Turkey
 

1307 - 1453                     1453 - 1499                      1499 - 1517                      1517 - 1793       27 Jun 1793 - 1808,  1826 - 1867                        1808 - 1826          Adopted 1867 & 5 Jun 1936     Map of Turkey Hear National Anthem  "Istiklâl Marsi" (The March of Independence) Text of National Anthem Adopted 12 Mar 1921 Constitution (7 Nov 1982) Map of  Ottoman Empire 1798-1923  Former Ottoman Anthems "Mahmudiye March" (March of Mahmud; 1918-22 as Ottoman National March) (1829-1836, 1918-1922) "Mecidiye March" (March for Sultan Abdul-Mejid I) (1839-1861, 1876) Former Ottoman Anthems "Aziziye March" (1861-1876) (March of Abdul Aziz I); "Hamidiye March" (1876-1909); (March of Abdul Hamid II);  "Resadiye March" (1909-1918) (March of Muhmmad Resad) Former Constitutions (23 Dec 1876; 20 Jan 1921; 10 Apr 1924; 9 Jun 1961) Capital: Ankara (Constantinople 1453-13 Oct 1923; Adrianople 1365-1453; Bursa 1326-1365; Sögüt 1299-1326) Currency: Turkish Lira  (TRY); 1882-1922 Ottoman Pound (XOTL) National Holiday: 29 Oct (1923) Anniversary of the Republic Day Population: 78,785,548 (2011) 21,273, 900 (1916) GDP: $960.5 billion (2010) Exports: $120.9 billion (2010) Imports: $177.3 billion (2010) Ethnic groups: Turkish 65.1%, Kurdish 18.9%, Crimean Tatar 7.2%,  Arab 1.8%, Azerbaijani 1%, Yoruk 1%, other 5% (2000) Total Active Armed Forces: 514,850 (2006) U.S. Forces: 1,504 (2011) Merchant marine: 645 ships (2010) Religions: Muslim 97.5% (of which Sunni 82.5%, Shi'a [mostly nonorthodox Alevi] 15%), nonreligious 2%, other (mostly Christian)  0.5% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ACS (observer), ADB (nonregional), AfDB (signatory), AG, ANT, APM, BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CE, CERN (observer), CFE, CICA, CTBT, DC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, ENMOD (signatory), ESA (cooperating state), EU (candidate), FAO, GUAM (observer), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA (observer), ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, MTCR, NATO, NAM (guest), NEA, NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PAM, PCA, SECP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Turkey Index Chronology 1230                       Sögüt Beylik of the Kayi tribe of the Oghuz Turks                              within the Seljuk Sultanate. 27 Jul 1299                Independence declared from Seljuk Sultanate. 1326                       Following the death of Osman the tribe is                              renamed as Osmanli Hanedani (House of Osman). 29 May 1453                Constantinople captured, end of Byzantine Empire. 29 May 1453                Ottoman (or Osmanli) Empire or Devlet-i Aliye-i                              Osmaniyye (Sublime Ottoman State). 16 May 1915 - 12 Mar 1918  Russian occupation of western (Ottoman) Armenia. 23 Apr 1920                Grand National Assembly constituted at Ankara as a                              dissident authority on the territory of the                              Ottoman Empire. 10 Aug 1920                By Treaty of Sèvres, the Ottoman Empire cedes                              cedes Lebanon and Syria to France, and                               French to occupy Cilicia; Cyprus, Palestine,                               Transjordan, and Mesopotamia (Iraq) ceded to                               Britain; the Dodecanese Islands and Rhodes                               recognized as Italian and Antalya to be                               occupied by Italy; Aegean islands of Imbros and                              Tenedos, eastern Thrace (but not Constantinople)                              and Izmir (Smyrna) district under sovereignty of                              Greece; Hejaz and Armenia to be independent;                               with Kurdistan to be autonomous; and the                               Zone of the Straits (area of Bosporus and the                               Dardanelles) de-militarized and under Allied                              occupation.   7 Feb 1921                Turkish State declared by Grand National Assembly. 1/2 Nov 1922               Grand National Assembly is declared the sole state                              authority of Turkey and successor to the Ottoman                              imperial house, thus de-recognizing the authority                              of the ruler of the Ottoman Empire retroactively                              from 16 Mar 1920.  4 Nov 1922                Collapse of Ottoman government in Constantinople. 24 Jul 1923                By Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey regains all the lands                              occupied by Greece; Turkish sovereignty over the                              western Armenia, Kurdish areas, Cilicia, and                               Antalya is restored; the Straits remained                               de-militarized, but allied occupation ends. 29 Oct 1923                Turkish Republic  3 Mar 1924                Caliphate is abolished. 23 Jul 1939                Hatay incorporated into Turkey. Antalya (Adalia) (1919-1921) French Cilicia (1919-1921) Hatay (1918-1926, 1938-1939) Smyrna District (1919-1922) South-Western Caucasian Republic (1918-1919) Zone of the  Straits (1918-1923) Kurdish Polities (1816-1835, 1927-1931,1995-) Western Armenia (1915-1918) Pera and Galatea (1273-1453) Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople Historic Maps of Turkey

