940)
(Jumber Ilichis dze Patiashvili)
14 Apr 1989 - 7 Dec 1990 Givi Grigoryevich
Gumbaridze (b. 1945)
(Givi Grigoris dze Gumbaridze)
7 Dec 1990 - 19 Feb 1991 Avtandil Antonovich
Margiani (b. 1945)
(Avtandil
Antonis dze Margiani)
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the
Independent Communist Party of Georgia
20 Feb 1991 - 26 Aug 1991 Dzhemal
("Jimi") Pridonovich (b.
1936 - d. 2014)
Mikeladze
(Jemal Pridon dze Mikeladze)
("leading
role" of party abolished Mar 1990)
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee ("Revkom")
25 Feb 1921 – 6 Mar 1921 Mamiya
(Ivan) Dmitriyevich
(s.a.)
KPS-B
Orakhelashvili
(acting)
(Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
6 Mar 1921 - 7 Jul 1921 Filipp
Ieseyevich Makharadze
(b. 1868 - d. 1941) KPS-B
(Pilipe Eses dze Makharadze)
7 Jul 1921 - 7 Mar 1922
Polikarp "Budu" Gurgenovich
(b. 1877 - d. 1937)
KPS-B
Mdivani
(Polikarpe "Budu" Gurgenis dze Mdivani)
Chairmen of the All-Georgian Central Executive
Committee of Soviets
7 Mar 1922 - Oct 1922
Filipp Ieseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(Pilipe Eses dze Makharadze)
(1st time)
Oct 1922 - 22 Jan 1923 Ivan
"Vano" Fyodorovich Sturua (b. 1870 -
d. 1931) KPS-B
(Ivane "Vano" Tedores dze Sturua)
22 Jan 1923 - Jun
1925 Mikhail Grigoryevich
Tskhakaya (b. 1865 - d.
1950) KPS-B
(Mikheil Grigolis dze Tskhakaia)
(1st time)
Jun 1925 - 14 Jun 1927
Filipp Ieseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(2nd time)
14 Jun 1927 - Apr 1928
Lavrentiy Iosipovich Kartvelishvili(s.a.)
KPS-B
(Lavrenti Iosebis dze Kartvelishvili)
Apr 1928 - Jun
1929 Filipp
Ieseyevich
Makharadze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(3rd time)
Jun 1929 - 20 Feb 1931
Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(2nd time)
20 Feb 1931 - 8 Jul 1938 Filipp
Ieseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(4th time)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
10 Jul 1938 - 10 Dec 1941 Filipp
Ieseyevich Makharadze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(Pilipe Eses dze Makharadze)
10? Dec 1941 - 3 Jan 1942 Daud
Aliyevich
Davitadze
(b. 1901 - d. 19..) KPS-B
(Daud Alis dze Davitadze)
+ Mikhail Konstantinovich
Delba (b. 1905 - d. 1992)
KPS-B
(Mikheil Konstantines dze Delba)
(acting)
3 Jan 1942 - 26 Mar 1948 Georgiy
Fyodorovich
Sturua
(b. 1884 - d. 1956) KPS-B
(Giorgi Tevdores dze Sturua)
26 Mar 1948 - 6 Apr 1952 Vasiliy
Barnabovich
Gogua
(b. 1908 - d. 1967) KPS-B
(Vasil Barnabis dze Gogua)
6 Apr 1952 - 15 Apr 1953 Zakhariy
Nikolayevich
(b. 1903 - d. 1980) KPS-B;1952 KPS
Chkhubianishvili
(Zakaria Nikolozis dze Chkhubianishvili)
15 Apr 1953 - 29 Oct 1953 Vladimir
Gedevanovich
(b. 1905 - d. 1976) KPS
Tskhovrebashvili
(Vladimer Gedevanis dze Tskhovrebashvili)
29 Oct 1953 - 18 Apr 1959 Miron
Dmitriyevich Chubinidze (b.
1905 - d. 1980) KPS
(Miron
Dimitris dze Chubinidze)
18 Apr 1959 - 9 Jan 1976 Georgiy Samsonovich
Dzotsenidze (b. 1910 - d. 1976) KPS
(Giorgi
Samsonis dze Dzotsenidze)
9 Jan 1976 - 29 Mar 1989 Pavel Georgiyevich
Gilashvili (b. 1918 - d.
1994) KPS
(Pavle
Giorgis dze Gilashvili)
(acting to 26 Jan 1976)
29 Mar 1989 - 17 Nov 1989 Otar Yevtikhiyevich
Cherkeziya (b.
1933)
KPS
(Otar
Evtikhis dze Cherkezia)
17 Nov 1989 - 14 Nov 1990 Givi Grigoryevich
Gumbaridze
(s.a.)
KPS
(Givi
Grigolis
dze Gumbaridze)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
14 Nov 1990 - 14 Apr 1991 Zviad
Konstantinovich Gamsakhurdiya(b. 1939 - d. 1993)
MM-TS
(Zviad Konstantines dze Gamsakhurdia)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
25 Feb 1922 - Apr 1922 Polikarp "Budu"
Gurgenovich Mdivani(s.a.)
KPS-B
(Polikarpe "Budu" Gurgenis dze Mdivani)
Apr 1922 - Jan 1924
Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze
(b. 1885 - d. 1971) KPS-B
(Sergo
Levantis dze Kavtaradze)
5 Jan 1924 - Jun 1927
Shalva Zurabovich Eliava
(b. 1883 - d. 1937) KPS-B
(Shalva
Zurabis dze Eliava)
Jun 1927 - Jun 1929 Lavrentiy
Iosipovich Kartvelishvili(s.a.)
KPS-B
(Lavrenti Iosibis dze Kartvelishvili)
Jun 1929 - Jan 1931
Filipp Yeseyevich
Makharadze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(Pilipe Eses dze Makharadze)
Jan 1931 - 22 Sep 1931
Vladimir (Levan) Pavlovich
(b. 1904 - d. 1937) KPS-B
Sukhishvili
(Vladimer [Levanti] Pavelis dze Sukhishvili)
22 Sep 1931 - Jun 1937 German
Andreyevich Mgaloblishvili (b. 1884 - d.
1937) KPS-B
(German Andreis dze Mgaloblishvili)
9 Jul 1937 - 15 Apr 1946 Valerian Minayevich
Bakradze (b. 1901 -
d. 1971) KPS-B
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Apr 1946 - Dec 1946 Valerian
Minayevich Bakradze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(1st
time)
Dec 1946 - 6 Apr 1952
Zakhariy
Nikolayevich
(s.a.)
KPS-B
Chkhubianishvili
(Zakaria Nikolozis dze Chkhubianishvili)
6 Apr 1952 - 7 May 1953 Zakhariy
Nikolayevich Ketskhoveli (b. 1902 - d. 1970)
KPS-B;1952 KPS
(Zakaria Nikolozis dze Kechkhoveli)
9 May 1953 - 21 Sep 1953 Valerian Minayevich
Bakradze
(s.a.)
KPS
(2nd
time)
21 Sep 1953 - 17 Dec 1975 Givi
Dmitriyevich Dzhavakhishvili (b. 1912 - d.
1985) KPS
(Givi
Dmitris dze Dzhavakhishvili)
17 Dec 1975 - 5 Jun 1982 Zurab
Aleksandrovich Pataridze (b.
1928 - d. 1982) KPS
(Zurab
Aleksandris dze Pataridze)
2 Jul 1982 - 12 Apr 1986 Dmitriy Levanovich
Kartvelishvili (b. 1927 - d. 2009) KPS
(Dimitri
Levantis dze Kartvelishvili)
12 Apr 1986 - 29 Mar 1989 Otar Yevtikhiyevich
Cherkeziya
(s.a.)
KPS
(Otar
Evtikhis dze Cherkezia)
29 Mar 1989 - 14 Apr 1989 Zurab Amvrosiyevich
Chkheidze (b. 1930 - d.
2007) KPS
(Zurab Amvrosis dze Chkheidze)
14 Apr 1989 - 15 Nov 1990 Nodari Amvrosiyevich
Chitanava (b.
1935)
KPS
(Nodari
Amvorsis Chitanava)
15 Nov 1990 - 18 Aug 1991 Tengiz Ippolitovich
Sigua
(b. 1934 - d. 2020) MM-TS
(Tengiz Ippolitis dze Sigua)
Party abbreviations: MM-TS
= Mrgvali Magida - Tavisupali Sak'art'velo
(Round Table-Free Georgia, Georgian nationalist
bloc, May 1990-1993);
- Former parties: KPS-B
= Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis)
Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia,
communist, from 1921 state party, May 1920-13 Oct
1952, renamed KPS); KPS =
Komunisturi Partiis Sak'art'velos/ Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya Gruzii (Communist Party of Georgia,
communist, state party former KPS-B, 13 Oct 1952
- 12 Aug 1990, splits from CPSU and is renamed
Independent Communist Party of Georgia on 12 Aug 1990,
banned 26 Aug 1991)
Kutaisi
3 Nov 1951 - 23 Apr 1953 Kutaisi
oblast (within Georgian S.S.R.).
First Secretaries of the Kutaisi
Regional Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
of Georgia (from 13 Oct 1952, Communist Party of
Georgia) Committee of the
Nov 1951 - 26 Apr 1952 Akakiy
Ivanovich Mgeladze (b.
1910 - d. 1980) KPS-B
(Akaki Ivanis dze Mgeladze)
27 Apr 1952 - Apr 1953 Maksim
Konstantinovich Balavadze (b. 1910 - d. 19..)KPS-B;
1952 KPS
Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the
Regional Council of Kutaisi
25 Dec 1951 - 1952
Boris Yermolayevich Lomidze
(b. 1909 - d. 19..) KPS-B
1952 - Apr 1953
Sergey Viktorovich Sakvarelidze
(b. 1911 - d.bf.1979)KPS-B;
1952 KPS
Tbilisi
3 Nov 1951 - 23 Apr 1953 Tbilisi
oblast (within Georgian S.S.R.).
First Secretaries of the Tbilisi
Regional Committee of the Communist Party
(Bolsheviks)
of Georgia (from 13 Oct 1952, Communist Party of
Georgia)
Nov 1951 - 26 Apr 1952 Mikhail
Mikhaylovich Lelashvili (b. 1910 - d.
19..) KPS-B
27 Apr 1952 - Apr 1953 Konstantin
Dmitriyevich
(b. 1904 - d. 19..) KPS-B;1952
KPS
Budzhiashvili
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the
Regional Council of Tbilisi
4 Dec 1951 - Apr 1953 Ivan
Petrovich Kudzhiashvili (b. 1906 -
d. 19..) KPS-B;1952 KPS
Transcaucasia
-
- 28 Feb 1801 - 22 Apr 1918
|
-
- 22 Apr - 26 May 1918 Error, No
Flag Adopted
|
-
- 13 Dec 1922 - 5 Dec 1936
|
Map of Transcaucasia
and the
T.S.F.S.R.
|
Capital: Tiflis
(from 1936, Tbilisi) |
National Anthem
"Internatsional"
(The Internationale)
(1922-1936, de facto possibly) |
Constitutions
(Basic Law)
(13 Dec 1922-10 Apr 1925;
10 Apr 1925-5 Dec 1936) |
Currency: Transcaucasian
Ruble (ZKRR/ZKSR)
(18 Feb 1918-Jul 1919;
10 Jan 1923-10 Apr 1924) |
Population: 5,850,700 (1926)
6,500,000 (1915, including Kars Oblast) |
Ethnic groups: Georgian
30.5%, Azerbaijani 28.2%,
Armenian 22.7%, Russian
5.8%, Ossetian 2%, Talysh
1.3%, Kurds 1.1%,
Abkhazian 1%, Greek 1%,
other 6.4% (1926) |
Religious groups: Eastern Orthodox 34%, Shia Muslim 25%,
Armenian Apostolic 22%, Sunni Muslim 17%, other 2%
(1915,
including Kars Oblast) |
8 May 1802
Russian regional administration in the Caucasus
(with rights of
governor-general) established in Tiflis.
8 Jan 1845
Viceroyalty
of the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Dagestan
and
North Caucasus), referred to as Caucasus Kray.
3 Mar
1878
Kars, Ardahan, and Batumi ceded to Russia by Ottoman
Empire.
13 Jan 1882 - 13
Jan 1905 Chief Administration of the Caucasus (with
rights of governor-general).
13 Jan
1905
Viceroyalty of the
Caucasus (restored).
22 Mar
1917
Viceroyalty replaced by the Special Transcaucasian
Committee for
Administration (OZAKOM)(in charge of Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Dagestan and Western Armenia), appointed by the Russian
Provisional
Government.
