Somalia

Italian Somaliland
 

3 Aug 1889 - 26 Feb 1941

26 Feb 1941 - 1 Apr 1950

1 Apr 1950 - 10 Oct 1954

Adopted 12 Oct 1954

Governor
 3 Aug 1889 - 15 May 1893  Vincenzo Filonardi
Commissioners
1896 - 1897                Vincenzo Filonardi
1897                       Ernesto Dulio
1897 - 25 May 1898         Giorgio Sorrentino
Governor
25 May 1898 - 16 Mar 1905  Emilio Dulio
Commissioners-general
16 Mar 1905 - 1906         Luigi Mercatelli                   (b. 18.. - d. 1922)
1906 - 1907                Giuseppe Salvago Raggi
1907 - 1908                Tommaso Carletti
Governors
1908 - Jul 1910            Tommaso Carletti
Jul 1910 - 1916            Giacomo De Martino                 (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
1916 - 1919                Giovanni Cherina Ferroni
21 Jun 1920 -  8 Dec 1923  Carlo Ricci
 8 Dec 1923 -  1 Jun 1928  Cesare Maria De Vecchi,            (b. 1884 - d. 1959)
                             (from 1925) conte di Val Cismon 
 1 Jun 1928 -  1 Jul 1931  Guido Corni                        (b. 1883 - d. 1946)
 1 Jul 1931 -  6 Mar 1935  Maurizio Rava
 6 Mar 1935 - 22 May 1936  Rodolfo Graziani                   (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
22 May 1936 - 24 May 1936  Angelo De Ruben 
                             (de facto governor since Jan 1936)
24 May 1936 - 15 Dec 1937  Ruggiero Santini                   (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
15 Dec 1937 - 11 Jun 1940  Francesco Saveno Caroselli
11 Jun 1940 - 31 Dec 1940  Gustavo Pesenti (acting)           (b. 1878 - d. 1960)
31 Dec 1940 -  9 Mar 1941  Carlo De Simone (acting)           (b. 1885 - d. 19..)
Administrators
26 Feb 1941 - 1941         Sir Reginald Hugh Dorman-Smith     (b. 1899 - d. 1977)
1941 - 1943                William Eric Halstead Scuphan      (b. 1893 - d. 1958)
1943 - 1948                Denis Henry Widcham
1948                       Eric Armar Vully de Candole        (b. 1901 - d. 1989)
1948 - 21 Nov 1949         Geoffrey Massey Gamble             (b. 1896 - d. 1970)
21 Nov 1949 - 1953         Giovanni Fornari                   (b. 1903)
1954 - 1957                Enrico Martino                     (b. 1907)
1957 - 24 Jul 1958         Enrico Anzilotti                   (b. 1898)
24 Jul 1958 -  1 Jul 1960  Mario Di Stefano                   (b. 1900? - d. 1963)

Prime minister
29 Feb 1956 -  1 Jul 1960  Abdullahi Issa Mohamud             (b. 1922)             SYL

Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP)
 1 Jul 1976 - 27 Jan 1991  Muhammad Siad Barre                (b. 1919 - d. 1995)