Beys
1299 – 1326                Osman I "Ghazi," "Kara"            (b. 1258 - d. 1326)
1326 - Mar 1362            Orhan "Ghazi"                      (b. 1288 – d. 1361)
Mar 1362 - 1383            Murad I "Hudavendigar"             (b. 1326 - d. 1389)
Emirs
1383 - 15 Jun 1389         Murad I "Hudavendigar"             (s.a.)
15 Jun 1389 - 20 Jul 1402  Bayezid I "Yildirim"               (b. 1347 - d. 1403)
                             ('the Thunderbolt')
20 Jul 1402 -  5 Jul 1413  Interregnum, various claimants:
20 Jul 1402 - 17 Feb 1411  Süleyman "Çelebi"                  (b. 1377 - d. 1411)
                             (in dissidence; in Rumelia)
1403 - 1405                Isa "Çelebi"                       (d. 1406)
                             (in dissidence; in western Anatolia)
18 Feb 1411 -  5 Jul 1413  Musa "Çelebi"                      (d. 1413)
                             (in dissidence; in Rumelia)
20 Jul 1402 – 26 May 1421  Mehmed I "Çelebi"                  (b. c.1382 - d. 1421)
                             (in dissidence in eastern Anatolia to 5 Jul 1413)
26 May 1421 - Dec 1444     Murad II "Kodja" (1st time)        (b. 1404 - d. 1451)
Dec 1444 - May 1446        Mehmed II (1st time)               (b. 1432 - d. 1481)
May 1446 -  3 Feb 1451     Murad II "Kodja" (2nd time)        (s.a.)
 3 Feb 1451 – 29 May 1453  Mehmed II (2nd time)               (s.a.)
Sultans (title Padishah, Hünkar)¹
29 May 1453 –  3 May 1481  Mehmed II "Fatih" ('the Conqueror')(s.a.)
 4 May 1481 – 24 Apr 1512  Bayezid II "Veli" ('the Saint')    (b. 1446 - d. 1512)
24 Apr 1481 - 23 Jun 1481  Cem bin Mehmed  (in dissidence)    (b. 1459 - d. 1795)
25 Apr 1512 – 22 Sep 1520  Selim I "Yavuz" ('the Strong')     (b. 1467 - d. 1520)
30 Sep 1520 –  7 Sep 1566  Süleyman II "Muhtesem"             (b. 1494 - d. 1566)
                             ('the Magnificent')
30 Sep 1566 – 15 Dec 1574  Selim II "Sari" ('the Blond')      (b. 1524 - d. 1574)
21 Dec 1574 – 16 Jan 1595  Murad III                          (b. 1546 - d. 1595)
27 Jan 1595 – 21 Dec 1603  Mehmed III "Adli" ('the Just')     (b. 1566 - d. 1603)
21 Dec 1603 – 22 Nov 1617  Ahmed I "Bakhti" ('the Fortunate') (b. 1590 - d. 1617)
22 Nov 1617 – 26 Feb 1618  Mustafa I "Deli" (1st time)        (b. 1592 - d. 1639)
26 Feb 1618 – 19 May 1622  Osman II "Genç" ('the Young')      (b. 1603 - d. 1622)
19 May 1622 – 10 Sep 1623  Mustafa I "Deli" (2nd time)        (s.a.)
10 Sep 1623 –  8 Feb 1640  Murad IV "Gazi" ('the Warrior')    (b. 1612 - d. 1640)
 8 Feb 1640 –  8 Aug 1648  Ibrahim "Deli"                     (b. 1615 - d. 1648)
 8 Aug 1648 –  8 Nov 1687  Mehmed IV "Avci" ('the Hunter')    (b. 1641 - d. 1692)
 8 Nov 1687 – 22 Jun 1691  Süleyman III "Gazi"                (b. 1644 - d. 1691)
23 Jun 1691 –  6 Feb 1695  Ahmed II "Khan Gazi"               (b. 1642 - d. 1695)
 6 Feb 1695 - 22 Aug 1703  Mustafa II "Gazi" (Mustapha II)    (b. 1664 - d. 1703)
22 Aug 1703 -  1 Oct 1730  Ahmet III (Ahmed III)              (b. 1673 - d. 1736)
 1 Oct 1730 - 13 Dec 1754  Mahmut I "Gazi," "Kambur"          (b. 1696 - d. 1754)
                             (Muhammad I)
14 Dec 1754 - 30 Oct 1757  Osman III "Sofu" ('the Devout')    (b. 1696 - d. 1757)
30 Oct 1757 - 21 Jan 1774  Mustafa III (Mustapha III)         (b. 1717 - d. 1774)
21 Jan 1774 -  7 Apr 1789  Abdülhamit I (Abdul Hamid I)       (b. 1725 - d. 1789)
 7 Apr 1789 - 29 May 1807  Selim III "Cilhandar," "Ilhami"    (b. 1761 - d. 1808)
29 May 1807 - 28 Jul 1808  Mustafa IV (Mustapha IV)           (b. 1779 - d. 1808)
28 Jul 1808 -  1 Jul 1839  Mahmut II "Adli" (Mahmud II)       (b. 1785 - d. 1839)