28 Nov 1917
Transcaucasia. The Transcaucasian Diet did
not pass any resolution as
to the
name of the state. After the declaration of independence
22
Apr 1918, Transcaucasia (Zakavkaz'e [Zakavkaz'ye])
continued in
official
use as the most frequently used style. Other
alternatives
included
Transcaucasian Republic (Zakavkazskaja
Respublika
[Zakavkazskaya Respublika]), and Transcaucasian
Federal Republic
(Zakavkazskaja
Federativnaja Respublika [Zakavkazskaya
Federativnaya
Respublika]).
28 Nov 1917
Transcaucasian Commissariat assumed
executive authority in
Transcaucasia in accordance with a declaration issued in
Tiflis
(modern
Tbilisi)(O.S. date 15 Nov 1917).
23 Feb
1918
Transcaucasian Diet (Sejm) is convoked by
Transcaucasian Commissariat
in Tiflis (modern Tbilisi), it included members of the
Constituent
Assembly
(from Petrograd, Jan 1918) elected from
Georgia,
Armenia, and Azerbaijan (O.S. date 10 Feb 1918).
9 Apr
1918
Transcaucasian Commissariat abolished.
22 Apr
1918
Transcaucasia is proclaimed an independent
democratic federal republic
by
resolution of the Transcaucasian Diet (O.S. date 9 Apr
1918).
22 Apr 1918
Transcaucasian Democratic
Federative Republic (name of the state
not
formally approved)(consisting of Armenia,
Azerbaijan, and
Georgia).
26 May
1918
Disintegration of Transcaucasia is acknowledged.
Transcaucasian Diet
is dissolved by resolution of the Diet.
12 Mar
1922
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics
of Transcaucasia.
13 Dec
1922
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (T.S.F.S.R.)
30 Dec
1922
Constituent republic of the Soviet Union.
5 Dec
1936
T.S.F.S.R. dissolved.
Executive Secretaries of the Transcaucasian
Regional Committee of the
Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23 Feb 1922 – 3 Nov 1922 Ivan
(Mamia) Dmitriyevich
(b. 1881 - d. 1937) KPS-B
Orakhelashvili (Georgian SSR)
(Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
3 Nov 1922 - 24 Mar 1923
Aleksandr Fyodorovich Myasnikov
(b. 1886 - d. 1925) HKK
(Aleksandr Teodorosi Myasnikyan)
(Armenian SSR)
First Secretaries of the Transcaucasian
Regional Committee of the Russian
Communist Party (Bolsheviks)(from 31 Dec 1925,
All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
24 Mar 1923 - 11 Dec 1924 Aleksandr
Fyodorovich Myasnikov (s.a.)
HKK
(Armenian SSR)
11 Dec 1924 - 8 Dec 1926 Sergey
"Sergo" Grigoriy
(b. 1886 - d. 1937) KPS-B
Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze
(Sergo Konstantinlis dze Ordzhonikidze)
(Georgian SSR)
8 Dec 1926 - 27 Nov 1929
Mamia (Ivan) Dmitriyevich
(s.a.)
KPS-B
Orakhelashvili (1st time)
(Mamia Dimitris dze
Orakhelashvili)
(Georgian SSR)
27 Nov 1929 – 8 May 1930 Aleksandr
Ivanovich Krinitskiy (b. 1894 –
d. 1937) KPS-B
(Georgian SSR)
8 May 1930 - 19 Nov 1930
Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze (b. 1897 - d.
1935) KPS-B
(Besarion Besarionis dze Lominadse)
(Georgian SSR)
19 Nov 1930 – 31 Oct 1931 Lavrentiy
Iosifovich Kartvelishvili(b. 1890 – d. 1938) KPS-B
(Laventi Iosifis Kartvelishvili)
(Georgian SSR)
31 Oct 1931 - 17 Oct 1932 Mamia (Ivan)
Dmitriyevich
(s.a.)
KPS-B
Orakhelashvili (2nd time)
(Georgian SSR)
17 Oct 1932 - 5 Dec 1936 Lavrentiy
Pavlovich Beriya
(b. 1899 - d.
1953) KPS-B
(Lavrenti
Pavles dze Beria)
(Georgian SSR)
Russian Commanders-in-chief and Chief
Administrators of Civil Affairs in the Caucasus
(until 1840 officially "in Georgia")(in
Tiflis [now Tbilisi, Georgia])
9 Apr 1802
- 23 Sep 1802 Baron Karl Fyodorovich
fon (b.
1746 - d. 1820)
Knorring
23 Sep 1802 - 20 Feb
1806 Knyaz' Pavel Dmitriyevich
(b. 1754 - d. 1806)
Tsitsianov
(Pavle Dimitris dze Tsitsishvili)
Jun 1806 - Feb
1809
Graf Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich (b.
1741 - d. 1820)
Feb 1809 -
1811
Aleksandr Petrovich
Tormasov (b. 1752 -
d. 1819)
18 Jul 1811 - 28 Feb
1812 Markiz Filipp Osipovich Pauluchchi (b. 1779 -
d. 1849)
(= Filippo Paulucci, marchese delle Roncole)
28 Feb 1812 - 9 Apr
1816 Nikolay Fyodorovich Rtishchev
(b. 1754 - d. 1835)
Oct 1816 - 27 Mar
1827 Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov
(b. 1777 - d.
1861)
28 Mar 1827 - 1830
Graf Ivan
Fyodorovich Paskevich- (b.
1782 - d. 1856)
Yerivanskiy
1830 - Aug
1831
Nikita
Petrovich Pankratyev (b. 1788
- d. 1836)
(acting)
13 Sep 1831 - 30 Nov 1837 Baron Grigoriy
Vladimirovich fon (b. 1782 - d. 1841)
Rozen
30 Nov 1837 - 25 Oct
1842 Yevgeniy Aleksandrovich
Golovin (b. 1782 - d. 1858)
Oct 1842 - 8 Jan 1845
Aleksandr Ivanovich Neidgardt (b.
1784 - d. 1845)
Viceroys of the Caucasus (title
Namestnik)(in Tiflis [now
Tbilisi, Georgia])
8 Jan 1845 - 13 Mar
1854 Knyaz' Mikhail
Semyonovich
(b. 1782 - d. 1856)
Vorontsov
13 Mar 1854 - 11 Dec
1854 Nikolay Andreyevich Read (acting) (b.
1793 - d. 1855)
11 Dec 1854 - 3 Aug 1856 Nikolay
Nikolayevich Muravyov- (b. 1794 - d.
1866)
Karsskiy
3 Aug 1856 - 18 Dec 1862 Knyaz'
Aleksandr
Ivanovich
(b. 1815 - d. 1879)
Baryatinskiy
1860 -
1862
Knyaz' Grigoriy Dmitriyevich
(b. 1804 - d. 1883)
Orbeliani (acting for absent Baryatinskiy)
18 Dec 1862 - 4 Aug 1881 Velikiy
Knyaz' Mikhail Nikolayevich(b. 1832 - d. 1909)
Romanov
Commanders-in-chief and Chief Administrators
of the Civil Administration of the Caucasus
13 Jan 1882 - 15 Jun
1890 Knyaz' Aleksandr
Mikhaylovich (b. 1820 - d.
1893)
Dondukov-Korsakov
15 Jun 1890 - 18 Dec
1896 Sergey Aleksandrovich Sheremetyev (b.
1836 - d. 1896)
24 Dec 1896 - 13 Jan 1905 Knyaz' Grigoriy
Sergeyevich (b.
1838 - d. 1907)
Golitsyn
Viceroys of the Caucasus (title Namestnik)
11 Mar 1905 - 5 Sep 1915 Graf
Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov
(b. 1837 - d. 1916)
-Dashkov
5 Sep 1915 - 22 Mar 1917 Velikiy
Knyaz' Nikolay Nikolayevich(b. 1856 - d.
1929)
Romanov
Chairman of the Special Transcaucasian
Committee for Administration of the
Russian Provisional Government
22 Mar 1917 - 28 Nov 1917 Vasiliy
Akimovich Kharlamov (b. 1875
- d. 1957) KDP
Chairman of the Transcaucasian Commissariat
28 Nov 1917 - 26 Mar 1918 Yevgeniy
Petrovich Gegechkori (b.
1881 - d. 1954) RSDRP-M
(Eevgeni
Petres dze Gegechkori)
Chairman of the Transcaucasian Diet
23 Feb 1918 - 26 May 1918 Nikolay
Semyonovich Chkheidze
(b. 1865 - d. 1926) RSDRP-M
(Nikoloz Simonis dze Chkheidze)
(presiding officer to 26 Feb 1918)
Chairmen of the Union Council of the Socialist Soviet
Republics of
Transcaucasia (serving jointly)
12 Mar 1922 - 15 Jan 1923 Nariman
Kerbalay Nadzhaf ogly (b.
1870 - d. 1925) AKP
Narimanov (Azerbaijani SSR)
(chaired meetings 6 Jul 1922-4 Dec 1922)
+ Polikarp "Budu" Gurgernovich
(b. 1877 - d. 1937) KPS-B
Mdivani (to 4 Dec 1922)
(Polikarpe "Budu" Gurgenis dze Mdivani)
(Georgian SSR)
+ Aleksandr Fyodorovich Myasnikov
(s.a.)
HKK
(Aleksandr Teodorosi
Myasnikyan)
(Armenian SSR)
(chaired meetings to 6 Jul 1922)
+ Shalva
Zurabovich Eliava (b. 1883 -
d. 1937) KPS-B
(Shalva Zurabis dze Eliava)
(Georgian SSR)(from 4 Dec 1922)
(chaired meetings from 4 Dec 1922)
Chairmen of the Transcaucasian Central Executive
Committee (serving jointly)
- Line 1 (Armenian SSR) -
16 Jan 1923 - 15 Apr 1925
Sarkis Saakovich
Ambartsumyan (b. 1870 - d.
1944) HKK
(Sargis Sahaki Hambarjoumyan)
15 Apr 1925 - 9 Apr 1927 Sarkis
Meliksetovich Khanoyan (b.
1877 - d. 1937) HKK
(Sargis Melikseti Xanoyan)
9 Apr 1927 - 27 Feb 1931 Sergey (Sarkis)
Ivanovich Kasyan (b. 1876 - d. 1937)
HKK
(Sargis Hovhannesi Kasyan)
27 Feb 1931 - 18 Jan 1935 Armen Artyomovich
Ananyan (b. 1893 - d.
1958) HKK
(Armen Artemi Ananyan)
18 Jan 1935 - 5 Dec 1936 Sergey Nikolayevich
Martikyan (b.
1874 - d. 1957) HKK
(Sergo Nikolayi Martikyan)
- Line 2 (Azerbaijani
SSR) -
16 Jan 1923 - 26 Jan 1930
Samed Aga Agamali ogly
Aliyev (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
AKP
26 Jan 1930 - 18 Jan 1931 Vacant
18 Jan 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Gazanfar Makhmud ogly
Musabekov (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
AKP
(Musabayov)
28 Jan 1932 - 5 Dec 1936
Sultan-Medzhid Medzhid ogly
(b. 1887 - d. 1938) AKP
Efendiyev
- Line 3 (Georgian SSR) -
16 Jan 1923 - 27
Feb 1931 Mikhail Grigoryevich Tskhakaya
(b. 1865 - d. 1950) KPS-B
(Mikheil Grigolis dze Tskhakaia)
27 Feb 1931 - 5 Mar 1935 Filipp
Ieseyevich Makharadze
(b. 1868 - d. 1941) KPS-B
(Pilipe Eses dze Makharadze)
(1st time)
5 Mar 1935 - 27 May 1935 Aveli
Safronovich Enukidze
(b. 1877 - d. 1937) KPS-B
(Abel Sopronis dze Enukidze)
27 May 1935 - 5 Dec 1936 Filipp Ieseyevich
Makharadze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(2nd time)
Chiefs of the Civil Administration with the
Viceroy in the Caucasus
8 Nov 1847 - 10 Mar 1858 Knyaz'
Vasiliy Osipovich Bebutov (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
(Barsegh Behbutyan)
1858 -
1863
Aleksey
Fyodorovich fon
(b. 1813 - d. 1887)
Kruzenshtern
(Peter Magnus Alexis von Krusenstiern)
1863 -
1875
Baron
Aleksandr Pavlovich fon
(b. 1821 - d. 1899)
Nikolay
24 Dec 1875 - Jan 1877 Pavel
Nikolayevich
Klushin
(b. 1814 - d. 1886)
23 Aug 1878 - 11 Mar 1884 Dmitriy
Semyonovich Starosel'skiy (b. 1832 - d. 1884)
1884 -
1905
Post abolished
Assistants to the Viceroy for Civil Affairs
in the Caucasus
26 Feb 1905 - 2 Apr 1906 Nikolay
Aleksandrovich Sultan- (b. 1836
- d. 1920)
Krym-Girey
Apr 1906 - 6 Sep 1909
Iustin Vasilyevich Mitskevich
(b. 1841 - d. 1918)
1909 -
1913
Emmanuil Aleksandrovich Vatatsi (b. 1856 -
d. 1920)
Dec 1913 - 22 Mar 1915
Nikolay Leonidovich
Peterson (b. 1866 -
d. 1920)
16 Nov 1915 - 31 Mar 1917 Knyaz' Vladimir
Nikolayevich Orlov (b. 1868 - d. 1927)
Chairmen of the
Transcaucasian Government (heads of government)
26 Mar 1918 - 22 Apr 1918 Yevgeniy Petrovich
Gegechkori (s.a.)