Presidents
 1 Jul 1960 - 10 Jun 1967  Aden Abdullah Osman Daar           (b. 1908 - d. 2007)  SYL
                             (acting to 6 Jul 1961)
10 Jun 1967 - 15 Oct 1969  Abdirashid Ali Shermarke           (b. 1919 - d. 1969)  SYL
15 Oct 1969 - 21 Oct 1969  Sheikh Moktar Muhammad Husayn      (b. 1912)            SYL
                             (acting)
21 Oct 1969 - 27 Jan 1991  Muhammad Siad Barre                (s.a.)             Mil;1976 SRSP
                             (chairman Supreme Revolutionary Council to 1 Jul 1976)
29 Jan 1991 -  3 Jan 1997¹ Ali Mahdi Muhammad                 (b. c.1939)          USC/SSA
                             (interim to 21 Jul 1991) 
15 Jun 1995 -  1 Aug 1996¹ Muhammad Farah Hassan Aydid        (b. 1936 - d. 1996)  USC/SNA
                             (interim; in rebellion) 
 4 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998¹ Hussein Muhammad Farah Aydid       (b. 1962)            USC/SNA
                             (interim; in rebellion)
 3 Jan 1997 - ....         Co-Chairmen of National Salvation Council
                           Ali Mahdi Muhammad                 (s.a.)               USC/SSA
                           + Osman Hassan Ali "Ato"           (b. 1940)            USC/SNA
                           + Abdulkadir Muhammad Aden "Zopo"  (b. 1919 - d. 2002)  SDM
                           + Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmad           (b. 1934)            SSDF
                           + Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabiyo"                           SPM
22 Aug 2000 - 27 Aug 2000  Abdallah Derow Isaq (acting)       (b. 1950 - d. 2006)  Non-party
                             (speaker of the interim National 
                             Assembley)(in Dijibouti exile)
27 Aug 2000 - 14 Oct 2004  Abdiqasim Salad Hassan             (b. 1941)            Non-party
                             (in Djibouti exile to 14 Oct 2000; 
                             then largely confined to the Mogadishu area)
 5 Jun 2003 -  5 Jun 2006  Abdinur Ahmed Darman               (b. 1952)            USRP
                             (controls parts of Mogadishu and southern Somalia)
14 Oct 2004 -              Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed              (s.a.)               SSDF
                             (in Nairobi exile to 13 Jun 2005, from 26 Jul 2005 in 
                             Jowhar, from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 8 Jan 2007
                             in Mogadishu) 
 5 Jun 2006 - 29 Jun 2006  Sharif Sheikh Ahmed                (b. 1964)            ICU
                             (chairman Islamic Courts Union, controlling 
                             Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia)
29 Jun 2006 - 28 Dec 2006  Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys          (b. 1935)            SSIC
                             (president of Supreme Islamic Council of Somalia,
                              controlling Mogadishu [to 27 Dec 2006] and parts of
                              southern Somalia)

Prime ministers
 1 Jul 1960 - 12 Jul 1960  Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal         (b. 1928 - d. 2002)  SNL
                             (1st time) 
12 Jul 1960 - 14 Jun 1964  Abdirashid Ali Shermarke           (s.a.)               SYL
14 Jun 1964 - 15 Jul 1967  Abdirizak Haji Hussein             (b. 1924)            SYL
                             (acting to 27 Sep 1964)
15 Jul 1967 -  1 Nov 1969  Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal         (s.a.)               SYL
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Nov 1969 -  1 Feb 1987  Post abolished
 1 Feb 1987 -  3 Sep 1990  Muhammad Ali Samatar               (b. 1931)            SRSP 
 3 Sep 1990 - 24 Jan 1991  Muhammad Hawadle Madar                                  SRSP
24 Jan 1991 - May 1993¹    Umar Arteh Ghalib                  (b. 1930)            USC
                             (de facto to 3 Jan 1997) 
May 1993 -  8 Oct 2000     Vacant¹ 
 8 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001  Ali Khalif Galaid                  (b. 1941)            Non-party
                             (in Dijibouti exile to 14 Oct 2000) 
28 Oct 2001 - 12 Nov 2001  Osman Jama Ali (acting)            (b. 1941)            Non-party
12 Nov 2001 -  8 Dec 2003  Hassan Abshir Farah                (b. 1945)            Non-party
 8 Dec 2003 -  3 Nov 2004  Muhammad Abdi Yusuf                                     Non-party
 3 Nov 2004 - 29 Oct 2007  Ali Muhammad Ghedi                 (b. 1952)            Non-party
                             (in Nairobi exile to 18 Jun 2005, then in Jowhar,
                             from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 29 Dec 2006 in Mogadishu)
29 Jun 2006 - 28 Dec 2006  Sharif Sheikh Ahmed                (s.a.)               SSIC
                             (chairman of executive committee of Supreme
                             Islamic Council of Somalia; controlling
                             Mogadishu [to 27 Dec 2006] and parts of southern Somalia)
29 Oct 2007 - 24 Nov 2007  Salim Aliyow Ibrow (acting)                             Non-party
24 Nov 2007 -              Nur Hassan Hussein                 (b. 1938)            Non-party

Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council (counter-government, at Baidoa)

Chairmen (rotating monthly)
26 Mar 2001 - ....²        Hussein Muhammad Farah Aydid       (s.a.)               USC/SNA
                           + Hilowle Iman Umar                                     USC
                           + Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabiyo"                           SPM/SSA
                           + Hassan Muhammad Nur "Shatigadud"                      RRA
                           + Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail                               SSNM

Secretaries-general
26 Mar 2001 - Dec 2001?    Mowlid Ma'ane Mohamoud                                  SAMO
Aug? 2002 -  ....          Muhammad Umar Dalha

  ¹From Nov 1991 there was no effective and/or recognized national government; parts of the country were controlled by different warlords, significant among them Muhammad Farah Aydid (s.a.), who claimed to be president from 15 Jun 1995 to his death 1 Aug 1996, followed by his son Hussein Aydid (s.a.) 4 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998. De facto the state was in anarchy without any governmental structures. 