 1 Jul 1839 - 25 Jun 1861  Abdülmecit I "Gazi"                (b. 1823 - d. 1861)
                             (Abdul-Mejid I) 
25 Jun 1861 - 30 May 1876  Abdülaziz I (Abdul Aziz I)         (b. 1830 - d. 1876)
30 May 1876 - 31 Aug 1876  Murat V (Mehmed Murad V)           (b. 1840 - d. 1904)
31 Aug 1876 - 27 Apr 1909  Abdülhamit II "Gazi," "Kanli,"     (b. 1842 - d. 1918)
                             "Bedros" (Abdul Hamid II)
27 Apr 1909 -  3 Jul 1918  Mehmet V Reshat "Gazi"             (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
                             (Muhammad V Reshad)
 4 Jul 1918 -  4 Nov 1922  Mehmet VI Vahidettin               (b. 1861 - d. 1926)
                             (Muhammad VI Vahideddin)
                             (left Constantinople 17 Jun 1922;
                             continues as Caliph only to 19 Nov 1922)
24 Nov 1922 -  3 Mar 1924  Abdülmecit II (Abdul-Mejid II)     (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
                             (as Caliph only)
Presidents of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
(in opposition to the government in Constantinople to 4 Nov 1922)
23 Apr 1920 - 24 Apr 1920  Mehmet Sherif Avcioglu (acting)    (b. 1845 - d. 1929)  Non-party  
24 Apr 1920 - 11 Aug 1923  Mustafa Kemal Pasha (1st time)     (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  Mil 
11 Aug 1923 - 11 Aug 1923  Abdürrahman Sheref Bey (acting)    (b. 1853 - d. 1925)  Non-party  
11 Aug 1923 - 13 Aug 1923  Ali Fuad Pasha (provisional)       (b. 1882 - d. 1968)  Mil
13 Aug 1923 - 29 Oct 1923  Mustafa Kemal Pasha (2nd time)     (s.a.)               Mil
Presidents
29 Oct 1923 - 10 Nov 1938  Mustafa Kemal                      (s.a.)               CHP 
                            (from 24 Nov 1934, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk)
10 Nov 1938 - 11 Nov 1938  Mustafa Abdülhalik Renda (acting)  (b. 1881 - d. 1948)  CHP
11 Nov 1938 - 22 May 1950  Mustafa Ismet Inönü                (b. 1884 - d. 1973)  CHP
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960  Mahmud Celal Bayar                 (b. 1883 - d. 1986)  DP
27 May 1960 - 28 Mar 1966  Cemal Gürsel                       (b. 1895 - d. 1966)  Mil; 1961
                            (chairman of the Committee of National Unity to        Non-party
                             28 May 1960, Head of State 28 May 1960 - 26 Oct 1961)
 2 Feb 1966 - 28 Mar 1966  Ibrahim Sevki Atasagun             (b. 1899 - d. 1984)  Non-party  
                             (acting for Gürcel)
28 Mar 1966 - 28 Mar 1973  Cevdet Sunay                       (b. 1900 - d. 1982)  Non-party
28 Mar 1973 -  6 Apr 1973  Mehmet Tekin Arıburun (acting)     (b. 1905 - d. 1993)  Non-party
 6 Apr 1973 -  6 Apr 1980  Fahri Sabit Korutürk               (b. 1903 - d. 1987)  Non-party
 6 Apr 1980 - 12 Sep 1980  Ihsan Sabri Çaglayangil (acting)   (b. 1902 - d. 1993)  Non-party
12 Sep 1980 -  9 Nov 1989  Ahmet Kenan Evren                  (b. 1917)            Non-party 
                            (Head of State and chairman of
                             National Security Council to 9 Nov 1982)
 9 Nov 1989 - 17 Apr 1993  Halil Turgut Özal                  (b. 1927 - d. 1993)  AnaP 
17 Apr 1993 - 16 May 1993  Hüsamettin Cindoruk (acting)       (b. 1933)            DYP
16 May 1993 - 16 May 2000  Süleyman Sami Demirel              (b. 1924)            DYP
16 May 2000 - 28 Aug 2007  Ahmet Necdet Sezer                 (b. 1941)            Non-party
28 Aug 2007 -              Abdullah Gül                       (b. 1950)            AKP