RSDRP-M
(Eevgeni Petres dze Gegechkori)
26 Apr 1918 - 26 May 1918 Akakiy Ivanovich
Chkhenkeli (b. 1874 - d.
1959) RSDRP-M
(Akaki Chkhenkeli)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the
Transcaucasian S.F.S.R.
16 Jan 1923 - 9 Jun 1927
Ivan (Mamia) Dmitriyevich
(s.a.)
KPS-B
Orakhelashvili
(1st time)
(Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
(Georgian SSR)
9 Jun 1927
- 29 Jan 1931 Shalva Zurabovich Eliava
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(Shalva Zurabis dze Eliava)
(Georgian SSR)
29 Jan 1931 - 12
Nov 1931 Mamia (Ivan) Dmitriyevich
(s.a.)
KPS-B
Orakhelashvili
(2nd time)
(Georgian SSR)
12 Nov 1931 -
5 Dec 1936 Gazanfar Makhmud ogly
Musabekov
(s.a.)
AKP
(Musabayov)(Azerbaijani SSR)
British High Commissioners to Transcaucasia (in
Tiflis [now Tbilisi, Georgia])
Jul 1919 - 25 Apr 1920 John Oliver Wardrop
(1st time) (b. 1864 – d. 1948)
25 Apr 1920 - Sep 1920 Harry Charles
Lukes
(b. 1884 - d. 1969)
Sep 1920 - Feb 1921
John Oliver Wardrop (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Commanders of the British Forces in Transcaucasia
(in Tiflis [now Tbilisi, Georgia])
(commanders of the British 27th Division)
19 Jan 1919 - 9 Mar 1919 George Townshend
Forestier-Walker (b. 1866 - d. 1939)
10 Mar 1919 - 10 May 1919 William Montgomerie
Thomson (b. 1877 - d.
1963)
(acting)
10 May 1919 - 1921
George Norton Cory
(b. 1874 - d. 1968)
Party abbreviations: AKP
= Azerbaycan Kommunist (Bolsevik) Partiyasi
(Azerbaijani Communist [Bolshevik] Party, 1920-1952,
renamed Azerbaijani Communist Party);
HKK = Hayastani Komunistakan
(Bolshevikner) Kusaktsutyun (Armenian Communist
[Bolshevik] Party, 1920-1952, renamed Armenian Communist
Party); KPS-B
= Komunisturi
Partiis (Bolshevikebis)
Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
from 1921 Georgian SSR
state party, May 1920-13 Oct 1952, renamed Communist
Party of Georgia);
- Former parties: KDP
=
Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya
(Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian
liberal, 12 Oct 1905-1920, banned by Bolsheviks from
12 Dec 1917);
SDLP-G = Sak'art'velos
Sotsial-Demok'rat'iuli Partia (Georgian
Social Democratic Party, Marxist,
democratic-socialist, split from
RSDRP-M, 1918-1926, in underground
from 1921); RSDRP-M = Rossiyskaya
Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya
(Men'shevikov)(Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party [Mensheviks],
split from RSDRP, democratic socialist, Orthodox
Marxist, 1 Jan 1912-1922)
Kutais governorate (1810-1840 Imeretia oblast)
1810
Imeretia oblast
10 Apr 1840 - 1847 Part of
Georgia-Imeretia governorate.
1847
Kutais governorate
Administrators (title Upravlyayushchiy)
1810 - 1813
Fyodor Filippovich
Simonovich (b.
1760 - d. 1815)
1813 - 1815
....
1815 - 1818
Nikolay Mikhailovich
Khotuntsov (b. 1775 - d. 1818)
1818 - 1819
Ivan Danilovich
Kurnatovskiy (b.
c.1760 - d. 18..)
1819 - 1820
Ivan Onufriyevich
Puzyrevskiy (d. 1820)
1820 - 1825
Knyaz' Pyotr Dmitriyevch
Gorchakov (b. 1789 - d. 1868)
1825 - 1827
Knyaz' Vasiliy Osipovich
Bebutov (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
(Barsegh Behbutyan)
1827 - 1830
Karl Fyodorovich
Gesse
(b. 1788 - d. 1842)
1830? - 1834
Pyotr Pavlovich
Vakul'skiy
(d. af.1836)
1834 - 1836
Dmitriy Dmitriyevich
Akhlestyshev (b. 1796 - d. 1875)
1836 - 1837
Andrey Grigoryevich
Patsovskiy (b. 1788 - d.
1839)
1837 - 1840
Yakim Mikhailovich
Espekho
(b. 1792 - d. 1847)
(= Joaquín de Espejo)
1840 - 1847
part of Georgia-Imeretia governorate
Military Governors and Administrators of Civil Affairs
17 Apr 1847 -
1851
Konstantin Yakovlevich Belyavskiy
(b. 1802 - d. 1857)
1851 -
1853
Knyaz' Aleksandr Ivanovich Gagarin (b.
1801 - d. 1857)
(1st time)
1853 -
1856
Knyaz' Ivan Konstantinovich
(b. 1812 - d. 1895)
Bagration-Mukhranskiy
1856 - 8 Nov 1857
Knyaz Aleksandr Ivanovich Gagarin
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(governor-general)
1857 - 1860
Nikolay Agafonovich Ivanov
(b. 1813 - d. 1873)
(civil governor)
Feb 1858 - 1860
Knyaz' Georgiy Romanovich
Eristov (b. 1812 - d. 1891)
(governor-general)
1860 - 1863
Nikolay Petrovich Kolyubakin
(b. 1810 - d. 1868)
1863 - 1866
Knyaz' Dmitriy Ivanovich Svyatopolk
(b. 1824 - d. 1899)
-Mirskiy (governor-general)
1865 - 1867
Aleksandr Stepanovich
Ogolin (b. 1821 - d.
1911)
(civil governor)
1867 - 28 Sep 1874
Graf Vladimir
Vasilyevich Levashov (b. 1834
- d. 1898)
Governors
1874 -
1878
Georgiy Konstantinovich Vlastov
(b. 1827 - d. 1899)
1878 -
1883
Nikolay Yasonovich Malafeyev
(b. 18.. - d. 1911)
Military Governors and Administrators of Civil
Affairs
13 Jul 1883 - 23 Feb 1887 Aleksey Mikhaylovich
Smekalov (b. 1838 -
d. 1890)
23 Mar 1887 - 13 Dec 1890 Aleksandr Ignatyevich
Grosman (b. 1836 - d. 1890)
3 Jan 1891 - 11 Jun 1898 Mikhail Yakovlevich
Shalikov (b.
1831 - d. 1909)
31 Jul 1898 - 4 May 1901 Fyodor
Konstantinovich Gershel'man (b. 1853 - d.af.1927)
2 Nov 1901 - 8 Jul 1903 Aleksey
Alekseyevich Smagin
(b. 1857 - d. 1928)
Governors
8 Jul 1903 - 1 May 1905 Aleksey
Alekseyevich Smagin
(s.a.)
1905 - 1906
Vladimir
Aleksandrovich
(b. 1860 - d. 1916)
Starosel'skiy (acting)
1906 - 1907
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Yazikov
(b. 1874 - d. 1937)
(acting)
11 Dec 1907 -
1914
Adam Ivanovich Slavachinskiy
(b. 1855 - d. 1925)
1914 - 1916
Lev Vladimirovich
Potulov (b.
1877 - d.af.1931)
1916 - Mar
1917
Graf Aleksandr Vasilyevich
(b. 1869 - d. 1919)
Gudovich
1917
Yevgeniy Petrovich Gegechkori
(b. 1881 - d.
1954) RSDRP-M
( =
Eevgeni Petres dze Gegechkori)
(commissar)
Georgia (from 1840, Georgia-Imereti; from 1847,
Tiflis) governorate
1802
Governorate of Georgia.
10 Apr 1840
Georgia-Imeretia Governorate.
14 Dec 1846
Tiflis Governorate.
Governors (to 1811 with title Pravitel’)
22 Feb 1802 - 1804
Pyotr Ivanovich
Kovalevskiy
(b. 1766 - d. 1827)
1804 -
1805
Knyaz' Dmitriy
Volkonskiy
(b. 1770 - d. 1835)
21 Jan 1806 - 1807
Pyotr Maksimovich Litvinov
(b. 1760 - d. 1834)
3 Nov 1807 - 17 Aug 1811 Fyodor Isayevich
Akhverdov
(b. 1773 - d. 1820)
(= Tevdore Akhverdashvili)
17 Aug 1811 -
1813
Mark Leontyevich Malinskiy
(d. af.1820)
20 Jul 1813 - 1815 Fyodor
Filippovich
Simonovich (b.
1760 - d. 1815)
18 Nov 1815 -
1818
Karl Fyodorovich fon Stal'
(b. 1774 - d. 1824)
1818 - 1829
Roman Ivanovich fon der
Khoven (b. 1775 - d.
1861)
31 Jul 1829 - 1832 Pyotr
Demyanovich
Zaveleyskiy
(b. 1800 - d. 1843)
14 Feb 1832 - 1837 Knyaz'
Nikolay Iosifovich Palavandov (d. 1850)
(= Nikoloz Palavandishvili)
25 Dec 1837 -
1838
Mikhail Grigoryevich Brayko
(b. 1784 - d. 1848)
21 May 1838 - 6 Mar 1840 Dmitriy Dmitriyevich
Akhlestyshev (b. 1796 - d. 1875)
22 Jul 1841 - Mar 1843 Aleksandr
Antonovich
Skalon
(b. 1796 - d. 1851)
20 Oct 1843 -
1845
Vasiliy Semyonovich
Sotnikov
(b. 1788 - d. 1853)
24 Jun 1845 -
1846
Mikhail Ivanovich Zherebtsov
(b. 1792 - d. 1870)
20 Jun 1846 -
1849
Sergey Nikolayevich
Yermolov
(b. 1798 - d. 1856)
Military Governors and Administrators of Civil
Affairs
18 Oct 1849 -
1855
Knyaz' Ivan Malkhazovich Andronnikov (b. 1798 - d. 1868)
(= Ivane Andronikashvili)
31 Dec 1855 - 1857
Nikolay Yevgenyevich
Lukash
(b. 1796 - d. 1868)
13 Jan 1858 - 1860
Aleksandr Khristianovich Kapger
(b. 1809 - d. 1876)
Governors
6 Apr 1860 - 20 Mar 1876 Konstantin
Ivanovich Orlovskiy (b. 1810 - d.
1876)
5 Jun 1876 - 1878
Baron Maksimilian Aleksandrovich fon
(b. 1833 - d. 1884)
der Osten-Zaken
20 Jan 1878 - 1883
Knyaz' Konstantin
Dmitriyevich (b.
1841 - d. 1916)
Gagarin
23 Sep 1883 - 1887 Aleksandr
Ignatyevich Grosman (b. 1836
- d. 1890)
24 Mar 1887 - 1888
Karl L'vovich
Zisserman (Sissermann) (b. 1836 - d. 1888)
20 Dec 1888 -
1897
Knyaz' Georgiy Dmitriyevich
(b. 1847 - d. 1918)
Shervashidze (Giorgi Shervashidze)
24 Jul 1897 - 27 Feb 1899 Fyodor Aleksandrovich
Bykov (b. 18.. - d.
1915)
31 Mar 1899 - 17 Aug 1905 Ivan Nikolayevich
Svechin (b.
1863 - d. 1930)
17 Aug 1905 - 5 Oct 1907 Baron Pavel
Aleksandrovich Raush fon (b. 1858 - d. 1923)
Traubenberg
5 Oct 1907 - 23 May 1911 Mikhail
Aleksandrovich Lyubich-
(b. 1865 - d. 19..)
Yarmolovich-Lozina-Lozinskiy
23 May 1911 - 23 Jun 1914 Andrey Gavrilovich
Chernyavskiy (b. 1867 - d. 1937)
1914 -
1916
Ivan Mikhaylovich Strakhovskiy (b.