 ²As of 2005, Aydid, Shatigadud, and Ismail are members of Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Ghedi's government. 

Territorial Disputes: "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states; Ethiopia maintains only an administrative line with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances with local Somali clans opposed to the unrecognized Transitional National Government in Mogadishu; rival militia and clan fighting in southern Somalia periodically spills over into Kenya.

Party abbreviations: RRA = Rahawayn Resistance Army (est.1995, Rahawayn clan based, allied with the SDM, fights Aideed controlled militia in the Bakool/Bay regions); SAMO = Somali African Muki Organization (represents Bantu minority in the lower Juba Valley); SDM = Somali Democratic Movement (Digil/Rahanweyn clan, split 1992 into 2 factions: pro-Ali Mahdi/SSA faction led by bdulkadir Muhammad Aden, and pro-Aydid/SNA faction led by Adam Uthman Abdi and Yasin Ma'alim Abdullahi); SNA = Somali National Alliance (coalition est.1992 by M. Aydid from his faction of USC, an SDM faction, Omar Jess' SPM faction and SSNM [withdrew 1993], there is a Gedo based faction led by Col. Isak Bihi); SNF = Somali National Front (Siyad Barre personalist, seeks restoration of SRSP government); SSA = Somali Salvation Alliance (grouping of 12 anti-Aydid factions est.1993, led by Ali Mahdi: USC/SSA, SAMO, SNU, USF, SDA, SDM, SPM, SSDF, SNDU, SNF, SSNM and the Ali Ato faction of the USC/SNA); SSIC = Somali Supreme Islamic Courts Council (Islamist, to 24 Jun 2006 ICU); SPM = Somali Patriotic Movement (est.1989 by Omar Jess; Ogaden clan based, divided into 2 factions, one led by Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabiyo" and allied with Morgan, and member of SSA; the other led by Gedi Ugas Madhar allied with USC in SNA); SSDF = Somali Salvation Democratic Front (est.1981 as Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia); SSNM = Somali Salvation National Movement (southern coast based, mainly Bimal/Dir clan, set up under Aydid sponsorship to support Omar Jess' SPM against SNF, part of SNA 1992-93, allied with Ali Mahdi from 1993, member of SSA); USC = United Somali Congress (anti-Siyad Barrah, Hawiye clan based est.1989, subsequently divided into factions);
USC-SNA = United Somali Congress-Somali National Alliance; USC/SNA-d = United Somali Congress/Somali National Alliance-dissidents; USC/SSA = United Somali Congress-Somali Salvation Alliance; USRP = United Somali Republic Party; Mil = Military; 
- Former parties: ICU = Islamic Courts Union (Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, Islamist, 24 Jun 2006 renamed SSIC); SNL = Somali National League (Isaaq clan-family based, pro-independence);
SRSP = Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (authoritarian, socialist, 1976-1991 only legal party); SYL = Somali Youth League (pro-independence, Somalia nationalist, 1943-1969);

1546                       Ottoman occupation.
1546 - 1548                Rule of the Adal Imams. 
1548                       Zeila part of Ottoman Empire.
1630 - 1830                Under the Grand Sharifs of Mecca.
1830 -  7 Sep 1874         Ottoman rule, under de facto hereditary governors.
 7 Sep 1874                Annexed by Egypt (Egyptian Somaliland)
                             (both under Ottoman suzerainty).
Feb 1884                   British take over former Egyptian Somaliland (British Somaliland).
20 Jul 1887                British Somaliland Protectorate subordinated to Aden until 1905.
19 Aug 1940 - 16 Mar 1941  Occupied by Italy.
26 Jun 1960                Independence of British Somaliland as State of Somaliland.
 1 Jul 1960                Unification with Italian Somalia to form Somali Republic.
18 May 1991                Secession of former British Somaliland (regions of Awdal, 
                             Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag and Soolfrom) from Somalia
                             (not internationally recognized).
24 May 1991                Republic of Somaliland proclaimed (not internationally 
                             recognized).