 ¹the style of the rulers was, since about 1500: Sultan Hân N.N., Padishah, Hünkar, Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn. Padishah is pure Persian for Great King, Hünkar is a contraction of Middle Persian Khudavendigar, originally an epithet of semi-divine status, Hakan is the Mongol style of the successors of Chinggiz Han, and ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn is Arabic al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn, meaning literally "of both lands and both seas." Sultan is an Aramaism in Arabic, originally meaning "power," and only gradually being made into a style for rulers. In the Ottoman system every close relative of the ruler, male and female, was styled Sultan, either before or after the name. It does not appear that official usage prescribed one single and invariable formula, it being probably left to each secretary to elaborate as the occasion inspired. In addition to Padishah, each ruler used an immense variety of additional titles, varying from one use to another.  They are couched in elaborate formula, made up of a mixture of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.

  The Office of Halife (Caliph): the claim that, upon the conquest of Egypt in 1517 and the displacement of the last ‘Abbasi holder of the office, Abu al-‘Abbas Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub al-Mutawakkil ‘ala Allah, the office and style of Khalifat Rasul Allah, Amir al-Mu’minin (Halife-i Resulullah, Emirülmüminin)("Successor to the Messenger of God, Commander of the Faithful") was transferred to the Osmanli ruler by a formal deed of assignment has no corroboration from any contemporary source. A variety of "khalifal" titles were used by Osmanli rulers, and accorded to them by others in diplomatic correspondence and treaties. The status of the Padishah as halife was given formal sanction in the Ottoman Constitution of 23 Nov 1876 (rescinded 13 Feb 1878, restored 24 Jul 1908). Upon the extinction of the Ottoman Empire by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 1 Nov 1922, the ruler, Mehmed Vahideddin (s.a.), continued to be recognized as halife; after his flight from Istanbul on 17 Nov 1922, he was declared deposed from the office of halife by a fetva, endorsed by the Sheyhülislam and ratified by the Grand National Assembly on 19 Nov 1922, and replaced on that date by Abdülmecid bin Abdülaziz (s.a.), who was installed on 24 Nov 1922. The office of halife was abolished by the Grand National Assembly on 3 Mar 1924.