1866 - d. 1918)
1916 - Mar
1917
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Mandrika
(b. 1876 - d. 1928)
c.Jan 1918
Konstantine Japaridze
(commissar) (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
RSDRP-M
Autonomous Regions
Abkhazia
-
- Abkhazia Flag c.1810
-
|
-
- Abkhazia in Rebellion Flag
1866
-
|
-
- 1 Apr 1925 - 7 Jan 1935
-
|
-
- 7 Jan 1935 - 2 Aug 1937
-
|
-
- 2 Aug 1937 - 1938
-
|
-
- 1938 - 26 Apr 1951
-
|
-
- 26 Apr 1951 - 3 Nov 1978
-
|
-
- 3 Nov 1978 - 21 Jul 1981
-
|
-
- 21 Jul 1981 - 25 Dec 1991
-
|
-
- 1990 - 25 Dec 1991 Unofficial?
|
-
- Adopted 23 Jul 1992
|
|
Map
of Abkhazia
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Aiaaira"
(Victory)
|
Text of National Anthem
Adopted 1992
(formally adopted 24 Oct 2007)
|
Constitution
(26 Nov 1994)
|
Capital: Sukhum
(Sukhum to 16 Aug 1936;
Sukhumi 16 Aug 1936 -
4 Dec 1992)
Gudauta Aug 1992-27 Sep 1993)
|
Currency: Russian Ruble
(RUR) and Abkhazian Apsar
(from 2008)
|
National Holidays: 30 Sep (1993)
Den' nezavisimosti Abkhazii
(Independence Day of Abkhazia)
------------------------------------
26 Nov (1994)
Den' Konstitutsii
(Constitution Day)
|
Population: 243,206 (2015)
526,800 (1989)
|
GDP:
$0.5 billion (2010)
|
Exports:
$22 million (2006)
Imports: $117 million (2006)
|
Ethnic groups: Abkhazian 51.1%,
Georgian (including
Megrelians) 19.2%, Armenian 17.2%, Russian 9.16%,
Greeks 0.55%, Ukrainian 0.72%, others 2.1% (2016)
1989: Georgian 45.68%, Abkhazian
17.76%, Armenian 14.58%,
Russian 14.27%, Greeks 2.79%, others
4.92% (1989)
|
Total Active Armed Forces: 2,100
(2009)
Russian Forces: 3,500
(2009)
Merchant marine: N/A
|
Religions: Christian (mainly
Orthodox) 60%, Muslim
(mainly Sunni) 16%, animist 5%, Abkhazian traditional religion
3%,
atheist
and non-religious 8%, undeclared
6%, other 2% (2003) |
International
Organizations/Treaties: CDRN, UNPO |
1451
Principality of Abkhazia (split from Mingrelia), secession
from
Georgia in 1463.
1578
Sukhumi (Sohumkale) part of the Ottoman Empire.
Abkhazia under
Ottoman
suzerainty (nominally from 1767).
10 Jul
1810
Russia occupies Sukhum (Sukhumi),
Abkhazia a Russian protectorate.
21 Sep 1855 - 10 Jul 1856 Sukhum
(Sukhumi) occupied by Ottoman Empire.
24 Jun 1864
Incorporated into Russian
Empire, part of Kutais governorate
(Sukhum
military
sector to 1883, then Sukhum district).
18 May 1877 - 2 Sep 1877 Sukhum (Sukhumi)
occupied by Ottoman Empire.
1903
Sukhum
district separated from Kutais governorate, directly
under the
Commanders-in-chief (later Viceroys) of the Caucasus.
8 Nov 1917
Abkhazian People's Council adopts a constitution.
8 Apr 1918 - 17 May 1918 Soviet
Bolshevik power established in Sukhumi, and then
throughout the
territory of Abkhazia (with the exception of the
Kodori Gorge).
23 Jun
1918
Incorporated into Democratic Republic of Georgia.
21 Feb 1921
Democratic
Republic of Georgia approves autonomy for Abkhazia.
4 Mar
1921
Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia; Soviet
army occupies Sukhumi.
16 Dec
1921
Union treaty between the Abkhazian S.S.R.
and the Georgian S.S.R.
signed.
19 Feb 1931
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
of Abkhazia, within Georgian
S.S.R.
5 Dec 1936
Abkhaz
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, within Georgian
S.S.R.
25 Aug
1990
Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic, state
sovereignty (rescinded on
31 Aug 1990) declared as part of Russian
S.F.S.R. (not recognized).
23 Jul
1992
Republic of Abkhazia; Abkhazia declares
independence (recognized only
by Russia [26 Aug 2008], Nicaragua
[4 Sep 2008], Venezuela
[10 Sep 2009], Nauru [15 Dec 2009], Vanuatu
[23 May 2011;
subsequently contradicted 20 May 2013], Tuvalu [18 Sep
2011,
revoked 31 Mar 2014] and Syria [29 May 2018]).
14 Aug 1992 - 26 Sep 1993 Georgian
occupation of Sukhumi.
24 Nov
1992
Georgian government organizes Abkhazian
Autonomous Republic
government in T'bilisi.
10 Oct
2002
Georgia designates Abkhazia an autonomous republic.
10 Aug 2008 -
Pro-Abkhaz intervention by Russian
military forces.
Executive Secretary of the Organizational Bureau
of the Russian Communist Party
(Bolsheviks) in Abkhazia
29 Mar 1921 -
1921
Georgiy Ivanovich Krishtof (Petrov)(b. 1900 - d. 1934)
Executive Secretaries of
the Organizational Bureau of the Russian Communist
Party
(Bolsheviks) in Abkhazia
1921
Pyotr Semyonovich
Agniashvili (b. 1898 - d.
1937)
1921 - Aug 1921
Larionov (acting)
Sep 1921 - Jan
1922 Nikolay
Samsonovich Svanidze (b. 1895 -
d. 1937)
(acting)
Executive Secretaries
of the Abkhaz Regional Committee of the
Communist
Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia
Jan 1922 -
1922
Serapion Aleksandrovich Gubeli-
(b. 1892 - d. 1926)
Medzmariashvili
1922 -
1923
Nikolay Nikolayevich Akirtava
(b. 1894 - d. 1937)
1923 - Apr
1924
Gerasim Melkoyevich Markarov (d.
1937)
Apr 1924 - Jan
1925 Yervand
Mikhaylovich Asribekov (b. 1898 - d.
1937)
Jan 1925 - Feb 1928
Georgiy Fyodorovich Sturua
(b. 1884 - d.
1956)
Feb 1928 - May 1929
Aleksand
Semyonovich Amas
(b. 1904 - d. 1938)
(Amirbekov)
May 1929 - 1930
Pavel Grigoryevich Meladze
(b. 1898 - d. 1937)
1930 - May 1932
Vladimir Konstantinovich Ladariya (b. 1900 - d.
1937)
First Secretaries of the Abkhaz
Regional Committee of the Communist Party
(Bolsheviks) of Georgia (from 13 Oct 1952, Communist
Party of Georgia)
May 1932 - 17 Jan 1936
Vladimir Konstantinovich
Ladariya (s.a.)
17 Jan 1936 - 18 Feb 1937 Aleksey Sergeyevich
Agrba (b. 1897 - d.
1938)
1937
Mikhail Alekseyevich
Gobechiya (b. 1902 - d. 1937)
1937 - 1940
Kirill Georgiyevich Bechvaya
(b. 1903 - d. 1974)
(acting
to Jun 1938)
1940 - 20 Feb
1943 Mikhail
Ivanovich Baramiya
(b. 1905 - d. 19..)
20 Feb 1943 - 2 Jan 1951 Akakiy
Ivanovich Mgeladze
(b.
1910 - d. 1980)
2 Jan 1951 - 21 Apr 1953 Shota
Dmitriyevich Getiya
(b. 1904 - d. 19..)
21 Apr 1953 - 2 Oct 1953 Grigoriy
Zosimovich Karchava (b. 1907 - d.
19..)
2 Oct 1953 - Dec 1955
Georgiy Andreyevich Gegeshidze (b. 1924 -
d. 1971)
Dec 1955 - Jan
1958 Otar
Davidovich Gotsiridze
(b. 1919 - d. 2010)
Jan 1958 - Sep
1965 Mikhail
Timurovich Bgazhba
(b. 1915 - d.
1993)
Sep 1965 - 1975
Valerian Osmanovich Kobakhiya
(b. 1929 - d. 1992)
1975 - 19 Apr 1978
Valeriy Mikhaylovich Khintba
(b. 1940)
19 Apr 1978 - 6 Apr 1989 Boris
Viktorovich Adleyba
(b. 1931 - d. 1990)
6 Apr 1989 - 1991
Vladimir
Filippovich Khishba (b.
1936)
Princes (Georgian title Mtavari,
Abkhaz title Akh)
c.1665 -
c.1700
Zegnak
(d. c.1700)
c.1700 -
c.1730
Rostom
c.1730 -
1757
Manucha
(d. af.1757)
1757 -
1779
Zurab
1779 - 14 May 1808
Kelesh (Ahmad
Bey)
(b. 1747 - d. 1808)
14 May 1808 - 10 Jul 1810 Aslan Bey (1st
time)
(d. af.1830)
10 Jul 1810 - 13 Nov 1821 Safar Ali Bey
(from 1810, Giorgi I)(b. 17.. - d. 1821)
(in rebellion from 17 Feb 1810)
13 Nov 1821 - 16 Oct 1822 Dimitri
(b. 1801 - d. 1822)
13 Nov 1821 -
1821
Tamar Dadiani (f) -Regent
(b. 1778 - d. 1838?)
1821 -
1822
Aslan Bey (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(in rebellion)
16 Oct 1822 - 24 Jun 1864 Mikheil
(b. 1806 - d. 1866)
29 Jul 1866 - Aug 1866
Giorgi II (in
rebellion)
(b. 1846 - d. 1918)
Administrators (title Nachal’nik) of the Sukhum
district
1900 - 1905
Vladimir
Konstantinovich
(b. 1857 – d. af.1916)
Progul'bitskiy
1905
Knyaz' Levan Georgiyevich
(b. 1845 – d. 1922)
Dzhandieri
1905 - 1908
Fyodor Andreyevich
Zasypkin (b. 1867 – d.
19..)
(1st time)
1909 - 1912
Mikhail Nikolayevich
Kropachev (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
1912 - 1914
Nikolay Eduardovich
Venttsel' (b. 1872 - d. 1926)
1914 - 1916
Fyodor Andreyevich
Zasypkin (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1916 - Mar 1917
Nikolay Viktorovich
Polivanov (b. 1869 - d. 1938)
Chairman of Committee of Public Safety of the Sukhumi
district
10 Mar 1917 - Nov 1917 Knyaz'
Aleksandr Georgiyevich
(b. 1854 - d. 1932)
Shervashidze
(Chachba)
Chairman of the Abkhazian People's
Council
8 Nov 1917 - Apr 1918
Simon Petrovich Basariya
(b. 1884 - d.
1942)
Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of
Sukhumi district
16 Feb 1918 - Jun 1918 Yefrem
Aleksyevich
Eshba
(b. 1893 - d. 1939) RSDRP-B
Governor-general of Abkhazia
23 Jun 1918 – 1918
Giorgi
Mazniashvili (Mazniev)
(b. 1873 - d. 1937) Mil
District Commissar of Sukhumi
1918 – 9 Oct
1918 N.
Marganiya
Mil
Special Commissar of Sukhumi district
10 Oct 1918 – Mar 1919 Veniamin "Benia"
Chkhikvishvili (b. 1881 - d.
1924) RSDRP-M
(Tchkhikvichvili)
Chairman of the Abkhazian People's Council
May 1919 - Jan 1921
Varlam Aleksandrovich Shervashidze (b.
1889 - d. 1957)
(Chachba)
Chairman of the Abkhaz
Revolutionary Committee
17 Feb 1921 - Feb 1922
Yefrem Aleksyevich
Eshba
(s.a.)
RKP
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
Feb 1922 - 1922
Yefrem Aleksyevich Eshba
(s.a.)
KPS-B
1922 - 1923
Samson Alekseyevich Kartoziya
(b. 1893 - d. 1937) KPS-B
1925 - 17 Apr
1930
Samson Yakovlevich Chamba
(b. 1886 - d. 1937) KPS-B
17 Apr 1930 - 28 Dec 1936 Nestor
Apollonovich Lakoba (b. 1893
- d. 1936) KPS-B
28 Dec 1936 - Sep 1937 Aleksey
Sergeyevich Agrba
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(acting
to 17 Feb 1937)
2 Nov 1937 - 12 Jul 1938 Avksentiy
Narikiyevich Rapava (b. 1899 -
d. 1955) KPS-B
(acting)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
13 Jul 1938 - 7 Apr 1948 Mikhail
Konstantinovich Delba (b. 1905 - d.
1992) KPS-B
(Mikheil Konstantines dze Delba)
7 Apr 1948 - Jan 1958 Andrey
Maksimovich Chochua (b. 1879
- d. 1965) KPS-B;1952 KPS
Jan 1958 - Oct
1978 Bagrat
Vasilyevich Shinkuba (b. 1917
- d. 2004) KPS
Oct 1978 - 24 Dec
1990 Valerian Osmanovich
Kobakhiya (s.a.)
KPS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
24 Dec 1990 - 26 Nov 1994
Vladislav Grigoryevich Ardzinba (b.