Governors
1630 - 1830                the Grand Sharifs of Mecca (see Saudi Arabia)
1830 - 1841                Sayyid Muhammad al-Barr
1841 - 1855                `Ali Haji Sirmaki ibn Salih (1st time) (d. 1861)
1855 - 1857                Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad (1st time)
1857 - 1861                `Ali Haji Sirmaki ibn Salih (2nd time) (s.a.)
1861 - 1874                Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad (2nd time)
Egyptian governors
1870/74 - 1878             Rauf Pasha
1878 - 1880                ....
Jan 1880 - Dec 1883        Muhammad Nadi Pasha                
Political Agent
1884 - 20 Jul 1887         Frederick Mercer Hunter            (b. 1844 - d. 1898)
Residents
20 Jul 1887 - 1888         Frederick Mercer Hunter            (s.a.) 
1888 - 1893                Edward Vincent Stace
1893 - 1896                Charles William Henry Sealy
1896 - 1897                William Butler Ferris
1897 - 1898                James Hayes Sadler                 (b. 1851 - d. 1922)
Consuls-general
1898 - 1901                James Hayes Sadler                 (s.a.)
1901 - 1902                Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux      (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
                             (acting)
1902 - 1905                Eric John Eagles Swayne            (b. 1863 - d. 1929)
Commissioners
 8 May 1906 - 1909         Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux      (s.a.)
Jan 1910 - 1911            Sir William Henry Manning          (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
Jul 1911 - 1914            Horace Archer Byatt                (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
May 1914 - Oct 1919        Geoffrey Francis Archer            (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
Governors
Oct 1919 - 17 Aug 1922     Geoffrey Francis Archer            (s.a.) 
                             (from 1920, Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer)
17 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1925  Gerald Henry Summers               (b. 1885 - d. 1925)
26 Jan 1926 - 18 Jun 1932  Sir Harold Baxter Kittermaster     (b. 1879 - d. 1939)
18 Jun 1932 -  2 Mar 1939  Sir Arthur Salisbury Lawrance      (b. 1880 - d. 1965)

 2 Mar 1939 - 18 Aug 1940  Vincent Goncalves Glenday          (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
Italian military governors
19 Aug 1940 - Oct 1940     Guglielmo Nasi                     (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
Oct 1940 - 16 Mar 1941     Carlo De Simone                    (b. 1885 - d. 19..)
Military governors
29 Mar 1941 -  3 Mar 1943  Arthur Reginald Chater             (b. 1896 - d. 1979)
 3 Mar 1943 -  3 Mar 1948  Gerald Thomas Fisher               (b. 1887 - d. 1965)
Governors
 3 Mar 1948 - 15 Nov 1948  Gerald Thomas Fisher               (s.a.)
1948 - Feb 1954            Gerald Reece                       (b. 1897 - d. 1985)
                             (from 1950, Sir Gerald Reece) 
Feb 1954 - 1959            Theodore Ouseley Pike              (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
                             (from 1956, Sir Theodore Ouseley Pike) 
11 Jul 1959 - 26 Jun 1960  Sir Douglas Hall                   (b. 1909 - d. 2004)
Prime minister (de facto head of state)
26 Jun 1960 -  1 Jul 1960  Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal         (b. 1928 - d. 2002)  SNL
Presidents
28 May 1991 - 16 May 1993  Abdurahman Ahmad Ali "Tuur"        (b. 1931 - d. 2003)  SNM
16 May 1993 -  3 May 2002  Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal         (s.a.)             SNM;2001 UDUB
 3 May 2002 -              Dahir Riyale Kahin                 (b. 1952)            UDUB

Territorial Disputes: Internationally recognized as part of Somalia; territorial dispute with Puntland over eastern Sanaag and Sool provinces; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states.

Party abbreviations: SNM = Somali National Movement (Isaaq clan-family, secessionist, anti-Siad Barre, est.1981); UDUB = Ururka Dimuqraadiga Ummadda Bahawday (Allied People's Democratic Party, est.2001 by Egal);
- Former parties: SNL = Somali National League (Isaaq clan-family based, pro-Somali independence); SYL = Somali Youth League (pro-Somali independence, Somalia nationalist)

15 Jul 1924 - 1 Jul 1926

1998 - 18 Jun 2001

Map of Jubaland

Capital: Kismayu

1836                       Ruled by Zanzibar.
 1 Jul 1895                British rule, part of Kenya colony.
15 Jul 1924                Jubaland (or Trans-Juba) ceded by Britain to Italy;
                             separate administration (Oltro Giuba) set up.
 1 Jul 1926                Annexed to Italian Somalia.
 3 Sep 1998                State of Jubaland set up by the Somali Patriotic Movement
                             and the elders of the Digil and Rahanwein clans.
11 Jun 1999                Leader ousted from regional capital Kismayo by the Allied
                             Somali Forces (ASM)(later called Juba Valley Alliance).
18 Jun 2001                Juba Valley Alliance installs a new administration
                             supporting the Mogadishu government.
24 Sep 2006                Kismayo taken by troops of the Supreme Islamic Council of
                             Somalia.
 1 Jan 2007                Kismayo taken by forces of the central government.