 
Territorial Disputes: Complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley.

 

Party abbreviations: AKP = Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (Justice and Development Party, Mulslim-democratic, est.2001); CHP = Cumhuriyetci Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party, social-democratic, Kemalist, only party 1923-1946); DSP = Demokratik Sol Partisi (Democratic Left Party, social-democratic, est.1985); Mil = Military;

- Former parties: AnaP = Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party, conservative, est.20 May 1983-2009); AP = Justice Party (former DP, est.11 Feb 1961 and banned 16 Oct 1981); 

CGP = Cumhuriyetçi Güven Partisi (Republican Reliance Party, 1967-81, to 1972 called National Reliance Party); CUP = Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (Committee of Union and Progress, "Young Turks" 1909-1919, only legal party 1913-18); DP = Demokrat Türkiye Partisi (Democratic Turkey Party, conservative, est.7 Jan 1946 banned 29 Sep 1960); DYP = Dogru Yol Partisi (True Path Party, conservative, former AP, est.23 Jun 1983-2007, from 2007 named Demokrat Parti, merged with AnAP 2009); RP = Refah Partisi (Welfare Party, Islamist 1983-98, banned 1998); SHP = Social Democratic People's Party (1983-95, merged with CHP 1995)

---

Antalya (Adalia)

29 Apr 1919                Italian occupation of Antalya (Adalia).
13 Mar 1921                Italian evacuation of Anatolia.

Commanders of the Italian forces in Adalia
29 Apr 1919 - 24 Jul 1919  Giuseppe Battistoni
24 Jul 1919 - 17 Aug 1919  Luigi Bongiovanni                  (b. 1866 - d. 1941)
17 Aug 1919 - 18 Dec 1919  Vittorio Elia                      (b. 1859 - d. 1944)
18 Dec 1919 -  7 Aug 1920  Achille Porta
 7 Aug 1920 - 29 Apr 1922  Giorgio Fusoni

 2 Dec 1918                Cilicia (Adana and Jebel Bereket vilayets) occupied by British
                             and French troops.
 9 Mar 1921                France signs treaty with Turkey ending fighting in Cilicia.
 3-7 Jan 1922              French troops evacuate Cilicia. 

French Chief administrators
 2 Dec 1918 -  1 Feb 1919  Louis Romieu                       (b. 1872 - d. 1943)
 1 Jan 1919 -  2 Dec 1919  Édouard Brémond                    (b. 1868 - d. 1948)
 2 Dec 1919 -  7 Jan 1922  Julien J.M.S. Dufieux              (b. 1873 - d. 1959)

27 Nov 1918                British and French occupation.
10 Aug 1920                Sandjak of Alexandretta part of French Syria.
23 Sep 1923                Part of Alawite (Latakia) State of French Syria.
Mar 1926 - Jun 1926        Separate State of Alexandretta within French Syria declared,
                             under Ali Efendi Odahli (not recognized by French authorities).
 5 Sep 1938                Sandjak of Alexandretta separated from Syria as
                             State of Hatay (under French protection).
23 Jul 1939                Incorporated into Turkey.