1945 - d. 2010)
(at Gudauta Aug 1992 - 27 Sep 1993)
Presidents
26 Nov 1994 - 12 Feb 2005 Vladislav
Grigoryevich Ardzinba (s.a.)
Non-party
12 Feb 2005 - 29 May 2011
Sergey Vasilyevich
Bagapsh
(b. 1949 - d. 2011) YA
29 May 2011 - 1 Jun 2014
Aleksandr Zolotinskovich Ankvab (b.
1952) Ait
(acting to 26 Sep 2011)
31 May 2014 - 25 Sep 2014 Valeriy
Ramshukhovich Bganba (b. 1953)
(acting [for Ankvab to 1 Jun 2014])
(1st time)
25 Sep 2014 - 13 Jan 2020 Raul
Dzhumkovich Khadjimba
(b.
1958)
FUNA
13 Jan 2020 - 23 Apr 2020
Valeriy Ramshukhovich
Bganba (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
23 Apr 2020
-
Aslan Georgiyevich
Bzhania
(b. 1963)
Non-party
Chairmen of the People's Council
1918 - 9 Oct
1918
Aleksandr Georgiyevich Shervashidze
(Chachba)
Sep 1918 - 10 Oct 1918 Varlam
Aleksandrovich Shervashidze (s.a.)
(Chachba)
18 Mar 1919 -
19..
Dmitriy Emuhvari
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Feb 1922 - 17 Apr 1930 Nestor
Apollonovich
Lakoba
(s.a.)
KPS-B
17 Apr 1930 - 14 Jul 1938 authority
transferred to Presidium
of the Central Executive Committee
14 Jul 1938 - 23 Nov 1938 Avksentiy
Narikiyevich Rapava (s.a.)
KPS-B
23 Nov 1938 - 7 Apr 1943 Konstantin
Georgiyevich
(b. 1902 - d. 19..) KPS-B
Chichinadze
May 1943 - 27 Mar 1946 Aleksandr
Iordanovich Mirtskhulava (b. 1911 - d. 2009)
KPS-B
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
27 Mar 1946 - 7 Apr 1948 Aleksandr
Iordanovich Mirtskhulava (s.a.)
KPS-B
7 Apr 1948 - Oct 1953 Mikhail
Konstantinovich Delba (s.a.)
KPS-B;1952 KPS
(Mikheil Konstantines dze Delba)
Oct 1953 - 1957
Arkhip Mironovich Labakhua
(b. 1910 - d. 1992) KPS
1957 - Jan
1958
Mikhail Timurovich Bgazhba
(s.a.)
KPS
Jan 1958 - 25 May 1967
Mikhail Gerasimovich Chikovani (b.
1911 - d. 19..) KPS
May 1967 -
1972
Pavel Georgiyevich Gilashvili
(b. 1918 - d. 1994) KPS
1972 - Feb 1973
Boris Gerasimovich
Gigiberiya (b. 1917 - d. 1974)
KPS
Feb 1973 - 5 Aug 1975
Shota Mikhaylovich Tatarashvili (b. 1922 -
d. 1975) KPS
Oct 1975 - 21 Sep 1978 Avtandil
Petrovich Sakvarelidze
KPS
21 Sep 1978 - 7 Apr 1987 Yuza
Dzhakhoyevich Ubilava
(b. 1941) KPS
7 Apr 1987 - 22 Jul 1989 Otar
Georgiyevich Zukhbaya
(b.
1940)
KPS
22 Jul 1989 - May 1990
Givi Alekseyevich Anchabadze
(b. 1933)
KPS
May 1990 - 5 May 1992
Vladimir Tachevich Mikanba (acting)(b. 1931 - d. 2010)
KPS to 1990
Prime ministers
5 May 1992 - 18 Aug 1992 Vazha
Illarionovich Zarandia
(b. 1932)
Oct 1992 - 18 Jul 1993 Tamaz
Vladimirovich Nadareishvili (b. 1954 - d. 2004)
18 Jul 1993 - 27 Sep 1993 Zhiuli
Kalistratovich Shartava (b. 1944 - d.
1993) Non-party
1 Nov 1993 - 12 Dec 1993 Leonid
Ivanovich Lakerbaya (b.
1947)
(1st time) (acting)
Dec 1993 - 26 Nov 1994 Sokrat
Rachevich Djindjolia
(b.
1937)
Non-party
(Dzhindzholia)
Jan 1995 - 29 Apr 1997 Gennadiy
Leonidovich Gagulia (b.
1948 - d. 2018) Non-party
(1st time)
29 Apr 1997 - 20 Dec 1999 Sergey
Vasilyevich
Bagapsh
(s.a.)
Non-party
20 Dec 1999 - 30 May 2001 Vyacheslav
Mikhaylovich Tsugba (b. 1944)
Non-party
7 Jun 2001 - 29 Nov 2002 Anri
Mikhaylovich Djergenia
(b. 1941 - d. 2020) Non-party
(Dzhergenya)
29 Nov 2002 - 22 Apr 2003 Gennadiy Leonidovich
Gagulia (s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time)
22 Apr 2003 - 6 Oct 2004 Raul
Dzhumkovich Khadjimba
(s.a.)
Non-party
30 Aug 2004 - 6 Oct 2004 Astamur
Borisovich
Tarba
(b. 1961)
Non-party
(acting for Khadjimba)
6 Oct 2004 - 14 Feb 2005 Nodar
Vladimirovich Khashba
(b. 1951)
YA
14 Feb 2005 - 13 Feb 2010 Aleksandr
Zolotinskovich Ankvab (s.a.)
Ait
(1st time)
13 Feb 2010 - 27 Sep 2011
Sergey Mironipa Shamba
(b. 1951) SDP
27 Sep 2011 - 2 Jun 2014 Leonid Ivanovich
Lakerbaya
(s.a.)
Ait
(2nd
time)
2 Jun 2014 - 29 Sep 2014 Vladimir
Valeryevich Delba (acting)(b.
1974)
Non-party
29 Sep 2014 - 16 Mar 2015 Beslan Tikovich
Butba
(b.
1960)
PERA
16 Mar 2015 - 20 Mar 2015 Shamil Omarovich Adzynba
(1st time)(b. 1970)
Non-party
(acting)
20 Mar 2015 - 26 Jul 2016 Artur Artyomovich
Mikvabia (b.
1949) YA
26 Jul 2016 - 5 Aug 2016 Shamil Omarovich
Adzynba (2nd time)(s.a.)
Non-party
(acting)
5 Aug 2016 - 24 Apr 2018
Beslan Konstantinovich Bartsits (b. 1978)
Non-party
24 Apr 2018 - 8 Sep 2018 Gennadiy
Leonidovich Gagulia
(s.a.)
Non-party
(3rd time)
8 Sep 2018 - 18 Sep 2018
Daur Dzhumkovich Arshba (acting) (b.
1962)
FUNA
18 Sep 2018 - 24 Apr 2020 Valeriy Ramshukhovich
Bganba (s.a.)
24 Apr 2020 -
Aleksandr Zolotinskovich
Ankvab (s.a.)
Ait
(2nd time)
Pro-Georgian Government
of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia (in
Tbilisi;
27 Sep 2006 - 12 Aug 2008 in Chkhalta, Abkhazia)
![[Possible Former
Pro-Georgia Abkhazian Autonomous Republic
unofficial flag to 2001?] [Possible Former
Pro-Georgia Abkhazian Autonomous Republic
unofficial flag to 2001?]](ge-abkha2.gif)
Unofficial Flag
to 2001?
|
![[Pro-Georgian Abkhazian Autonomous Republic
unofficial flag 2001?-2013] [Pro-Georgian Abkhazian
Autonomous Republic unofficial flag 2001?-2013]](ge-geab5.gif)
Unofficial
2001? - 2013
|
![[Pro-Georgian Abkhazian Autonomous Republic
unofficial flag] [Pro-Georgian Abkhazian
Autonomous Republic unofficial flag]](ge-abkha4.gif)
Unofficial From 2013 |
Chairmen of the Supreme Council
24 Nov 1992 - 16 Mar 2004 Tamaz
Vladimirovich Nadareishvili (b. 1954 - d.
2004) ALP
16 Mar 2004 - 20 Mar 2009 Temur
Mzhavia
(b. 1952)
20 Mar 2009 - 8 Apr 2019
Elguja "Gia" Gvazava
(b. 1952)
AGM
8 Apr 2019
-
Jemal
Gamakharia
(b. 1949)
Prime ministers (chairmen
of the government)
24 Nov 1992 - 18 Jul 1993 Tamaz
Vladimirovich Nadareishvili
(s.a.)
ALP
18 Jul 1993 - 27 Sep 1993 Zhiuli
Kalistratovich Shartava (b. 1944 - d.
1993)
Nov 1993 - Jul
1998 Zurak
Erkvania
(b. 1951)
Jul 1998 - 30 Sep 2004
Londer Tsaava
30 Sep 2004 - 21 Mar 2006 Irakli Alasania
(b. 1973)
21 Mar 2006 - 15 Jun 2009 Malkhaz
Akishbaya
(b. 1972)
15 Jun 2009 - 8 Apr 2013 Giorgi
Baramia
(b. 1966)
8 Apr 2013 - 1 May 2019 Vakhtang
Kolbaya
(acting)
(b.
1952)
DM-ES
1 May 2019
-
Ruslan Abashidze
(acting)
(b. 1971)
![[United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia
(UNOMIG) 1993-2009] [United Nations
Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) 1993-2009]](uno-mig.gif)
Special Representatives of
the Secretary-General and Heads of
the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia
(UNOMIG)
May 1993 – 1 Jul 1997
Eduard Brunner
(Switzerland) (b.
1932 - d. 2007)
1 Jul 1997 - 18 Oct 1999 Liviu
Aurelian Bota (Romania) (b. 1936)
18 Oct 1999 – 23 May 2002 Dieter
Boden (Germany)
(b. 1940)
23 May 2002 – 16 Jul 2006 Heidi
Tagliavini (f) (Switzerland) (b. 1950)
Jul 2006 – Sep 2008
Jean Arnault (France)
(b. 1951)
30 Sep 2008 — 15 Jun 2009 Johan
C. Verbeke
(Belgium)
(b. 1951)
Party abbreviations: AGM =
Abkhazian Greens' Movement; Ait
= Aitaira (Revival, anti-Ardzinba
opposition to 2005, est.2000); ALP
= Abkhazia Liberation Party (pro-autonomy with in
Georgia, successor to "My Home Abkhazia", est.Oct 1999);
CPA = Apsny Akomunistta Apart (Communist
Party of Abkhazia, Marxist-Leninist communist, est.4 Mar
1995); DM-ES
= Demokratiuli Modzraoba — Ert'iani Sak'art'velo
(Democratic Movement – United Georgia, conservative, M.
Saakashvili opposition, est.2008); FUNA
= Forum dlya Narodnogo Yedinstva
Abkhazii (Forum for the National Unity of Abkhazia,
nationalist, merger of 12 opposition parties, est.8 Feb
2005); PERA = Partiya
Ekonomicheskogo Razvitiya
Abkhazii (Party for the Economic
Development of Abkhazia, centrist,
est.26 Sep 2007); SDP =
Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Partiya Abkhazia
(Social-Democratic Party of Abkhazia, social-democratic,
anti-Ardzinba, est.15 Oct
2004); YA = Yedinaya Abkhazia/Apsny
Akzaara (United Abkhazia, anti-Ardzinba
opposition to 2011, est.25 Mar 2004);
- Former parties: KPS-B
= Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis)
Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia,
communist, from 1922 state party, May 1920-13 Oct 1952,
renamed KPS); KPS = Komunisturi Partiis
Sak'art'velos/ Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Gruzii
(Communist Party of Georgia, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party former KPS-B, 13 Oct 1952 - 12 Aug 1990,
splits from CPSU and is renamed Independent Communist
Party of Georgia on 12 Aug 1990, banned 26 Aug 1991);
RKP = Rossiyskaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former
RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union
Communist Party [Bolsheviks]); RSDRP-M
= Rossiyskaya
Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya
(Men'shevikov)(Russian
Social Democratic Workers' Party [Mensheviks],
split from RSDRP-B, democratic socialist, Orthodox
Marxist, 1 Jan 1912-1922)
Adjaria
(Adjara)
-
- 16 Dec 1919 - 20 Jul 1920
Batum U.K. Force
-
|
-
- 21 Dec 1918 - 28 Apr
1919 Batum
Region Council
-
|
-
- 16 Jun 1921 - 13 Feb 1937
|
-
- 25 Oct 1937 - 22 May 1951
-
|
-
![[Flag of Adzhar
ASSR 1937-1951 Reported Variant (Georgia)] [Flag of Adzhar ASSR 1937-1951
Reported Variant (Georgia)]](su-gead36.gif)
- 25 Oct 1937 - 22 May 1951
Variant
-
|
-
- 22 May 1951 - 9 Jun 1981
-
|
-
- 9 Jun 1981 - 25 Dec 1991
-
|
-
- 25 Dec 1991 - 26 Jun 2000
-
|
-
- 26 Jun 2000 - 20 Jul 2004
|
-
- Adopted 20 Jul 2004
-
|
|
|
Map of Adjaria
|
Hear Local Anthem
|
Text of Local Anthem
Adopted 26 Jun 2000
|
Constitution
(29 Jul 2004)
|
Capital: Batumi
(Batum to 1936)
|
Currency: Georgian
Lari
(GEL)
(Dec 1918-Jan 1920 Don Ruble)
|
Religions: Georgian
Orthodox 70%, Sunni
Muslim 30%, Armenian
Christian 0.3% others 3%
(2014) |
Population: 336,077
(2014)
|
1352
Batumi part of Guria principality.