Governor
16 Jul 1924 - 31 Dec 1926  Corrado Zoli                       (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
Leaders
 3 Sep 1998 - 11 Jun 1999  Muhammad Siyad Hersi "Morgan"                            Mil/SPM
                             (briefly recaptures Kismayo 6-7 Aug 2001) 
11 Jun 1999 - 18 Jun 2001  Ahmed Warsame                                            ASM/JVA

Party abbreviations: ASM = Allied Somali Forces (Marehan, Ogadeni, and Habr Geduir factions, and SNF, pro-Somali transitional government, 6/99 renamed Jubal Valley Alliance);
JVA = Juba Valley Alliance (pro-Somali transitional government, grouping of Marehan, Ogadeni and Habr Gedir factions, est. Jun 1999); SPM = Somali Patriotic Movement (Daarood clan/Ogaden clan based, est.1989); Mil = Military

               Adopted 23 Jul 1998
 

Map of Puntland	Hear National Anthem Adopted 22 Jul 1998	Text of Anthem (No Words)	Constitution (1 Jul 2001)
Capital: Garowe	Currency: Somali Shilling (SOS)	National Holiday: 1 Jul (1960) Foundation of the Somali Republic	Population: 2,400,000 (2003)
GDP: $N/A	Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A	Ethnic groups: Somali  (mainly Darod clan)
Total Militiamen: 750-1,000 (2002) Merchant marine: N/A		Religions: Muslim (Sunni)
International Organizations/Treaties: None

23 Jul 1998                Part of northeastern Somalia (regions of Bari and Nugaal 
                             [claims Sool and eastern Sanaag]) declared autonomous 
                             as Puntland State of Somalia by Darod clans (not recognized).

Presidents
23 Jul 1998 - 30 Jun 2001  Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (1st time)   (b. 1934)         SSDF/Non-party
                             (continues in rebellion)
 1 Jul 2001 - 14 Nov 2001  Yusuf Haji Nur (acting)                                 Non-party
14 Nov 2001 -  8 May 2002  Jama Ali Jama
                             (continues in rebellion to 17 May 2003)
 8 May 2002 - Oct 2004     Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (2nd time)   (s.a.)               SSDF
Oct 2004 -  8 Jan 2005     Mohamed Abdi Hashi                                      USP
 8 Jan 2005 -              Mohamud Muse Hersi "Adde"                               Non-party

Territorial Disputes: Internationally recognized as part of Somalia; territorial dispute with Somaliland over eastern Sanaag and Sool provinces; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland" secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties, each seeking support from neighboring states.

Party abbreviations: SSDF = Somali Salvation Democratic Front (est.1981 as Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia, divided into two factions- Mohamed Abshir Muse and Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed); USP = United Somali Party (Darod based, opposed to SNM's secessionist policies in
Somaliland, allied with USF in 1997 to form NSA)

                    2002 - 200.

 1 Apr 2002                State of Southwestern Somalia is proclaimed
                             by Rahanwein Resistance Army (not recognized).

President
 1 Apr 2002 - 200.         Hassan Mohammad Nur "Shatigadud"                       Mil/RRA
                             (loses control of Baidoa 3 Oct 2002¹)

 ¹From 3 Oct 2002 (except 14-16 Dec 2002) Baidoa was controlled by Sheikh Aden Madobe (officially reconciled with Shatigadud since 23 Sep 2003) and Mohamed Ibrahim Habsade. Since Mar 2005 Habsade controls the city after driving off Shatigadud and Madobe (who are ministers in the central government of Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Ghedi). 

Party abbreviations: RRA = Rahawayn Resistance Army (est.1995, Rahawayn clan based, allied
with the SDM, fights Aideed controlled militia in the Bakool/Bay regions); Mil = Military

Galmudug

14 Aug 2006                Part of north central Somalia (regions of Galgadud, Mudug
                             and Hobyo) declared autonomous as Galmudug state.
Nov 2006 - 25 Dec 2006     Partly occupied by troops of Supreme Islamic Council of
                             Somalia.

President
14 Aug 2006 -              Mohamed Warsame Ali "Kiimiko"

©2000  Ben Cahoon