French Military governors
Nov 1918 - 1918?           Mathiot
1918? - Jan 1919           Malinjoud
Jan 1919 - c.1920          Capdejelle
Chief Civil Administrator
27 Nov 1918 - 12 Sep 1921  Édouard Brémond                    (b. 1868 - d. 1948)
Delegates of the High Commissioner
1923 - 1937                Pierre Durieux
1937                       Mentque (interim)
Sep 1937 - 1938            Roger Garreau                      (b. 1891 - d. 1991)
 3 Jun 1938 - 1939         Philibert Collet                   (b. 1896 - d. 1945)
Prefects
Dec 1936 - 1938            Husni al-Barazi                    (b. 1893 - d. 1975)
1938                       Aladdin Bey
Head of State (title Hatay Devleti Reisi)
 5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939  Tayfur Sökmen                      (b. 1892 - d. 1980)

Prime Minister
 5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939  Abdurrahman Melek                  (b. 1896 - d. 1978)

15 May 1919                Smyrna (Izmir) district occupied by Greece.
10 Aug 1920                Treaty of Sèvres transferred 'the exercise of her rights of
                             sovereignty to a local parliament' which was to hold a
                             plebiscite in 5 years on incorporation into Greece, but left
                             area under Ottoman sovereignty, Greek occupation continued.
30 Jul 1922                Greece declares Smyrna a protectorate.
 9 Sep 1922                Turkey forces reoccupy the area.

High Commissioner
21 May 1919 -  7 Sep 1922  Aristeidis Stergiadis              (b. 1861 - d. 1950)

             1 Dec 1918 - 10 Apr 1919
 

Map of South- Western Caucasian Republic

Capital: Kars

Constitution (17 Jan 1919)

Population: N/A

 2 Mar 1878                Kars annexed by Russia from the Ottoman Empire.
 3 Mar 1918                Russian evacuates Kars under provisions of Treaty of Brest-Litvosk.
25 Apr 1918                Ottoman occupation of Kars region.
 1 Dec 1918                South-Western Caucasian Republic (Gueneydogulu Kafkazya 
                             Cuhmuriyeti) proclaimed with capital at Kars
                             after departure of Turkish Army from Caucasus.
10 Apr 1919                Declared abolished by British High Commissioner Somerset
                             Arthur Gough-Calthorpe.
19 Apr 1919                Dissolved by British occupation.
16 Mar 1921                By the Treaty of Kars, Batum region part of Georgia S.S.R
                             (see Adjaria) and Kars region annexed to Turkey.

Ottoman Commander
14 Apr 1918 -  1 Dec 1918  ....
Head of the Southwest Caucasian National Resistance Government
 1 Dec 1918 -  9 Jan 1919  Cihangirzade Ibrahim Bey          (b. 1874 - d. 1948)  
                             (Ibrahim Aydin)
President of the Provisional National Government
 9 Jan 1919 - 19 Apr 1919  Cihangirzade Ibrahim Bey          (s.a.)

10 Nov 1918                Allied occupation of the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, the eastern
                             coast of the Sea of Marmara, islands of Imros, Lemnos, 
                             Samothrace, Tenedos, and 15 km deep into eastern and
                             eastern shores; entire area demilitarized (Zone of the Straits).
16 Mar 1920                Allies occupy Constantinople (de facto from 13 Nov 1918).
22 Oct 1923                Termination of Allied occupation (troops depart 23 Sep 1923). 