15.. -
1535
Ottoman occupation of Batumi.
1547 -
1564
Ottoman occupation of Batumi.
1582 -
1609
Ottoman occupation of Batumi.
1614
Annexed by Ottoman Empire
(named Acara).
3 Mar
1878
Batum oblast (including Artvin) area
ceded to Russia
by Ottoman
Empire in the Treaty of San Stefano (confirmed 13 Jul
1878
by the Treaty of Berlin, ratified 3 Aug 1878).
1883
Incorporated in Kutais Governorate.
14 Jul
1903
Batum oblast re-established.
28 Nov 1917 – 15 Apr 1918 Under the Transcaucasian
Commissariat.
3 Mar
1918
Russia cedes the Batum region to the Ottoman Empire
by the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (ratified 29 Mar 1918, annulled
by the armistice of Moudros 30 Nov 1918).
15 Apr 1918 - 16
Dec 1918 Ottoman occupation of Batum (departed 30
Dec 1918).
4 Jun 1918
Cession to the Ottoman Empire is
recognized by Georgia in the
Treaty of Batum.
16 Dec 1918 - 20
Jul 1920 Allied (British) occupation of Batum,
claims by Georgia are not
recognized.
8 Apr
1920
Council of the Entente proclaims Batum a free
port with it
and coastal area a protectorate of the League of
Nations
(guaranteed by U.K., France, and Italy).
20 Jul
1920
British administration turns Batum region over to Georgia.
11 Mar 1921 - 17 Mar 1921 Turkish
occupation of Batum (on 16 Mar 1921 Turkey admits that
Batum
region is
part of Georgia in the Treaty of Moscow, but it retains
Artvin and Ardahan).
17 Mar
1921
Georgian forces at Batum force
Turkey out of the city as they
allow Soviet forces in and as the (non-Communist) Georgian
government flees into exile.
18 Mar
1921
Soviet forces occupy Batum.
16 Jul
1921
Socialist Soviet Republic Adzharistan
13 Oct
1921
Soviet-Turkish Treaty of Kars recognizes Batumi as part of
the
Georgian S.S.R., but Turkey retains Ani, Ardahan, Artvin,
Iğdır,
and Kars
(ratified 11 Sep 1922).
15 Dec
1936
Adzhar
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, within
Georgian S.S.R.
Dec 1990
Adzhar (Ajar) Autonomous
Republic (confirmed by Georgia
20 Apr 2000).
Executive Secretaries of the Adzhar Regional
Committee of the Communist
Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia
1921
Aleksandr Grigoryevich Gambarov (b.
1890 - d. 1937)
(Gambaryan)
1921 - 1922
Kirill Berdzenishvili
1922 - Jun 1922
Simon Aliyevich Takoyev
(b. 1876 - d. 1938)
Jun 1922 - 1924
Nikolay Samsonovich Svanidze
(b. 1895 - d. 1937)
1924 - 1925
Levan Davidovich Gogoberidze
(b. 1896 - d. 1937)
Apr 1926 - Dec 1926
Nikolay Nikolayevich Akirtava
(b. 1894 - d. 1937)
Dec 1926 - 1929
Nikolay Yevseyevich Pantskhava (b.
1898 - d. 1937)
1929 - 1930
Samson Andreyevich Mamulia
(b. 1892 - d. 1937)
1931 - 13 Jan 1932
Mikhail Alekseyevich Gobechiya (b. 1902 -
d. 1937)
13 Jan 1932 - May 1932 Artemiy
Grigoryevich Geurkov (b.
1901 - d. 1937)
First Secretaries of the Adzhar Regional
Committee of
the Communist
Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia (from
13 Oct 1952, Communist Party of Georgia)
May 1932 - 13 Apr 1937 Artemiy
Grigoryevich Geurkov (s.a.)
13 Apr 1937 - 23 Feb 1938 Iosif
Dmitriyevich Kochlamazashvili(b. 1906 - d. 1969)
(acting to ... 1937)
23 Feb 1938 - 29 Nov 1938 Aleksey Nikolayevich
Sadzhaya (b. 1898 - d. 1942)
1938
Aron Iosifis
Tapalshvili
1938 - 1940
Mikhail Ivanovich Baramiya
(b. 1905 - d. 19..)
1940 - 1944
Georgiy Grigoryevich Tvalchrelidze
(b. 1896 - d. 1968)
Mar 1944 - May 1952
Kirill Georgiyevich
Bechvaya (b. 1903 - d. 19..)
May 1952 - 12 Jul 1952 David Georgiyevich
Khantadze (b. 1905 - d. 19..)
12 Jul 1952 - May 1953 Grigoriy Nayevich
Tsintsabadze
May 1953 - Jan 1954 Makariy
Ivanovich Dzhashi (b.
1902 - d. 19..)
Jan 1954 - Mar 1961 David
Mikhaylovich Mamuladze (b. 1910 -
d. 1981)
Mar 1961 - 7 Jan
1975 Aleksandr
Dursunovich
(b. 1914 - d. ....)
Tkhilayshvili
7 Jan 1975 - 31 Aug 1986 Vakhtang
Rafaelovich Papunidze (b. 1925)
31 Aug 1986 - 8 Mar 1990 Guram
Khuseynovich Emiridze
(b. 1937)
8 Mar 1990 - Mar
1991 Tengiz Suleymanovich
Khakhva (b. 1952)
Mar 1991 - 26 Aug 1991 Ilya
Vladimirovich Tsulukidze (b. 1950)
Military Governors of Batum Oblast
1878 -
1881
Konstantin Vissarionovich Komarov (b. 1832 - d.
1912)
16 Apr 1881 -
1883
Aleksey Mikhaylovich Smekalov
(b. 1838 - d. 1890)
1883 - 1903
part of Kutais Governorate
14 Jul 1903 - 14 May 1905 Mikhail Nikolayevich
Dryagin (b. 1852 -
d. af.1917)
15 Jul 1905 - 14 Jan 1908 Pyotr-Emmanuil
Fridrikhovich fon (b. 1851 - d. af.1912)
Parkau
6 Apr 1909 - Mar 1917
Boris Stepanovich Romanovskiy- (b.
1870 - d. 1941)
Roman'ko
1917
Yevgeniy M. Krinitskiy (commissar)
Ottoman Commander of the 1st Caucasus Corps
15 Apr 1918 – Dec 1918 Musa
Kazim Karabekir Pasha
(b. 1882 - d. 1948) Mil
Allied (British) Military Governor at Batum (Batoum)
in Transcaucasia
(from 4 Mar 1920, Commander of the Inter-Allied Force
at Batum)
16 Dec 1918 - 20 Jul 1920 William James
Norman Cooke-Collis (b. 1876 - d. 1941) Mil
(commander 80th Infantry Brigade)
Turkish Commander of the 15th Corps
11 Mar 1921 – 17 Mar 1921 Musa Kazim Karabekir
Pasha (s.a.)
Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of
Batumi and the Batumi oblast
17 Mar 1921 - 20 Mar 1921 Sergey
Ivanovich
Kavtaradze
(b. 1885 - d. 1971) RKP
Chairmen of the Batumi
oblast Revolutionary Committee
(from 8 Sep 1921, Adzharistan
Revolutionary Committee)
20 Mar 1921 - 23 Jul 1921 Sergey Ivanovich
Kavtaradze
(s.a.)
RKP
23 Jul 1921 - 10 Jan 1922 Aleksandr
Grigoryevich Gambarov (s.a.)
RKP
(Gambaryan)
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee
10 Jan 1922 - Dec 1922 ....
(acting)
Dec 1922 - Oct 1925 Osman
Khulusovich Motskobili (b. 1898 -
d. 1937) KPS-B
1927 -
1930
Muyedin Ferkhatovich
Surmanidze (b. 1875 - d. 1937) KPS-B
1930 - 1937
Zekeriya
Dursunovich Lordkipanidze (b. 1892 - d. 1937)
KPS-B
1937 - Jul 1938
Ismail Khasanovich
Futkaradze (b. 1902 - d.
19..) KPS-B
(acting)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Jul 1938 - Jan 1954
Daud Aliyevich Davitadze
(b. 1901 - d. 19..) KPS-B;1952 KPS
(Daud Alis dze Davitadze)
Jan 1954 - 1955
Archil Mikhaylovich Beridze
(b. 1922)
KPS
(acting)
Apr 1955 - Nov 1968
Revaz Muradovich
Komakhidze (b. 1911 - d.
1968) KPS
Nov 1968 - Mar 1969
.... (acting)
Mar 1969 - 1989
David Dursunovich Diasamidze (b.
1925 - d. 1989) KPS
1989 - 20 Mar
1990 ....
(acting)
20 Mar 1990 - Mar 1991 Tengiz
Suleymanovich Khakhva (s.a.)
KPS
15 Mar 1991 - Aug 1991 Aslan Ibrahimovich
Abashidze (b.
1938)
KPS
(acting to Jul 1991)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (from 1998, also Head
of the Republic)
Aug 1991 - 6 May
2004 Aslan Ibraimis dze
Abashidze
(s.a.)
1992: UDR
(= Aslan Ibrahimovich Abashidze)
Chairman of the Interim Council
7 May 2004 - 20 Jul 2004 Levan
Varshalomidze
(b. 1972) ENM
Chairmen of the Supreme Council
20 Jul 2004 - 28 Oct 2012 Mikheil
Makharadze
(b.
1946)
TA
28 Oct 2012 - 28 Nov 2016 Avtandil Beridze
(b. 1955)
KODS
28 Nov 2016
-
Davit Gabaidze
(b. 1980)
KODS
Chairman of the Administrative Council for
Batum oblast
21 Dec 1918 - 28 Apr 1919 Pyotr Nikolayevich
Maslov (d.
af.1931) KDP
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Jan 1922 - Nov 1922 Aleksandr
Grigoryevich Gambarov
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(Gambaryan)
Dec 1922 - c.1925
Khasan
Takhsin Khimshiashvili (d. 1930)
KPS-B
c.1927 - 1929
Mamed Kh. Gogiberidze
KPS-B
1929 - 1930
Zekeriya Dursunovich Lordkipanidze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
193. -
193.
Suleyman
Diasamidze
(b. 1895 - d. 1962) KPS-B
1937 - 27 Mar 1946
Ismail Khasanovich Futkaradze
(s.a.)
KPS-B
(acting to Jul 1938)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
27 Mar 1946 - Oct 1947
Ismail Khasanovich Futkaradze (s.a.)
KPS-B
Oct 1947 - 1953
Mamiya Alekseyevich Gogolishvili (b.
1912 - d. ....) KPS-B;1952 KPS
1953 - Jan 1954
David Mikhaylovich
Mamuladze
(s.a.)
KPS
Jan 1954 - Mar
1961 Aleksandr
Dursunovich
(s.a.)
KPS
Tkhilayshvili
Mar 1961 - Jun
1975 Levan
Mikhaylovich Davitadze
(b. 1916 - d. ....) KPS
Jun 1975 - Aug
1977 Irakliy
Azizovich Dzhashi
KPS
Aug 1977 - 1986
Yuriy Gedevanovich Ungiadze
(b.
1928)
KPS
1986 - Aug
1993
Guram Yegorovich Chigogidze
(b. 1935)
KPS;1991 Ind
Prime ministers (from
c.2000, Chairmen of the government [prime ministers])
1993
Aslan
Ibraimis dze
Abashidze (s.a.)
(1st time) (acting)
Aug 1993 - Nov 1993
Guram
Varshalomidze
(b. 1939)
Nov 1993 - 16
Nov 1996 Jemal Nakashidze
16 Nov 1996 -
May 1999 Avtandil Gorgiladze
(b. 1952)
May 1999 -
2002
Giorgi Tsintskiladze
2002 - 13 Jul
2003 Eduard Rasim
Kakabadze
13 Jul 2003 -
Aug 2003 Aslan Ibraimis dze
Abashidze
(s.a.)
UDR
(2nd time)(acting)
Aug 2003 -
6 Apr 2004 Rezo Shamilishvili
6 Apr 2004
- 20 Jul 2004 Rostom Japaridze
(b. 1948)
20 Jul 2004 - 30
Oct 2012 Levan Varshalomidze
(s.a.)