Senior Allied High Commissioners
Nov 1918 - Jul 1919        Sir Somerset Arthur Gough-         (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
                             Calthorpe (U.K.)
1919 - Nov 1920            Sir John Michael de Robeck (U.K.)  (b. 1862 - d. 1928)
Nov 1920 - 22 Oct 1923     Sir Horace George Montagu          (b. 1869 - d. 1941)
                             Rumbold (U.K.)
Nov 1922 - 1923            Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson (U.K.)(b. 1882 - d. 1942)
                             (acting for Rumbold)

Allied High Commissioners
Nov 1918 - Jan 1919        Jean François Charles Amet (France)(b. 1861 - d. 1940)
Nov 1918 - Jun 1919        Count Carlo Sforza (Italy)         (b. 1873 - d. 1952)
Nov 1918 - Mar 1919        Gabriel Bie Ravndal (U.S.)(acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1950)
30 Mar 1919 - Dec 1920     Albert Defrance (France)           (b. 1860 - d. 1936)
Mar 1919 - 22 Oct 1923     Mark Lambert Bristol (U.S.)        (b. 1868 - d. 1939)
Sep 1920 - 22 Oct 1923     Marchese Eugenio Camillo Garroni   (b. 1850 - d. 1935)
                             (Italy)
1921 - 22 Oct 1923         Maurice César Joseph Pelle (France)(b. 1863 - d. 1924)

Commanders in chief of Allied Forces
12 Nov 1918 -  5 Apr 1920  Franchet d'Espérey (France)        (b. 1856 - d. 1942)
 5 Apr 1920 - 1923?        Joseph Martin Nayral de Bourgon    (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
                             (France)
Commanders of the (Constantinople) Army of Occupation in Turkey
16 Mar 1920 - Dec 1920     George Francis Milne (U.K.)        (b. 1866 - d. 1948)
1921 - 23 Sep 1923         Sir Charles Harington (U.K.)       (b. 1872 - d. 1940)

Mayor of Constantinople
 5 May 1919 - 28 Feb 1920  Cemil Pasha                        (b. 1866 - d. 1958) 

 

Map of Kurdish Areas

Capital: Kurdava (1927-1931) Soran: Rawanduz (1818-1835)

Population: N/A

1514                       Kurds voluntarily accept Ottoman rule and as a result
                             the Sultan formally recognized the existing Kurdish 
                             principalities (Baban, Botan, Badinan, Soran, etc.) as 
                             independent states under Osmanli supervision.
1870                       Last of the Kurdish principalities abolished. 
10 Aug 1920                Treaty of Sèvres contains provisions for a Kurdish state
                             under U.S. mandate, this is never implemented.
24 Apr 1920                Mosul declared a part of Iraq.
28 Oct 1927 - Sep 1930     Republic of Ararat (Komara Agiriye) in northeastern part of
                             Turkey; primarily a rebellion of Kurmanci Kurds.
12 Apr 1995                Kurdistan Parliament founded in exile.
24 May 1999                Kurdistan National Congress founded.

Emirs of Soran

.... - ....                Kelos
.... - ....                Isa
.... - ....                Shah Ali Bey
.... - ....                Pir Budak bin Shah Ali Bey
.... - ....                Mir Saifeddin
.... - ....                Mir Hussain
.... - ....                Mir Saidi bin Shah Ali Bey
.... - ....                Saifeddin bin Mir Hussain bin 

                             Pir Budak
.... - ....                Kuli Bey bin Sulaiman Bey Mir

                             Saidi
.... - ....                Budak Bey bin Kuli Bey bin

                             Sulaiman Bey
.... - ....                Sulaiman Bey bin Kuli Bey 

                             bin Sulaiman Bey
.... - ....                Ali Bey bin Sulaiman Bey
.... - ....                Shkali Bey
17.. - 1816                Sulaiman Bey
1816 - 1825                Khanzad
1825 - 1836                Mohammed Pasha Mir Kor

Governor of the Republic of Ararat

28 Oct 1927 - Sep 1930     Ibrahim Heski                    (d. 1931)

                            (Ibrahim Pasha Haski Tello)   

Military leader of the Republic of Ararat

28 Oct 1927 - Sep 1930     Ihsan Nuri Pasha                 (b. 1893 - d. 1976)

Presidents of the Kurdistan Parliament 

26 Mar 1995 - 12 Apr 1995  Ismet Chériff Vanly (acting)     (b. 1924)

12 Apr 1995 - 26 Sep 1999  Yasar Kaya                       (b. 1938)

                             (in The Hague, Netherlands;

                             later in Brussels, Belgium exile)

President of the Kurdistan National Congress

24 May 1999 -              Jawad Mella (in London, UK exile)(b. 1946)

---

Occupied Western Armenia

 

    16 May 1915 - Dec 1917

 

16 May 1915 -  7 Apr 1918  Russian occupation of provinces of western (Ottoman) Armenia

                             (Trebizond, Erzerum, Bitlis, and Van); from Dec 1917

                             under Transcaucasia.

16 May 1915 - Jul 1915     Russian occupation of Van.

Sep 1915                   Russians re-occupy Van.

Jun 1916                   Separate administration for western Armenia established.

12 Mar 1918                Turkish forces re-occupy Erzerum.

 7 Apr 1918                Turkish forces re-occupy Van. 

14 Apr 1918                Ottoman forces occupy Batum.

 

Military governors

1915 - Jun 1916            ....

Governor

Jun 1916 - Dec 1917        Aram Manukian (interim)

Military governors

Dec 1917 - Mar 1918        Tovmas Nazarbekian 

                             (Foma Nazarbekov)

Mar 1918 - Apr 1918        Andranik Ozanian

Assistant for Civil Affairs

May 1917 - Dec 1917        Hakob Zavriev

Civil Commissioner

Dec 1917 -  7 Apr 1918     Drastamat "Dro" Kanayan

---

Pera and Galatea

1273                       Republic of Genoa granted Pera & Galatea suburbs of Constantinople.
29 May 1453                Constantinople captured by the Ottomans.

Podestas (mayors)
1273                       Oberto Sardena
1276                       Ingueto Spinola
1279                       Niccolò Doria
1285                       Guideto de Nigro (acting)
1300                       Bernabo Spinola
1300 - 1302                Govino Tartaro
1304                       Rosso Doria
1315 - 1316                Montano de Marinis
1335                       Andalo de Maris
1338                       Costantino Doria
1348                       Benedetto d'Arco
1356                       Lanzarotto de Castro
1357                       Bartolomeo Rubeo
13..                       Jacopo Grillo (acting)
1367                       Tommaso di Iglione
1376                       Bartolomeo Pindeberi
1379                       Luciano de Nigro
1382                       Lorenzo Gentile
1386                       Eliano de Camilla
1386 - 1387                Raffaele Doria
1387                       Giovanni de Mezzano
1390                       Antonio Leardo
1391 - 1392                Niccolò Zoagu
1392                       Dorino Usodimare
1396 - 1397                Luchino de Bonavey
1397                       Gentile Grimaldi
1402                       Lodovico Bavoso
1402                       Bartolomeo Rubeo
1403                       Giannoto Lomellino (1st time)
                             (acting)
1404                       Giovanni Sauli (1st time)
1404                       Giovanni Botto
1405                       Napoleone Salvago
1405                       Giannoto Lomellino (2nd time)
1405                       Giovanni Sauli (2nd time)
1410                       Tommaso de Campofregoso
1411                       Quilico de Taddei
1413                       Corrado Cigala
1418                       Thedisio Doria
1423                       Zacaria Spinola
1425 - 1426                Imperiale Lomellino
1426                       Taddeo de Zoagli
1427                       Giannotto Spinola
1430 - 1431                Filippo de Franchi
1432 - 1433                Ilairo Imperiale
1434                       Agostino Montalolo
1435                       Ansaldo Doria
1435                       Stefano de Marinis
1438                       Giovanni di Levanto
1439                       Simone Macie
1440 - 1442                Niccolò Antonio Spinola
1443 - 1444                Baruel de Grimaldi
1445 - 1446                Baldassarre Maruffo
1446 - 1447                Luchino de Facio
1447                       Pietro di Marco (acting)
1448 - 1449                Benedetto di Vivaldi
1449                       Francisco Cavallo
1451 - 1452                Angelo Giovanni Lomelino 
                             (acting to 1452)
1452 - 29 May 1453         Francesco Giustiniani

---