ENM
30 Oct 2012 - 15 Jul 2016
Archil Khabadze
(b. 1981) KODS
15 Jul 2016 - 21 Jul 2018 Zurab
Pataradze
(b. 1973)
KODS
21 Jul 2018
-
Tornike Rizhvadze
(b.
1989)
KODS
Party abbreviations: ENM
= Ertiani Nats'ionaluri Modzraoba (United
National Movement, center-right, reformist, est.2001);
KODS = K'art'uli
ots'neba – demokratiuli Sak'art'velo (Georgian
Dream-Democratic Georgia, center-left, social
liberal, populist, pro-European, est.21 Apr
2012); TA = Chveni
Adjara ("Our Adjara", Ajaria regionalist bloc, anti-Abashidze,
est.2003);
- Former parties: KDP
= Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya
(Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian
liberal, 12 Oct 1905-1920, declared abolished by Bolsheviks
12 Dec 1917,
in exile to 1924); KPS-B
= Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis)
Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
from 1921 state party, May 1920-13 Oct 1952, renamed
KPS); KPS =
Komunisturi Partiis Sak'art'velos/ Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya Gruzii (Communist Party of
Georgia, communist, state party former KPS-B,
13 Oct 1952 - 12 Aug 1990, splits from CPSU and is
renamed Independent Communist Party of Georgia on 12
Aug 1990, banned 26 Aug 1991);
RKP = Rossiyskaya
Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former
RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union
Communist Party [Bolsheviks]);
UDR = Demokratiuli Aghordzinebis
Kavshir (Union of Democratic Revival, "Revival", named
Revival of the Union 1992-98, Aslan Abashidze
personalist, Ajaria autonomist, social-democratic,
1992-98 named Union of the Revival of the Adjara,
1992-2004)
South Ossetia (Alania)
-
- Adopted 26 Nov 1990
|
Map
of South Ossetia
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Respublikae Xussar Irystony
Paddzaxadon Gimn"
(The National Anthem of the
Republic of South Ossetia)
|
Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 5 May 1995
|
Constitution
(8 Apr 2001)
-------------------------------
Former
Constitution
(2 Nov 1993 - 8 Apr 2001)
|
Capital: Tskhinvali
(Staliniri 1934-1961;
Shida Kartli - Gori) |
Currency: Russian Ruble
(RUR)
|
National Holidays: 20 Sep (1990)
Den' nezavisimosti
Yuzhnaya Osetiya
(South
Ossetia Independence Day)
------------------------------------
29 May (1992)
Den' Deklaratsii Nezavisimosti
(Day of the Declaration
of Independence)
|
Population: 53,532
(2015)
98,527 (1989)
|
GDP:
$0.1 billion (2017)
|
Exports:
$N/A
Imports: $N/A
|
Ethnic groups: Ossetian 89.9%, Georgian
7.4%, Russian 1.1%,
Armenian 0.7%, others 0.8% (2015)
1989: Ossetian 66.2%, Georgian 28.9%, Russian 2.1%,
Armenian 1%, Jews 0.4%, others 1.4% (1989)
|
Total Active Armed Forces: 2,500
(2009)
Russian Forces: 5,500 (2009)
Merchant marine: None (2008)
|
Religions: Orthodox Christian,
Muslim, neopagan, other/none
|
International
Organizations/Treaties: CDRN |
28 Feb 1801
South Ossetian lands (as part
of Kingdom of Georgia) annexed
to the Russia.
1 Jun 1918 - 1919
South Ossetian People's Council.
17 May 1920
Occupied by Georgia.
20 Apr
1922
Autonomous Oblast of South
Ossetia, within Georgian
S.S.R.
5 Dec
1936
South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, within
Georgian S.S.R.
10 Nov 1989
South Ossetian
Autonomous Republic declared.
20 Sep
1990
South Ossetian Soviet Democratic
Republic (South Ossetia declares
state sovereignty as a constituent republic of
the Soviet Union)
(not recognized).
16 Oct 1990
Declaration of
sovereignty confirmed.
28 Nov 1990
Renamed
South Ossetian Soviet Republic.
11 Dec 1990
Georgia
rescinds autonomy, districts divided between Georgian
regions, mostly Shida Kartli (see below).
4 May 1991
South Ossetian
Autonomous Oblast; South Ossetian
authorities rescind
sovereignty and declare autonomy (not
recognized by Georgia).
1 Sep 1991
Republic of
South Ossetia; state sovereignty re-declared
(not recognized).
21 Dec 1991
Regional
parliament adopts a declaration of independence from
Georgia
(recognized only by Russia [26
Aug 2008], Nicaragua [4 Sep 2008],
Venezuela [10 Sep 2009], Nauru [16
Dec 2009], Tuvalu [19 Sep 2011,
revoked
31 Mar 2014] and Syria [29 May 2018]).
19 Jan
1992
South Ossetian population votes in favor of independence
from Georgia
or integration with Russia (as part of North Ossetia) by
99.1%.
29 May 1992
South Ossetia independence
from Georgia effective.
12 Nov
2006
Referendum supports independence from Georgia by 99%.
10 May 2007
Georgia forms the Provisional
Administration of South Ossetia
(at Kurta to Aug 2008).
8 Aug 2008 -
Pro-Ossetian
intervention by Russian military forces.
8 Aug 2008 - 10 Aug 2008 Georgian
occupation of Tskhinvali.
28 Jun
2012
Russian formally made one of the two state
languages.
13 Apr
2017
State of Alania adopted as an
equivalent name.
Chairman of the South Ossetian District
Committee of the Russian
Communist Party (Bolsheviks)(in
Vladikavkaz)
30 Jun 1919 - 1920 Vladimir
Arzhevanovich Sanakoyev (b.
1884 - d. 1937)
(acting
to 30 Jul 1919)
Executive Secretaries of the South Ossetian
Autonomous Oblast Committee
of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia
1921
Sergey Grigoryevich Gagloyev
(b. 1896 - d. 1938)
Jan 1921 - Apr 1924 Vladimir
Arzhevanovich Sanakoyev (s.a.)
Apr 1924 - 1925
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dzhatiyev (b. 1891 - d.
1937)
1925 - Jun
1928
Aleksandr Nafanailovich Abayev (b. 1892 -
d. 1937)
1929 - 1930
Sergey Aleksandrovich Kudryavtsev
(b. 1903 - d. 1938)
1930 - Feb 1931
Luka Mikhaylovich
Lomidze
(b. 1901 - d. 1938)
Feb 1931 - Dec
1931 Stepan
Yegorovich
Akopov
(b. 1897 - d. 1938)
First Secretaries of the South
Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
Committee of the Communist
Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia (from 13 Oct 1952,
Communist Party of Georgia)
c.1932 - c.1934
Isaak Yeftimovich Zhvaniya
(b. 1891 - d. 1937)
c.1936 - 1937
Boris (Abdul-Begir) Gasanovich
(d. 1937)
Tautiyev
1937 - Feb 1938
Georgiy Aleksandrovich
Gochashvili (b. 1904 - d. 1988)
(acting)
Feb 1938 - Jan 1949
Vladimir Gedevanovich
(b. 1905 - d. 1977)
Tskhovrebashvili (Tskhovrebadze)
(acting to ... 1938)
Jan 1949 - May 1953 Akakiy
Gabrielovich Imnadze (b.
1908 - d. 19..)
May 1953 - 1954
Ivan Petrovich Kudzhiashvili
(b. 1906 - d. 19..)
1954 - 1959
Grigoriy Georgiyevich Sanakoyev
(b. 1914 - d. ....)
1959 - 1962
Vladimir Dmitriyevich Kozayev
(b. 1917 - d. ....)
1962 - Feb 1965
Iosif Semyonovich Chiayev
(b. 1907 - d. 1999)
Feb 1965 - 5 Nov 1973 Georgiy
Nikolayevich Dzhussoyev (b. 1926)
5 Nov 1973 - 22 Apr 1988 Feliks Sergeyevich
Sanakoyev (b. 1939)
22 Apr 1988 - Jan 1990 Anatoliy
Georgiyevich Chekhoyev (b. 1950)
Jan 1990 - Apr 1991 Valentin
Vladimirovich
(b. 1933)
Tskhovrebashvili
Apr 1991 - 26 Aug 1991 Znaur Nikolayevich
Gassiyev (b. 1925 - d. 2016)
Chairman of the South Ossetian People's Council
1 Jun 1918 - May 1919 Aleksandr
Arsenyevich Tibilov (b. 1887 - d.
1937)
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
23 Mar 1920 - Jun 1920 Vladimir
Davidovich Abayev
(b. 1886 - d. 1964) RKP
(1st time)
7 Jun 1920 - Dec 1920
Vladimir Davidovich Abayev
(s.a.)
RKP
(2nd time)
25 Feb 1921 - 1921
Vladimir Arzhevanovich Sanakoyev (s.a.)
KPS-B
1921 - 22 Apr 1922
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dzhatiyev (s.a.)
KPS-B
Chairmen of the Central Executive
Committee
22 Apr 1922 - 1924
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Dzhatiyev
(s.a.)
KPS-B
1924 - May 1925
T. Bekuzarov
KPS-B
1926 - c.1929
Aleksandr Nafanailovich Abayev
(b. 1895 - d. 1976) KPS-B
c.1929 -
c.1936
....
c.1936 - 1937
Ivan Petrovich Dzhidzhoyev
(b. 1904 - d. 1937) KPS-B
1937 - 1938
Vladimir Ivanovich Khubayev
(b. 1905 - d. 19..) KPS-B
Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Council of
People's Deputies
1938 - 1943
Vladimir Ivanovich Khubayev
(s.a.)
KPS-B
Jul 1943 - 13 Apr 1948 Aleksandr
Georgiyevich Galavanov (b. 1902 - d. 1986)
KPS-B
13 Apr 1948 - 1953 Ilya
Davidovich Kulukhov
(b. 1901 - d. 19..) KPS-B;1952 KPS
1953 - 1954
Grigoriy Georgiyevich Sanakoyev
(s.a.)
KPS
1954 - 1956
Vladimir Dmitriyevich Kozayev
(s.a.)
KPS
1956 - 1957
Iosif Semyonovich Chiayev
(s.a.)
KPS
1957 - 1959
Semyon Grigoryevich Tibilov
(b. 1900 - d. 19..) KPS
Dec 1959 - 196.
V.G.
Sanakoyev
KPS
1961 - 1964
Vladimir Isaakovich Gazzayev
(b. 1918 - d. 2008) KPS
1964 - Feb 1965
Georgiy Nikolayevich Dzhussoyev
(s.a.)
KPS
Feb 1965 -
1972
Kosta Kargoyevich Dzhioyev
(b. 1916 - d. 2005) KPS
1972 - Nov 1973
Feliks Sergeyevich
Sanakoyev (s.a.)
KPS
Nov 1973 - Nov 1981
Genrikh Irakliyevich Mardanov (b.
1933) KPS
Nov 1981 - May
1986 Tamara
Shalvovna Kabulova (f) (b. 1938)
KPS
May 1986 - 20 Sep 1990 Anatoliy Abramovich
Kachmazov
KPS
Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the
Soviets of the South Ossetian Soviet Democratic
20 Sep 1990 – 1990
Feliks
Mikhaylovich Zasseyev (b. 1945)
1990 - 16 Oct 1990 Torez
Georgiyevich Kulumbegov (b.
1938 – d. 2006)
Chairman of the (to 28 Nov 1990, Provisional)
Executive Committee
16 Oct 1990 – 10 Dec 1990 Torez Georgiyevich
Kulumbegov (s.a.)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
10 Dec 1990 - 23 Mar 1991
Torez Georgiyevich Kulumbegov
(s.a.)
(Georgian prisoner 29 Jan – 29 Dec 1991)
(1st time)
29 Jan 1991
- 4 May 1991
Alan Rezoyevich
Chochiyev (b.
1946)
(acting [for Kulumbegov to 23 Mar 1991])
Chairman of the Committee for Stabilization of the
Situation in South Ossetia
23 Mar 1991 - 4 May 1991
Znaur Nikolayevich Gassiyev
(s.a.)
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet
1 Sep 1991 – 29 Dec 1991 Znaur
Nikolayevich Gassiyev
(s.a.)
Non-party
29 Dec 1991 – 23 Sep 1993 Torez
Georgiyevich Kulumbegov (s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time)
23 Sep 1993 - 27 Nov 1996 Lyudvig
Alekseyevich Chibirov
(b. 1932)
Non-party
Presidents
27 Nov 1996 - 18 Dec 2001 Lyudvig
Alekseyevich Chibirov
(s.a.)
Non-party
18 Dec 2001 - 10 Dec 2011 Eduard
Dzhabeyevich Kokoyty
(b. 1964) Non-party:2003 YP
(Kokoity)
11 Dec 2011 - 19 Apr 2012 Vadim
Vladimirovich Brovtsev (b.
1969)
Non-party
(acting)
19 Apr 2012 - 21 Apr 2017 Leonid Kharitonovich
Tibilov (b. 1952)
Non-party
21 Apr 2017
-
Anatoliy Ilyich Bibilov
(b. 1970)
YO
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
Apr 1922 - 192.
Razden Shamelovich Kozayev
(b. 1873 - d. 1937) RKP
Prime ministers (chairmen of the government)
28 Nov 1991 - Sep 1993
Oleg Dzherikhanovich Teziyev
(b. 1948)
Non-party
Oct 1993 - May
1994 Gerasim "Rezo"
Georgiyevich
(b. 1945)
Non-party
Khugayev (1st time)
May 1994 -
1995
Feliks Mikhaylovich Zasseyev
(s.a.)
1995 - 25 Sep
1996
Vladislav Nikolayevich Gabarayev (b. 1957)
Non-party
25 Sep 1996 - 2 Dec 1996 Valeriy
Nikolayevich Khubulov (b.
1966 - d. 1998) Non-party
(acting)
2 Dec 1996 - Aug 1998
Aleksandr Apollonovich Shavlokhov (b. 1940)
Non-party
Aug 1998 - 6 Jun
2001 Merab Ilyich Chigoyev
(b. 1950
- d. 2016) Non-party
6 Jun 2001 - 14 Jun 2001 Leonid
Kharitonovich Tibilov
(b. 1952)
Non-party
(acting)
14 Jun 2001 - 19 Dec 2001 Dmitriy Ivanovich
Sanakoyev (b.
1969)
Non-party
19 Dec 2001 - 13 Aug 2003 Gerasim
"Rezo" Georgiyevich
(s.a.)
Non-party
Khugayev (2nd time)
(acting
to 9 Jan 2002)
14 Aug 2003 - 17 Sep 2003
Eduard Dzhabeyevich Kokoyev
(s.a.)
Non-party
(acting)
17 Sep 2003 - May 2005 Igor
Viktorovich
Sanakoyev
(b. 1947)
YP
May 2005 - 5 Jul
2005 Zurab Revazovich Kokoyev
(acting) (b. 1960)
YP
5 Jul 2005 - 17 Aug 2008 Yuriy
Ionovich
Morozov
(b. 1949)
YP
17 Aug 2008 - 22 Oct 2008 Boris Eliozovich
Chochiyev (b. 1957)
YP
(acting)
22 Oct 2008 - 5 Aug 2009 Aslanbek
Soltanovich Bulatsev (b.
1963) YP
5 Aug 2009 - 26 Apr 2012 Vadim
Vladimirovich Brovtsev (s.a.)
YP
26 Apr 2012 - 20 Jan 2014 Rostislav Erastovich
Khugayev (b. 1951)
Non-party
(acting
to 15 May 2012)
20 Jan 2014 - 16 May 2017 Domenti Sardionovich
Kulumbegov (b. 1955)
Non-party
(acting to 2 Apr 2014)
16 May 2017 - 29 Aug 2020 Erik
Georgiyevich Pukhayev (b.
1957) Non-party
29 Aug 2020 -
Gennadiy Borisovich
Bekoyev (b.
1981) Non-party
(acting)
Provisional administrative
entity in South Ossetian (in Kurta, South
Ossetia, until Aug 20088)
-
10 May 2007
Georgia forms "provisional
administrative entity" in
South Ossetia.
President
1 Dec 2006 - 10 May 2007 Dmitriy
Ivanovich Sanakoyev
(s.a.)
PSOP
Head of the Provisional Administration
10 May 2007 -
Dmitriy Ivanovich Sanakoyev
(s.a.)
PSOP
Prime minister
7 Dec 2006 - Sep 2007 Uruzmag
Karkusov
PSOP
Georgia: Shida Kartli Region
-
State Representatives-Governors (in
Gori)
1998 - 2002
Irakli Bochoridze
(b. 1970)
2002 - Nov 2003
Davit Koblianidze
Dec 2003 - Jan 2004
Irakli Okruashvili
(b. 1973)
Jan 2004 - 12 Sep 2007 Mikheil
Kareli
(b. 1975)
ENM
12 Sep 2007 - 5 Feb 2008 Lasha
"Lado" Gegelashvili
(b. 1978?)
ENM
5 Feb 2008
- Jul 2010 Lado Vardzelashvili
(b. 1979)
ENM
10 Jul 2010 - Sep 2011
Zurab Arsoshvili
(b. 1978)
ENM
Sep 2011 - 10 Jul 2012 Giorgi
Tatishvili
(b. 1946?)
ENM
10 Jul 2012 - 12 Jan 2013 Sulkhan
Sibashvili
ENM
12 Jan 2013 - 23 Apr 2013 Andro
Barnovi
(b. 1974)
ENM
24 Apr 2013 - 13 Dec 2013 Zurab
Chkheidze
(b. 1930)
13 Dec 2013 - Mar 2016 Zurab
Rusishvili
(b. 1978)
KODS
Mar 2016 - 3 Feb 2017 Ioseb
Okromelidze (interim)
(b. 1978)
3 Feb 2017 - 29 Mar 2018
Kakha Samkharadze
(b.
1970)
KODS
29 Mar 2018 - 26 Jul 2018 Akaki Machutadze
(b. 1974)
Jul 2018 -
Giorgi
Khojevanishvili
(b. 1985)
(acting to 20 Aug 2018)
Party abbreviations: ENM
= Ertiani Nats'ionaluri Modzraoba (United
National Movement, center-right, reformist, est.2001);
KODS = K'art'uli
ots'neba – demokratiuli Sak'art'velo (Georgian
Dream-Democratic Georgia, center-left, social
liberal, populist, pro-European, est.2012);
KPRSO = Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya Respubliki Yuzhnaya Osetiya (Communist Party of
the Republic of South Ossetia, est.1993); PSOP
= Tsugat Rayguyrynts Hussar
Iryston (People of South Ossetia for Peace,
anti-Kokoity, pro-Georgia reunification, est.24
Oct 2006); YO = Yedinaya Osetiya (United
Ossetia, pro-unification with Russia); YP
= Yedinstvo Partiya (Unity Party, South Ossetia
regionalist, social conservative, pro-Kokoity, pro-Russia,
est.5 Apr 2003);
- Former parties: KPS-B
= Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis)
Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)
Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia, Marxist-Leninist
communist,
from 1921 state party, May
1920-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPS); KPS =
Komunisturi Partiis Sak'art'velos/ Kommunisticheskaya
Partiya Gruzii (Communist Party of Georgia, communist,
state party former KPS-B, 13 Oct 1952 - 12 Aug 1990,
splits from CPSU and is renamed Independent Communist
Party of Georgia on 12 Aug 1990, banned 26 Aug 1991); RKP
= Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya
(Bol'shevikov)(Russian
Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist
communist,
state party, former
RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union
Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
Georgian Principalities
Guria
![[Banner of Guria
c.1745 (Georgia)] [Banner of Guria
c.1745 (Georgia)]](geo_guri.GIF)
c.1745 Banner of Guria
|
1352
Principality of Guria established (capital Ozurgeti),
part of
Georgia (from 1491, Imereti).
1557
Secession from Imereti.
1578
Under the
Ottoman suzerainty (nominally from 1767).
8 Apr 1810
Russian protectorate.
1829
Incorporation into Russian Empire.
Nov 1905 - 23 Jan 1906 Under
control of the peasant rebels (as part of the 1905/07
Russian
revolution), popularly referred to as the "Guria
Republic."
Princes (title Mtavari)
1689 -
1712
Mamia III "Didi" (1st
time) (b. 16..
- d. 1714)
(also in Imereti)
1712
Giorgi IV (1st
time)
(b. 1702 - d. 1726)
1712 - 16 Jan
1714
Mamia III "Didi" (2nd
time) (s.a.)
16 Jan 1714 -
1716
Giorgi IV (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1716
K`aikhosro III
1716 -
1726
Giorgi IV (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
(also in Imereti)
1726 - 1756
Mamia
IV
(b. c.1717 - d. 1778)
1756 -
1758
Giorgi V (1st time)
(b. 1726 - d. 1788)
1758 – 1765
Mamia IV (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1765 – 1771
Giorgi V (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1771 – 1778
Mamia IV (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
1778 – 1788
Giorgi V (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
1788 -
1792
Simoni II
(d. 1792)
1792 - 1797
Vakhtang
II
(d. 1825)
1797 - 1826
Mamia
V
(b. 1789 - d. 1826)
1797 - 1809
K`aikhosro Gurieli -Regent
(d. 1829)
1826 - 2 Sep 1829
Davit`
(b. 1815 - d. 1839)
1826 - 1829
Sopio Tsulukidze (f) -Regent
(d. 1829)
Leader of the Committee
Nov 1905 - 23 Jan 1906 Beniamin
"Benia" Chkhikvishvili (b. 1881 - d.
1924) RSDRP
Party abbreviation: RSDRP =
Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya
Partiya (Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party,
1898 - 1912, in Jan 1912 [formally Aug 1917] split
into RSDRP-B and RSDRP-M)
Mingrelia (Megrelia)
![[Banner of
Mingrelia (Samegrelo) c.1745 (Georgia)] [Banner of Mingrelia
(Samegrelo) c.1745 (Georgia)]](geo_odis.GIF)
c.1745 Banner of Mingrelia
|
c.1260
Principality of Mingrelia (Samegrelo, officially named
Odishi
until 1803) established (capital Zugdidi), part of
Georgia
(from
1491, Imereti).
1557
Secession from Imereti.
1578
Under the Ottoman suzerainty (nominally
from 1767).
4 Dec 1803
Russian protectorate.
Nov 1855 - Feb
1856 Occupied
by Ottoman Empire.
1857 - 4 Jan
1867
Russian administration.
4 Jan
1867
Incorporation into Russian
Empire.
Princes (title Mtavari)
1691 -
1704
Giorgi IV "Lipartiani" (1st time) (d. 1716)
1704 -
1710
Kats`ia I
(d.
1710)
1710 -
1714
Giorgi IV "Lipartiani" (2nd time) (s.a.)
1715 -
1728
Bezhan
(d. 1728)
1728 - 1757
Otia
(d. 1757)
1757 - 17 Dec
1788
Kats`ia
II
(d. 1788)
17 Dec 1788 -
1791
Grigol (1st
time)
(b. 1770 - d. 1804)
1791 -
1793
Manuch`ar
II
(b. 17.. - d. c.1840)
1793 -
1794
Tariel (1st
time)
(b. 17.. - d. 1833)
1794 - Mar
1802
Grigol (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Mar 1802 -
1802
Tariel (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1802 - 4 Nov
1804
Grigol (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
4 Nov 1804 -
1840
Levan
V
(b. 1793 - d. 1846)
4 Nov 1804 - 1811
Nino
Bagratuni (f) -Regent
(b. 1772 - d. 1847)
1840 - 11 Sep
1853
Davit`
(b. 1812 - d. 1853)
11 Sep 1853 - 4 Jan 1867
Nikoloz
(b. 1847 - d. 1903)
11 Sep 1853 - 1856
Ekaterine
Chavchavadze (f) -Regent (b. 1816 - d. 1882)
1856 - 1857
Grigol Dadiani -Regent
(b. 1814 - d. 1901)
Russian Administrators of Mingrelia
1857 - 1858
Nikolay Petrovich
Kolyubakin (b. 1810
- d. 1868)
1858 - 1861
Mikhail Petrovich
Kolyubakin (b. 1806 - d.
1872)
1861 - 1865?
Mikhail Yegorovich
Chilyayev (b. 1821 - d.
1878)
1866 - 1867
Georgiy Konstantinovich
Vlastov (b. 1827 - d.
1899)
Svania
(Svanet`i)
![[Banner of
Svaneti (Svanet`i) c.1745 (Georgia)] [Banner of Svaneti
(Svanet`i) c.1745 (Georgia)]](geo_svan.GIF)
c.1745 Banner of Svanet`i
|
1460
Principality of Svania (Svanet`i) established, secession
from
Mingrelia and Georgia.
26 Dec
1833
Russian protectorate.
1858
Incorporation into Russian
Empire.
Princes (title Mtavari)
bf.1715 -
c.1750
Otar
(d. c.1750)
c.1750 - c.1780
Misost (Tengis Bey I)
(d. c.1780)
c.1780 - 1812
Tsiokh Bey I
(d. 1812)
1812 - 1821
Mistost (Tengis Bey II)
(d. 1821)
1821 - Sep 1841
Tsiokh Bey II
(b. c.1800 - d. 1841)
(from 1834, Mikheil)
Sep 1841 - 1858
Konstantine
(b. 1826 - d. 1858)
(Russian prisoner from Nov 1857)
1841 - 1843
Digorkhan
(f) -Regent
(d. 1843)
© Ben Cahoon
|